Large psychological dictionary. Ed. Meshcheryakova B.G., Zinchenko V.P.

M.: 2003 - 672 p.

Many students and teachers call this book the main psychological book in the country, because a good dictionary is the basis for both theoretical research and practical work. This book has stood the test of time. Here is the latest edition of the famous dictionary.

It contains more than 1,600 articles and more than 160 domestic authors. The volume of the dictionary has doubled compared to previous editions ('Psychological Dictionary', 1983, 1996). The dictionary is constructed in a fundamentally new way: each article is published in the author's edition; English equivalents are provided for most terms. A new cross-referencing system has been introduced, so it is possible to find a significantly larger number of concepts and terms than the number of articles themselves. Many articles, as is customary in the tradition of fundamental dictionaries, have additions written either by editors or external authors.

And, finally, the main thing is that the dictionary adequately reflects the situation in modern domestic and world psychology.

Format: doc/zip

Size: 1.5 1 MB

/Download file

Format: pdf/zip (the dictionary itself looks the same in both formats, both doc and pdf)

Size: 7.3 MB

RGhost

Table of contents:
Table of contents
Preface. 2
Personalities. 5
List of authors. 6
List of abbreviations and list of symbolic notations. 7
_A_ 9
_B_ 49
_B_ 60
_G_ 85
_D_ 105
_E_ 138
_Zh_ 139
_З_ 143
_I_ 164
_K_ 192
_L_ 228
_M_ 242
_H_ 286
_O_ 302
_P_ 327
_R_ 410
_С_ 433
_T_ 481
_U_ 501
_F_ 513
_X_ 530
_Ts_ 537
_H_ 540
_Ш_ 545
_SH_ 550
_E_ 550
_Yu_ 571
_I_ 573
Thematic subject index. 574
General scientific, methodological and philosophical concepts. 574
Related humanities (linguistics, ethnography, etc.). 575
Related information and cybernetic sciences. 576
Related biomedical sciences. 577
Methods of psychology and other sciences (including statistical methods). 579
Branches of psychology. 582
Developmental and developmental psychology. 583
Animal psychology, ethology and comparative psychology. 586
Engineering psychology, occupational psychology and ergonomics. 587
Medical psychology, pathopsychology (see also neuropsychology, psychotherapy and psychocorrection). 589
Neuropsychology. 591
General psychology. 593
Psychology of sensations and perception. 593
Psychology of attention. 600
Psychology of memory. 601
Psychology of thinking and imagination. 603
Psychology of emotions, motivation and will. 605
Parapsychology. 607
Pedagogical psychology and educational psychological service. 608
Psychogenetics. 609
Psycholinguistics and psychosemantics. 610
Psychology of art, psychology of creativity. 611
Psychology of consciousness, behavior and personality, differential psychology. 612
Psychology of management. 615
Psychometrics. 616
Psychomotor. 616
Psychotherapy and psychocorrection. 618
Psychophysics. 619
Psychophysiology and psychopharmacology. 620
Sexology and sexopathology. 622
Social psychology (including the psychology of communication and interpersonal relationships). 624
Special psychology. 626
Ethnopsychology. 627
Legal psychology. 627
Directions, concepts, approaches and schools of psychology, history of psychology. 627
Activity approach. 627
Behavioral psychology. 628
Gestalt psychology. 628
Cognitive psychology. 628
Cultural-historical psychology and psychology of activity. 629
Psychoanalysis. 629
Other. 629
Personalities. 630

Aggression is a stable personality trait - readiness for aggressive behavior (apparently, aggression between individuals of the same species exists in most primates). Its levels are determined both by learning in the process of socialization and by orientation to cultural and social norms, the most important of which are the norms of social responsibility and the norms of retribution for acts of aggression.

Adaptation is an adaptation of the structure and functions of the body, its organs and cells to environmental conditions, aimed at maintaining homeostasis.

Accentuations are extreme variants of the norm of character, sharpening of character traits.

Altruism is a system of orientation of personal values, in which the central motive and criterion of moral assessment are the interests of another person or a social community.

Astasia is a violation of the ability to stand, caused by a lack of coordination of the muscles of the body due to extensive lesions of the frontal lobes and the body of the callosum of the brain.

A psychological barrier is a mental state manifested as inadequate passivity that prevents the performance of certain actions, an internal obstacle of a psychological nature: reluctance, fear, uncertainty, etc.

Conversation is a method of obtaining information based on verbal communication; refers to survey methods. Widely used in social, medical, child psychology, etc. The main method of introducing a subject into a situation of psychological experimentation is from strict instructions in a psychophysical experiment to free communication in psychotherapy.

Brain blocks are a structural-functional model of cerebral localization of higher mental functions of a person, developed by A. R. Luria. Each higher mental function is performed through the work of three brain blocks.

Fear is a state of anticipation of danger and preparation for it (=> fear).

Delirium is a disorder of thinking.

Bulimia is a pathologically increased, excessive appetite, gluttony, and an insatiable feeling of hunger. Observed in organic brain lesions of interstitial-diencephalic localization.

Inspiration is a state of peculiar tension and rise of spiritual forces, creative excitement of a person, leading to the emergence or implementation of the plan and idea of ​​a work of science, art, technology.

Verbal communication uses human speech, natural sound language, as a sign system, that is, a system of phonetic signs that includes two principles: lexical and syntactic.

Attention is the direction and concentration of mental activity on something specific.

Suggestion is a purposeful process of direct or indirect influence on a person’s mental sphere, focused on the specific programming of a person and the implementation of the suggested content.

Will is a person’s conscious regulation of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome internal and external difficulties when performing purposeful actions and deeds.

Imagination is the process of transforming ideas that reflect reality, and creating new ideas on this basis.

Perception is a holistic reflection of objects, situations, phenomena that arise from the direct impact of physical stimuli on the receptor surfaces of the sense organs.

Galeropia is a distortion of visual perception, increasing the intensity of illumination of perceived objects.

Hallucination - perceptions experienced in the absence of any external stimulation; the perception of actually absent objects, which are subjectively recognized as real.

A gene is a discrete structural unit localized in a chromosome and responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics.

Hydrophobia is a type of neurosis characterized by a pathological fear of water (=> phobia).

Hyperorexia is excessive appetite. Wed. with anorexia; should be distinguished from hyperphagia.

Hyperpathy is an increase in sensitivity, characterized by the appearance of pain or other unpleasant sensations (itching, heaviness) in response to usually harmless stimuli.

Hypnotism is a general designation for the totality of phenomena that occur during hypnosis. Sometimes it is synonymous with the concept of hypnosis.

Humanity is a system of individual attitudes to social objects (a person, a group, a living being), conditioned by moral norms and values, manifested in the mind by experiences of compassion and realized in communication and activity - in acts of assistance, complicity and assistance.

Deduction is the movement of knowledge from the more general to the less general, particular; Deriving a consequence from premises. Closely related to induction. Logic considers deduction as a type of inference.

Action is an arbitrary, deliberate, indirect activity aimed at achieving a perceived goal. The main structural unit of activity. Defined as a process aimed at achieving a goal.

Business conversation is a conversation primarily between two people in a business context.

Business communication is a process of interconnection and interaction in which activities, information and experience are exchanged, implying the achievement of a certain result, the solution of a problem.

Business negotiations are a type of joint activity with a partner aimed at solving a problem.

Discrimination is the ability to separately perceive two identical irritations acting simultaneously in two closely located areas of the skin. In a generalized and expanded sense - discrimination, the ability to distinguish.

Discourse – various types of speech practice, everyday dialogue, interview, lecture or conversation.

Discussion is a process of promoting and resolving problems through comparison, collision, and mutual enrichment of the participants’ subject positions (opinions).

Units of analysis of the psyche are structural or functional formations that act as minimal, further indecomposable parts of the integral psyche and retain the basic properties of this whole. The concept of “Units of Analysis of the Psyche” is used in psychological science in three interrelated senses.

Unity - 1. Community, complete similarity. 2. Cohesion, integrity. 3. Continuity, mutual connection.

Naturalistic observation is the careful observation of behavior in real life conditions, without direct intervention by the researcher.

Natural selection - first proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallis in 1858, natural selection is now considered the main mechanism of evolution. According to the principle of natural selection, of the entire range of heritable variations in the traits of a population, those that contribute to the survival of the organism are most likely to be passed on to the next generation. Consequently, contributions to subsequent generations are not random, but are "selected" by the natural process of the trait's vitality. See Darwinism, evolution, evolutionary theory.

Thirst is a subjectively experienced internal state that occurs as a result of dehydration and is usually characterized by dry mouth, throat and pharyngeal mucous membranes.

Jargon is some kind of speech. a social or professional group that differs from the general literary language in specific phonetics, word formation, composition of words and expressions, and manner of communication.

Desire is a conscious attraction reflecting a need; an experience that has turned into an effective thought about the possibility of possessing something or accomplishing something. Possessing a motivating force, it sharpens awareness of the purpose of future action and the construction of its plan.

Impulsive desire - according to Z. Freud - inherited involuntary, impulsive desires for incest, cannibalism and bloodthirstiness - the thirst for murder.

Gesture is an element of pantomime performed through manual actions: A number of gestures have a ritualized meaning. Gestures are distinguished: 1) illustrative (meaning) - serving a certain expressed thought; 2) expressive (expressive) - talking about a person’s emotions or intentions.

Life activity is a set of types of activity united by the concept of life and characteristic of living beings.

Fallacy - an argument involving logically incorrect or inappropriate reasoning and, more broadly, the conclusion reached by such erroneous reasoning.

Forgetting is one of the processes in the memory system, manifested in the inability (inability) to remember or recognize, or in erroneous recollection and recognition.

Envy is a negative mental state that, as a rule, causes feelings, actions, and actions that are destructive to a person.

Inclinations are a natural prerequisite for abilities, anatomical and physiological features that underlie the development of abilities.

Closedness is a personality trait observed both normally (in accentuated personalities), and in psychopathic personalities (schizoid psychopathy) and in some psychoses (in the structure of autism).

A meeting is a narrowly professional meeting to resolve mainly organizational issues.

Animal psychology is the science of the psyche of animals, the manifestations and patterns of mental reflection at this level.

Visual perception is a set of processes of constructing a visual image of the world based on sensory information obtained through the visual system.

A game is an individual’s activity aimed at conditionally modeling some detailed activity.

Idealization is a desire that creates an erroneous judgment, manifested in the phenomenon of sexual revaluation of an object due to the fact that the chosen object is to some extent not subject to criticism and all its qualities are valued higher than the qualities of unloved people, or than the qualities of the same object while it is still was not loved.

Identity is a feeling of self-identity, one’s own truth, completeness, belonging to the world and other people.

Impulse - a push towards something, an urge to do something; a cause that causes an effect.

Individuality - A person characterized by his socially significant differences from other people; the originality of the psyche and personality of the individual, its uniqueness. It manifests itself in the traits of temperament, character, specific interests, qualities of preceptive processes and intelligence, needs and abilities of the individual.

Instincts are complex chains of reflexes that allow an animal species to survive under conditions of natural selection.

Introversion - the personality is directed away from itself, closed people.

Collectivism - expresses the level of social development of a person, manifested in personal responsibility for social progress, for the team, in constant actions for the benefit of society.

Communicative qualities of speech are those properties of speech that help organize communication and make it effective.

Communication is a concept close to the concept of communication, but expanded. This is a connection during which information is exchanged between systems in living and inanimate nature.

Compromise is a protective mechanism that ensures only partial implementation of painful impulses.

Convergence is the bringing together of the visual axes of both eyes on a certain object or one point in visual space.

Conflict is a collision of opposing goals, interests, positions, opinions or views of opponents or subjects of interaction. The basis of any conflict is a situation that includes: 1) either conflicting positions of the parties on some issue; 2) either opposing goals or means of achieving them in given conditions; 3) or a discrepancy between the interests, desires, inclinations of opponents, etc.

Crisis is a state of mental distress caused by prolonged dissatisfaction with oneself and relationships with the outside world.

Libido is a theoretical concept designed to explain the dynamics of mental life on the basis of an analogy with energy, as it is interpreted in physics.

Leadership is a relationship of dominance and subordination, influence and following in the system of interpersonal relations in a group. In the course of research, various leadership styles have been identified and a number of leadership concepts have been developed.

Hypocrisy is behavior that covers up insincerity and malicious intent with feigned sincerity, virtue, and supposedly good intentions.

Personality is a system of socially significant qualities of an individual, a measure of his mastery of social values ​​and his ability to realize values.

Deprivation is a condition introduced through a prohibition and resulting from the prohibition.

Locomotion - movement, active movement in space: crawling, walking, running, climbing, swimming, flying, etc. Along with manipulation, it is one of the two main categories of behavior. It is produced (mainly in lower animals) by contracting the muscles (or its analogs) of the animal’s body with the help of special effectors - locomotion organs: cilia, flagella, tentacles, fins, legs, wings, jet propulsion organs, etc.

Manipulation is a manifestation of motor activity, covering all forms of active movement by animals of environmental components in space, as opposed to locomotion - the movement of animals themselves in space.

Camouflage is the process and result of an action designed to make someone or something invisible, invisible to anyone.

Melancholic is one of the four types of temperament in the Hippocratic classification. A person of melancholic temperament can be characterized as easily vulnerable, inclined to deeply experience even minor failures, but outwardly reacting sluggishly to his surroundings.

Worldview is a system of views on the objective world and man’s place in it, on man’s attitude to the reality around him and to himself, as well as the basic life positions of people, their beliefs, ideals, principles of cognition and activity, and value orientations determined by these views.

Thinking is a special mental process, the essence of which is the generation of new knowledge based on a person’s creative reflection and transformation of reality.

manifestations of motor activity, covering all forms of active movement by animals of environmental components in space, as opposed to locomotion - the movement of animals themselves in space.

Observation is the ability manifested in the ability to notice significant, characteristic, even subtle properties of objects and phenomena.

Intention is a conscious desire to complete an action in accordance with a planned program aimed at achieving the intended result.

Narcissism is the state and direction of libido towards the Self. A normal stage of sexual development. One of the distinguishing features of neurotics is a delay at this stage of psychosexual development.

Persistence is a personal volitional quality, characterized by the ability to overcome external and internal obstacles, aimed at steadily achieving a goal, despite difficulties and obstacles.

Mood is a relatively long-lasting, stable mental state of moderate or weak intensity, manifested as a positive or negative emotional background of an individual’s mental life.

Nonverbal communication is the side of communication consisting in the exchange of information between individuals without the help of linguistic means in any sign form.

Hatred is a persistent active negative feeling of a subject, aimed at phenomena that contradict his needs, beliefs or values.

Obsession is a type of obsessive state that is revealed in experiences and actions that do not require certain situations to appear (for example, compulsive hand washing; fear of the number 3, because the word cancer has three letters; fear of stepping on a line, etc.).

Learning ability is individual indicators of the speed and quality of a person’s assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities during training.

Communication is a specific form of human interaction with other people as members of society; social relationships between people are realized in communication.

Giftedness is a unique combination of abilities that provides the opportunity to successfully perform an activity.

Obsession is a concept of folk and medieval medicine, designed to explain the causes of diseases, especially mental ones; implies the possession by evil spirits of a person’s physical body.

Meaningfulness is a property of perception that exists at the level of consciousness and characterizes the personal level of perception - the property of attributing a certain meaning to a perceived object or phenomenon, denoting it with words, classifying it in a certain linguistic category.

Sensation is a sensory reflection of objective reality.

Memory is the imprinting, preservation, subsequent recognition and reproduction of traces of past experience.

Memory is the process of remembering, organizing, preserving, restoring and forgetting acquired experience, allowing it to be reused in activity or returned to the sphere of consciousness.

Pantomime is the expressive movements of an individual (changes in gait, posture, gestures), through which a message is conveyed about his mental state or experiences.

Paradigm is a system of basic scientific achievements - theories, methods - according to which the research practice of scientists in a given field of knowledge (discipline) is organized in a certain historical period.

Pathology - 1. branch of medicine that studies disease processes and conditions in living organisms. 2. Deviation from the norm; ugly abnormality.

Experience - Any emotionally charged state and phenomenon of reality experienced by a subject, directly represented in his consciousness and acting for him as an event in his life.

Public speaking is a process of conveying information, the main goal of which is to convince the listener of the correctness.

Development - 1. Strengthening, strengthening. 2. Bringing to a certain degree of spiritual, mental maturity, consciousness, culture, etc. 3. Bringing to a certain degree of strength, power, perfection; raising the level of something.

Irritability - The ability of organisms to respond to biologically significant external influences with changes that may include a wide repertoire of reactions, from diffuse reactions of protoplasm in protozoa to complex, highly specialized reactions in humans.

Irritability is the ability to react to changes in the environment: temperature, light, etc.

Absent-mindedness is a functional or organic impairment of the ability for concentrated, purposeful activity. Sometimes it occurs during intense mental work as a result of one-sided concentration.

Reflexes are genetically fixed forms of behavior necessary for an animal to survive: metabolism, respiratory, reproduction, etc.

Receptor - nerve formations that serve to convert light, mechanical, chemical, thermal energy of external and internal environmental agents into nerve impulses. Peripheral specialized parts of analyzers, through which only a certain type of energy is transformed into the process of nervous excitation.

Speech is the process of communication between people through language.

A sanguine person is a subject who has one of the four main types of temperament (in the Hippocratic classification). A person of sanguine temperament can be characterized as lively, active, quickly responding to surrounding events, and experiencing failures and troubles relatively easily and quickly.

Sensitivity is a characterological feature of a person, manifested in increased sensitivity to the events that happen to him; usually accompanied by increased anxiety, fear of new situations, people, all kinds of tests, etc.

Addictions are predilections for engaging in certain types of activities.

Listening is the process of perceiving, comprehending and understanding the speaker’s speech.

A meeting is a form of developing collective decisions on the most important issues of the life of an institution (organization).

A dispute is a discussion in which two or more different points of view of the parties collide, each of which defends its own opinion.

Abilities are individual properties of a person, which are subjective conditions for the successful implementation of activities.

Stress is a state of psychophysiological tension, a set of protective physiological reactions occurring in the human body in response to the influence of various unfavorable factors.

Talent is a high level of development of abilities, manifested in creative achievements that are important in the context of cultural development, primarily special abilities.

Temperament is a stable combination of individual abilities of a person associated with dynamic rather than meaningful aspects of activity.

Tolerance is the absence or weakening of a response to some unfavorable factor as a result of decreased sensitivity to its effects.

Accuracy - in relation to psychodiagnostic methods means their quality, reflecting the ability to subtly respond to small changes in the assessed property that occur during the examination; its ability to fairly accurately assess the degree of development in the subjects of those psychological qualities that it is aimed at diagnosing.

Anxiety is negative emotional experiences caused by the expectation of something dangerous, having a diffuse nature and not associated with specific events.

Hard work is a character trait consisting of a positive attitude towards the process of labor activity. Manifests itself in activity, initiative, conscientiousness, passion and satisfaction with the work process itself.

Satisfaction - according to Z. Freud - is what satisfies the irritation of desire.

Recognition is identification (perceptual identification), recognition of a perceived object as already known from past experience. A conditioned reflex is a temporary connection developed by combining conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

Inference is one of the logical forms of thinking, characterized by a conclusion based on the rules of logical conclusions or consequences from several judgments (premises).

Balance - calmness, evenness of character and behavior.

Fatigue is a complex of subjective experiences that accompany the development of a state of fatigue. Characterized by feelings of weakness, lethargy, powerlessness, sensations of physiological discomfort, awareness of disturbances in the course of mental processes, loss of interest in work, predominance of motivation to stop activities, negative emotional reactions.

Fatigue is a temporary decrease in performance under the influence of prolonged exposure to load. It arises from the depletion of internal resources and mismatch in the operation of the systems that support the activity.

Phagophobia is a type of neurosis characterized by a pathological fear of food - for fear of choking.

Phylogeny is the historical formation of a group of organisms. In psychology, phylogenesis is understood as: 1) the process of emergence and historical development, evolution of the psyche and behavior of animals; 2) the process of emergence and evolution of forms of consciousness in the course of human history.

A phlegmatic person is a subject with one of the four main types of temperament (in the Hippocratic classification). A person of phlegmatic temperament can be characterized as slow, imperturbable, with a low level of mental activity, with stable aspirations and a more or less constant mood, with a weak external expression of mental states (inexpressiveness of facial expressions).

Phobia - obsessive states in mental illness - painful, obsessive, inadequate experiences of fears of a specific content, engulfing the subject in a certain - phobic - environment and accompanied by autonomic dysfunctions - palpitations, profuse sweating, etc.

Frustration is a mental state of experiencing failure, caused by the inability to satisfy certain needs, arising in the presence of real or imaginary insurmountable obstacles on the way to a certain goal.

Character - this concept is interpreted far from unambiguously. There are difficulties in distinguishing between character and temperament; Even more controversy arises when trying to separate the concepts of character and personality. You can avoid confusing these concepts if you adhere to a narrower interpretation of them.

Charisma is the attribution of God-given properties to a person, causing admiration for her and unconditional faith in her special abilities and capabilities. The phenomenon is typical for small groups and especially for large ones, which tend to personify their ideals in the process of unity. More often occurs in extreme historical circumstances.

Choleric is a subject with one of the four main types of temperament (in the Hippocratic classification). A person of choleric temperament can be described as fast, impetuous, sharp, impetuous, with force and a rapid pace of movements, with a high level of mental activity, energetic action, capable of devoting himself to work with passion, but unbalanced, prone to violent emotional outbursts and sudden changes in mood.

Chronophobia is a neurotic fear of time. It especially often arises in a situation of imprisonment - the length of the sentence plunges a person into horror, serving it seems unrealistic.

Goal formation is the process of generating new goals in human activity, one of the manifestations of thinking. It can be both involuntary and voluntary; characterized by temporal dynamics.

Integrity is a property of perception, consisting in the fact that any object, and even more so a spatial objective situation, is perceived as a stable systemic whole, even if some of its parts cannot be observed at the moment (for example, the back of a thing): signs that are not actually perceived still turn out to be integrated into the holistic image of this object.

A goal is a conscious image of an anticipated, desired result, towards which a person’s action is aimed; a preconceivable result of conscious activity.

Value is a concept used in philosophy and sociology to designate objects, phenomena, their properties, as well as abstract ideas that embody social ideals and act as a standard of what is due.

Cynicism - shamelessness, arrogance, rude frankness; defiant, contemptuous attitude towards social norms, morality and ethics.

Biological clocks are internal genetically programmed mechanisms for regulating the biological rhythms of the body, serving for the temporary ordering of biological functions and behavior.

Man is a being who embodies the highest stage of development of life on Earth, a subject of socio-historical activity. As a subject and product of labor activity in society, it is a system where the physical and mental, genetically determined and formed in life, natural and social form an indissoluble unity.

Personality traits are stable characteristics of an individual’s behavior that are repeated in various situations.

Ambition is the expression in a person of motives for achieving primacy, the desire for fame, for receiving awards, for an honorable position in a certain field of activity, sphere of public life.

Feelings are persistent emotional experiences of a person that arise in the process of his relationships with the world around him.

Sensitivity - increased readiness for affective reactions.

Schizoid - borderline personality type - between a healthy state and psychosis; is distinguished by a number of characterological features: isolation, seriousness, coldness, etc.

Schizophrenia is a mental illness, diverse in manifestations and characterized by a split personality, withdrawal into oneself, and impaired contact with other people and the outside world.

Shock is a peculiar reaction of the body to the influence of extreme irritants (in case of injury, burn, mental trauma, etc.), manifested by severe disorders.

Shock therapy is a general term covering the use of procedures that induce shock to treat emotional disorders. The most commonly used is electroconvulsive shock; other procedures, such as insulin shock, which were popular in the past, are now rarely used. See electroconvulsive therapy for discussion.

Noise - in communication theory, psychophysics and engineering psychology, the term Noise is used in the meaning of “interference” and is contrasted with the concepts of “message” or “useful signal”.

Evolution - neo-Darwinists are not always unanimous in their views on its mechanism. According to some, it is the result of a series of successive small shifts from random mutations according to immediate needs. Others believe that evolution has a certain internal tendency, which the development of species follows, obeying certain guidelines already embedded in the genes.

Heuristics is the theory and practice of organizing selective search when solving complex intellectual problems.

Egocentrism is the inability of an individual, focusing on his own interests, to change the initial cognitive position in relation to a certain object, opinion or idea, even in the presence of information contradicting his experience.

Extroversion is the orientation of the personality from oneself to the outside world, open and sociable people.

Emotions are mental processes in which a person experiences his attitude to certain environmental phenomena; Emotions reflect the various states of the human body, its attitude towards its own behavior and activities.

Echolalia is an uncontrolled automatic repetition of words heard in someone else's speech.

Adolescence is the period of a person's life between adolescence and adulthood. In the scheme of age periodization of ontogenesis, adopted by specialists in the problems of age morphology, physiology and biochemistry, it was defined as 17-21 years. - for boys and 16-20 years old - for girls.

Legal psychology is a branch that studies the patterns and mechanisms of mental activity of people in the sphere of relations regulated by law.

Language is a system of signs that serves as a means of human communication, mental activity, a way of expressing a person’s self-awareness, transmitting from generation to generation and storing information. Language is the carrier of social consciousness. From the standpoint of materialism, the historical basis for the emergence of language is the joint activity of people. Language exists and is realized through speech.

Self-concept is a relatively stable, more or less conscious, experienced as an individual’s unique system of ideas about himself, on the basis of which he builds interactions with other people and relates to himself.

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD OF SENSATIONS - minimum value irritant any modality (light, sound, etc.) capable of causing a barely noticeable sensation.
ABSTRACTION - mental isolation of any sign or property of an object, phenomenon for the purpose of studying it in more detail.
AUTOKINETIC EFFECT - illusory, apparent movement of an actually stationary object, for example, a luminous point in the dark when the gaze is fixed on it for a long time in the absence of any other visible objects in the field of view.
AUTHORITARIAN (powerful, directive) - a characteristic of a person as an individual or his behavior in relation to other people, emphasizing the tendency to use predominantly non-democratic methods of influencing them: pressure, orders, instructions, etc.
AUTHORITY is a person’s ability to have a certain weight among people, serve as a source of ideas for them and enjoy their recognition and respect.
AGGLUTINATION - the merging of different words into one, reducing their morphological structure, but preserving the original meaning. In psychology, one of the essential characteristics of words used in inner speech.
AGGRESSIVENESS (hostility) - a person’s behavior towards other people, which is characterized by the desire to cause them trouble and harm.
ADAPTATION - adaptation sense organs to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to best perceive and protect them receptors from excessive overload.
ACCOMMODATION is a change in the curvature of the lens of the eye in order to accurately focus the image on the retina.
ACTIVITY - a concept indicating the ability of living beings to produce spontaneous movements and change under the influence of external or internal stimulus stimuli.
651

ACCENTUATION- highlighting a property or characteristic against the background of others, its special development.
ACTION ACCEPTOR- a concept introduced by P. K Anokhin. Denotes a hypothetical psychophysiological apparatus existing in central nervous system and representing a model of the future result of the action, with which the parameters of the actually performed action are then compared.
ALTRUISM- trait character, encouraging a person to selflessly come to the aid of people and animals.
AMBIVALENCE- duality, inconsistency. In psychology feelings denotes the simultaneous presence in the soul of a person of opposing, incompatible aspirations relating to the same object.
AMNESIA- violations memory.
ANALYZER- concept proposed by I.P. Pavlov. Denotes a collection afferent And efferent neural structures involved in perception, processing and response to irritants(cm.).
ANIMISM- the ancient doctrine of objective existence, the transmigration of souls and spirits, as well as fantastic, supernatural ghosts.
ANTICIPATION- anticipation, anticipation of something happening.
APATHY- a state of emotional indifference, indifference and inactivity:
APPERCEPTION- a concept introduced by the German scientist G. Leibniz. Defines a state of particular clarity consciousness, his concentration on something. In the understanding of another German scientist, W. Wundt, it meant some internal force that directs the flow of thought and the course of mental processes.
APRAXIA- movement disorder in humans.
ASSOCIATION- connection, connection of mental phenomena with each other.
ASSOCIATIONISM- a psychological doctrine that used association as the main explanatory principle of all mental phenomena. A. dominated psychology in the 18th-19th centuries.
ATTRIBUTION- attribution of any directly non-perceptible property to an object, person or phenomenon.
CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION- attributing some explanatory cause to an observed action or behavior of a person.
652

ATTRACTION- attractiveness, attraction one person to another, accompanied by positive emotions.
AUTOGENOUS TRAINING- a set of special exercises based on self-hypnosis and used by a person to control his own mental states and behavior.
AUTISM- disruption of the normal course of thinking under the influence of illness, psychotropic or other drugs. A person’s escape from reality into the world fantasies And dreams It is found in its most pronounced form in preschool children and in patients with schizophrenia. The term was introduced by psychiatrist E. Bleuler.
APHASIA- violations speech.
AFFECT- a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal resulting from frustration or any other substance that has a strong effect on psyche reasons, usually associated with dissatisfaction of very important for a person needs.
AFFERENT- a concept that characterizes the course of the process of nervous excitation through the nervous system in the direction from the periphery of the body to the brain.
AFFILIATION- a person’s need to establish, maintain and strengthen emotionally positive: friendly, comradely, friendly relationships with people around him.
BARRIER PSYCHOLOGICAL- an internal obstacle of a psychological nature (reluctance, fear, uncertainty, etc.) that prevents a person from successfully performing some action. It often occurs in business and personal relationships between people and prevents the establishment of open and trusting relationships between them.
UNCONSCIOUS- characteristics of psychological properties, processes and states of a person that are outside the sphere of his consciousness, but have the same impact on his behavior as consciousness.
BEHAVIORISM- a doctrine in which only human behavior is considered as the subject of psychological research and its dependence on external and internal material stimuli is studied. B. denies the need and possibility of scientific research into psychic phenomena themselves. The founder of B. is considered to be the American scientist D. Watson.
653

LARGE GROUP - a social association of people of significant quantitative composition, formed on the basis of some abstract (see. abstraction) socio-demographic characteristics: gender, age, nationality, professional affiliation, social or economic status, etc.
Delirium is an abnormal, painful state of the human psyche, accompanied by fantastic images, visions, hallucinations (see also autism).
BRAINSTORING is a special method of organizing joint group creative work of people, designed to increase their mental activity and solve complex intellectual problems.
VALIDITY is the quality of a psychological research method, expressed in its compliance with what it was originally intended to study and evaluate.
FAITH is a person’s belief in something that is not supported by convincing logical arguments or facts.
VERBAL LEARNING - a person’s acquisition of life experience, knowledge, skills And skills through verbal instructions and explanations.
VERBAL - relating to the sound of human speech.
VICARRY LEARNING - a person’s acquisition of knowledge, skills And skills through direct observation and imitation of the observed object.
ATTRACTION is a desire or need to do something, prompting a person to take appropriate action.
ATTENTION is a state of psychological concentration, concentration on some object.
INTERNAL SPEECH is a special type of human speech activity, directly related to unconscious, automatically occurring processes of translating thoughts into words and back.
Suggestibility - a person’s pliability to action suggestions.
Suggestion is the unconscious influence of one person on another, causing certain changes in his psychology and behavior.
EXCITABILITY - the property of living matter to come into a state of excitement under the influence irritants and keep traces of it for some time.
654

AGE PSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychology that studies the psychological characteristics of people of different ages, their development and transitions from one age to another.
WILL - a property (process, state) of a person, manifested in his ability to consciously manage his psyche And actions. It manifests itself in overcoming obstacles that arise on the way to achieving a consciously set goal.
IMAGINATION - the ability to imagine an absent or really non-existent object, hold it in consciousness and mentally manipulate it.
MEMORIES (remembering) - reproduction by memory any previously perceived information. One of the main memory processes.
PERCEPTION is the process of a person receiving and processing various information entering the brain through the organs feelings. Ends with the formation image.
REACTION TIME is the time interval between the onset of action of a stimulus and the appearance in the body of a certain reaction to it.
SECOND SIGNAL SYSTEM - a system of speech signs, symbols that evoke in a person the same reactions as real objects that are designated by these symbols.
EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENTS (expression) - a system of data from nature or learned movements (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime), with the help of which a person non-verbally (see. verbal) transmits information about one’s internal states or the external world to other people.
HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS - transformed under the influence of life in society, training and education mental processes person. The concept was introduced by L.S. Vygotsky within the framework of the cultural-historical theory of development of V.p.f. (cm.).
REPLACEMENT is one of defense mechanisms(see) in the psychoanalytic theory of personality (see. psychoanalysis). Under the influence of V., human memory is removed from consciousness into the sphere unconscious information that causes him strong unpleasant emotional experiences.
HALLUCINATIONS - unreal, fantastic images that arise in a person during illnesses that affect his mental state (see also autism, delirium).
GENERALIZATION OF STIMULUS - acquisition by many stimuli (see. stimulus), initially not related to us-
655

clever reaction (see conditioned reflex), ability to evoke it.
GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies the origin of mental phenomena and their connection with genotype person.
GENETIC METHOD - a method for studying mental phenomena in development, establishing their origin and the laws of transformation as they develop (see also historical method).
GENIUS - the highest level of development in a person of any kind abilities, abilities making him an outstanding personality in the relevant field or field of activity.
GENOTYPE - a set of genes or any qualities received by a person as an inheritance from his parents.
GESTALT - structure, whole, system.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY is a direction of psychological research that arose in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. during a period of open crisis psychological science. In contrast associationism Gestalt psychology asserted the priority of structure, or integrity (see. gestalt), in the organization of mental processes, laws and dynamics of their flow.
HYLOZOISM - a philosophical doctrine about the universal spirituality of matter, which asserts that sensitivity as an elementary form psyche inherent in all things existing in nature without exception.
HYPNOSIS is a temporary shutdown of a person’s consciousness caused by suggestive influence or the removal of conscious control over one’s own behavior.
HOMEOSTASIS is a normal state of equilibrium of organic and other processes in a living system.
DREAMS - fantasies, dreams of a person, drawing pleasant, desirable pictures of a future life in his imagination.
GROUP - a collection of people, identified on the basis of any one or more characteristics common to them (see also small group).
GROUP DYNAMICS - direction of research in social psychology(q.v.), which studies the process of emergence, functioning and development of different groups (q.v.).
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychology in which a person is viewed as a higher spiritual being who sets the goal of self-improvement and strives to achieve it. G.p. arose in the first half
656

wine of the 20th century The founders are considered to be American scientists G. Allport, A. Maslow and K. Rogers.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR- (cm. deviant behavior).
DEPERSONALIZATION(depersonalization) - a temporary loss by a person of psychological and behavioral characteristics that characterize him as personality.
DEPRESSION- a state of mental distress, depression, characterized by loss of strength and decreased activity.
DETERMINATION- causal conditioning (see determinism).
DETERMINISM- a philosophical and epistemological doctrine that affirms the existence and possibility of establishing objective causes of all phenomena existing in the world.
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY- industry developmental psychology, which studies the psychology of children of different ages, from birth to graduation.
ACTIVITY- a specific type of human activity aimed at creative transformation, improvement of reality and oneself.
SUBJECT ACTIVITY- an activity that is subordinated in its course to the characteristics of objects of material and spiritual culture created by people. Designed to help people learn how to properly use these items and develop them abilities.
DISPOSITION- predisposition, readiness of a person for certain external or internal actions.
DISTRESS- negative impact of stress (see. stress) situations on human activity, up to its complete destruction.
DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies and explains the psychological and behavioral differences of people.
DOMINANT- the predominant focus of excitation in the human brain, associated with increased attention or urgent need. It can be amplified due to the attraction of excitations from neighboring areas of the brain. The concept of D. was introduced by A. Ukhtomsky.
DRIVE- a concept denoting an unconscious internal attraction of a general nature, generated by some organic need. Used in psychology motivation and in theory learning.
22. R. S. Nemov, book 1
657

DUALISM is the doctrine of the independent, independent existence of body and soul. It originates in the works of ancient philosophers, but receives full development in the Middle Ages. It is presented in detail in the works of the French philosopher R. Descartes.
SOUL is an old name used in science before the advent of the word “psychology” for a set of phenomena studied in modern psychology.
WISH- state updated, i.e. a need that has begun to act, accompanied by a desire and readiness to do something specific to satisfy it.
GESTURE- the movement of a person’s hands, expressing his internal state or pointing to some object in the external world.
LIFE ACTIVITIES- a set of types of activity united by the concept of “life” and characteristic of living matter.
FORGETING- process memory, associated with the loss of traces of previous influences and the possibility of their reproduction (see. memory).
ADVANTAGES - prerequisites for the development of abilities. They can be congenital or acquired during life.
BOOGER-WEBER LAW- psychophysical (see psychophysics) law expressing the constancy of the ratio of the increment of value irritant, which gave rise to a barely noticeable change in strength Feel to its original value:
A/
-------=K,
I
Where I- initial stimulus value, M- its increment, TO - constant.
This law was independently established by the French scientist P. Bouguer and the German scientist E. Weber.
WEBER-FECHNER LAW- a law stating that the strength of sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the magnitude of the acting stimulus:
S= K¦ lg I+ C,
Where S- strength of feeling, I- magnitude of the stimulus, Ki S - constants.
Derived by the German scientist G. Fechner on the basis of the Bouguer-Weber law (see).
658

YERKES-DODSON LAW - a curvilinear, bell-shaped relationship that exists between the strength of emotional arousal and the success of human activity. Shows that the most productive activity occurs at a moderate, optimal level of arousal. Opened at the beginning of the 20th century. American psychologists R. Yerkes and J. Dodson.
STEVENS'S LAW- one of the variants of the basic psychophysical law (see. Weber-Fechner law), suggesting the presence of not a logarithmic, but a power-law functional relationship between the magnitude of the stimulus and the strength of sensation:
S= TO- D
where 5 is the strength of sensation, I- the magnitude of the current stimulus, TO and and are constants.
SUBSTITUTION(sublimation) - one of the protective mechanisms, representing a subconscious replacement of one, forbidden or practically unattainable, goal with another, permitted and more accessible, capable of at least partially satisfying the current need.
INFECTION- a psychological term denoting the unconscious transfer from person to person of any emotions, states, or motives.
PROTECTION MECHANISMS- psychoanalytic concept (see psychoanalysis), denoting a set of unconscious techniques with the help of which a person, as an individual, protects himself from psychological trauma.
MEMORY- one of the processes memory, denoting the introduction into memory of newly received information.
SIGN- a symbol or object that serves as a substitute for another object.
MEANING (of a word, concept) is the content that is put into a given word or concept by all people who use it.
ZONE OF POTENTIAL (NEAR-TERM) DEVELOPMENT- opportunities in mental development that open up for a person when he is provided with minimal outside help. The concept of Z.p.r. introduced by L.S. Vygotsky.
ZOOPSYCHOLOGY- branch of psychological science that studies the behavior and psychology of animals.
IDENTIFICATION- identification. In psychology, it is the establishment of the similarity of one person to another, aimed at remembering him and the own development of the person identified with him.
22*
659

IDEOMOTORICS - the influence of thoughts on movements, manifested in the fact that every thought about movement is accompanied by a barely noticeable real movement of the most mobile parts of the body: arms, eyes, head or torso. These movements are often involuntary and hidden from the consciousness of the person performing them.
ICONIC MEMORY - (see. instant memory).
ILLUSIONS are phenomena of perception, imagination and memory that exist only in the human head and do not correspond to any real phenomenon or object.
IMPLICIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY - a stable, lifetime formed idea in a person about the relationship between appearance, behavior and traits personalities people, on the basis of which he judges people in conditions of insufficient information about them.
IMPRINTING is a type of experience acquisition that occupies an intermediate position between learning and innate reactions. With I., forms of behavior ready from birth are put into action under the influence of some external stimulus, which, as it were, launches them into action.
IMPULSIVITY is a characterological trait of a person, manifested in his tendency to fleeting, ill-considered actions and deeds.
INDIVIDUAL is a single person in the totality of all his inherent qualities: biological, physical, social, psychological, etc.
INDIVIDUALITY is a peculiar combination of individual (see. individual) properties of a person that distinguishes him from other people.
INDIVIDUAL STYLE OF ACTIVITY - a stable combination of characteristics of performing different types of activities by the same person.
INITIATIVE is a manifestation by a person of activity that is not stimulated from the outside and not determined by circumstances beyond his control.
INSIGHT (insight, guess) - unexpected for a person himself, a sudden finding of a solution to a problem that he has thought about for a long time and persistently.
INSTINCT is an innate, slightly changeable form of behavior that ensures the body’s adaptation to the typical conditions of its life.
660

INSTRUMENTAL ACTION - an action that serves as a means to an end other than its own result.
INTELLIGENCE - the totality of the mental abilities of humans and some higher animals, for example, apes.
INTERACTION- interaction.
INTERACTIONISM- a doctrine that asserts that all psychological properties, qualities and types of behavior acquired by a person during his lifetime are the result of the interaction of his inner world and the external environment.
INTEREST- emotionally charged, increased human attention to any object or phenomenon.
INTERIORIZATION- transition from the environment external to the body to the internal. In relation to a person, I. means the transformation of external actions with material objects into internal, mental ones, operating with symbols. According to the cultural-historical theory of the formation of higher mental functions I. is the main mechanism of their development.
INTERFERENCE- disruption of the normal course of one process by the intervention of another.
INTROVERSION- turning a person’s consciousness towards himself; absorption in one’s own problems and experiences, accompanied by a weakening of attention to what is happening around. I. is one of the basic features personality.
INTROSPECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological research that existed mainly in the 19th century. The main research method in I.p. was introspection.
INTROSPECTION- method of cognition of mental phenomena through human introspection, i.e. careful study by the person himself of what happens in his mind when solving various kinds of problems.
INTUITION- the ability to quickly find the right solution to a problem and navigate difficult life situations, as well as foresee the course of events.
IFANTILISM- manifestation of childish traits in the psychology and behavior of an adult.
SUBJECT- a person on whom scientific psychological experiments are carried out.
HISTORICAL METHOD- a method of studying mental phenomena in their development depending on the historical conditions of human life.
661

CATharsis - cleansing. Psychoanalytic (see psychoanalysis) a term denoting mental relief that occurs in a person after strong emotional experiences such as affect or stress.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS- a method of psychological research in which quantitative indicators are not used, and conclusions are drawn only on the basis of logical reasoning about the facts obtained.
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE- general socio-psychological characteristics of the condition small group, especially the human relationships that have developed within it.
COGNITIVE HELPLESS- a psychological state or situation in which an individual, having the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to solve a problem, due to a number of cognitive reasons, cannot cope with it.
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY- one of the modern areas of research in psychology, explaining human behavior on the basis of knowledge and studying the process and dynamics of their formation.
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY- theory proposed in line with cognitive psychology American scientist L. Festinger. Considers the cognitive dissonance as one of the main factors governing human behavior.
THE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE- a contradiction in a person’s knowledge system, which gives rise to unpleasant experiences in him and encourages him to take actions aimed at eliminating this contradiction.
COLLECTIVE- highly developed small group people in which relationships are built on positive moral standards. K. has increased efficiency in work, manifested in the form superadditive effect.
COMMUNICATIONS- contacts, communication, exchange of information and interaction of people with each other.
COMPENSATION- a person’s ability to get rid of worries about his own shortcomings (see. inferiority complex) through intensive work on oneself and the development of other positive qualities. The concept of K. was introduced by A. Adler.
INFERIORITY COMPLEX- a complex human condition associated with a lack of any qualities (abilities, knowledge, abilities and skills), accompanied by deep
s ^ O

our negative emotional feelings about this.
REVIVAL COMPLEX- a complex sensory-motor reaction of an infant (about 2-3 months), which occurs when perceiving a loved one, primarily his mother.
CONVERGENCE- reduction of the visual axes of the eyes on any object or to one point in visual space.
CONSTANTITY OF PERCEPTION- the ability to perceive objects and see them as relatively constant in size, shape and color in changing physical conditions of perception.
CONTENT ANALYSIS- a method of psychological study of various texts, allowing one to judge by their content the psychology of the creators of these texts.
INTRAPERSONAL CONFLICT- a state of a person’s dissatisfaction with any circumstances of his life, associated with the presence of conflicting interests, aspirations, needs that give rise to affects And stress.
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT- an intractable contradiction that arises between people and is caused by the incompatibility of their views, interests, goals, and needs.
CONFORMITY- a person’s uncritical acceptance of someone else’s wrong opinion, accompanied by an insincere rejection of his own opinion, the correctness of which the person does not internally doubt. Such a refusal to conform to behavior is usually motivated by some opportunistic considerations.
CONCEPTUAL REFLECTOR ARC- a concept that expands and deepens Pavlov’s idea of reflex arc by including the latest data on the specialization and functioning of various groups of neurons in the cerebral cortex. Concept of K.r.d. introduced by E.N. Sokolov and Ch.A. Izmailov.
CORRELATION- a mathematical concept indicating the statistical relationship that exists between the phenomena being studied (see. math statistics).
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT QUOTE- a numerical indicator of a person’s mental development obtained as a result of the use of special tests, designed to quantify the level of human intelligence development.
663

A CRISIS- a state of mental disorder caused by a person’s long-term dissatisfaction with himself and his relationships with the outside world. Age-related cancer often occurs when a person moves from one age group to another.
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS- a theory that explains the process of formation and development higher mental functions human based on the cultural and socio-historical conditions of human existence. Developed in the 20-30s by L.S. Vygotsky.
LABILITY- a property of nervous processes (nervous system), manifested in the ability to conduct a certain number of nerve impulses per unit of time. L. also characterizes the rate of onset and cessation of the nervous process.
LIBIDO- one of the main concepts psychoanalysis. Denotes a certain type of energy, most often biochemical, which underlies human needs and actions. The concept of L. was introduced into scientific circulation by S. Freud.
LEADER- a member of a group whose authority, power or authority is unconditionally recognized by the other members small group, ready to follow him.
LEADERSHIP- behavior leader V small group. The acquisition or loss of leadership powers by him, the implementation of his leadership functions.
LINGUISTIC- relating to language.
PERSONALITY- a concept denoting the totality of stable psychological qualities of a person that make up his individuality.
LOGOTHERAPY- psychotherapeutic method (see psychotherapy), designed to give a person’s life that has lost its meaning a more definite spiritual content, to draw a person’s attention and consciousness to genuine moral and cultural values. Proposed by the Austrian psychiatrist W. Frankl and based on a person’s awareness of his responsibility to people and himself.
LOCALIZATION OF MENTAL FUNCTIONS(properties and states of a person) - representation in the structures of the human brain of the location of the main mental functions, states and properties, their connection with specific anatomical and physiological sections and structures of the brain.
664

LOCAL- limited, local.
LOCUS OF CONTROL- a concept that characterizes the localization of the reasons on the basis of which a person explains his own behavior and the behavior of other people observed by him. Internal L.k. - this is a search for the reasons for behavior in the person himself, and the external L.K. - their localization outside a person, in his environment. The concept of L.k. introduced by the American psychologist Yu. Rotter.
LONGITUDINAL STUDY- long-term scientific research into the processes of formation, development and change of any mental or behavioral phenomena.
LOVE- the highest spiritual feeling of a person, rich in a variety of emotional experiences, based on noble feelings and high morality and accompanied by a willingness to do everything in one’s power for the well-being of a loved one.
MASOCHISM- self-humiliation, self-torture of a person, associated with dissatisfaction with oneself and the conviction that the reasons for failures in life are in oneself (see. internal locus of control). M.- one of the main concepts used in the typology of social characters proposed by the German-American scientist E. Fromm.
SMALL GROUP- a small group of people, including from 2-3 to 20-30 people, engaged in common affairs and having direct personal contacts with each other.
MASS PSYCHIC PHENOMENA- socio-psychological phenomena that arise in masses of people (population, crowd, mass, group, nation, etc.). M.y.p. include rumors panic, imitation, infection, suggestion and etc.
MASS COMMUNICATIONS- means of transmitting information designed for a mass audience: print, radio, television, etc.
MATH STATISTICS- a field of higher mathematics that deals with patterns characterizing the interaction of random variables. Methods M.s. are widely used in psychology to search and detect reliable connections between mental and behavioral phenomena with other factors considered as their causes or consequences.
INSTANT MEMORY- memory, designed for a very short period of time, storing traces of memories in a person’s head
665

accepted material. M.p. acts, as a rule, only during the process of perception itself.
MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies mental phenomena and human behavior with the aim of preventing, diagnosing and treating various diseases.
MELANCHOLIC- a person whose behavior is characterized by slow reactions to actions incentives, as well as speech, thought and motor processes.
TWIN METHOD- a scientific research method based on comparing the psychology and behavior of two types of twins: monozygotic (with the same genotype) and dizygotic (with different genotypes). M.b. is used to solve the problem of genotypic or environmental conditioning of certain psychological and behavioral characteristics of a person.
TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD- a way of acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities through repeated mechanical repetition of actions as a result of which they are formed. M.p. and about. introduced by American researcher E. Thorndike to study the process learning in animals.
SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL METHOD- a way to study content and structure consciousness a person through his definition of concepts using a series of predetermined polar definitions such as “strong - weak”, “good - bad”, etc. M.sd. introduced by the American psychologist Charles Osgood.
DREAMS- a person’s plans for the future, presented in his imagination and realizing the most important needs and interests for him.
FAMILY- a set of movements of parts of a person’s face that express his state or attitude towards what he perceives (imagine, think about, remember, etc.).
MODALITY- a concept denoting the quality of sensations arising under the influence of certain irritants.
POWER MOTIVE- a stable personality trait that expresses one person’s need to have power over other people, the desire to dominate, manage, and dispose of them.
MOTIVE- an internal stable psychological reason for a person’s behavior or action.
MOTIVE FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF SUCCESS- the need to achieve success in various types of activities, considered as a stable personal trait.
666

THE MOTIVE OF AVOIDING FAILURE is a more or less stable desire of a person to avoid failures in those life situations where the results of his activities are assessed by other people. M.H.S. - trait personalities, the opposite of the achievement motive success.
MOTIVATION is a dynamic process of internal, psychological and physiological management of behavior, including its initiation, direction, organization, support.
MOTIVATION is a reasonable justification, an explanation by the person himself of his actions, which does not always correspond to the truth.
THINKING is a psychological process of cognition associated with the discovery of subjectively new knowledge, with problem solving, with the creative transformation of reality.

OBSERVATION is a method of psychological research designed to directly obtain the necessary information through the organs feelings.
SKILL - a formed, automatically carried out movement that does not require conscious control and special volitional efforts to perform it.
VISUAL-ACTIVE THINKING is a method of practical problem solving that involves a visual study of the situation and practical actions in it with material objects.
VISUAL-FIGURATORY THINKING is a method of solving problems that includes observing a situation and operating with images of its constituent objects without practical actions with them.
RELIABILITY is the quality of a scientific research method that allows one to obtain the same results when the method is used repeatedly or repeatedly.
INTENTION - a conscious desire, readiness to do something.
ORIENTATION OF A PERSONALITY is a concept denoting a set of needs and motives personality, determining the main direction of its behavior.
TENSION is a state of increased physical or psychological arousal, accompanied by unpleasant internal feelings and requiring release.
MOOD - a person’s emotional state associated with weakly expressed positive or negative
667

bodily emotions and existing for a long time.
LEARNING- acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities as a result of life experience.
NEUROTICISM- a human property characterized by increased excitability, impulsiveness And anxiety.
NEGATIVISM- demonstrative opposition of a person to other people, failure to accept reasonable advice from other people. Often occurs in children during puberty crises.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies the connection of mental processes, properties and states with the functioning of the brain.
NON-BEHAVIORISM- a direction in psychology that replaced behaviorism in the 30s of the XX century. Characterized by recognition of the active role of mental states in controlling behavior. Presented in the teachings of American psychologists E. Tolman, K. Hull, B. Skinner.
NEO-FREUDISM- a doctrine that arose on the basis psychoanalysis Z. Freud. Associated with the recognition of the essential role of society in the formation of personality and with the refusal to consider organic needs as the only basis for social human behavior.
SOCIAL NORMS- accepted in a given society or group rules of conduct that govern human relationships.
DEPERSONALIZATION- (cm. depersonalization).
GENERALIZATION- (cm. abstraction) - identifying the general from many particular phenomena. Transfer of once formed knowledge, skills And skills to new tasks and situations.
IMAGE- a generalized picture of the world (objects, phenomena), which develops as a result of processing information about it coming through the senses.
FEEDBACK- the process of obtaining information about the states of a communication partner in order to improve communication and achieve the desired result.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY- a field of psychological science that studies the general laws of the human psyche and behavior, develops basic concepts and presents the main laws on the basis of which it is formed, develops and functions psyche person.
668

COMMUNICATION- exchange of information between people, their interaction.
ORDINARY CONSCIOUSNESS- the average level of consciousness of the masses of people who make up a given society. O.S. differs from scientific consciousness in the low reliability and accuracy of the information it contains.
OBJECTIFICATION- the process and result of localizing images of perception in the external world - where the source of perceived information is located.
GIFTEDNESS- presence in a person inclinations to development abilities.
EXPECTATION- one of the main concepts cognitive psychology, expressing a person’s ability to anticipate future events.
ONTOGENESIS- the process of individual development of an organism or personalities(cm.).
OPERANT CONDITIONING- a type of learning carried out by reinforcing the body’s most successful reactions to certain incentives. The concept of O.o. proposed by the American psychologist E. Thorndike and developed by B. Skinner.
RAM- a type of memory designed to retain information for a certain time necessary to perform some action or operations.
OPERATION- a system of movements associated with the performance of a specific action aimed at achieving its goal.
OBJECTIFICATION- a dialectical-materialistic concept that denotes the process and result of the embodiment of human abilities in the objects of human activity that make up material and spiritual culture.
SURVEY- a method of psychological study, in the process of which people are asked questions and, based on the answers to them, the psychology of these people is judged.
PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE- a method of personality research based on the use of a system of written or oral, pre-thought-out questions addressed to a person whose psychological characteristics are to be studied.
SENSE ORGANS- bodily organs specifically designed for perception, processing and storage of information. O.ch. include receptors, nerve pathways that carry stimuli to the brain and back, as well as the central parts of the human nervous system that process these stimuli.
669

ORIENTATIVE REACTION (REFLEX) - the body’s reaction to new stimuli, manifested in its general activation, concentration of attention, mobilization of forces and resources.
MEANINGFULNESS OF PERCEPTION is the property of human perception to attribute a certain meaning to a perceived object or phenomenon, designate it with a word, and assign it to a certain linguistic category.
BASIC PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAW - (see. Weber-Fechner law).
DEVIANT (DEVIANT) BEHAVIOR - human behavior that deviates from established legal or moral norms, violating them.
OPEN CRISIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE is a critical condition in psychological science that arose at the beginning of the 20th century. and associated with its inability to satisfactorily resolve a number of pressing theoretical and practical problems.
RELATIVE SENSATION THRESHOLD - the amount by which the stimulus acting on the sense organs must change in order for the sensation it causes to simultaneously change (value A/ in Bouguer-Weber law).
REFLECTION is a philosophical and epistemological concept related to the theory of knowledge. In accordance with it, all mental processes and states of a person are considered as reflections in a person’s head of an objective reality independent of him.
ALIENATION is the process or result of a person’s loss of meaning or personal meaning (see. personal meaning) what previously attracted his attention was interesting and important to him.
SENSATION is an elementary mental process, which is a subjective reflection by a living being in the form of mental phenomena of the simplest properties of the surrounding world.
MEMORY - processes of remembering, preserving, reproducing and processing various information by a person.
GENETIC MEMORY - memory conditioned genotype, passed down from generation to generation.
LONG-TERM MEMORY - memory designed for long-term storage and repeated reproduction of information, provided it is preserved.
670

SHORT-TERM MEMORY - memory designed to store information for a short period of time, from several to tens of seconds, until the information contained in it is used or transferred to long-term memory.
RAM MEMORY - (see. RAM).
PANIC is a mass phenomenon psyche, characterized by the simultaneous occurrence in many people who are in contact with each other of feelings of fear, anxiety, as well as erratic, chaotic movements and ill-considered actions.
PANTOMIMIC is a system of expressive movements performed using the body.
PARAPSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychology that studies unusual phenomena that cannot be scientifically explained and related to the psychology and behavior of people.
PATHOPSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychological research associated with the study of abnormalities in the psyche and behavior of a person in various diseases.
PEDAGOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychological science that studies the psychological foundations of teaching, upbringing and pedagogical activity.
PRIMARY DATA is that information about the phenomena being studied that is obtained at the beginning of the study and is subject to further processing before reliable conclusions about these phenomena can be drawn on its basis.
PRIMARY EMOTIONS - genotypically (see. genotype) conditioned simple emotional experiences: pleasure, displeasure, pain, fear, anger, etc.
EXPERIENCE is a sensation accompanied by emotions.
PERSONALIZATION is the process of turning a person into personality(see), acquisitions by him individuality(cm.).
PERCEPTIVE - relating to perception.
REINFORCEMENT is a means that can satisfy a need and relieve the tension caused by it. P. is also a means of confirming the correctness or error of a completed act or action.
IMITATION is a conscious or unconscious behavior of a person aimed at reproducing the actions and actions of other people.
GENDER ROLE TYPIZATION - a person’s assimilation of forms of social behavior that are typical for people of the same sex.
671

GENDER ROLE BEHAVIOR - behavior characteristic of a person of a certain gender in the social role that corresponds to this gender.
UNDERSTANDING is a psychological state that expresses the correctness of the decision made and is accompanied by a feeling of confidence in the accuracy of the perception or interpretation of any event, phenomenon, or fact.
THRESHOLD OF SENSATION - meaning incentive, affecting the sense organs, which causes a minimal sensation (lower absolute threshold sensations), the maximum possible strength of the sensation of the corresponding modality (the upper absolute threshold of sensation) or a change in the parameters of an existing sensation (see. relative threshold of sensation).
ACTION - consciously committed by a person and controlled by will action based on certain beliefs.
NEED - a state of need of an organism, an individual, a personality for something necessary for their normal existence.
PRACTICAL THINKING is a type of thinking aimed at solving practical problems.
PREDICATIVITY - characteristic inner speech, expressed in the absence of words representing the subject (subject), and the presence of only words related to the predicate (predicate).
OBJECTIVENESS OF PERCEPTION - the property of perception to represent the world not in the form of individual sensations, but in the form of integral images related to perceived objects.
PREJUDICE is a persistent erroneous opinion, not supported by facts and logic, based on faith.
PRECONSCIOUSNESS - a person’s mental state, occupying an intermediate place between consciousness And unconscious. It is characterized by the presence of a vague awareness of what is being experienced, but the absence of volitional control or the ability to manage it.
REPRESENTATION is the process and result of reproduction in the form of an image of any object, event, phenomenon.
HABITATION - cessation or decrease in the severity of the response to a stimulus that is still in effect.
PROJECTION is one of defense mechanisms through which a person gets rid of worries about his own shortcomings by attributing them to other people.
672

PROPRIOCEPTIVE - associated with the muscular system.
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR - human behavior among people, selflessly aimed at their benefit.
PSYCHE is a general concept denoting the totality of all mental phenomena studied in psychology.
MENTAL PROCESSES - processes occurring in the human head and reflected in dynamically changing mental phenomena: sensations, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, speech and etc.
PSYCHOANALYSIS is a teaching created by S. Freud. Contains a system of ideas and methods for interpreting dreams and other unconscious mental phenomena, as well as diagnosing and treating various mental illnesses.
PSYCHOGENETICS is a field of research that studies the hereditary nature of certain mental and behavioral phenomena, their dependence on genotype.
PSYCHODYAGNOSTICS is a field of research related to quantitative assessment and precise qualitative analysis psychological properties and conditions of a person using scientifically proven methods that provide reliable information about them.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS is a field of science bordering between psychology and linguistics that deals with the study of human speech, its occurrence and functioning.
PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY OF PEOPLE - the ability of people to find mutual understanding, establish business and personal contacts, and cooperate with each other.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE - (see. socio-psychological climate).
WORK PSYCHOLOGY is a field of science that studies the psychological aspects of people’s work, including their vocational guidance, vocational counseling, vocational training and work organization.
MANAGEMENT PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies the psychological aspects of human management of various objects: government organizations, people, economic and technical systems, etc.
PSYCHOTHERAPY is an area bordering medicine and psychology, in which psychological diagnostic tools and methods of treating diseases are widely used.
673

PSYCHOTECHNICS is a field of research that existed in the first decades of the 20th century. and associated with the study of the interaction of man and machines, the use of various mechanical and technical devices by humans in their work activities.
PSYCHOPHYSICS is a field of research designed to answer fundamental questions regarding the connection between mental and physical processes and phenomena. A particular but important issue of P. is the use of physical methods to measure human sensations.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEM - the problem of connecting mental phenomena with physiological processes occurring in the human body and brain.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PARALLELISM is the doctrine of the parallel and independent existence of psychological and physiological processes in the human body.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY is a field of research bordering between psychology and physiology. He studies the connections that exist between psychological phenomena and physiological processes in the body.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PROBLEM - the problem of the connection between the world of physical phenomena studied by the natural sciences and psychological phenomena studied by psychology (see. psychophysiological problem).
IRRITABILITY - the ability of living organisms to react biologically expediently (for the purpose of self-preservation and development) to environmental influences that are significant for their lives.
IRRITANT - any factor that affects the body and can cause any reaction in it.
DISOBJECTIFICATION is a philosophical, dialectical-materialistic concept that means the process of a person acquiring those knowledge, skills and abilities that were previously laid down (objectified) (see. objectification) in objects of material and spiritual culture. R. acts as the main source of the formation and development of human abilities.
ABSORPTION - inability attention concentrate on the object.
RATIONALIZATION is one of the defense mechanisms expressed in a person’s search for reasonable and logical explanations for his negative actions and actions, designed for their moral justification and relieving remorse.
REACTION - the body's response to some stimulus.
674

RELAXATION - relaxation.
REMINISTENCE - spontaneous recollection of material that was once perceived, but then temporarily forgotten and not restored in memory.
REFERENCE GROUP - a group of people who are somehow attractive to an individual. Group source of individual values, judgments, actions, norms and rules of behavior.
REFLEX - an automatic response of the body to the action of any internal or external stimulus.
UNCONDITIONED REFLEX is an innate automatic reaction of the body to a specific influence.
CONDITIONED REFLEX - an acquired reaction of the body to a certain stimulus, resulting from a combination of the influence of this stimulus with positive reinforcement from an actual need.
REFLECTION is the ability of a person’s consciousness to focus on himself.
REFLECTOR ARC - a concept denoting a set of nerve structures that conduct nerve impulses from stimuli located on the periphery of the body to the center (see. afferent), processing them into central nervous system and causing a reaction to the corresponding irritants.
RECEPTOR - a specialized organic device located on the surface of the body or inside it and designed to perceive stimuli of various nature: physical, chemical, mechanical, etc. - and their transformation into nerve electrical impulses.
SPEECH is a system of human-used sound signals, written signs and characters for presentation, processing, storage and transmission of information.
INTERNAL SPEECH - (see. inner speech).
DETERMINATION - readiness to move on to practical action, a formed intention to commit a certain act.
RIGIDITY is a retardation of thinking, manifested in the difficulty of a person’s refusal to once make a decision, way of thinking and acting.
ROLE is a concept that denotes a person’s behavior in a certain life situation corresponding to the position he occupies (for example, the role of a leader, subordinate, father, mother, etc.).
675

SADISM is hostile human actions towards people and animals, sometimes taking the form of a pathological desire to harm them. The desire for destruction, the destruction of everything that is around. S. is one of the main concepts used by E. Fromm to construct a typology of social characters.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION- the use and development by a person of his existing inclinations, their transformation into abilities. The desire for personal self-improvement. S. as a concept introduced in humanistic psychology.
INTROSPECTION.- (cm. introspection).
SELF-CONTROL- a person’s ability to maintain inner calm, act wisely and deliberately in difficult life situations.
SELF-DETERMINATION OF PERSONALITY- a person’s independent choice of his life path, goals, values, moral standards, future profession and living conditions.
SELF-ESTEEM- a person’s assessment of his own qualities, advantages and disadvantages.
SELF-REGULATION- the process of managing a person’s own psychological and physiological states, as well as actions.
SELF-AWARENESS- a person’s awareness of himself, his own qualities.
SANGUINE- a type of temperament characterized by energy, increased performance and speed of reactions.
SUPERADDICTIVE EFFECT- a higher quantitative and qualitative result of group activity compared to individual work. S. e. occurs in small group when it approaches the level of development to to the team due to a clearer distribution of responsibilities, coordination of activities and the establishment of good business and personal relationships between its members.
EXCESSIVE ACTIVITIES- voluntary activity of a person or group of people, going beyond established social norms, aimed at helping other people.
PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM- a complex of physical characteristics of the nervous system that determine the processes of emergence, conduction, switching and transformation
676

dyeing of nerve impulses in various departments and parts central nervous system.
SENSITIVITY- a characteristic of the senses, expressed in their ability to subtly and accurately perceive, distinguish and selectively respond to weak stimuli that differ little from each other.
SENSITIVE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT- a period in a person’s life that provides the most favorable conditions for the formation of certain psychological properties and types of behavior.
SENSIBILIZATION- increasing the sensitivity of the senses under the influence of certain stimuli on them, in particular those that arrive at the same time to other senses (for example, an increase in visual acuity under the influence of auditory stimuli).
SENSORY- associated with the functioning of the senses.
SENSATIONALISM- a philosophical doctrine for which sensations act as the only source of information and human knowledge of the external world.
POWER OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM- the ability of the nervous system to withstand prolonged and heavy loads.
SYMBOL- sign something that has a certain resemblance to the designated object.
SYMPATHY- a feeling of emotional predisposition towards a person, increased interest and attraction to him.
SYNESTHESIA- the ability of a stimulus, addressed by nature to a sense organ adapted for it, to simultaneously cause an unusual sensation in another sense organ. For example, when perceiving music, some people may experience visual sensations.
ADDICTION- predisposition to something.
VERBAL-LOGICAL THINKING- a type of human thinking, where verbal expression is used as a means of solving a problem abstraction and logical reasoning.
PERSONAL MEANING- the meaning that an object, event, fact or word acquires for a given person as a result of his personal life experience. Concept of S.l. introduced by A. N. Leontiev.
CONSCIENCE- a concept denoting a person’s ability to experience, deeply personally perceive and regret cases of violation of moral principles by himself or other people
677

normal S. characterizes personality, reaching a high level of psychological development.
COMPATIBILITY - the ability of people to work together, to successfully solve problems that require coordination of actions and good mutual understanding.
CONSCIOUSNESS - the highest level of mental reflections man of reality, its representation in the form of generalized images And concepts.
EMPATHY - a person’s experience of the same feelings and emotions that are characteristic of the people around him (see also empathy).
COMPETITION is a person’s desire to compete with other people, the desire to gain the upper hand over them, to win, to surpass them.
FOCUS - the concentration of a person's attention.
COOPERATION is a person’s desire for coordinated, harmonious work with people. Willingness to support and assist them. Opposite rivalry.
SAVING is one of the processes memory, aimed at retaining the received information in it.
SOCIALIZATION is the process and result of a child’s assimilation of social experience. As a result, S. the child becomes a cultured, educated and well-mannered person.
SOCIAL INHIBITION - inhibition of mental processes, deterioration of human activity in the presence of other people under their influence.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies psychological phenomena that arise in the interaction and communication of people.
SOCIAL ROLE - a set of norms, rules and forms of behavior that characterize the typical actions of a person occupying a certain position in society.
SOCIAL SITUATION OF DEVELOPMENT - a system of social conditions that determine the psychological development of a person.
SOCIAL ATTITUDE - a person’s stable internal attitude towards someone or something, including thoughts, emotions and actions taken by him in relation to this object.
SOCIAL FACILITATION - the facilitating effect of the people present on the psychology and behavior of a person
678

century, expressed in the activation of his mental processes and states, improvement of practical activities. S.f. the opposite of social inhibition.
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING is the theory and practice of special psychotherapeutic influence on people, designed to improve their communication and adaptation to living conditions.
SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS - judgments, actions and actions expected from a person occupying a certain position in society, corresponding to his social roles.
SOCIAL STEREOTYPE - distorted social attitudes of a person towards people of a certain category, which arose under the influence of limited or one-sided life experience of communication with representatives of a given social group: national, religious, cultural, etc.
SOCIOGRAM - a graphic drawing with the help of which the system of personal relationships that have developed between members is conventionally represented small group at this point in time. Used in sociometry.
SOCIOMETRY is a set of similarly constructed techniques designed to identify and present in the form sociograms and a number of special indices of the system of personal relationships between members small group.
COHESION OF A SMALL GROUP - a psychological characteristic of the unity of members small group.
ABILITIES - individual characteristics of people on which their acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as the success of performing various types of activities depends.
STATUS - a person’s position in the system of intra-group relations, which determines the degree of his authority in the eyes of the other participants groups.
LEADERSHIP STYLE is a characteristic of the relationships that develop between leader and followers. Ways and means used by a leader to exert the necessary influence on the people who depend on him.
STIMULUS - something that affects the human senses (see also stimulus).
PASSION is a person’s strongly expressed passion for someone or something, accompanied by deep emotional experiences associated with the corresponding object.
679

PURSUIT- desire and readiness to act in a certain way.
STRESS- a state of mental (emotional) and behavioral disorder associated with a person’s inability to act expediently and wisely in the current situation.
STRUCTURE OF PERCEPTION- the property of human perception to combine influencing stimuli into integral and relatively simple structures (see. gestalt).
SUBLIMATION- (cm. substitution).
SUBSENSOR PERCEPTION- unconscious perception and processing by a person of signals entering the brain through the senses and not reaching a threshold value (see. absolute threshold of sensations).
SUBJECTIVE- relating to a person - subject.
SUGGESTION- (cm. suggestion).
SIND PSYCHOLOGY- a special branch of psychology that studies the characteristics of deaf and hard of hearing people.
THINKING SCHEME- a system of concepts or logic of reasoning habitually used by a person when encountering an unfamiliar object or a new task.
TALENT- a high level of development of human abilities, ensuring the achievement of outstanding success in a particular type of activity.
CREATIVE THINKING- a type of thinking associated with the creation or discovery of something new.
TEMPERAMENT- a dynamic characteristic of mental processes and human behavior, manifested in their speed, variability, intensity and other characteristics.
ACTIVITY THEORY- a psychological theory that considers human mental processes as types of internal activity, originating from external activity and having a structure similar to external activity. Etc. developed by A.N. Leontyev.
THEORY OF CULTURAL-HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS(cm. cultural-historical theory of the development of higher mental functions).
LEARNING THEORY- a general concept denoting a set of psychological and physiological concepts that explain how life experience is acquired by humans and animals.
680

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY is a concept that explains the process of a person acquiring experience under the influence of social factors as a result of training, education, communication and interaction with people.
JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTIONS is a theory that considers emotions as a subjective reflection of organic processes and asserts their derivative nature from the processes occurring in the body. Proposed by the American psychologist W. James and refined by the Danish scientist G. Lange at the end of the 19th century.
CANNON-BARD THEORY OF EMOTIONS is a theory that states that emotions are the result of processing signals entering the brain from the external and internal environment. Switching in the thalamus to nerve pathways that simultaneously go to the cerebral cortex and internal organs, these signals give rise to emotions and the organic changes that accompany them. That is K.-B. acts as an alternative to the theory of emotions James-Lange.
TEST is a standardized psychological technique designed for comparative quantitative assessment of the psychological quality being studied in a person.
TESTING - application procedure tests on practice.
ANXIETY is the ability of a person to enter a state of increased anxiety, to experience fear and anxiety in specific social situations.
CONFIDENCE - a person’s confidence in his own rightness, confirmed by relevant arguments and facts.
RECOGNITION - classifying a perceived object into the category of already known ones.
SKILL - the ability to perform certain actions with good quality and successfully cope with activities that include these actions.
INFLUENCE is the process of logical deduction of a certain position from some reliable statements - premises.
LEVEL OF ASPIRATIONS - the maximum success that a person expects to achieve in a particular type of activity.
CONDITIONED REFLECTOR LEARNING - the acquisition of life experience through the mechanism of a conditioned reflex (see. conditioned reflex).
ATTITUDE - readiness, predisposition to certain actions or reactions to specific stimuli.
681

FATIGUE is a state of fatigue accompanied by decreased performance.
FACTOR ANALYSIS- a method of mathematical and statistical processing of scientific research data, which makes it possible to identify and describe the underlying, not directly perceived causes, called factors.
FANATICISM- a person’s excessive passion for something, accompanied by a decrease in control over his behavior and uncritical judgment about the object of his passion.
FANTASY- (cm. autism, imagination, dreams, daydreams).
PHANTOM LIMB- an illusory feeling of the presence of a lost limb - an arm or a leg, which persists for a long time after their removal.
PHENOTYPE- acquired characteristics or a set of properties that arose on the basis of a certain genotype under the influence of training and education.
PHI PHENOMENON- the illusion of a luminous point moving from one place to another, which occurs when they are perceived sequentially in a short time and at a short distance from each other.
PHLEGMATIC PERSON- a type of human temperament characterized by reduced reactivity, poorly developed, slow expressive movements (see).
FREUDISM- a doctrine associated with the name of the Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist Z. Freud. Except psychoanalysis contains a theory of personality, a system of views on the relationship between man and society, a set of ideas about the stages and stages of human psychosexual development.
FRUSTRATION- an emotionally difficult experience by a person of his failure, accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness, frustration in achieving a certain desired goal.
FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM- a complexly organized psychophysiological system that ensures the coordinated operation of physiological and psychological processes, participating in the regulation of an integral behavioral act. Concept of F.s. proposed by P.K. Anokhin.
FUNCTIONAL ORGAN- an intravitally formed organic system that ensures the functioning of higher
682

mental functions and being their anatomical and physiological basis.
CHARACTER is a set of personality properties that determine the typical ways of responding to life circumstances.
INTEGRITY OF PERCEPTION- sensory, mental completion of the totality of some perceived elements of an object to its holistic image.
CENSORSHIP is a psychoanalytic concept (see psychoanalysis), denoting subconscious psychological forces that seek to prevent certain thoughts, feelings, images, desires from entering consciousness.
VALUES- what a person especially values ​​in life, to which he attaches a special, positive life meaning.
VALUE ORIENTATIONS- (cm. values).
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- part of the nervous system, including the brain, diencephalon and spinal cord.
CENTRAL- characteristics of nervous processes occurring at higher levels central nervous system.
PERSONALITY TRAITS- a stable property of a personality that determines its characteristic behavior and thinking.
AMBITION- a person’s desire for success, designed to increase his authority and recognition from others.
SENSITIVITY- the body’s ability to remember and respond to environmental influences that do not have direct biological significance, but cause a psychological reaction in the form of sensations.
FEELING- higher, culturally determined emotion person associated with some social object.
EGOCENTRISM- the concentration of a person’s consciousness and attention exclusively on himself, accompanied by ignoring what is happening around him.
EIDETIC MEMORY- visual memory for images, characterized by the ability to retain and reproduce them for a sufficiently long time.
EUPHORIA- a state of excessive cheerfulness, usually not caused by any objective circumstances.
EXPECTATIONS- (cm. social expectations).
EXPRESSION- (cm. expressive movements).
683

EXTERIORIZATION is the process of transition of internal states into external, practical actions. E. opposite interiorization(cm.).
EXTRAVERSION - the focus of a person’s consciousness and attention mainly on what is happening around him. E. opposite introversion.
EMOTIONS are elementary experiences that arise in a person under the influence of the general state of the body and the process of satisfying current needs.
EMOTIONALITY is a personality characteristic manifested in the frequency of occurrence of various emotions and feelings.
EMPATHY is a person’s ability to empathize and sympathize with other people, to understand their internal states.
EMPIRISM is a direction in the philosophical theory of knowledge, reducing it to sensory experience.
EPIPHENOMEN - an unnecessary, inactive appendage.
THE ZEYGARNIK EFFECT is a phenomenon in which a person remembers better and more often reproduces those tasks that he was unable to complete on time.
THE EFFECT OF NOVELTY is a phenomenon in the area of ​​people’s perception of each other. It manifests itself in the fact that the information about him that arrives last, i.e., usually has a greater impact on the formation of a person’s image. is the most recent.
THE HALO EFFECT is a phenomenon characterized by the fact that the first impression of a person determines his subsequent perception by other people, allowing into the consciousness of the perceiving person only that which corresponds to the existing first impression, and filtering out that which contradicts it.
EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUP OPERATIONS - the productivity and quality of teamwork of people in a small group.
EFFECTIVE - (see. efferent).
EFFERENT - a process directed from the inside out, from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.
LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies mental processes, phenomena and states of people involved in the perception and adherence to legal norms. In U.P. Phenomena related to the investigation, trial and correction of convicts are also studied.

Glossary of terms

ADAPTATION (English - adaptation, German - Adaptuerung) - adaptation of an organ, organism, individual or group to changed external conditions. Adaptation is distinguished: physiological; medical; analyzers (as a change in their sensitivity); socio-psychological (as the interaction of an individual or social group with the social environment when included in a new group); professional (when included in new working conditions).

ADAPTABILITY (English - adaptability, German - Anpassungsvermogen) - the ability to adapt.

ADEQUACY OF MENTAL REACTIONS (English - adequity of mental respons, German - Aquivalenz der mental Reizantwort) - compliance of mental reactions with the meaning of the stimulus.

ADEQUATE STIMULAR (English - adequate stimulus, German - Normalreiz) - a stimulus to which the sensory organ (analyzer) reacts normally.

ACTUALIZATION (English - actualization, German - Artualization) - the transition of a mental phenomenon from potential to actual or from less actual to more actual. The concept was developed by B.G. Ananyev and his students.

AMBIVALENCE (English - ambivalence, German - Ambivalenz) - the simultaneous existence or incompatible emotions and feelings (laughter and crying, love and hatred, etc.) in a person towards the same object.

AMNESIA (English - amnesia, German - Amnesie) - absence of memories due to memory impairment; memory loss.

ANALYZER (English - analysor, German - Analysator) - an organ that provides the formation of sensations and perceptions. The term was introduced in 1909 by I.P. Pavlov instead of the outdated “sense organ”. Each analyzer consists of three parts: a peripheral or perceptive section - a receptor (all sense organs - eye, ear, etc.), pathways and higher nerve centers in the cerebral cortex. There are analyzers: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, thermal, kinestatic (motor).

QUESTIONNAIRE (English - questionary, German - Fragebogen) - one of the methods of psychology: written formulation of questions, providing written answers in a strictly defined form (this differs from a questionnaire, where answers are given in free form)

ANITICIPATION (English - anticipation, German - Antizipation) - a person’s ability to anticipate, predict events.

APPERCEPTION (English - apperception, German - Apperzeption) is a manifestation of selectivity of perception, its dependence on the experience and orientation of the individual. The term was introduced by G. Leibniz.

ASSOCIATION (English - association, German - Assoziation) - a connection that arises under certain conditions between two or more mental formations (sensations, perceptions, motor acts). The basic concept of associative psychology (English - association psy chology), which explains the dynamics of mental processes using the principle of association. Associations are distinguished by similarity, contrast, contiguity (in time or space). This division was proposed by Aristotle. The term was introduced by J. Locke.

AFFECT (English - affect, German - Affect) is a rapidly flowing short-term emotion of an explosive nature, uncontrollable by consciousness. Occurs, as a rule, in response to a strong irritant.

Abstraction is the mental isolation of any property of an object or phenomenon and abstraction from all the others. Authoritarianism is a person’s tendency to control other people with authority, suppress their initiative, and use coercive measures. Aggression is motivated destructive behavior that causes moral and/or physical damage to others, causing psychological discomfort. Psychological adaptation is a person’s adaptation to new living conditions, to other people and social circumstances. Test adaptation is a set of research procedures aimed at adapting the test for use in new conditions. For example, adaptation of foreign techniques in relation to the conditions of a different social and cultural environment. Character accentuations are extreme variants of the norm, in which individual character traits are overly emphasized. Ambivalence of feelings is a contradictory emotional experience associated with an ambivalent attitude towards a person, object, phenomenon. Simultaneous manifestation of sympathy and antipathy, love and hatred, affection and disgust, acceptance and rejection. Amnesia is a memory impairment that occurs when the brain is damaged. Analysis is an intellectual operation consisting of dividing a whole into its component parts or descriptive features. Analytical psychology is a system of views of the Swiss psychologist K.G. Jung, in which, as in the concept of psychoanalysis of Z. Freud, great importance is attached to the unconscious. In addition to the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious also stands out. Anamnesis is a set of information about the patient, about the living conditions preceding the disease, about the history of the development of the disease. Currently, A. is used not only in medicine, but also in psychology as a method of studying personality. Apperception is the influence of a person’s past experience, his interests and personal characteristics on the image of an object or phenomenon that arises as a result of perception. Assertiveness is a person’s ability to defend his rights, taking into account the rights of others. Association is a connection between thoughts and images, in which the occurrence of one thought or image evokes the appearance of others in memory. Attribution is the attribution by a person of motives of behavior, personal qualities and characteristics to other people based on everyday analysis of their actions and deeds. Attitude is a stable predisposition that develops on the basis of experience, a person’s social attitude towards people, events, social phenomena. Autogenic training is a set of special exercises based on relaxation and self-hypnosis. Can be used by a person to control their own mental states and behavior. Affect is a short-term, quickly arising and violently occurring emotional reaction, characterized by motor excitement, significant impairments of consciousness and the ability to volitionally control actions. Forms of manifestation of affect can be rage, anger, horror. Affiliation is a manifestation of a person’s need for communication, emotional contacts, the desire to be in the company of other people, to provide assistance to group members and accept their help, to interact with others. At the same time, the value for a person is communication itself, regardless of its purpose. B

PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER (English - psychological barrier, German - psychologische Barriere) - a motive that prevents the performance of certain actions (in particular, communication with a certain person or group of people).

UNCONDITIONED REFLEX, UNCONDITIONAL REFACTION (English - unconditional response, German - nightbedingle Reaktion) - an innate instinctive response to an unconditional stimulus (English - unconditional stimulus). The basic concept of the reflex theory of the psyche, developed by I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov.

BEHAVIORISM (English - behaviorism, German - Behaviorismus) is the leading direction of American psychology of the first half of the twentieth century, which is based on an understanding of human (and animal) behavior as a set of motor and reducible verbal (speech) and emotional responses (reactions) ) on the influences (stimuli) of the external environment. This position is expressed by their direct connection according to the “stimulus-response” scheme. The founders of behaviorism - E. Toridike and D. Watson

A psychological barrier is a misperception, erroneous opinion, fear, uncertainty that prevents a person from successfully completing a task. In business and personal relationships, people are prevented from establishing open and trusting relationships between them. A semantic barrier is a misunderstanding between people caused by the fact that the same action, word, phrase is interpreted differently by them. A battery of tests is a group of test items (subtests) aimed at measuring various aspects of a complex mental function or quality and combined into one test. The unconscious is a set of mental phenomena that a person is not aware of, but which influence his behavior. IN

VALIDITY (English - validity, German - Validital, Gultigkeit) - the degree of compliance of the parameters of a psychological method (questionnaires, surveys, tests) with the parameters of the activity or function being assessed.

VERBALIZATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS (English - verbal thinking, German - Verbal Denken) - the transition of subjective phenomena in the words of external or internal speech. Everything that is verbalized (expressed) is realized by a person.

ATTENTION (English - attention, German - Aufmerksamkeit) - concentration and direction of mental activity on a specific object. There are types of understanding: involuntary (passive), voluntary (active, when the choice of the object of attention is carried out consciously, intentionally), post-voluntary (the volitional component is replaced by interest and developed skills). Characteristics of attention: volume (the number of objects that can be perceived and imprinted by a person in a relatively short period of time), distribution (the ability to simultaneously hold various objects in the field of consciousness), concentration (the ability to arbitrarily reduce its volume to one object), intensity, focus, switching, stability.

Suggestibility (English - suggestibility, German - Suggestibilitat) - a person’s predisposition to suggestion.

Suggestion, SUGGESTION (English - sussestion, German - Suggestion) - an influence on a person, leading either to the appearance in a person, in addition to his will and consciousness, of a certain state, feeling, attitude, or to the commission of an act by a person without thinking and fighting motives. The object of suggestion can be an individual, a group, or a social class.

PERCEPTION (English - awareness, perception, German - Warnehmung, Perzeption) is the simplest form of mental reflection of objective reality in the form of a holistic image, peculiar only to humans. Unlike sensations, perception reflects an object holistically and objectively.

IMPRESSION (English - imptession, German - Eindruck) is a mental phenomenon characteristic of higher animals, and especially humans, in which fuzzy perception is enhanced by emotional coloring, as a result of which experience prevails over cognition. Impressionability as a personality trait is expressed in the predominance of impressions over the cognitive function of perceiving the surrounding world.

Validity is a property of a method (test) that characterizes the reliability of the information received about the mental phenomenon being studied. Validity refers to whether a test actually measures what it measures and how well it does it. The leading type of activity is activity that is decisive, decisive for mental development in a specific period of human development. Verbal - verbal; speech; expressed in words. Suggestibility is a property of a person, manifested in his susceptibility to suggestion, uncritical pliability to the influences of other people. Suggestible people accept the advice of others relatively easily, are easily infected by the moods and opinions of other people, and show a tendency to imitate. Suggestion (suggestion) is a verbal and non-verbal influence on a person, characterized by a decrease in awareness and criticality when a person perceives what is being suggested to him. Repression is one of the defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic personality theory. It manifests itself in the involuntary displacement from consciousness of information that is unpleasant for a person, unacceptable thoughts, memories and experiences. They can no longer be remembered, although they can manifest themselves in human behavior. G

Gender differences are social and psychological differences between men and women. Gerontopsychology is a branch of developmental psychology that studies the psychological aspects of aging, changes in the psyche, behavior, and activities of people in old age. Gestalt therapy is a direction of psychotherapy based on the idea that a person in his functioning strives for holistic development and integration, for the formation of gestalt (integrity) of the personality. Hypnosis is a mental state similar to sleep, which is characterized by a peculiar inhibition of the cerebral cortex and activation of subcortical formations . Caused by the special influence of a hypnotist or targeted self-hypnosis. Characterized by increased susceptibility to the psychological effects of the hypnotizing agent and decreased sensitivity to all other influences; used as a method of psychotherapeutic influence. Hypnopedia is a technique for learning while you sleep. Hypnotherapy is a treatment method based on hypnotic suggestion. Group dynamics - intragroup processes that characterize management and leadership; making group decisions, norm formation, formation of the functional-role structure of the group, cohesion, conflicts; group pressure, etc. Group compatibility is a socio-psychological phenomenon that characterizes the degree of effectiveness of people’s joint activities and the possibility of their adaptation to each other. D

BUSINESS GAMES (English - practical play, German - Geschafsspielen) - a method of modeling various management and production situations for the purpose of teaching decision making.

DEPRESSION (English - depression, German - Depression) - a mental state of pronounced depression with a lack of interest in the environment; sad mood with a consciousness of one’s own worthlessness, with a decrease in the threshold of incentive motives, and retardation of movements.

DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY (English - differential psychology, German - differentielle Psychologie) - a branch of psychology that studies the differences between personalities as their individuality.

Deviant behavior is behavior that deviates from legal or moral norms accepted in society. The main manifestations are crime and immorality. Delinquent (offender) is a person whose deviant behavior in extreme manifestations represents criminal actions. Depersonalization is a change in self-awareness associated with a feeling of loss of one’s “I”, the emergence of the effect of alienation from one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions. Depression is a state of mental distress, melancholy, depression, characterized by apathy, passivity, pessimism, decreased motivation and activity of the individual. Defectology is a science that studies clinical-physiological and psychological-pedagogical patterns and features of the development of abnormal children, problems of their training and upbringing. Discomfort is a condition characterized by unpleasant subjective sensations (headache, etc.), often accompanied by unfavorable psychophysiological changes. Disposition is the readiness, predisposition of a subject to a certain behavior, action, deed. Distress is an excessive stressful state that has a negative impact on human activity, mental and physiological processes. Differential psychology is a branch of psychology that studies individual psychological differences between people. Z

Makings - the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the body, the functional characteristics of the nervous system, “the qualities of a person, on the basis of which his abilities arise and develop. Psychological protection is an unconscious mental phenomenon associated with a person’s desire to eliminate anxiety from consciousness, to prevent experiences that are traumatic to the personality from entering consciousness. Manifests in defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms are a concept denoting a set of techniques by which a person as an individual protects himself from psychological trauma. Examples of defense mechanisms are repression, sublimation, suppression, denial, projection, identification, regression, isolation, rationalization, conversion, etc. In children, protective mechanisms are observed to a much lesser extent. In preschool and primary school age, this is most often fantasy. A significant other is a person who is an authority for another person. And

IMPRITING, SEALING (English - imprinting, German - Pragung) - imprinting in the memory of stimuli that are key for certain types of instinctive behavior; acquired by a person shortly after birth as borrowed from the behavior of parents or other people. The concept and term were introduced in the early 40s of the twentieth century by K. Lorenz.

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (English - individual psychology, German - Individualpsychologie) is one of the three main psychological sciences, along with general psychology and social psychology. The subject of individual psychology is mental phenomena characteristic of the individual.

INTROVERSION (English - introversion, German - Introverzion) - orientation towards your inner world;

INTROVERT (English - introvert, German - Introvert) is a type of personality, the direction of which is largely determined by the inner world with a pronounced development of the self, memory and imagination. The concept and term were introduced by K.G. Jung.

INTROSPECTION (English - introspection, German - Introzpection) - self-observation.

Game therapy is a method of psychotherapeutic influence on children and adults using games. Identification is identification, likening in the broadest sense. It is used in various fields of science and practice, for example in forensic science (comparison of handwriting, photographs and objects, etc.). In psychology it is used in different meanings: 1) recognition, identification of an object; 2) the process of a person’s unconscious identification of himself with another person or group. Interpersonal identification is a person’s readiness to feel, experience, and act in relation to another as if that other were himself. Identity is a person’s ability to be himself, to maintain his individuality for a long time, to remain true to himself. Social identity is a person’s idea of ​​his belonging to a certain social group (nationality, social class, religion). Hierarchy is a general scientific term denoting a system of sequentially subordinate elements arranged in order from lowest to highest (or vice versa). Used to characterize social, psychological, mathematical, physiological, linguistic and other structures. Altered states of consciousness are states of consciousness that are characterized by a lack of control and loss of contact with reality, as well as an altered perception of time and space. An individual is a person as a single natural being or a separate representative of the human community. Individual psychology is one of the areas of depth psychology, developed by A. Adler and based on the concept of an individual having an inferiority complex and the desire to overcome it as the main source of motivation for human behavior. Individuality is a set of individual psychological characteristics of a person that distinguish him from other people, in which his originality and originality are manifested. An individual style of activity (in work, study, sports) is a system of techniques and ways of performing a particular activity characteristic of a given person, ensuring greater or lesser success. It becomes necessary due to the individual differences of people and allows you to achieve the same efficiency of activity when performing it in different ways and techniques. Indifference - neutrality, indifference, indifference. Intelligence is the totality of human cognitive processes, including perception, memory, imagination, thinking, speech; a relatively stable structure of an individual's mental abilities. Interaction is the interaction that occurs between people in the context of their social relationships. Interest is a motive for activity determined by a person’s cognitive need. Manifests itself in the emotional coloring of the cognition process. Interiorization is the process of forming the internal structures of the human psyche through the assimilation of the structures of external activity. An internal is a personality type characterized by a tendency to attribute responsibility for the results of one’s activities to oneself rather than to surrounding circumstances. In case of failure, he blames himself more for it than other people or surrounding circumstances. Introspection is a person’s observation of his own mental life (sensations, feelings, thoughts, etc.); introspection. Intuition -1) the ability of an individual to find ways to correctly solve problems, navigate difficult life situations, foresee the course of events without analysis, without logical thinking, justification; 2) a unique type of thinking, in which individual parts of the thinking process take place unconsciously; an intuitive decision arises as an inner insight, enlightenment of thought. Infantilism is the manifestation in adults of mental traits and behavioral characteristics characteristic of childhood and adolescence. In children and is expressed in mental retardation, in which the child exhibits features characteristic of an earlier age. Hypochondria is a mental condition in which depression, painful suspiciousness, excessive attention to one’s health, and unreasonable anxiety about it are manifested. Often repeated, it can lead to the formation of a corresponding character trait. TO

CATharsis (English - catharsis, German - Katharsis) - cleansing; in S. Freud's psychoanalysis - one of the methods of psychotherapy. The psychological essence of catharsis lies in the repression and replacement of some emotions by others. The concept was introduced by Aristotle in his teaching on tragedy and music as a cleansing of the soul from bad things after strong experiences.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES (English - psychological categories, German - psychologische Kategorie) are the most general and fundamental concepts of psychological science, reflecting the essential properties and relationships of mental phenomena and processes. Psychological categories are ordered into the following hierarchical ladder: philosophical categories; general scientific concepts; general psychological categories; categories of particular psychological; categories of psychological sciences.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES (English - general psychological categories, German - allgemein psychologische Kategorie) - extremely broad psychological concepts: forms of mental reflection, mental phenomena, consciousness, personality, activity, development of the psyche. At the same time, general psychological categories are ordered into the following hierarchy: psyche (the main psychological category) is understood through forms of mental reflection; they are supplemented by needs (as a push), attention (as an organization) and psychomotor (as objectification), combined into the category of mental phenomena; their highest generalization is consciousness; its bearer is the personality, which manifests itself in activities unique to it and is the main factor in the development of the psyche at all these hierarchical levels.

COGNITIVE, COGNITIVE (English - cognitive, German - kognitiv) - relating to knowledge only on the basis of thinking, through the prism of one’s own cognitive system.

CONSTANTITY OF PERCEPTION (English - perceptual constancy, German - Wahrnechmungskonstanz) - the quality of perception to maintain the correspondence of the image to the reflected object, despite the differences in the individual sensations included in it.

CONFABULATION (English - confabulation, German - Konfabulation) is an illusion of thinking in which a person believes in his own invention.

CONFORMITY (English - conformity, German - Konformitat) - the individual’s assimilation of certain group norms, habits, values; the ability to “be like others”, to become strictly dependent on the group.

Catharsis is a term in ancient Greek philosophy (introduced by Aristotle), denoting a state of internal purification of the soul as a result of the viewer experiencing feelings of anger, fear, joy, compassion when perceiving a tragedy, leading to emotional release. In psychoanalysis - purification, mental relief resulting from psychotherapeutic influence. Manifested in the release, “reaction” of affect, previously repressed into the subconscious and being the cause of a neurotic conflict, the phenomenon of liberation of the individual from traumatic emotions through story and memory. Clinical psychology is a field of medical psychology aimed at solving diagnostic problems of clinical practice (psychiatric, neurological, somatic). Component sections of clinical psychology: pathopsychology, neuropsychology, somatopsychology. Cognitive is a psychological term that characterizes cognitive processes. Cognitive dissonance is a state of mental discomfort that arises in a situation when logically contradictory knowledge and opinions about the same object or event collide in a person’s mind. A person strives to get rid of this state and therefore tries to eliminate this contradiction. To do this, he limits the flow of external information if it introduces a contradiction into existing attitudes, adapts new knowledge to previously acquired knowledge, rearranges his knowledge and attitudes regarding relevant objects and events in such a way that the contradiction between them is removed. The term was introduced by the American psychologist L. Festinger. Cognitive style is a relatively stable individual characteristic of a person’s cognitive activity, which is manifested in the cognitive strategies he uses. Sociability - the ability to easily establish social contacts, sociability. Compensation is a person’s ability to get rid of worries about his own shortcomings through intensive work on himself and the development of other positive qualities. The concept was introduced by A. Adler. Compensation for mental functions is compensation for underdeveloped or impaired mental functions through the use of intact or restructuring of partially impaired functions. An inferiority complex is a set of experiences and personality traits that consist in a person’s persistent confidence in his inability to solve life’s problems, insolvency as an individual. The superiority complex is a set of experiences and personality manifestations consisting of excessive self-confidence. At the same time, the person gives the impression of a vain and arrogant subject with an exaggerated opinion of his true capabilities. Constancy - constancy, immutability. Constant - constant Conflict is a mental phenomenon consisting of a clash of opposing actions, views, interests, aspirations, plans of different people or opinions. It is recognized as an intractable contradiction associated with acute emotional experiences. External conflict is confrontation between subjects. Internal conflict is a clash between opposing interests, needs, and drives of a person. Conformism is agreement, opportunism, passive acceptance of the environment, the existing order, prevailing opinions, lack of one’s own position and blind imitation of any model that has the greatest power of pressure, mental coercion. Conformity is a person’s tendency to change his behavior under the influence of other people in such a way that it corresponds to the opinions of others; the desire to adapt to the demands of the majority. Confrontation - opposition, opposition, confrontation. Psychological crisis - a state of mental distress; caused by a person’s dissatisfaction with himself, his successes and relationships with the outside world. Age-related crises are special periods of age-related personality development, characterized by sudden psychological changes; naturally arise at a certain age stage and are necessary for the normal course of personal development. L

Lability is one of the main properties of the nervous system, characterizing the functional mobility of nervous processes, the speed of their occurrence and cessation. Libido is one of the basic concepts of psychoanalysis, meaning sexual energy, which is transformed in the sphere of the unconscious into various types of mental activity. According to Freud's theory, it is present from birth and underlies personality development. Personality is a person with an individual character, interests, abilities, as well as other traits and qualities. M