12 apostles ship model how many numbers. History of the ship "Twelve Apostles"

The ship “The Twelve Apostles” is brilliantly depicted and glorified forever in the works of the Russian marine painter Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky. His feat in the defense of Sevastopol in 1855 will never be forgotten. It was in this battle that it was sunk. After the war (this happened in 1861), the authorities tried to raise the ship. It didn’t work out - it had to be blown up.

Ship "Twelve Apostles" model

The construction of the battleship was carried out in St. Petersburg - at the Nikolaev shipyards. The ship was launched with “great fanfare” in 1841. Six years before this significant event, Russian Emperor Nicholas I personally approved the construction of 3 similar ships, the first of which was the Twelve Apostles. The other two - "Paris" and "Grand Duke Konstantin" - became part of the Black Sea Fleet in 1849 and 1852, respectively.

"Paris"

The construction of the heroic sailing ship took place with the direct participation of the legendary Russian admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, commander of the Black Sea Fleet and the great navigator who first discovered Antarctica. The great naval commander gave instructions to the shipbuilders at all stages of the construction of the ship. He personally supervised the selection of timber for the manufacture of the body. The highest quality building materials were selected. Technologies are the most advanced. As a result, the vessel's service life was significantly extended. From reliable documentary sources it is clear that even after 10 years, the combat sailing ship was in excellent technical condition. According to the standards of that time, the service life of similar watercraft was no more than 8 years.

The ship's design was developed by Oliver Lang. This happened in 1833. Its essence lay in the peculiarities of the construction of the keel, which was double-rowed:

• The top row is connected with an overlay with horizontal locks.
• The bottom row is connected with vertical tenon locks.

The highest quality oak trees were used to make the keel. Below it was a false keel, specially weakened in contact with the main keel, which made it possible to protect the ship in case of a strong impact. The ship was also equipped with a state-of-the-art bilge fastening system. For the first time, an elliptical stern was used on a sailing ship.

The Twelve Apostles was a three-masted sailing ship with a displacement of 4,790 tons. The ship's crew numbered 1000 people. They included 12 officers and 65 non-commissioned officers. The speed corresponded to the combat missions of the sea vessel - 12 knots (translated into the metric system - 22.2 km. hour). The total area of ​​the sails was about 4.0 thousand square meters. The length of the ship along the deck, where the military artillery is located, is 64.4 m. The width is 18.1 m. It was calculated based on the section of the ship’s hull - the midship frame.

In the mid-19th century, the term "120 gun ship" existed. They were called battleships of the 1st rank. The Twelve Apostles was equipped with 130 military guns. Moreover, 28 of them were new bomb guns for that time (initially there were 32 units on the ship) - 68-pounders. They were installed on the lower deck, intended for guns. It also housed 4 long-barreled guns. The guns on a combat sailing ship could fire not only bombs, but also cannonballs. In addition, the ship also had 92 smoothbore cannons - carronades. A similar model of a weapon was borrowed from the British, who invented it at the end of the 18th century. They settled down.

Journal of the Twelve Apostles– assemble a model of a magnificent battleship, the pride of the Russian fleet. Publishing house DeAgostini(DeAgostini).

Every issue collection Twelve Apostles includes a magazine and a set of parts to build a model ship. You will receive everything, including hull parts, sails, decorative elements, and cannons.
In the magazine you will find detailed step-by-step instructions for assembling the model, and interesting information about military fleets - from the beginning of the use of sails to the present. Find out more about the history of Russian and world navigation and shipbuilding, the participation of the fleet in various wars, battles in which ships under the St. Andrew's flag took part.

Model ship Twelve Apostles

With the Twelve Apostles collection you can build a magnificent model of a battleship that was the pride of the Russian fleet! Even if you have not yet had experience creating ship models, thanks to the detailed illustrated instructions in the magazine, you can build model of the Twelve Apostles it won't be difficult.

Magazine

In each issue of the collection you will find a fascinating 20-page magazine. Get acquainted with the history of the sailing fleet, the formation and development of the regular Russian fleet, and the exploits of sailors who fought under the St. Andrew's flag.

Every issue magazine Twelve Apostles is divided into two parts.

Historical part

You will learn how the development of military fleets proceeded from antiquity to the era of steam, when sails finally lost their importance on warships. Particular attention will be paid to the Russian fleet, the history of its creation, long voyages and fierce battles, great victories and tragic failures.

The battleship Twelve Apostles was built shortly before the start of the Crimean War, and naturally, the terrible events of 1853-1856 had a direct impact on its fate. Therefore, the events of that time will be described in particular detail. Many other interesting topics will not be left unattended, such as the history of naval weapons, disasters at sea, myths and legends associated with the sea and ships.

You can learn a lot of interesting things from the sections devoted to the sails of the 20th and 21st centuries, sailing decoy ships that fought with submarines, the last sailing raid that went hunting for merchant ships during the First World War, and even sailing torpedo bombers.

You will discover the amazing world of maritime history from a time when people were not afraid to challenge the elements and enemies, going to sea on very small ships, many of which are smaller in size than modern boats.

Part Two - Assembly Guide

This section will guide you step by step to build an excellent model of the 12 Apostles battleship. Carefully crafted step-by-step instructions will turn assembly into an exciting process, and useful tips will help you avoid mistakes.

The first issue also contains advice for beginning modelers, recommendations on the correct and rational organization of the workplace, selection of tools and consumables.

• History of navies
• Maritime Museum
• Assembly Guide
• Recommendations for modelers

Release schedule

No. 1 – Parts for assembly, glue, sandpaper holder, DVD – 01/18/2013
No. 2 – Parts for assembly, tweezers, file – 02/08/2013
No. 3 – Parts for assembly – 02/15/2013
No. 4 – Parts for assembly – 02/22/2013
No. 5 – parts for assembly – 03/01/2013

How many issues

Total planned 120 issues.

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At the beginning of the 19th century

On the stocks of the Nikolaev shipyard, three-deck 120-gun battleships (battleships) of the same type were laid down, the lead “Twelve Apostles”, as well as “Grand Duke Konstantin” and “Paris”. These ships were built by Captain S.I. CHERNYAVSKY, an outstanding Russian shipbuilder. Admiral Mikhail Petrovich LAZAREV, Commander-in-Chief of the Black Sea Fleet, participated in the design of the lead battleship. The ship "Twelve Apostles" was launched on July 27 (15 old style) July 1841. the width of the ship is 18 m, length 63.7 m. Twenty-eight 68-pound powerful bomb guns, manufactured according to the design of the Russian inventor-artilleryman A.A., were placed on the lower deck of the ship. LECHNER, which had a firing range of 14 cables (approximately 2600 m). On the other two artillery decks (decks) 36- and 24-pound guns were placed. There were 130 guns in total. The ship's crew is about 1000 people, including 12 officers and 65 non-commissioned officers. The name “120-gun” did not indicate the number of guns, but meant that the ship belonged to rank I. Strong artillery armament, excellent seaworthiness, maneuverability, high speed (with a tailwind of up to 12 knots) placed the ships of this series among the best battleships in the world of the sailing period. During the defense of Sevastopol, the battleship “Twelve Apostles”, along with other ships of the Black Sea Fleet, was sunk at the entrance to the Northern Bay.

V. DYGALO, M. AVERYANOV “The History of the Ship”

What was the anatomy of the future model of naval architecture?

The most important longitudinal basis of the ship, the keel, was made double and consisted of two rows of trees. The upper row was connected by horizontal locks into an overlay, parts of the lower row were connected vertically on tenons and fastened with wooden cokes. The developer of this keel design is Oliver Lang, a senior naval engineer at the Woolwich Admiralty. O. Lang first proposed his method in 1833, and the following year it was used on all ships of Her Majesty's fleet. Along its length, the keel consisted of 11 - 12 pieces of oak beams. When making the keel, they always used wood that is well preserved in water, strong and capable of withstanding the lateral pressure of water and a large number of bolts (in England, the keel was made from elm).

In wooden shipbuilding, a unique technique was used for joining type-setting wood along the length with the help of wooden cokes and locks. The manufacture of such locks was entrusted not to any carpenter, but to the most experienced craftsmen, because it was the cokes and locks that played a key role in the strong fastening of the parts of the set, and the strength of the entire body depended on their reliability. There were several types of locks: smooth,

with a thorn, with a tooth,

frying pan, chess, tension

and others. To obtain maximum strength, tarred paper was placed in the joints of the keel locks, and hot liquid resin was poured into the sockets. all the fastening cokes in the hull structure were impregnated with hemp oil.

1 — rezenkeel 2 — keel tongue 3 — keel 4 — false keel

On the side faces of the keel, in its upper part, a tongue and groove was selected according to the pattern for subsequent insertion of the skin. The tongue and groove had the shape of an equilateral triangle, each side of which was equal to the thickness of the sheathing board.

The dimensions of the keel of the “Twelve Apostles” were as follows: the width at the midship frame was 1 foot 9 inches (0.53 m), the height was 25 inches (0.64 m), the width at the stern was 1 foot 4 inches (0.41 m) , height 38 inches (0.97 m), beam at bow - 1 ft 6 inches (0.46 m), height 32 inches (0.81 m).

A false keel with a thickness of 6 inches (152 mm) and a width equal to the width of the keel was located under the main keel. It also consisted of several pieces of wood, and their joints were located between the locks of the lower row of the main keel. The false keel was attached to the keel deliberately weakly, and when it hit the ground or stones it easily came off without damaging the main keel. , He also contributed to reducing the ship’s lag while underway.

Above the keel there was a rubber keel, necessary for installing straight frames on it. The keelson complemented the longitudinal strength of the ship; it was located on the floortimbers.

The stems were installed after laying the keel. The sternpost was a straight oak tree 33 feet (about 10 m) long and thick at the top equal to the width of the keel amidships. It was installed on the aft extreme part of the keel on a spike. At its leading edge, a tongue was selected to accept the sheathing boards. .For more reliable fastening of the outer plating and the gaspis attachment, the oak halyard post was attached to the sternpost with a checkerboard lock on cokes. To connect to the keel below, the halyard post ended with a tenon.

1- false keel; 2 keel; 3 - fortimbers: 4-bow deadwood. 3 - keelson; 6—falstem-book 7—fapstem. 8- stem; 9 - grep; 10 - princediged, 11 - lisel-indiged (support of the figurehead),: 12 - beams; 13 - pillers. 14- stern deadwood; 15-heel keel; 16 - sternpost. 1 — hinged bracket

The rudder was hung on the sternpost

using special loops and hooks. The handlebar hinges were 4 1/2 inches (114 mm) wide, 9 feet (2.74 m) long, 1 inch (25.4 mm) thick at the end and 3 inches (76.2 mm) at the knee, and diameter - 2 inches (50.8 mm).

The width of the rudder consisted of several trees: the one closest to the sternpost, running from the keel to the top and forming the steering head was called ruderpies, and the farthest was the rudder feather. Both of these parts were cut from oak, and the intermediate pieces of wood were made from pine to reduce mass. To protect the rudder from damage, 5-inch (127 mm) thick boards were nailed to the heel of the rudder. The total thickness of the rudder was equal to the thickness of the sternpost, the width of the rudder at the keel was equal to the width of the ship's keel, and the width at the load waterline was 1/4 of the bottom width. The largest steering angle was 35°.

I. Steering wheel head; 2. Tiller; 3. Starn post; 4. Internal false star post; 5. Lower jumper in the shape of an arc; 6. Tongue; 7. Steering wheel; 8. Overlay. 9. Steering hook; 10. Back side; II.Groove; 12.Malka; 13. Heel; 14. Keel: 15. False keel; 16. The upper jumper is in the shape of an arc.

Lifting and installing stems

As well as all similar elements of the hull set, which had large mass and dimensions, during the construction of the ship, they were carried out using verbs - special high arrows, and guineas - powerful hoists. Immediately after installing the stems and strengthening them with stops or supports, they checked the correct installation of them with a harness. At the shipyard, special workers who were distinguished by visual acuity and trained eyes were invited to carry out such an operation. These people were well known in the Admiralty. They were called keen-eyed. There were no more than ten of them and they were very highly valued. The sharp-eyed men attached a cord to the middle of the upper part of the stem, and led its other end to the middle of the keel a little further than the outermost straight frame. From a stretched cord, plumb lines were lowered, which were strictly on the same line.

Using slats with control marks, the slope of the stem from the first straight frame and the bow perpendicular, marked on the plaza, was checked. One batten was applied to the keel, and the other perpendicular to the first.

Using a square knocked together on the plaza, the slope of the sternpost was checked by applying one side of it to the keel and the other to the tongue in the sternpost. If the stems stood correctly, then the marks coincided. The mounting parts of the set, upon completion of the hanging, were strengthened and connected by stern and bow deadwoods; the height of the deadwoods consisted of several parts, knitted with checkerboard locks and connected to the stems and keel with through bolts. The ends of the stern sternwood had spikes that cut into the halyard post.

Straight frames

were one of the main elements of the hull set. They were made from several rows of trees and were double. The bottom was formed by flortimbers and semi-flortimbers, the lower row of frames. Futoxes were attached to them, stacks of wooden coxes made of dry, hard wood of a cylindrical shape; this greatly increased the strength of the set. Frames were divided into real and additional. Frames that reached the gunwale, were placed perpendicular to the keel and were not cut by ports were called real. Additional frames were cut by gun ports. All of them were also double. The center line of the double straight frame was called the flashing edge and corresponded to the theoretical frame. Previously, the frames, for attaching the parts, were assembled on a flat horizontal plane according to patterns. The first row, consisting of two half-flortimbers and odd numbers of futoxes, was knitted first, and then the top row, consisting of one floor-timber, even numbers of futoxes and toptimbers. All parts of the frames were fastened with coke 3 1/2 inches (88.9 mm) long and 2 1/2 inches (63.5 mm) thick. Considering that the weight of the assembled frame alone reached 12 tons, it was lifted in parts: first, the floortimbers with half-floortimbers and the first futoxes, installing them with maximum precision on the resin keel and securing them with stands. Then they raised the side and top parts, strengthening them also with supports and shergens (strong slats), cutting the shergen shallowly into the frames. Using the existing control marks on the shergens, the correct assembly of the frames was checked. Subsequently, temporary walkways were installed on the shergens, serving as scaffolding, which were removed after the cladding and shergens were placed together.

After installation, all straight frames were hung, i.e. carried out a set check, the purpose of which was to obtain three main results: the plane of the straight frame must be exactly perpendicular to the center plane and the keel; the middle of the frame must be in the center plane; The width of the frame at different points must coincide with the alloy markings and the drawing.

From two control points marked on the branches of the frame and located at equal distances, both from the middle of the frame and from the middle of the keel, the distance to an arbitrary point on the centerline of the keel outside the plane of the frame was measured. If the distances coincided, this meant that the frame was perpendicular to the center plane. A plumb board with a marked slip angle was used to check the perpendicularity of the frame in relation to the keel. It was applied edgewise to the side of the frame and the coincidence of the angles was checked using a plumb line. They lowered a plumb line from the middle of the upper shergen. The plumb line had to pass through the middle of all shergens to the middle of the keel. The third result was checked against the control points of the buttocks drawn on the plaza. Once the hanging was completed, the set was fastened with fish made from pine beams to hold it to the sheathing position.

Bow and stern ends of the ship

climbed with rotating frames. In general, all rotary and straight frames were made with spacers. This design solution allowed air to circulate freely between the timber, helped to lighten the entire surface of the vessel and was of great importance for its stability. A document was discovered in the RGAVMF that served as evidence of the borrowing of this method from the English system. This is an authentic report from Staff Captain I.S. DMITRIEV to Vice Admiral M.P. LAZAREV from Portsmouth dated June 01, 1837 with the resolution of the chief fleet commander to immediately bring this very important method to the attention of all naval engineers. In particular, I.S. DMITRIEV wrote: “all the frames in the raft are not connected, but have holes for the free flow of air...” he further reported that the British found a way to prevent dry rot in the underwater part by sealing the spacing with dry wood gaskets. In the hold, the spacing up to the velhout was tightly packed with gaskets made of dry oak, carefully caulked, and on top they were filled with cement mixed not with water, but with a special composition of hemp oil and whitewash. To fill the gaps formed between the set and the gaskets, a composition of hemp oil and resin, passed through a pressure pump, this was done to maximally stop the access of air into the underwater part of the ship - so that it could not deteriorate and infect the entire set. Due to the resulting obstacles to the approach of the frames, the danger of compression and bending in the hold was also eliminated.

For the prospects of shipbuilding at the Black Sea shipyards, according to the presented document, in addition to the resolution of the chief commander of the fleet, the conclusion of the shipbuilding and accounting committee in Nikolaev was of great importance: “To carry out work for the future according to how this is done in the English Admiralties according to the engineer captain DMITRIEV, the former way to leave."

Vice Admiral M.P. LAZAREV

The rotary frames consisted of two branches (from the stem, one on the right side and the other on the left side), each of which, like straight frames, was knitted from two rows of trees. The lower ones were called long timbers in one row and gulf timbers in the other. The rotating frames at the stem end were called nokol-timbers, and those at the sternpost were called fascia frames. They were attached with their lower ends to the deadwoods and connected to them with through bolts. By matching the control points, the correct installation on the rotating frames and fish was checked.

The space between the last turning frame and the stem was filled with crooked trees - gaspis, whose lower ends rested against the nocol-timbers. The haspis in the place where the bowsprit was strengthened were longer. They were fastened together with pointed long bolts. The gaspis closest to the stem were called Nedgeds - they strengthened the bowsprit from the sides. They were attached to the stem with cokes. Since the rotating frames did not have floortimbers, additional fastening was carried out using crutchers in the stern and gaps in the bow.

I.Kiel; 2.Grep; 3.and5. Knyavdiged; 4. stem; 6. Herbrocket; 7.Knitsa water-wooling; 8. Nedgeds (also known as bollard rimhers);9. Bow bulkhead; 10. Tank gunwale; II.Cat-beam; 12. Fairleads; 13. Holes for water-nullings; 14. Holes for water stay; 15. Straight frames; 16. Rotary frames; 17. Gaspice; 18. Intermediate frames; 19. Double frames.

Since 1821 in Russia

The hold was fastened according to the R. SEPPINGS system, based on the use of diagonal strips - readers and braces.

In the above-mentioned report, Staff Captain I.S. DMITRIEV indicated that SEPPINGS' successor W. SIMONDS replaced the wooden readers and braces with iron ones 1/4 inch thick and 6 inches wide, which significantly reduced the weight of the ship.

This innovation was first used during the construction of the Twelve Apostles.

The main part of the diagonal set in the hold was made up of iron readers, which contributed to strengthening the longitudinal strength of the ship. They were located obliquely towards the middle of the ship, the bow readers were inclined towards the stern, the stern ones - towards the bow. Diagonal iron braces were placed perpendicular to the readers. In the bow and stern above the keelson, the readers were fastened and tied with a thick iron strip.

Several rooms in the ship's hold were separated by bulkheads. In the aft part of the hold, large supplies of provisions were kept in barrels, mainly butter and corned beef; dry food supplies were stored in separate pantries; The main supplies of fresh water were located here. Next came the officer's, captain's, and admiral's provision cellars and separate wine cellars. A significant space in the central part of the hold was allocated for cast iron ballast. In the bow there was a crew chamber and a bomb cellar, lined with thin lead sheets, where boxes with cannonballs, bombs and powder charges were stored. Gunpowder was placed in special measuring canvas bags - caps. Behind the bulkhead, in a separate room, hung a cruise-chamber lantern. Several large tanks of water were always kept near the hook chamber - at that time this was the only fire safety measure.

“The Twelve Apostles” had an orlop (forehead), three gun decks (gon-deck, mid-deck and opera-deck), as well as a quarter-deck and a poop deck. The assembled kit was left to dry for several months before starting to mark the heights of the deck lines and lay the planking. After drying, the decks were marked. This was one of the fundamental, important and difficult moments in the construction of the ship, and here they also could not do without “keep-eyed” people. The marking technology was as follows: they made a rule (according to the measurements taken from the drawing, on the plaza), and marked on it the height of the deck lines from the keel at the midship frame and at some randomly selected frames. The rule was then placed vertically with its lower mark at the same height as the keel and applied horizontally to the mark showing the position of the deck, the shergen (rail). The “sharp-eyed” accurately determined the location of the lower battery deck, obtaining the desired mark on the buttocks of the midship frame. The remaining selected frames were marked in the same way. Next, following the marks made, a black strip was nailed down the entire length of the ship, and the deck line was finally drawn using it by eye. From the resulting line, all other decks were marked, running parallel, as well as places for cutting in port jambs. The deck flooring was longitudinal, made of pine planks, but on the lower gun deck, where the bomb guns were located, it was made of oak. Copper scupper pipes were used to pass water overboard from the decks.

For ship builders

it was necessary to find a method of attaching ship beams to the side that would provide the ship with maximum lateral strength.

Additional strength of the ship was provided by the internal plating, which consisted of fenders, waterways, clamps, spirketins, timber side belts and inter-port plating.

Attaching beams to the side

on the ship "Twelve Apostles" was carried out according to the W. SIMONDS system. The study of the sliding model of the “Twelve Apostles”, and the reports of ship engineers from Plymouth and Portsmouth for 1836 - 1837, made it possible to completely reconstruct the method he introduced. The engineers wrote in their reports: “in fastening the beams to the side of the ship, they do not make clamps, but only thick fenders, which are attached directly to the set... Breshtuki and kraches are made of iron. This is quite profitable, because... there remains a lot of space in the hold... "The principle of the W. SIMONDS system was that the fenders were placed directly on the frame, and not on the clamps, like R. SEPPINGS, but they were made thicker and wider. They consisted of several parts, connected on cokes with vertical locks. Between the upper cut of the ports and the fender beam, clamps were attached, and the spaces between the ports were sewn up with solid boards. The beams were cut from three pieces, fastened together with vertical locks with teeth, and an iron wedge was inserted into each tooth along the entire width of the beam. The ends of the beams were placed on the fenders for better fastening with the set, and a massive waterweiss was placed on top of them.

Fastening beams to the side of the ship according to the W. Symonds system, Internal lining

One of the main elements in the practice of shipbuilding, along with fastening cokes and locks, were iron fork brackets, with the help of which the beams were fastened to the side of the ship. SYMONDS gave these knits a special shape: going around the fender, under the beam, there was one branch, and two more branches covered the beam from the sides. This fastening made the beam almost motionless during pitching. Sea trials carried out after the launch showed a clear advantage of the Twelve Apostles over previously built ships.

It's worth making a little comparison

in the period under review with shipbuilding at Baltic shipyards. The source for this comparison was correspondence between the Shipbuilding Department and the Shipbuilding and Accounting Committee in March 1840 after receiving information about the introduction by Admiral M.P. LAZAREV of the W. SYMONDS system at the Black Sea shipyards. This exchange of views arose in connection with the laying of the new 84-gun ship “Vyborg” and the discussion of what system to use for its construction. As a result, it was decided to convene all senior naval engineers of St. Petersburg for a meeting. They expressed an opinion that allows us to conclude that there are no significant innovations in the Baltic that have already been introduced in the Black Sea. In particular, about the brackets, the engineers’ opinion was as follows: “... fitting the brackets into place using the SYMONDS system is more difficult than using the SEPPINGS system, both due to the polygonal and curved shape of these brackets, and because they are attached to a smoothly planed wall... Builder will be faced with considerable difficulty in fitting the knuckle tightly... If the fitting of iron Simonds knives into place does not encounter any particular difficulties in England, where the making of knives is carried out near shipbuilding, then in our country, due to the distance from the shipyards of the Izhora plant, due to the lack of mechanical hammers and due to the lack of skilled craftsmen, it is necessary to encounter, if not special difficulties, then at least great slowness in attaching and fitting these brackets into place...”

The naval engineers of St. Petersburg were of the same opinion that in practice the system of the chief royal shipbuilder W. SYMONDS was still completely unfamiliar to them, and that it would be easier to stick to the previous methods of building ships. Thus, only thanks to the activities of Admiral M.P. LAZAREV, aimed at equipping Nikolaev workshops with the latest equipment, as well as training ship engineers in England, it became possible to use new technologies in the construction of high-quality ships.

In order to make the deck flooring strong enough, especially on the gon deck, as well as to connect the beams with each other, the decks were grated. Carlings were placed between the beams below the deck, and ledgers were placed between them across the ship. At the locations of the hatches, three belts of thick oak coaming beams were laid around the perimeter, 1 inch thicker than the rest of the flooring. After the decks were laid, the flooring itself was laid, its thickness ranged from 5 to 2 inches starting from the lower deck (from 127 to 51 mm) with the width of the boards from 5 to 7 inches (from 127 to 178 mm).

Exterior cladding installation method

in wooden shipbuilding it was distinguished by precision execution and a high degree of complexity. At the same time, there were such rules. The joints located on one frame were placed through three belts, and each board tied two or three ports. The joints should not be located closer than three plating belts under or above the port jambs. The length of the clapboard boards was at least 24 feet. The ends of the sheathing boards should be positioned crosswise, with no ledges or stairs allowed. One bolt and a ruff were passed into the ends of the boards through each row of frames. In the middle part of the body, ruffs, bolts, and dowels, placed one after the other, were used to fasten the boards. The metal fastening ran along the entire length of the ship and alternated with oak dowels.

The main parts of the outer plating on the Twelve Apostles, as on ships of 120-gun rank, were velvets, which had such names; Main-Wels, Mid-Wels, Chanel-Wels, Shier-Wels. The remaining belts were gunwale, black, wall, tongue and groove belts and simply underwater plating. The Main Wels ran along the greatest width of the hull along its entire length and consisted of eight belts of thick boards. Traditionally, the thickness of the main-wales was equal to half the thickness of the keel amidships. The midship-wales consisted of six belts of thick boards and ran between the ports of the gon-deck and the mid-deck. Next came Chanyeol-Wels and Shier-Wels. The black belt ran over the main-wels and was intended to smoothly reduce the thickness of the boards between the velhout and the inter-port sheathing. A gunwale ran along the top edges of the toptimbers. The velvets formed a longitudinal connection above the load waterline, and the beautiful appearance also depended on the achieved symmetrical curvature of the sides.

Before starting to cover the hull, the boards were first steamed in a steam box. The method of steaming boards as such was used even under Peter I, but due to the fact that this required special skill, sometimes they did without steaming. It was quite difficult to steam boards 6 or 7 inches thick (152 - 178 mm), so before putting them in the steam box, they were sawed with one or two cuts, but not along the entire length, but as much as was necessary for a sharp turn. The steamed board was immediately fixed into place, and a thin pine board was also placed on this board to avoid cracks. Next, the boards were attached to the set at one end, and the other began to be bent using grips - a very thin log with grooves at the ends for ropes. The lower end of the grips was tied to the set, the upper end was attached to the top of the board. Thus, the grips pressed the board to the set, and several dozen more craftsmen, leaning on them with force, finally secured the cladding boards. Sometimes a wedge was driven between the board and the grip. Considering the size of the “Twelve Apostles” and the thickness of the cladding boards, in addition to grips, simple and two-wheeled jacks were also used to secure them.

From the load waterline to the underwater part of the hull

sheathed with sheets of copper 4 feet (1219 mm) long, 14 inches (356 mm) wide, and 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) thick. Each sheet contained 106 11/2 inch (38 mm) long copper nails. Metal cladding in general has been known for quite a long time. The British claimed that in the second half of the 17th century they began to sheathe the keel with thin lead sheets, and in 1761 the entire underwater part of the frigate Alarm was sheathed with copper. By the early 1790s, copper plating was introduced throughout His Majesty's fleet.

The decree on the introduction of copper plating in Russia was issued on October 23, 1781, and already in the next year, 1782, the frigate “St. Mary” was built, the underwater part of which was completely sheathed in copper. This frigate, compared to others, turned out to be much more maneuverable and faster. The latrine was a decoration of the bow of the Twelve Apostles, which overall had a great influence on the overall appearance of the ship itself. The base of the latrine was a knyavdiged, which consisted of three parts in height, fastened with checkerboard locks. The upper part was called knyavdiged, the middle part - the cutwater was at the level of the load waterline, below was the grep. In terms of width, the knyavdiged consisted of several pieces of wood: bekpis, in the center of which the figurehead was attached, fox-indiged and standers-indiged. The standers-individual reached the bowsprit and was the foundation for it. The remaining space between the foxes and standers-indigeds was strengthened with wooden wedges - chaks. The thickness of the crown was equal to the thickness of the stem, and towards the tip it was reduced to 1/3. One beam was secured with a checkerboard lock below the load waterline to the grep. An oak pillow was placed on the ends of all knyavdiged pieces.

Figure of a double-headed eagle

decorated the nose of the “Twelve Apostles”, as well as an elegantly carved garland of acanthus curls. The fully finished knyavdiged was lifted with the help of arrows and attached to the stem with long through bolts. The knyavdiged was strengthened from the sides with knits (chiks), four on each side. The chicks rose with their branches to the backpiece, maintaining a smooth curvature. The skill of the builders lay in the fact that they were able to create such a visual perception of the entire bow of the ship, when the contours of the chicks were, as it were, a continuation of the contours of the ship itself, the latrine with them formed a single whole.

Thick, externally rounded bars (splashes) were installed under the lower chicks, capable of withstanding strong waves. Curved timber indigeds were installed on the upper chicks on both sides of the crown and reinforced with regels. Toilet beams were placed on the upper ends of the timber indices and connected with a frying pan lock. Longitudinal beams were placed between the latrine beams at a distance equal to half the diameter of the bowsprit from the center line, and the space between the upper regel, latrine beams and Karlens was taken up with thin ledgers, resulting in the formation of a latrine platform. Along the sides in the bow of the ship there were fairleads for the passage of chain anchor ropes through them.

One of the main differences between the Twelve Apostles and earlier ships was that it had an elliptical stern. The replacement of the traditional quadrangular straight stern with a round one carried out by R. SEPPINGS gave the ships significant advantages, primarily a reduction in the load on the stern during pitching and an increase in the firing sector.

W. SYMONDS slightly modified the round stern

Giving it the shape of a beautifully outlined ellipse. The slope of the stern was calculated using the formula: width of the rudder at the head + thickness of the gaspis according to the pattern + thickness of the inner lining.

After installing the gaspis, cornices made of several pieces of wood were attached to their lower and upper knees - lower and upper counter-rails. The upper counter-rails formed the basis for the aft windows of the wardroom.

The third foot-rail cornice was located at the quarter-deck level. Under this cornice, pilasters were made in the walls, between which frames for the windows of the admiral's cabin were inserted, and opposite the windows of the admiral's and captain's cabins there were aft balconies.

At the level of the quarterdeck windows there was a fourth cornice - a brestrel; above the upper windows there was the last, fifth cornice - a sink.

Along the side aft lines, above the lower gun deck, side galleries were made in the shape of flat turrets. They were also decorated with rails, pilasters, shells and windows. In the side galleries there were officer toilets and bathrooms.

The central aft decoration was the balconies, made of strong thick boards and trimmed on the outside with cornices and pilasters. There was an easily removable iron grating around the balconies. The majesty of the ship was completed by the gilding of the stern carvings, side fittings and double-headed eagle (beak, crown and talons) with sheet gold.

For the construction of the "Twelve Apostles"

went 353 cubic feet (10 m3) of oak wood, 100 cubic feet (2.83 m3) of pine wood, 1800 pounds (29.486 tons) of nails, 4000 pounds (65.524 tons) of copper, 14000 pounds (229.334 tons) of iron, 300 pieces of iron fork booklets, 700 pounds (11.467 tons) of walnut wood, 5300 pieces of copper cladding sheets, 180 pounds (2.949 tons) of hemp oil, 120 pounds (1.966 tons) of chalk, 30 pounds (0.491 tons) of lard, 1200 pounds (19.657 tons) ) liquid resin, 400 pounds (6.552 tons) of thick resin. 520 craftsmen were involved - carpenters, sawmills, blacksmiths, carpenters, caulkers and workers of other specialties.

The sailing ship "Twelve Apostles" is the largest Russian sailing ship. It was laid down at the Nikolaev shipyard in 1838, and launched and accepted into the fleet in July 1841. Construction took place under the supervision of the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, M.P. Lazarev. , and S.I. Chernyavsky supervised all construction robots. , who, at one time, went through an excellent school at the British Portsmouth Admiralty. He also determined the materials from which the ship would be built, as a result of which, even after 10 years, the ship looked excellent, despite the fact that the life ceiling of other ships was calculated at eight years.

« Twelve Apostles"refers to 120-gun ships of rank I, but in fact there were 130 guns on board. Here it is worth paying attention to a very important point: from this arsenal, 36 guns were 68-pound bomb guns, which were located on the ship’s gondeck (lower battery deck). They fired explosive shells and caused incredible damage to the hulls of wooden ships. Subsequently, it was they who became fatal in the fate of the entire world sailing fleet.

Captain Kornilov, the first captain of the “Twelve Apostles,” described him with the following words: “So good that it’s hard to do better.” The interior of the ship was not inferior to its superior strength. The officers compared it to the luxury of imperial ships: the captain's and admiral's cabins were decorated with mahogany, the wardroom had a beautiful marble fireplace, and the officers' cabins had fans that were used as air purifiers. The bow of the ship was decorated with a gilded double-headed eagle.

Before the start of the Crimean War, while in Sevastopol, the captain of the ship was given an order to transfer one and a half thousand soldiers to the Caucasus. After completing the task, due to overloads, a leak arose on the sailing ship, which prevented it from taking part in the Battle of Sinop on November 18, 1853. But two other ships took part in it, which were improved models of the “Twelve Apostles” - the ships “Paris” and “Grand Duke Constantine”. On February 13, 1855, the sailing ship "Twelve Apostles", along with its Black Sea brothers, was sunk at the entrance to the bay of Sevastopol, preventing the enemies from getting there.

Technical characteristics of the battleship "Twelve Apostles":

• Displacement 4790 tons
• Length 64.7 meters
• Width 18.1 meters
• Sail area 4000 square meters with foils and 2900 without them
• Crew 1000 people
• Arsenal: 130 guns
• Maximum speed 12 knots