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Leonhard Shmishek's character accentuation test for teenagers. Methodology for determining character accentuations K

19.03.2024

The test - questionnaire of G. Shmishek, K. Leonhard is intended for diagnosing the type of personality accentuation, published by G. Shmishek in 1970 and is a modification of the "Methods for studying personality accentuations of K. Leonhard." The technique is intended to diagnose accentuations of character and temperament. According to K. Leonhard, accentuation is the “sharpening” of some individual properties inherent in each person.

Accented personalities are not pathological; in other words, they are normal. They potentially contain both opportunities for socially positive achievements and a socially negative charge.

The 10 types of accentuated personalities identified by Leonhard are divided into two groups: character accentuations (demonstrative, pedantic, stuck, excitable) and temperament accentuations (hyperthymic, dysthymic, anxious-fearful, cyclothymic, affective, emotive).

The test is intended to identify the accentuated properties of character and temperament of adolescents, young adults and adults. The characterological test of Shmishek is suitable for taking into account character accentuations in the process of training, professional selection, psychological counseling, and career guidance.

Test - questionnaire of Shmishek, K. Leonhard. Methodology for Accentuation of Character and Temperament:

Instructions:

You will be given statements regarding your character. Answer without hesitation, you can choose one of two answers: “yes” or “no” ", There are no other possible answers. You must mark your answer on the response form by placing a cross in the “yes” or “no” box opposite the number corresponding to the question number.

Stimulus material.

Is your mood generally cheerful and carefree?
Are you susceptible to insults?
Have you ever cried quickly?
Do you always consider yourself to be right in what you do, and will you not rest until you are convinced of this?
Do you consider yourself more courageous than when you were a child?
Can your mood change from deep joy to deep sadness?
Are you the center of attention in the company?
Do you ever have days when you are in a sullen and irritable mood for no good reason and don't want to talk to anyone?
Are you a serious person?
Can you get very excited?
Are you entrepreneurial?
Do you quickly forget if someone offends you?
Are you a kind-hearted person?
Do you try to check after putting a letter in the mailbox to see if it is still hanging in the slot?
Do you always try to be conscientious at work?
Were you afraid of thunderstorms or dogs as a child?
Do you think other people are not demanding enough of each other?
Does your mood depend greatly on life events and experiences?
Are you always straightforward with your friends?
Is your mood often depressed?
Have you had a hysterical attack or nervous system exhaustion before?
Are you prone to states of intense inner restlessness or craving?
Do you find it difficult to sit in a chair for a long time?
Do you fight for your interests if someone treats you unfairly?
Could you kill a person?
Does a curtain hanging askew or an uneven tablecloth really bother you, so much so that you want to immediately eliminate these shortcomings?
Did you experience fear as a child when you were alone in the apartment?
Do you often change your mood for no reason?
Are you always diligent in your activities?
Are you quick to get angry?
Can you be recklessly cheerful?
Can you sometimes be completely imbued with a feeling of joy?
Are you suitable for hosting entertainment events?
Do you usually express your frank opinion to people on a particular issue?
Does the type of blood affect you?
Are you willing to engage in activities that involve great responsibility?
Are you inclined to stand up for a person who has been treated unfairly?
Do you find it difficult to enter a dark basement?
Do you perform painstaking menial tasks as slowly and carefully as you do the work you love?
Are you a sociable person?
Were you willing to recite poetry at school?
Did you run away from home as a child?
Do you find life difficult?
Have you ever had conflicts and troubles that got on your nerves so much that you didn’t go to work?
Can you say that when you fail, you don’t lose your sense of humor?
Will you take the first step towards reconciliation if someone insults you?
Do you love animals?
Will you leave work or home if something is wrong with you?
Are you tormented by vague thoughts that some misfortune will happen to you or your relatives?
Do you think that your mood depends on the weather?
Will performing on stage in front of a large crowd make it difficult for you?
Can you lose your temper and let loose if someone deliberately rudely angers you?
Do you communicate a lot?
If you are disappointed with something, will you despair?
Do you like organizational work?
Do you persistently strive for your goal, even if there are many obstacles along the way?
Can you be so captivated by a movie that tears come to your eyes?
Will it be difficult for you to fall asleep if you have been thinking about your future or some problem all day?
During your school years, did you have to use hints or copy homework from your friends?
Is it difficult for you to go to a cemetery at night?
Do you take great care to ensure that every item in the house is in its place?
Have you ever gone to bed in a good mood, but woke up in a dejected mood and remained in that mood for several hours?
Can you easily adapt to a new situation?
Are you prone to headaches?
Do you laugh often?
Can you be friendly to people without revealing your true feelings towards them?
Can you be called a lively and lively person?
Do you suffer greatly due to injustice?
Can you be called a passionate nature lover?
Do you have a habit of checking before going to bed or before leaving that the gas and lights are turned off and the door is closed?
Are you fearful?
Does it happen that you feel in seventh heaven, although there are no objective reasons for this?
In your youth, were you willing to participate in amateur art groups and a theater group?
Do you sometimes feel drawn to look into the distance?
Are you pessimistic about the future?
Can your mood change from extreme joy to deep sadness in a short period of time?
Is it easy for you to lift your spirits in a friendly company?
Do you carry anger for a long time?
Do you worry a lot if grief happens to another person?
At school, did you have the habit of rewriting a piece of paper in your notebook if you put a blot on it?
Can we say that you are more distrustful and cautious than trusting?
Do you often have scary dreams?
Have you ever thought about throwing yourself out of a window against your will, under an approaching train?
Do you become joyful in a cheerful environment?
Can you easily distract yourself from burdensome issues and not think about them?
Do you find it difficult to control yourself when you get angry?
Do you prefer to be silent (yes), or are you talkative (no)?
Could you, if you had to take part in a theatrical performance, enter into the role with complete penetration and transformation and forget about yourself?

Reply form to

Surname. Name. Middle name ______________________ Age ________ (full years) Gender M F

Position _______________________________ Experience: general _______ pedagogical ______ in the position _______

Date of completion ____________________________________

Key Smishek Leonhard's questionnaire test.

For each scale it is calculated pros(positive answers to these questions) and minuses(negative answers to questions corresponding to the scale). Then the points received (pros and cons) on the scale are summed up and the result is multiplied by coefficient- each type of accentuation has its own. As a result of processing the test results, 10 indicators will be obtained that correspond to the severity of one or another personality accentuation according to K. Leonhard.

Character accentuations

1. Demonstrativeness, hysteria x2 (resulting valuescalesmultiply by 2)

Add (+) : 7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88

Subtract (-) : 51

2. Stuck, rigidity x2

+: 2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81

3. Pedantry x2

+: 4, 14, 17, 26, 39, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83

4. Imbalance, excitability

+: 8, 20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 74, 86

Accentuations of temperament

5. Hyperthymia x3

+: 1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77

6. Dysthymicity x3

+: 9, 21, 43, 75, 87

7. Anxiety, fearfulness x3

+: 16, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82

8. Cyclothymic x3

+: 6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84

9. Affectiveness, exaltation x6

+: 10, 32, 54, 76

10. Emotivity, lability x3

+: 3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79

Interpretation to Smishek Leonhard's questionnaire test.

The maximum score for each type of accentuation (on each scale of the questionnaire) is 24 points. The obtained data can be presented in the form of a “personality accentuation profile”:

According to some sources, a value exceeding 12 points is considered a sign of accentuation. Other reasons for the practical use of the questionnaire indicate that the sum of points in the range from 15 to 18 only indicates a tendency towards one or another type of accentuation. And only if the score exceeds 19 points is the personality accentuated.

Thus, a conclusion about the severity of accentuation is made based on the following indicators on the scales:

0-12 – property is not expressed

13-18 – average degree of expression of the property (tendency towards one or another type of personality accentuation)

19-24 – a sign of accentuation

Description of types of personality accentuations according to K. Leonhard

1. Demonstrative type. Characterized by an increased ability to repress, demonstrative behavior, liveliness, mobility, and ease of establishing contacts. He is prone to fantasy, deceit and pretense, aimed at embellishing his person, adventurism, artistry, and posing. He is driven by the desire for leadership, the need for recognition, the thirst for constant attention to his person, the thirst for power, praise; the prospect of being undetected weighs him down. He demonstrates high adaptability to people, emotional lability (easy mood swings) in the absence of truly deep feelings, and a tendency to intrigue (with an externally soft manner of communication). There is boundless egocentrism, a thirst for admiration, sympathy, veneration, and surprise. Usually the praise of others in his presence causes him a particularly unpleasant feeling; he cannot stand it. The desire for a company is usually associated with the need to feel like a leader, to occupy an exceptional position. Self-esteem is very far from objectivity. He can irritate with his self-confidence and high claims; he systematically provokes conflicts, but at the same time actively defends himself. Possessing a pathological ability to repress, he can completely forget what he does not want to know about. This unchains him in his lies. Usually he lies with an innocent face, because what he is talking about, at the moment, is true for him; Apparently, he is not internally aware of his lie, or he is aware of it very shallowly, without noticeable remorse. Able to captivate others with his originality of thinking and actions.

2. Stuck type. He is characterized by moderate sociability, boringness, a penchant for moralizing, and taciturnity. Often suffers from imaginary injustice towards him. In this regard, he shows wariness and distrust towards people, is sensitive to insults and grief, is vulnerable, suspicious, vindictive, worries about what happened for a long time, and is not able to “easily move on” from insults. He is characterized by arrogance and often initiates conflicts. Arrogance, rigidity of attitudes and views, and highly developed ambition often lead to persistent assertion of his interests, which he defends with particular vigor. He strives to achieve high results in any business he undertakes and shows great persistence in achieving his goals. The main feature is a tendency to affect (love of truth, resentment, jealousy, suspicion), inertia in the manifestation of affects, in thinking, in motor skills.

3. Pedantic type. It is characterized by rigidity, inertia of mental processes, difficulty in getting up, and long experience of traumatic events. He rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active party. At the same time, he reacts very strongly to any manifestation of disorder. At work he behaves like a bureaucrat, making many formal demands on others. Punctual, neat, pays special attention to cleanliness and order, scrupulous, conscientious, inclined to strictly follow the plan, unhurried in carrying out actions, diligent, focused on high quality work and special accuracy, prone to frequent self-examinations, doubts about the correctness of the work performed, grumbling, formalism . Willingly cedes leadership to other people.

4. Excitable type. Insufficient controllability, weakening of control over drives and impulses are combined in people of this type with the power of physiological drives. He is characterized by increased impulsiveness, instinctiveness, rudeness, tediousness, gloominess, anger, a tendency to rudeness and abuse, to friction and conflicts, in which he himself is an active, provoking party. Irritable, quick-tempered, often changes jobs, and is difficult to get along with in a team. There is low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions, heaviness of actions. For him, no work becomes attractive, he works only when necessary, and shows the same reluctance to learn. Indifferent to the future, he lives entirely in the present, wanting to extract a lot of entertainment from it. Increased impulsiveness or the resulting arousal reaction is difficult to suppress and can be dangerous to others. He can be domineering, choosing the weakest for communication.

5. Hyperthymic type. People of this type are distinguished by great mobility, sociability, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes, excessive independence, a tendency to mischief, and a lack of a sense of distance in relationships with others. They often spontaneously deviate from the original topic of conversation. They make a lot of noise everywhere, love the company of their peers, and strive to boss them around. They almost always have a very good mood, good health, high vitality, often a flourishing appearance, good appetite, healthy sleep, a tendency towards gluttony and other joys of life. These are people with high self-esteem, cheerful, frivolous, superficial and, at the same time, businesslike, inventive, brilliant interlocutors; people who know how to entertain others, energetic, active, proactive. A great desire for independence can be a source of conflict. They are characterized by outbursts of anger and irritation, especially when they encounter strong opposition and fail. They are prone to immoral acts, increased irritability, and projectism. They do not take their responsibilities seriously enough. They find it difficult to endure conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, and forced loneliness.

6. Dysthymic type. People of this type are distinguished by seriousness, even depressed mood, slowness, and weak willpower. They are characterized by a pessimistic attitude towards the future, low self-esteem, as well as low contact, reticence in conversation, even silence. Such people are homebodies, individualists; They usually avoid society and noisy company and lead a secluded lifestyle. They are often gloomy, inhibited, and tend to fixate on the shadow sides of life. They are conscientious, value those who are friends with them and are ready to obey them, have a heightened sense of justice, as well as slow thinking.

7. Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by low communication, minor mood, timidity, timidity, and lack of self-confidence. Children of the anxious type are often afraid of the dark, animals, and are afraid to be alone. They avoid noisy and lively peers, do not like excessively noisy games, experience a feeling of timidity and shyness, and have a hard time with tests, exams, and inspections. They are often embarrassed to answer in front of the class. They willingly submit to the tutelage of their elders; adult lectures can cause them remorse, guilt, tears, and despair. They early develop a sense of duty, responsibility, and high moral and ethical requirements. They try to disguise the feeling of their own inferiority in self-affirmation through those types of activities where they can reveal their abilities to a greater extent. The touchiness, sensitivity, and shyness characteristic of them since childhood prevent them from getting close to those with whom they want; a particularly weak link is the reaction to the attitude of others towards them. Intolerance to ridicule and suspicion are accompanied by the inability to stand up for oneself, to defend the truth in the face of unfair accusations. They rarely enter into conflicts with others, playing a mainly passive role in them; in conflict situations, they seek support and support. They are friendly, self-critical, and diligent. Due to their defenselessness, they often serve as “scapegoats” and targets for jokes.

8. Cyclothymic type. Characterized by alternating hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events. Joyful events cause pictures of hyperthymia in them: thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, racing ideas; sad - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communication with people around them also often changes. In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids. Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear; what was previously easy now requires exorbitant effort. Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a decrease in appetite, insomnia, or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, in the depths of their souls, however, at the same time falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not excluded. They study unevenly, make up for any omissions with difficulty, and create in themselves an aversion to studying. In labile cycloids, the phases of mood changes are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. “Bad” days are marked by more bad mood than lethargy. During the period of recovery, the desire to have friends and be in company is expressed. Mood affects self-esteem.

9. Exalted type. A striking feature of this type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, pleasure. These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much excitement in others; they are easily delighted by joyful events and in complete despair by sad ones. They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, and amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not lead to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they are both active and passive parties. They are attached to friends and loved ones, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings. They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability.

10. Emotive type. This type is related to the exalted one, but its manifestations are not so violent. They are characterized by emotionality, sensitivity, anxiety, talkativeness, timidity, and deep reactions in the area of subtle feelings. The most strongly expressed trait is humanity, empathy for other people or animals, responsiveness, kindness, compassion for other people's successes. They are impressionable, tearful, and take any life events more seriously than other people. Teenagers react sharply to scenes from films where someone is in danger; such scenes can cause them a strong shock that will not be forgotten for a long time and can disturb their sleep. They rarely enter into conflicts, they carry grievances within themselves and do not “spill out” outside. They are characterized by a heightened sense of duty and diligence. They take care of nature, love to grow plants and care for animals.

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Key to the test

Conventional name of the scale	Scale name / Personality type	Key sign	No. of questions	Leveling factor
Dm	Demonstrativeness / demonstrative type	+	7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88	x 2
Dm	Demonstrativeness / demonstrative type	–	51	x 2
Z	Jam/Stuck Type	+	2,15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81	x 2
Z	Jam/Stuck Type	–	12, 46, 59	x 2
P	Pedantic / pedantic type	+	4, 14, 17, 26, 39, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83	x 2
P	Pedantic / pedantic type	–	36	x 2
IN	Excitability / excitable type	+	8, 20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 74, 86	x 3
G	Hyperthymic / hyperthymic type	+	1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77	x 3
Dis	Dysthymic/dysthymic type	+	9, 21,43, 75, 87	x 3
Dis	Dysthymic/dysthymic type	–	31, 53, 65	x 3
T	Anxiety/anxious-fearful type	+	16, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82	x 3
T	Anxiety/anxious-fearful type	–	5	x 3
EC	Exaltation / affectively exalted type	+	10, 32, 54, 76	x 6
Em	Emotivity/emotive type	+	3,13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79	x 3
Em	Emotivity/emotive type	–	25	x 3
C	Cyclothymic / cyclothymic type	+	6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84	x 3

Processing test results

The results are assessed on 10 characterological scales.

Count the number of “yes” answers and the number of “no” answers on each scale using the key provided. Each match with the key is worth 1 point. The maximum sum of points is 24. Taking into account the ambiguous quantitative representation of the scales under study, an equalization coefficient is introduced, as a result of which the sum of the obtained “raw” points is multiplied by a differentiated coefficient. So, with 8 statements on the scale, the result obtained is multiplied by 3, with 12 - by 2, with 4 - by 6.

The maximum sum of points after multiplication is 24. According to some sources, a sign of accentuation is considered to be the value exceeding 12 points. Others, based on the practical application of the questionnaire, believe that the total score is in the range from 15 to 19 speaks only of a tendency towards one or another type of accentuation. And only in case exceeding 19 points the character trait is accentuated. The obtained data can be presented in the form of a “personal accentuation profile”.

The 10 types of accentuated personalities identified by Leonhard are divided into two groups: character accentuations(demonstrative, pedantic, stuck, excitable) and accentuations of temperament(hyperthymic, dysthymic, anxious-fearful, cyclothymic, affective, emotive).

Interpretation of test results

1. Demonstrative type. Characterized by an increased ability to repress, demonstrative behavior, liveliness, mobility, and ease of establishing contacts. He is prone to fantasy, deceit and pretense, aimed at embellishing his person, to adventurism, artistry, and posturing. He is driven by the desire for leadership, the need for recognition, the thirst for constant attention to his person, the thirst for power, praise; the prospect of being undetected weighs him down. He demonstrates high adaptability to people, emotional lability (easy mood swings) in the absence of truly deep feelings, and a tendency to intrigue (with an externally soft manner of communication). There is boundless egocentrism, a thirst for admiration, sympathy, veneration, and surprise. Usually the praise of others in his presence causes him a particularly unpleasant feeling; he cannot stand it.

The desire for a company is usually associated with the need to feel like a leader, to occupy an exceptional position. Self-esteem is very far from objectivity. He can irritate with his self-confidence and high claims; he systematically provokes conflicts, but at the same time actively defends himself. Possessing a pathological ability to repress, he can completely forget what he does not want to know about. This unchains him in his lies. Usually he lies with an innocent face, because what he says is true for him at the moment; Apparently, he is not internally aware of his lie, or he is aware of it very shallowly, without noticeable remorse. Able to captivate others with his originality of thinking and actions.

2. Stuck type. He is characterized by moderate sociability, tediousness, a penchant for moralizing, and taciturnity. Often suffers from imaginary injustice towards him. In this regard, he shows wariness and distrust towards people, is sensitive to insults and grief, is vulnerable, suspicious, vindictive, worries about what happened for a long time, and is not able to easily move on from insults. He is characterized by arrogance and often initiates conflicts. Arrogance, rigidity of attitudes and views, and highly developed ambition often lead to persistent assertion of his interests, which he defends with particular vigor. He strives to achieve high results in any business he undertakes and shows great persistence in achieving his goals. The main feature is a tendency to affect (love of truth, resentment, jealousy, suspicion), inertia in the manifestation of affects, in thinking, in motor skills.

3. Pedantic type. It is characterized by rigidity, inertia of mental processes, difficulty in getting up, and long experience of traumatic events. He rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active party. At the same time, he reacts very strongly to any manifestation of disorder. At work he behaves like a bureaucrat, making many formal demands on others. Punctual, neat, pays special attention to cleanliness and order, scrupulous, conscientious, inclined to strictly follow the plan, unhurried in carrying out actions, diligent, focused on high quality work and special accuracy, prone to frequent self-examinations, doubts about the correctness of the work performed, grumbling, formalism . Willingly cedes leadership to other people.

4. Excitable type. Insufficient controllability, weakening of control over drives and impulses are combined in people of this type with the power of physiological drives. He is characterized by increased impulsiveness, instinctiveness, rudeness, tediousness, gloominess, anger, a tendency to rudeness and abuse, to friction and conflicts, in which he himself is an active, provoking party. Irritable, quick-tempered, often changes jobs, and is difficult to get along with in a team. There is low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions, heaviness of actions. For him, no work becomes attractive, he works only when necessary, and shows the same reluctance to learn. Indifferent to the future, he lives entirely in the present, wanting to extract a lot of entertainment from it. Increased impulsiveness or the resulting arousal reaction is difficult to suppress and can be dangerous to others. He can be domineering, choosing the weakest for communication.

5. Hyperthymic type People of this type are distinguished by great mobility, sociability, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes, excessive independence, a tendency to mischief, and a lack of a sense of distance in relationships with others. They often spontaneously deviate from the original topic of conversation. They make a lot of noise everywhere, love the company of their peers, and strive to boss them around. They almost always have a very good mood, good health, high vitality, often a flourishing appearance, good appetite, healthy sleep, a tendency towards gluttony and other joys of life. These are people with high self-esteem, cheerful, frivolous, superficial and at the same time businesslike, inventive, brilliant interlocutors; people who know how to entertain others, energetic, active, proactive.

A great desire for independence can be a source of conflict. They are characterized by outbursts of anger and irritation, especially when they encounter strong opposition and fail. They are prone to immoral acts, increased irritability, and projectism. They do not take their responsibilities seriously enough. They find it difficult to endure conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, and forced loneliness.

6. Dysthymic type. People of this type are distinguished by seriousness, even depressed mood, slowness, and weak willpower. They are characterized by a pessimistic attitude towards the future, low self-esteem, as well as low contact, reticence in conversation, even silence. Such people are homebodies, individualists; They usually avoid society and noisy company and lead a secluded lifestyle. They are often gloomy, inhibited, and tend to fixate on the shadow sides of life. They are conscientious, value those who are friends with them and are ready to obey them, have a heightened sense of justice, as well as slow thinking.

7. Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by low communication, minor mood, timidity, timidity, and lack of self-confidence. Children of the anxious type are often afraid of the dark, animals, and are afraid to be alone. They avoid noisy and lively peers, do not like excessively noisy games, experience a feeling of timidity and shyness, and have a hard time with tests, exams, and inspections. They are often embarrassed to answer in front of the class. They willingly submit to the tutelage of their elders; adult lectures can cause them remorse, guilt, tears, and despair. They early develop a sense of duty, responsibility, and high moral and ethical requirements. They try to disguise the feeling of their own inferiority in self-affirmation through those types of activities where they can reveal their abilities to a greater extent.

The touchiness, sensitivity, and shyness characteristic of them since childhood prevent them from getting close to those with whom they want; a particularly weak link is the reaction to the attitude of others towards them. Intolerance to ridicule and suspicion are accompanied by the inability to stand up for oneself, to defend the truth in the face of unfair accusations. They rarely enter into conflicts with others, playing a mainly passive role in them; in conflict situations, they seek support and support. They are friendly, self-critical, and diligent. Due to their defenselessness, they often serve as scapegoats and targets for jokes.

8. Exalted type. A striking feature of this type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, and pleasure. These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much excitement in others; they easily become delighted with joyful events and in complete despair with sad ones. They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, and amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not lead to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they are both active and passive parties. They are attached to friends and loved ones, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings. They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability.

9. Emotive type. This type is related to the exalted one, but its manifestations are not so violent. They are characterized by emotionality, sensitivity, anxiety, talkativeness, timidity, and deep reactions in the area of subtle feelings. Their most strongly expressed feature is humanity, empathy for other people or animals, responsiveness, kindness, they rejoice at the successes of others. They are impressionable, tearful, and take any life events more seriously than other people. Teenagers react sharply to scenes from films where someone is in danger; scenes of violence can cause them a strong shock that will not be forgotten for a long time and can disturb their sleep. They rarely enter into conflicts; they carry grievances within themselves without spilling them out. They are characterized by a heightened sense of duty and diligence. They take care of nature, love to grow plants and care for animals.

10. Cyclothymic type. Characterized by alternating hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic changes in mood, as well as dependence on external events; joyful events give them pictures of hyperthymia: a thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, a race of ideas; sad ones - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communication with people around them also often changes.

In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids. Typical Cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear; what was previously easy now requires exorbitant effort. Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a decrease in appetite, insomnia or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, in the depths of their souls, however, at the same time falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not excluded. They study unevenly, make up for any omissions with difficulty, and create in themselves an aversion to studying. U labile In cycloids, the phases of mood changes are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. Bad days are marked by more bad mood than lethargy. During the period of recovery, the desire to have friends and be in company is expressed. Mood affects self-esteem.

Sources

Methodology for studying personality accentuations by K. Leonhard (modification by S. Shmishek)/ Workshop on personality psychodiagnostics. Ed. N.K.Rakovich. – Minsk, 2002.

The test - questionnaire by G. Shmishek, K. Leongard is intended for diagnosing the type of personality accentuation, published by G.

Shmishek in 1970 and is a modification of the “Methods for studying personality accentuations of K. Leonhard.” The technique is intended to diagnose accentuations of character and temperament. According to K. Leonhard, accentuation is the “sharpening” of some individual properties inherent in each person.

Accented personalities are not pathological; in other words, they are normal. They potentially contain both opportunities for socially positive achievements and a socially negative charge.

Test - questionnaire of Shmishek, K. Leonhard. Methodology for Accentuation of Character and Temperament:

You will be given statements regarding your character. Answer without thinking for a long time, you can choose one of two answers: “yes” or “no”, there are no other answer options. You must mark your answer on the response form by placing a cross in the “yes” or “no” box opposite the number corresponding to the question number.

Is your mood generally cheerful and carefree?
Are you susceptible to insults?
Do you ever have days when you are in a sullen and irritable mood for no good reason and don't want to talk to anyone?
Are you a serious person?
Are you entrepreneurial?
Do you quickly forget if someone offends you?
Are you a kind-hearted person?
Do you fight for your interests if someone treats you unfairly?
Could you kill a person?
Does a curtain hanging askew or an uneven tablecloth really bother you, so much so that you want to immediately eliminate these shortcomings?
Did you experience fear as a child when you were alone in the apartment?
Can you be recklessly cheerful?
Do you usually express your frank opinion to people on a particular issue?
Does the type of blood affect you?
Do you find it difficult to enter a dark basement?
Do you perform painstaking menial tasks as slowly and carefully as you do the work you love?
Did you run away from home as a child?
Can you say that when you fail, you don’t lose your sense of humor?
Do you love animals?
Will you leave work or home if something is wrong with you?
Are you tormented by vague thoughts that some misfortune will happen to you or your relatives?
Can you lose your temper and let loose if someone deliberately rudely angers you?
Do you communicate a lot?
If you are disappointed with something, will you despair?
Can you be so captivated by a movie that tears come to your eyes?
Do you take great care to ensure that every item in the house is in its place?
Have you ever gone to bed in a good mood, but woke up in a dejected mood and remained in that mood for several hours?
Can you easily adapt to a new situation?
Do you laugh often?
Can you be called a lively and lively person?
Do you have a habit of checking before going to bed or before leaving that the gas and lights are turned off and the door is closed?
Are you fearful?
In your youth, were you willing to participate in amateur art groups and a theater group?
Do you worry a lot if grief happens to another person?
At school, did you have the habit of rewriting a piece of paper in your notebook if you put a blot on it?
Can we say that you are more distrustful and cautious than trusting?
Have you ever thought about throwing yourself out of a window against your will, under an approaching train?
Do you become joyful in a cheerful environment?
Do you prefer to be silent (yes), or are you talkative (no)?
Could you, if you had to take part in a theatrical performance, enter into the role with complete penetration and transformation and forget about yourself?

Answer form for the Smishek Leonhard questionnaire test.

Surname. Name. Middle name _________________________________________________ Age ________ (full years) Gender M F

Position ________________________________________________Experience: general _______ pedagogical ______ in the position _______

Date of completion ____________________________________

Questionnaire by Leonhard Schmishek

The classic Leonhard-Smishek questionnaire to identify character accentuation. Characteristic questionnaire, typology of character accentuations

You are offered the Leonhard-Smishek questionnaire to identify character accentuation. You must answer 88 questions regarding various aspects of your character, affirmatively or negatively (yes/no). It’s better to answer quickly, without thinking for a long time.

Is your mood generally cheerful and carefree?
Are you susceptible to insults?
Have you ever cried quickly?
Do you always consider yourself to be right in what you do, and will you not rest until you are convinced of this?
Do you consider yourself more courageous than when you were a child?
Can your mood change from deep joy to deep sadness?
Are you the center of attention in the company?
Do you have days when you are in a sullen and irritable mood for no good reason and don’t want to talk to anyone?
Are you a serious person?
Can you get very excited?
Are you entrepreneurial?
Do you quickly forget if someone offends you?
Are you a kind-hearted person?
Do you try to check after putting a letter in the mailbox to see if it is still hanging in the slot?
Do you always try to be conscientious at work?
Were you afraid of thunderstorms or dogs as a child?
Do you think other people are not demanding enough of each other?
Does your mood depend greatly on life events and experiences?
Are you always straightforward with your friends?
Is your mood often depressed?
Have you had a hysterical attack or nervous system exhaustion before?
Are you prone to states of intense inner restlessness or craving?
Do you find it difficult to sit in a chair for a long time?
Do you fight for your interests if someone treats you unfairly?
Could you kill a person?
Does a curtain hanging askew or an uneven tablecloth really bother you, so much so that you want to immediately eliminate these shortcomings?
Did you experience fear as a child when you were alone in the apartment?
Do you often change your mood for no reason?
Are you always diligent in your activities?
Are you quick to get angry?
Can you be recklessly cheerful?
Can you sometimes be completely imbued with a feeling of joy?
Are you suitable for hosting entertainment events?
Do you usually express your frank opinion to people on a particular issue?
Does the type of blood affect you?
Are you willing to engage in activities that involve great responsibility?
Are you inclined to stand up for a person who has been treated unfairly?
Do you find it difficult to enter a dark basement?
Do you do painstaking menial work, as slowly and carefully as you do the work you love?
Are you a sociable person?
Were you willing to recite poetry at school?
Did you run away from home as a child?
Do you find life difficult?
Have you ever had conflicts and troubles that got on your nerves so much that you didn’t go to work?
Can you say that you don’t lose your sense of humor when you fail?
Will you take the first step towards reconciliation if someone insults you?
Do you love animals?
Will you leave work or home if something is wrong with you?
Are you tormented by vague thoughts that some misfortune will happen to you or your relatives?
Do you think that your mood depends on the weather?
Will performing on stage in front of a large crowd make it difficult for you?
Can you lose your temper and let loose if someone deliberately angers you?
Do you communicate a lot?
If you are disappointed with something, will you despair?
Do you like organizational work?
Do you persistently strive for your goal, even if there are many obstacles along the way?
Can you be so captivated by a movie that tears come to your eyes?
Will it be difficult for you to fall asleep if you have been thinking about your future or some problem all day?
During your school years, did you have to use hints or copy homework from your friends?
Is it difficult for you to go to a cemetery at night?
Do you take great care to ensure that every thing in the house is in its place?
Have you ever gone to bed in a good mood, but woke up in a dejected mood and remained in that mood for several hours?
Can you easily adapt to a new situation?
Are you prone to headaches?
Do you laugh often?
Can you be friendly to people without revealing your true feelings towards them?
Can you be called a lively and lively person?
Do you suffer greatly due to injustice?
Can you be called a passionate nature lover?
Do you have a habit before going to bed or before leaving, is the light and gas turned off, is the door closed?
Are you fearful?
Does it happen that you feel in seventh heaven, although there are no objective reasons for this?
In your youth, were you willing to participate in amateur art groups and a theater group?
Do you sometimes feel drawn to look into the distance?
Are you pessimistic about the future?
Can your mood change from extreme joy to deep sadness in a short period of time?
Is it easy for you to lift your spirits in a friendly company?
Do you carry anger for a long time?
Do you worry a lot about another person if they have a grief?
Did you have the habit at school of rewriting a piece of paper in your notebook if you put a blot on it?
Would it be fair to say that you are more distrustful and cautious than trusting?
Do you often have scary dreams?
Have you ever thought about jumping out of a window against your will, throwing yourself under an approaching train?
Do you become joyful in a cheerful environment?
Can you easily distract yourself from burdensome issues and not think about them?
Do you find it difficult to control yourself when you get angry?
Do you prefer to be silent (yes) or are you talkative (no)?
Could you, if you had to participate in a theatrical performance, enter into the role with complete penetration and transformation and forget about yourself?

Key to the questionnaire

If the answer to a question matches the key, the answer is assigned one point.

Scale 1. Demonstrativeness / demonstrative type:

Answers “Yes”: 7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 2.

Scale 2. Jam/Stuck Type:

Answers “Yes”: 2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81.

“No” answers: 12, 46, 59.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 2.

Scale 3. Pedantry/pedantic type:

Answers “Yes”: 4, 14, 17, 26, 39, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 2.

Scale 4. Excitability / excitable type:

“Yes” answers: 8, 20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 74, 86.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

Scale 5. Hyperthymia / hyperthymic type:

Answers “Yes”: 1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

Scale 6. Dysthymic/dysthymic type:

Answers “Yes”: 9, 21, 43, 75, 87.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

Scale 7. Anxiety/anxious-fearful type:

Answers “Yes”: 16, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

Scale 8. Exaltation / affective-exalted type:

Answers “Yes”: 10, 32, 54, 76.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 6.

Scale 9. Emotivity / emotive type:

Answers “Yes”: 3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

Scale 10. Cyclothymic / cyclothymic type:

“Yes” answers: 6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

Interpretation of the results of the Leonhard-Smishek characterological questionnaire:

The maximum score after multiplication is 24.

0-5 points: we can talk about the absence of properties and manifestations of this characterological accentuation. You have no inclination to do and act in this way; rather, on the contrary, you gravitate towards the opposite pole of this character accentuation, towards a diametrically opposite direction in your behavior and manifestations.

6-10 points: moderate severity of this character accentuation, sometimes you can show traits characteristic of this accentuation, but they are never dominant, defining your personality. These are just small waves on the surface of the sea that do not make a difference in your life, do not determine your behavior and mood, but allow you to be different in certain life circumstances, resort to different behavioral strategies, sometimes giving you piquancy and charm.

points: we can assume that there are tendencies towards the manifestation of this accentuation of character in your personality, traits characteristic of this accentuation appear in your character, you have a tendency to such self-manifestations, but these manifestations are controlled by you, without causing concern to either you or your environment. These features are not manifested so brightly and prominently that they catch the eye of the observer; rather, they appear in a very soft, smoothed and moderate form.

14-18 points: strong tendency towards this accentuation of character. You are characterized by qualities of behavior, self-expression and perception that are characteristic of this accentuation. These features are a manifestation of your inner uniqueness. It may be difficult for you to control yourself when you are overwhelmed by some life situations related to the actualization of this accentuation. Your interests and inclinations are largely directed by these characterological characteristics.

19-24 points: you have character accentuation on this scale. The features specific to this accentuation are expressed to the maximum extent, and leave an imprint on all behavior. It is possible that you are a bright individual, you are distinguished by your difference from other people, in some ways you are an outstanding person. In all life situations, you manifest yourself in exactly this way, following this behavior scenario. This can be a major source of problems for you (and those around you), but it can also be a powerful motivating factor. Basically, life choices for you are determined by this characterological feature and the corresponding focus of your sphere of interests. You have a huge source of power that you need to learn to manage.

If, as a result of the survey, none of the accentuations is dominant in you (all scales have results up to 14 points), then we can say that you are an unaccented person, i.e. The various manifestations in your character are smoothed out and balanced; in general, you are characterized by a moderate and balanced tone of self-manifestation. There may be a desire to smooth out rough edges, conformity, social adaptation, the desire to be like everyone else.

If, as a result of the survey, you have a predominance of several accentuations (this is quite possible), then we can assume that you are a rather bright, complex person, with a rich inner world, with ambiguous manifestations and approaches to solving life problems. It is possible that you are pulled in different directions, and it is difficult for you to understand yourself. There may be internal conflicts, a struggle with oneself or with the outside world (this depends on the type of dominant accentuation). It may be difficult for you to adapt to the environment; you do not want to be like everyone else, because you feel that you cannot fit into a strictly defined framework for everyone. It is important to work with your accentuated traits, directing yourself to the positive manifestation of these accentuations, trying to moderate their negative manifestations, directing your inner fire not towards destruction, but towards achieving goals that elevate you.

For a detailed description of psychological accentuations (types), see the article:

Do you have any questions? Do you want to clarify something? I invite you to a psychological consultation.

Your Lada Goleneva is a psychologist, psychoanalytic psychotherapist. tel. .

Test-questionnaire of Shmishek and Leonhard. Methodology for accentuation of personality’s character and temperament

Test questionnaire of Shmishek and Leonhard

Instructions

Test

1. Is your mood generally cheerful and carefree?

2. Are you sensitive to insults?

3. Have you ever cried quickly?

4. Do you always consider yourself to be right in what you do, and will you not rest until you are convinced of this?

5. Do you consider yourself more courageous than in childhood?

6. Can your mood change from deep joy to deep sadness?

7. Are you the center of attention in the company?

8. Do you have days when you are in a sullen and irritable mood for no good reason and don’t want to talk to anyone?

9. Are you a serious person?

10. Can you get very excited?

11. Are you entrepreneurial?

12. Do you quickly forget if someone offends you?

13. Are you a kind-hearted person?

14. After you put a letter in the mailbox, do you try to check whether it is still hanging in the slot?

15. Do you always try to be conscientious at work?

16. Did you experience fear of thunderstorms or dogs as a child?

17. Do you think other people are not demanding enough of each other?

18. Does your mood depend greatly on life events and experiences?

19. Are you always straightforward with your friends?

20. Is your mood often depressed?

21. Have you ever had a hysterical attack or exhaustion of the nervous system?

22. Are you prone to states of intense inner restlessness or passionate desire?

23. Is it difficult for you to sit on a chair for a long time?

24. Do you fight for your interests if someone treats you unfairly?

25. Could you kill a person?

26. Does a curtain hanging askew or an uneven tablecloth really bother you, so much so that you want to immediately eliminate these shortcomings?

27. As a child, did you experience fear when you were alone in the apartment?

28. Do you often change your mood for no reason?

29. Are you always diligent in your activities?

30. Can you get angry quickly?

31. Can you be recklessly cheerful?

32. Can you sometimes be completely imbued with a feeling of joy?

33. Are you suitable for entertaining?

34. Do you usually express your frank opinion to people on a particular issue?

35. Does the type of blood affect you?

36. Are you willing to engage in activities associated with great responsibility?

37. Are you inclined to stand up for a person who has been treated unfairly?

38. Is it difficult for you to enter a dark basement?

39. Do you do painstaking menial work as slowly and carefully as you do what you love?

40. Are you a sociable person?

41. Did you willingly recite poetry at school?

42. Did you run away from home as a child?

43. Do you find life difficult?

44. Have you ever had conflicts and troubles that got on your nerves so much that you didn’t go to work?

45. Can we say that when you fail, you don’t lose your sense of humor?

46. Will you take the first step towards reconciliation if someone insults you?

47. Do you love animals?

48. Will you leave work or home if something is wrong with you?

49. Are you tormented by vague thoughts that some misfortune will happen to you or your relatives?

50. Do you think that your mood depends on the weather?

51. Would it be difficult for you to perform on stage in front of a large crowd?

52. Can you lose your temper and give free rein if someone deliberately rudely angers you?

53. Do you communicate a lot?

54. If you are disappointed with something, will you despair?

55. Do you like organizational work?

56. Do you persistently strive for your goal, even if there are many obstacles along the way?

57. Can you be so captivated by a movie that tears come to your eyes?

58. Will it be difficult for you to fall asleep if you have been thinking about your future or some problem all day?

59. During your school years, did you have to use hints or copy homework from your friends?

60. Is it difficult for you to go to the cemetery at night?

61. Do you take great care to ensure that every thing in the house is in its place?

62. Have you ever gone to bed in a good mood, but woke up in a dejected mood and remained in that mood for several hours?

63. Can you easily adapt to a new situation?

64. Are you prone to headaches?

65. Do you laugh often?

66. Can you be friendly with people without revealing your true attitude towards them?

67. Can you be called a lively and lively person?

68. Do you suffer greatly because of injustice?

69. Can you be called a passionate nature lover?

70. Do you have a habit of checking before going to bed or before leaving whether the gas and lights are turned off, and whether the door is closed?

71. Are you timid?

72. Does it happen that you feel in seventh heaven, although there are no objective reasons for this?

73. In your youth, were you willing to participate in amateur art groups and a theater group?

74. Do you sometimes feel drawn to look into the distance?

75. Do you look pessimistically at the future?

76. Can your mood change from extreme joy to deep sadness in a short period of time?

77. Is it easy for you to lift your spirits in a friendly company?

78. Do you endure anger for a long time?

79. Do you worry a lot if grief happens to another person?

80. At school, did you have the habit of rewriting a piece of paper in your notebook if you put a blot on it?

81. Can we say that you are more distrustful and cautious than trusting?

82. Do you often have scary dreams?

83. Have you ever had the idea of throwing yourself out of a window against your will, under an approaching train?

84. Do you become joyful in a cheerful environment?

85. Can you easily distract yourself from burdensome issues and not think about them?

86. Do you find it difficult to control yourself if you get angry?

87. Do you prefer to be silent (yes) or are you talkative (no)?

88. If you had to participate in a theatrical performance, could you, with complete penetration and transformation, enter into the role and forget about yourself?

Answer form for the test

Thank you for your responses!

Key to the Smishek and Leonhard questionnaire test

Description

The Shmishek and Leonhard test questionnaire is intended for diagnosing the type of personality accentuation, published by Mr. Shmishek in 1970 and is a modification of the “Methods for studying personality accentuations by K. Leonhard.” The technique is intended to diagnose accentuations of character and temperament. According to K. Leonhard, accentuation is the “sharpening” of some individual properties inherent in each person.

Accented personalities are not pathological; in other words, they are normal. They potentially contain both opportunities for socially positive achievements and a socially negative charge.

Key to the test

For each scale, pluses (positive answers to the specified questions) and minuses (negative answers to the questions corresponding to the scale) are calculated. Then the points received (pros and cons) on the scale are summed up, and the result is multiplied by a coefficient - each type of accentuation has its own. As a result of processing the test results, 10 indicators will be obtained that correspond to the severity of one or another personality accentuation according to Leonhard.

Interpretation of the result

The maximum score for each type of accentuation (on each scale of the questionnaire) is 24 points. The obtained data can be presented in the form of a “personality accentuation profile”:

Thus, a conclusion about the severity of accentuation is made based on the following indicators on the scales:

0–12 – property is not expressed;

13–18 – average degree of expression of the property (tendency towards one or another type of personality accentuation);

19–24 is a sign of accentuation.

Description of types of personality accentuations

1. Demonstrative type. Characterized by an increased ability to repress, demonstrative behavior, liveliness, mobility, and ease of establishing contacts. He is prone to fantasy, deceit and pretense, aimed at embellishing his person, adventurism, artistry, and posing. He is driven by the desire for leadership, the need for recognition, the thirst for constant attention to his person, the thirst for power, praise; the prospect of being undetected weighs him down. He demonstrates high adaptability to people, emotional lability (easy mood swings) in the absence of truly deep feelings, and a tendency to intrigue (with an externally soft manner of communication). There is boundless egocentrism, a thirst for admiration, sympathy, veneration, and surprise. Usually the praise of others in his presence causes him a particularly unpleasant feeling; he cannot stand it. The desire for a company is usually associated with the need to feel like a leader, to occupy an exceptional position. Self-esteem is very far from objectivity. He can irritate with his self-confidence and high claims; he systematically provokes conflicts, but at the same time actively defends himself. Possessing a pathological ability to repress, he can completely forget what he does not want to know about. This unchains him in his lies. Usually he lies with an innocent face, because what he is talking about at the moment is true for him; Apparently, he is not internally aware of his lie, or he is aware of it very shallowly, without noticeable remorse. Able to captivate others with his originality of thinking and actions.

2. Stuck type. He is characterized by moderate sociability, boringness, a penchant for moralizing, and taciturnity. Often suffers from imaginary injustice towards him. In this regard, he shows wariness and distrust towards people, is sensitive to insults and grief, is vulnerable, suspicious, vindictive, worries about what happened for a long time, and is not able to “easily move on” from insults. He is characterized by arrogance and often initiates conflicts. Arrogance, rigidity of attitudes and views, and highly developed ambition often lead to persistent assertion of his interests, which he defends with particular vigor. He strives to achieve high results in any business he undertakes and shows great persistence in achieving his goals. The main feature is a tendency to affect (love of truth, resentment, jealousy, suspicion), inertia in the manifestation of affects, in thinking, in motor skills.

3. Pedantic type. It is characterized by rigidity, inertia of mental processes, difficulty in getting up, and long experience of traumatic events. He rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active party. At the same time, he reacts very strongly to any manifestation of disorder. At work he behaves like a bureaucrat, making many formal demands on others. Punctual, neat, pays special attention to cleanliness and order, scrupulous, conscientious, inclined to strictly follow the plan, unhurried in carrying out actions, diligent, focused on high quality work and special accuracy, prone to frequent self-examinations, doubts about the correctness of the work performed, grumbling, formalism . Willingly cedes leadership to other people.

4. Excitable type. Insufficient controllability, weakening of control over drives and impulses are combined in people of this type with the power of physiological drives. He is characterized by increased impulsiveness, instinctiveness, rudeness, tediousness, gloominess, anger, a tendency to rudeness and abuse, to friction and conflicts, in which he himself is an active, provoking party. Irritable, quick-tempered, often changes jobs, and is difficult to get along with in a team. There is low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions, heaviness of actions. For him, no work becomes attractive, he works only when necessary, and shows the same reluctance to learn. Indifferent to the future, he lives entirely in the present, wanting to extract a lot of entertainment from it. Increased impulsiveness or the resulting arousal reaction is difficult to suppress and can be dangerous to others. He can be domineering, choosing the weakest for communication.

5. Hyperthymic type. People of this type are distinguished by great mobility, sociability, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes, excessive independence, a tendency to mischief, and a lack of a sense of distance in relationships with others. They often spontaneously deviate from the original topic of conversation. They make a lot of noise everywhere, love the company of their peers, and strive to boss them around. They almost always have a very good mood, good health, high vitality, often a flourishing appearance, good appetite, healthy sleep, a tendency towards gluttony and other joys of life. These are people with high self-esteem, cheerful, frivolous, superficial and, at the same time, businesslike, inventive, brilliant interlocutors; people who know how to entertain others, energetic, active, proactive. A great desire for independence can be a source of conflict. They are characterized by outbursts of anger and irritation, especially when they encounter strong opposition and fail. They are prone to immoral acts, increased irritability, and projectism. They do not take their responsibilities seriously enough. They find it difficult to endure conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, and forced loneliness.

6. Dysthymic type. People of this type are distinguished by seriousness, even depressed mood, slowness, and weak willpower. They are characterized by a pessimistic attitude towards the future, low self-esteem, as well as low contact, reticence in conversation, even silence. Such people are homebodies, individualists; They usually avoid society and noisy company and lead a secluded lifestyle. They are often gloomy, inhibited, and tend to fixate on the shadow sides of life. They are conscientious, value those who are friends with them and are ready to obey them, have a heightened sense of justice, as well as slow thinking.

7. Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by low communication, minor mood, timidity, timidity, and lack of self-confidence. Children of the anxious type are often afraid of the dark, animals, and are afraid to be alone. They avoid noisy and lively peers, do not like excessively noisy games, experience a feeling of timidity and shyness, and have a hard time with tests, exams, and inspections. They are often embarrassed to answer in front of the class. They willingly submit to the tutelage of their elders; adult lectures can cause them remorse, guilt, tears, and despair. They early develop a sense of duty, responsibility, and high moral and ethical requirements. They try to disguise the feeling of their own inferiority in self-affirmation through those types of activities where they can reveal their abilities to a greater extent. The touchiness, sensitivity, and shyness characteristic of them since childhood prevent them from getting close to those with whom they want; a particularly weak link is the reaction to the attitude of others towards them. Intolerance to ridicule and suspicion are accompanied by the inability to stand up for oneself, to defend the truth in the face of unfair accusations. They rarely enter into conflicts with others, playing a mainly passive role in them; in conflict situations, they seek support and support. They are friendly, self-critical, and diligent. Due to their defenselessness, they often serve as “scapegoats” and targets for jokes.

8. Cyclothymic type. Characterized by alternating hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events. Joyful events cause pictures of hyperthymia in them: thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, racing ideas; sad ones - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communication with people around them also often changes. In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids. Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear; what was previously easy now requires exorbitant effort. Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a decrease in appetite, insomnia or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, in the depths of their souls, however, at the same time falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not excluded. They study unevenly, make up for any omissions with difficulty, and create in themselves an aversion to studying. In labile cycloids, the phases of mood changes are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. “Bad” days are marked by more bad mood than lethargy. During the period of recovery, the desire to have friends and be in company is expressed. Mood affects self-esteem.

9. Exalted type. A striking feature of this type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, pleasure. These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much excitement in others; they easily become delighted with joyful events and in complete despair with sad ones. They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, and amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not lead to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they are both active and passive parties. They are attached to friends and loved ones, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings. They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability.

10. Emotive type. This type is related to the exalted one, but its manifestations are not so violent. They are characterized by emotionality, sensitivity, anxiety, talkativeness, timidity, and deep reactions in the area of subtle feelings. The most strongly expressed trait is humanity, empathy for other people or animals, responsiveness, kindness, and rejoicing at the successes of others. They are impressionable, tearful, and take any life events more seriously than other people. Teenagers react sharply to scenes from films where someone is in danger; such scenes can cause them a strong shock that will not be forgotten for a long time and can disturb their sleep. They rarely enter into conflicts, they carry grievances within themselves and do not “spill out” outside. They are characterized by a heightened sense of duty and diligence. They take care of nature, love to grow plants and care for animals.

/ Processing of results according to G. Smishek’s questionnaire

Key to G. Smishek's questionnaire

Count the number of “Yes” (+) answers to some of the specified questions and the number of “No” (-) answers to others, then multiply the amount by the number corresponding to this scale.

Hyperthymic type of accentuation

Multiply scale indicators

1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77

Stuck type of accentuation

2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81

Emotive type of accentuation

3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79

multiply the scale value by 3

Pedantic type of accentuation

4, 14, 17, 26, 39, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83

multiply the scale value by 2

Anxious type of accentuation

16, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82

multiply the scale value by 3

Cyclothymic type of accentuation

6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84

multiply the scale value by 3

Demonstrative type of accentuation

7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88

multiply the scale value by 2

Excitable type of accentuation

8, 20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 74, 86

multiply the scale value by 3

Dysthymic type of accentuation

multiply the scale value by 3

Exalted type of accentuation

multiply the scale value by 6

The maximum score for each type of accentuation is 24 points.

The conclusion about the severity of accentuation is made based on the following indicators on the scales:

0-12 – the type of accentuation is not expressed;

13-18 – tendency towards one or another type of accentuation;

19-24 – severity of the type of accentuation.

Before interpreting the data obtained, it is necessary to construct a graph - a profile of the types of character accentuations, paying attention to how the obtained points are located

You should start drawing conclusions from the general view of the graph - the profile of the curve (on the y-axis - mark the scores for each of the 10 scales of the questionnaire; on the x-axis - the designation of each of the 10 types of accentuations), paying attention to how the resulting points are located (indicators of types accentuations) relative to the lower and upper limits of the norm, that is, the boundaries of 12 and 18 points.

Several schedule options are possible.

Option 1. All or almost all points on the graph were significantly below the 12 point limit (from 0 to 8 points). In this case, there are two directions for interpreting the data:

1. Before us is a person who strives to appear socially normative. Typically, such people demonstrate reduced self-criticism and are insincere. In this case, the data about the character traits of the person tested is unreliable.

2. Before us is a person devoid of an attractive personality, passive, emotionally impoverished. Such a person tries to retire, be inconspicuous, and is slow. He is unlikely to become a leader in a team, an entrepreneur or a fighter for ideas. But you don’t have to worry about him: he won’t dare to engage in intrigues or adventures, and he’s unlikely to show his emotions sharply. Research suggests that such people may have difficulty overcoming difficult life circumstances.

Option 2. Most of the values of accentuated character traits were at or above 19 points (19 and above). In all likelihood, we have before us a difficult person to communicate with, with many “sharp” angles, but it is possible that at the same time he is a bright personality.

Option 3. The graphical curve has a distinct “jagged” profile - high values alternate with low ones. Such a schedule, as a rule, is found in people with certain characterological strengths and weaknesses, which can create difficulties in communicative and educational terms.

When interpreting accentuation indicators, one cannot reason straightforwardly: the smaller they are, the better. The above applies to the interpretation of almost all accentuated features - attention should be paid to this when analyzing each of them separately.

It should be understood that accentuation reflects the extreme state of the norm, is not a pathology and, in general, characterizes the strong expression of individual character traits, which indicates an increased vulnerability of the individual to a certain kind of influence. Accentuation makes it difficult for a person to adapt in some specific situations. At the same time, it is important to emphasize,that selective vulnerability to a certain kind of influence, which occurs with one or another accentuation, can be combined with good or even increased resistance (!) to other influences in a situation of social adaptation in other situations.

A detailed description of the types of character accentuations, features of their manifestation in communication and personal behavior

1. Hyperthymic type characterized by activity, energy, optimism, carelessness, risk-taking, novelty, and a desire for leadership. People of this type are distinguished by great mobility, sociability, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes, and excessive independence. They almost always have a very good mood, good health, and high vitality. These are people with high self-esteem, cheerful, frivolous; people who know how to entertain others, energetic, active, proactive. Prone to increased irritability. They do not take their responsibilities seriously enough. They find it difficult to endure conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, and forced loneliness.

Very high scores on this scale (22–24 points) indicate powerful physical and mental energy. However, this fact has both positive and negative consequences. On the one hand, hyperthymia is an important condition for a person’s activity, thanks to which he usually achieves success, advances in his career, becomes a manager and an informal leader, and on the other hand, with such an intense manifestation of hyperthymia, the person often becomes overactive, trying to attract attention to himself at any cost.

Attractive Features: energy, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of new things, optimism.

Repulsive features: frivolity, frivolous attitude towards responsibilities, irritability in the circle of close people.

Monotony, loneliness, conditions of strict discipline are contraindicated, constant moralizing can cause anger.

Work related to constant communication: organizational activities, sales service, sports, theater. Tend to change professions and places of work.

2. Stuck type differs in the duration of experiencing any feeling, perseverance, stubbornness, difficulty in switching from one problem to another. He is characterized by a penchant for moralizing and reticence. Often suffers from imaginary injustice towards him. In this regard, he shows wariness and distrust towards people, is sensitive to insults and grief, is vulnerable, suspicious, vindictive, and worries about what happened for a long time. He is characterized by rigidity of attitudes and views. He strives to achieve high results in any business he undertakes and shows great persistence in achieving his goals. The main feature is a tendency to affect (love of truth, resentment, jealousy, suspicion), inertia in the manifestation of affects, in thinking, in motor skills.

The lower the stuckness rates, the better. 19 or more points are scored by people who are ready for unfriendly attacks, who are in a state of constant defense of their “I”. At the same time, some individuals are quite self-critical and admit a tendency to lingering affects; they would sincerely like to get rid of such a character trait. Others, on the contrary, underestimate the communication costs of this quality, protect it in themselves and find various reasons not to change themselves.

Pattractive features: the desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on oneself, a thirst for justice, integrity, stable views.

Repulsive features: touchiness, suspicion, vindictiveness, ambition, jealousy.

Situations in which conflict is possible:

Hurt pride, unfair resentment, obstacles to achieving ambitious goals.

A job that gives you a sense of independence and opportunity to express yourself. It is necessary to develop flexibility.

3. Emotive type is distinguished by the subtlety of emotional reactions, insight, responsiveness, sensitivity, anxiety, and deep reactions in the area of subtle feelings. The most strongly expressed trait is humanity, empathy for other people or animals, responsiveness, and kindness. People of this type rarely enter into conflicts. They are characterized by a heightened sense of duty and diligence.

High scores (22 – 24 points) indicate a person’s tendency to concentrate on what he has experienced. Within the range of 12 – 14 points, one can assume the severity of impressionability in a person who adequately responds with his emotions to life events. A low indicator of emotiveness indicates spiritual coldness, an inability to respond emotionally to what is happening.

Attractive Features: altruism, compassion, pity, rejoice at the success of others; executive, with a high sense of duty.

Repulsive features: extreme sensitivity, tearfulness.

Situations in which conflict is possible:

Conflicts with a loved one, death or illness of relatives are perceived tragically. Injustice, rudeness, and being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated.

The arts, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.

4. Pedantic type characterized by rigidity, inertia of mental processes, long experience of traumatic events. He rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active party. Punctual, neat, pays special attention to cleanliness and order, scrupulous, conscientious, inclined to strictly follow the plan, unhurried in carrying out actions, diligent, focused on high quality work and special accuracy, prone to frequent self-examinations, doubts about the correctness of the work performed, and formalism. Willingly cedes leadership to other people.

Interpretation of indicators requires special caution and the involvement of additional observations of the person tested. Inflated indicators of pedantry (22 – 24 points) are typical for people whose stereotyping and inflexibility of thinking have a destructive impact on joint activities with other people. Low indicators (4 – 8 points) are found in undisciplined and uncollected people.

Attractive Features: conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business and feelings, even mood.

Repulsive features: formalism, the desire to shift important decisions to others.

Situations in which conflict is possible:

Situations of personal responsibility for an important matter, underestimation of their merits, tendency to obsession.

Professions that are not associated with great responsibility are not inclined to change jobs.

5. Anxious type characterized by a feeling of anxiety, internal tension, and is inclined to expect trouble. This type is characterized by constant doubts about the correctness of one’s actions and thoughts, and a feeling of one’s own inferiority. Characterized by low contact, minor mood, timidity, and lack of self-confidence. They early develop a sense of duty, responsibility, and high moral and ethical requirements. The touchiness, sensitivity, and shyness characteristic of people of this type prevent them from getting close to those with whom they want; a particularly weak link is the reaction to the attitude of others towards them. Intolerance to ridicule and suspicion are accompanied by the inability to stand up for oneself, to defend the truth in the face of unfair accusations. They are friendly, self-critical, and diligent.

Increased scores for this type of accentuation - more than 20 points - are characteristic of suspicious people, wary, usually very reserved, and suspicious of unfamiliar partners. Of significant importance is how measures of anxiety relate to impulsivity. With increased anxiety and a relative level of impulsiveness, people are restrained in communication and keep a distance from others. They show their feelings with restraint and do not openly show emotional reactions, both positive and negative. A low level of anxiety (no more than 8 points) is a dual phenomenon: for some it is evidence of youth and optimism, for example, among university students, and for others it is a sign of the surface of the emotional and sensory sphere.

Attractive Features: friendliness, self-criticism, diligence.

Repulsive features: fearfulness, suspiciousness.

Situations in which conflict is possible:

Situation, fear, threats, punishment, ridicule, unfair accusations are contraindicated.

6. Cyclothymic type characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events. Joyful events evoke in him images of hyperthymia: thirst for activity, increased talkativeness; sad ones - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communication with people around them also often changes. Mood affects self-esteem.

This type of accentuation indicates the innate nature of changes in energy in a person: the higher the indicator, the brighter and more often the change of two phases is observed - the rise and decline of internal forces. An overestimated score (22 or more points) is observed in people whose behavior is controlled by an internal “biochemical laboratory”, and not by the logic of external circumstances or the reflection of necessity.

Situations in which conflict is possible:

During the period of recovery, he behaves like people with a hyperthymic type of accentuation, during the period of decline - like people with a dysthymic type of accentuation. During a recession, they perceive troubles more acutely.

Interests depend on the mood cycle. They are prone to disappointment in the profession and change jobs.

7. Demonstrative type characterized by self-centeredness, thirst for recognition, originality, and a desire to be the center of attention. Characterized by an increased ability to repress, demonstrative behavior, liveliness, mobility, and ease of establishing contacts. He is prone to fantasy, aimed at embellishing his personality, adventurism, and artistry. He is driven by the desire for leadership, the need for recognition, the thirst for constant attention to his personality, the thirst for power, and praise. He demonstrates high adaptability to people, emotional lability (easy mood swings) in the absence of deep feelings. The desire for a company is usually associated with the need to feel like a leader, to occupy an exceptional position.

Inflated indicators - more than 20 points indicate both the brightness and complexity of nature. Pronounced demonstrativeness combined with good intelligence is a prerequisite for professional achievements, communication and attractiveness of a person. A reduced level of demonstrativeness—less than 10 points—is observed in people with a low hyperthymic index, which indicates weakness of energy resources. A low level of demonstrativeness is observed among representatives of professions that do not require being an original person.

Attractive Features: courtesy, perseverance, focus, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, originality.

Repulsive features: selfishness, boastfulness, shirking from work, a tendency to “get sick” at the most crucial and difficult moments, a tendency to self-confidence and high claims.

Situations in which conflict is possible:

Situations of infringement of interests, underestimation of merit.

A closed circle of communication and monotonous work are depressing. Working with constantly changing short-term contacts is favorable.

8. Excitable type characterized by aggressiveness, stubbornness, irritability, imperiousness, demandingness, quarrelsomeness, and uncontrollability. This type is characterized by increased impulsiveness, gloominess, and a tendency to conflict. There is low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions. Indifferent to the future, he lives entirely in the present, wanting to extract a lot of entertainment from it.

Inflated indicators indicate uncontrollability and lack of self-control of the individual, manifested in harsh behavior, rudeness in response to criticism, and infringement of personal interests and needs. Average indicators of excitability (10 – 12 points) are a condition for the emotional responsiveness of a person, when he reacts to what is happening quite flexibly and noticeably to others. A reduced indicator of excitability (7 – 9 points) is detected in people who are almost indifferent to what is happening and, above all, to what does not concern them personally. Their attitude to what is happening “here” and “now” is not emotionally charged, and often this creates the impression of indifference and indifference.

Attractive Features: outside of fits of anger - conscientiousness and accuracy.

Repulsive features: irritability, short temper, inappropriate outbursts of anger, weakened control over impulses.

Situations in which conflict is possible:

Tendency to conflicts over minor issues, neurotic breakdowns, moralizing, and antisocial behavior.

Physical labor, athletic sports. Due to incompatibility, they often change jobs. It is necessary to develop self-control and self-control.

9. Dysthymic type characterized by seriousness, frequent depressed mood, a pessimistic attitude towards the future, and a premonition of troubles. This type is characterized by slowness, weakness of willpower, low self-esteem, and low contact. People of this type usually avoid society, noisy company, and lead a secluded lifestyle. They are often gloomy, inhibited, and tend to fixate on the shadow sides of life. They are conscientious, value those who are friends with them and are ready to obey them, have a heightened sense of justice, as well as slow thinking.

This type of accentuation is associated with inhibition of nervous processes, constant low mood, and concentration on the gloomy, sad aspects of life. A low level of dysthymia is combined with a high level of hyperthymia.

Attractive Features: seriousness, high morality, integrity, justice.

Repulsive features: passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, “separation from the team.”

Situations in which conflict is possible:

Situations requiring vigorous activity; changing your usual lifestyle is contraindicated.

A job that does not require a wide range of communication.

10. Exalted type distinguished by the ability to admire, admire, a feeling of happiness, joy. These feelings in people of this type often arise for a reason that does not cause much excitement in others. They easily become delighted by joyful events and completely despair by sad ones. They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, and amorousness. In conflict situations, they are both active and passive parties. They are attached to friends and loved ones, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings. They are subject to momentary moods, impetuous, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability.

Very high accentuation scores (20 or more points) indicate a person’s tendency to exhibit emotional extremes. She tends to react to facts, events and actions of others too openly, exaggeratedly unambiguously. Average indicators of exaltation (12 – 14 points) indicate the ability of a person to adequately respond with emotions and feelings to what is happening. A too low exaltation score (less than 8 points) is a sign of constrained emotions and feelings.

Attractive Features: altruism, a sense of compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings.

Repulsive features: excessive impressionability, alarmism, susceptibility to despair.

Situations in which conflict is possible:

Failures and sad events are perceived tragically.

The field of arts, artistic sports. Professions related to closeness to nature.

The Shmishek questionnaire is designed to determine character accentuations (features). The presence of character accentuation is not a flaw, but, on the contrary, a distinctive feature, the “highlight” of a person. Under favorable conditions, “hidden accentuations” do not appear, their negative traits are compensated and a person can work quite successfully. Each type of accentuation has positive qualities that a person can rely on when performing certain activities.
The K. Leonhard-N. Shmishek test is a questionnaire containing 88 statements that are grouped into 10 scales, each of which corresponds to one direction of accentuation

1 - high vital activity
2 - excitability
3 - depth of emotional reactions
4 - pedantry
5 - increased anxiety
6 - mood swings
7 - demonstrativeness
8 - imbalance
9 - fatigue
10 - strength and expressiveness of emotions

The number of accentuation is indicated in parentheses, which is assigned a point for the answer “yes” or “no” depending on the key.

1. Is your mood generally cheerful and carefree?
2. Are you sensitive to insults?
3. Have you ever cried quickly?
4. Do you always consider yourself to be right in what you do, and will you not rest until you are convinced of this?
5. Do you consider yourself more courageous than in childhood?
6. Can your mood change from deep joy to deep sadness?
7. Are you the center of attention in the company?
8. Do you have days when you are in a sullen and irritable mood for no good reason and don’t want to talk to anyone?
9. Are you a serious person?
10. Can you get very excited?
11. Are you entrepreneurial?
12. Do you quickly forget if someone offends you?
13. Are you a kind-hearted person?
14. After you put a letter in the mailbox, do you try to check whether it is still hanging in the slot?
15. Do you always try to be conscientious at work?
16. Did you experience fear of thunderstorms or dogs as a child?
17. Do you think other people are not demanding enough of each other?
18. Does your mood depend greatly on life events and experiences?
19. Are you always straightforward with your friends?
20. Is your mood often depressed?
21. Have you ever had a hysterical attack or exhaustion of the nervous system?
22. Are you prone to states of intense inner restlessness or passionate desire?
23. Is it difficult for you to sit on a chair for a long time?
24. Do you fight for your interests if someone treats you unfairly?
25. Could you kill a person?
26. Does a curtain hanging askew or an uneven tablecloth really bother you, so much so that you want to immediately eliminate these shortcomings?
27. As a child, did you experience fear when you were alone in the apartment?
28. Do you often change your mood for no reason?
29. Are you always diligent in your activities?
30. Can you get angry quickly?
31. Can you be recklessly cheerful?
32. Can you sometimes be completely imbued with a feeling of joy?
33. Are you suitable for entertaining?
34. Do you usually express your frank opinion to people on a particular issue?
35. Does the type of blood affect you?
36. Are you willing to engage in activities associated with great responsibility?
37. Are you inclined to stand up for a person who has been treated unfairly?
38. Is it difficult for you to enter a dark basement?
39. Do you do painstaking menial work as slowly and carefully as you do what you love?
40. Are you a sociable person?
41. Did you willingly recite poetry at school?
42. Did you run away from home as a child?
43. Do you find life difficult?
44. Have you ever had conflicts and troubles that got on your nerves so much that you didn’t go to work?
45. Can we say that when you fail, you don’t lose your sense of humor?
46. Will you take the first step towards reconciliation if someone insults you?
47. Do you love animals?
48. Will you leave work or home if something is wrong with you?
49. Are you tormented by vague thoughts that some misfortune will happen to you or your relatives?
50. Do you think that your mood depends on the weather?
51. Would it be difficult for you to perform on stage in front of a large crowd?
52. Can you lose your temper and give free rein if someone deliberately rudely angers you?
53. Do you communicate a lot?
54. If you are disappointed with something, will you despair?
55. Do you like organizational work?
56. Do you persistently strive for your goal, even if there are many obstacles along the way?
57. Can you be so captivated by a movie that tears come to your eyes?
58. Will it be difficult for you to fall asleep if you have been thinking about your future or some problem all day?
59. During your school years, did you have to use fairy tales or copy homework from your friends?
60. Is it difficult for you to go to the cemetery at night?
61. Do you take great care to ensure that every thing in the house is in its place?
62. Have you ever gone to bed in a good mood, but woke up in a dejected mood and remained in that mood for several hours?
63. Can you easily adapt to a new situation?
64. Are you prone to headaches?
65. Do you laugh often?
66. Can you be friendly with people without revealing your true attitude towards them?
67. Can you be called a lively and lively person?
68. Do you suffer greatly because of injustice?
69. Can you be called a passionate nature lover?
70. Do you have a habit of checking before going to bed or before leaving whether the gas and lights are turned off, and whether the door is closed?
71. Are you timid?
72. Does it happen that you feel in seventh heaven, although there are no objective reasons for this?
73. In your youth, were you willing to participate in amateur art groups and a theater group?
74. Do you sometimes feel drawn to look into the distance?
75. Do you look pessimistically at the future?
76. Can your mood change from extreme joy to deep sadness in a short period of time?
77. Is it easy for you to lift your spirits in a friendly company?
78. Do you endure anger for a long time?
79. Do you worry a lot if grief happens to another person?
80. At school, did you have the habit of rewriting a piece of paper in your notebook if you put a blot on it?
81. Can we say that you are more distrustful and cautious than trusting?
82. Do you often have scary dreams?
83. Have you ever had the idea of throwing yourself out of a window against your will, under an approaching train?
84. Do you become joyful in a cheerful environment?
85. Can you easily distract yourself from burdensome issues and not think about them?
86. Do you find it difficult to control yourself if you get angry?
87. Do you prefer to be silent (yes), or are you talkative (no)?
88. If you had to participate in a theatrical performance, could you, with complete penetration and transformation, enter into the role and forget about yourself?

Key

If the answer to a question matches the key, the answer is assigned one point. Then the sum of points on each scale must be multiplied by a coefficient.

Character traits	Coefficient	"YES" No. of questions	"NO" No. of questions
Hyperthymia		1, 12, 25, 36, 50, 61, 75, 85
Dysthymicity		10, 23, 48, 83, 96	34, 58, 73
Cyclothymic		6, 20, 31, 44, 55, 70, 80, 93
Emotionality		3, 14, 52, 64, 77, 87	28, 39
Demonstrativeness		7, 21, 24, 32, 45, 49, 71, 74, 81, 94, 97
Jam		2, 16, 26, 38, 41, 62, 76, 86, 90	13, 51
Pedantry		4, 15, 19, 29, 43, 53, 65, 69, 78, 89, 92
Anxiety		17, 30, 42, 54, 79, 91	5, 67
Excitability		8, 22, 33, 46, 57, 72, 82, 95
Exaltation		11, 35, 60, 84
Lie		9, 47, 59, 68, 83	18, 27, 37, 63

The maximum sum of points after multiplication is 24. According to some sources, a value exceeding 12 points is considered a sign of accentuation. Others, based on the practical application of the questionnaire, believe that the sum of points in the range from 15 to 19 only indicates a tendency towards one or another type of accentuation. And only if 19 points are exceeded, the character trait is accentuated. The obtained data can be presented in the form of a “personal accentuation profile”.

1. Demonstrative type.
Characterized by an increased ability to repress, demonstrative behavior, liveliness, mobility, and ease of establishing contacts. He is prone to fantasy, deceit and pretense, aimed at embellishing his person, adventurism, artistry, and posing. He is driven by the desire for leadership, the need for recognition, the thirst for constant attention to his person, the thirst for power, praise; the prospect of being undetected weighs him down. He demonstrates high adaptability to people, emotional lability (easy mood swings) in the absence of truly deep feelings, and a tendency to intrigue (with an externally soft manner of communication). There is boundless egocentrism, a thirst for admiration, sympathy, veneration, and surprise. Usually the praise of others in his presence causes him a particularly unpleasant feeling; he cannot stand it. The desire for a company is usually associated with the need to feel like a leader, to occupy an exceptional position. Self-esteem is very far from objectivity. He can irritate with his self-confidence and high claims; he systematically provokes conflicts, but at the same time actively defends himself. Possessing a pathological ability to repress, he can completely forget what he does not want to know about. This unchains him in his lies. Usually he lies with an innocent face, because what he is talking about, at the moment, is true for him; Apparently, he is not internally aware of his lie, or he is aware of it very shallowly, without noticeable remorse. Able to captivate others with his originality of thinking and actions.

2. Stuck type.
He is characterized by moderate sociability, boringness, a penchant for moralizing, and taciturnity. Often suffers from imaginary injustice towards him. In this regard, he shows wariness and distrust towards people, is sensitive to insults and grief, is vulnerable, suspicious, vindictive, worries about what happened for a long time, and is not able to “easily move on” from insults. He is characterized by arrogance and often initiates conflicts. Arrogance, rigidity of attitudes and views, and highly developed ambition often lead to persistent assertion of his interests, which he defends with particular vigor. He strives to achieve high results in any business he undertakes and shows great persistence in achieving his goals. The main feature is a tendency to affect (love of truth, resentment, jealousy, suspicion), inertia in the manifestation of affects, in thinking, in motor skills.

3. Pedantic type.
It is characterized by rigidity, inertia of mental processes, heaviness to rise, and long experience of traumatic events. He rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active party. At the same time, he reacts very strongly to any manifestation of disorder. At work he behaves like a bureaucrat, making many formal demands on others. Punctual, neat, pays special attention to cleanliness and order, scrupulous, conscientious, inclined to strictly follow the plan, unhurried in carrying out actions, diligent, focused on high quality work and special accuracy, prone to frequent self-examinations, doubts about the correctness of the work performed, grumbling, formalism . Willingly cedes leadership to other people.

4. Excitable type.
Insufficient controllability, weakening of control over drives and impulses are combined in people of this type with the power of physiological drives. He is characterized by increased impulsiveness, instinctiveness, rudeness, tediousness, gloominess, anger, a tendency to rudeness and abuse, to friction and conflicts, in which he himself is an active, provoking party. Irritable, quick-tempered, often changes jobs, and is difficult to get along with in a team. There is low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions, heaviness of actions. For him, no work becomes attractive, he works only when necessary, and shows the same reluctance to learn. Indifferent to the future, he lives entirely in the present, wanting to extract a lot of entertainment from it. Increased impulsiveness or the resulting arousal reaction is difficult to suppress and can be dangerous to others. He can be domineering, choosing the weakest for communication.

Accentuations of temperament.
5. Hyperthymic type.
People of this type are distinguished by great mobility, sociability, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes, excessive independence, a tendency to mischief, and a lack of a sense of distance in relationships with others. They often spontaneously deviate from the original topic of conversation. They make a lot of noise everywhere, love the company of their peers, and strive to boss them around. They almost always have a very good mood, good health, high vitality, often a flourishing appearance, good appetite, healthy sleep, a tendency towards gluttony and other joys of life. These are people with high self-esteem, cheerful, frivolous, superficial and, at the same time, businesslike, inventive, brilliant interlocutors; people who know how to entertain others, energetic, active, proactive. A great desire for independence can be a source of conflict. They are characterized by outbursts of anger and irritation, especially when they encounter strong opposition and fail. They are prone to immoral acts, increased irritability, and projectism. They do not take their responsibilities seriously enough. They find it difficult to endure conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, and forced loneliness.

6. Dysthymic type.
People of this type are distinguished by seriousness, even depressed mood, slowness, and weak willpower. They are characterized by a pessimistic attitude towards the future, low self-esteem, as well as low contact, reticence in conversation, even silence. Such people are homebodies, individualists; They usually avoid society and noisy company and lead a secluded lifestyle. They are often gloomy, inhibited, and tend to fixate on the shadow sides of life. They are conscientious, value those who are friends with them and are ready to obey them, have a heightened sense of justice, as well as slow thinking.

7. Anxious type.
People of this type are characterized by low communication, minor mood, timidity, timidity, and lack of self-confidence. Children of the anxious type are often afraid of the dark, animals, and are afraid to be alone. They avoid noisy and lively peers, do not like excessively noisy games, experience a feeling of timidity and shyness, and have a hard time with tests, exams, and inspections. They are often embarrassed to answer in front of the class. They willingly submit to the tutelage of their elders; adult lectures can cause them remorse, guilt, tears, and despair. They early develop a sense of duty, responsibility, and high moral and ethical requirements. They try to disguise the feeling of their own inferiority in self-affirmation through those types of activities where they can reveal their abilities to a greater extent. The touchiness, sensitivity, and shyness characteristic of them since childhood prevent them from getting close to those with whom they want; a particularly weak link is the reaction to the attitude of others towards them. Intolerance to ridicule and suspicion are accompanied by the inability to stand up for oneself, to defend the truth in the face of unfair accusations. They rarely enter into conflicts with others, playing a mainly passive role in them; in conflict situations, they seek support and support. They are friendly, self-critical, and diligent. Due to their defenselessness, they often serve as “scapegoats” and targets for jokes.

8. Exalted type.
A striking feature of this type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, pleasure. These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much excitement in others; they are easily delighted by joyful events and in complete despair by sad ones. They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, and amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not lead to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they are both active and passive parties. They are attached to friends and loved ones, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings. They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability.

9. Emotive type.
This type is related to the exalted one, but its manifestations are not so violent. They are characterized by emotionality, sensitivity, anxiety, talkativeness, timidity, and deep reactions in the area of subtle feelings. The most strongly expressed trait is humanity, empathy for other people or animals, responsiveness, kindness, and rejoicing at the successes of others. They are impressionable, tearful, and take any life events more seriously than other people. Teenagers react sharply to scenes from films where someone is in danger; scenes of violence can cause them a strong shock that will not be forgotten for a long time and can disturb their sleep. They rarely enter into conflicts, they carry grievances within themselves and do not “spill out” outside. They are characterized by a heightened sense of duty and diligence. They take care of nature, love to grow plants and care for animals.

10. Cyclothymic type.
Characterized by alternating hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events. Joyful events cause pictures of hyperthymia in them: thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, racing ideas; sad ones - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communication with people around them also often changes. In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids. Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear; what was previously easy now requires exorbitant effort. Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a decrease in appetite, insomnia, or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, in the depths of their souls, however, at the same time falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not excluded. They study unevenly, make up for any omissions with difficulty, and create in themselves an aversion to studying. In labile cycloids, the phases of mood changes are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. “Bad” days are marked by more bad mood than lethargy. During the period of recovery, the desire to have friends and be in company is expressed. Mood affects self-esteem.

Methodology for studying personality accentuations by K. Leonhard (modification by S. Shmishek)

Scales: hyperthymicity, rigidity, emotiveness, pedantry, anxiety, cyclothymicity, demonstrativeness, excitability, dysthymicity, exaltation

The original method of Determining personal and characterological accentuations (K. Leongard) differs from this modification by S. Shmishek only in the formulation of questions on the stimulus material. The keys, scales, processing and principles for interpreting the results are essentially the same.

Purpose of the test

The questionnaire is designed to diagnose the type of personality accentuation. The theoretical basis of the questionnaire is the concept of “accentuated personalities” by K. Leonhard, who believes that the inherent personality traits can be divided into basic and additional. The main features make up the core, the core of the personality. In the case of pronounced expression (emphasis), the main features become accentuations of character. Accordingly, individuals whose main features are clearly expressed are called “accentuated” by Leonhard.

The term “accented personality” has taken a place between psychopathy and the norm. Accentuated personalities should not be considered pathological, but if exposed to unfavorable factors, accentuations can acquire a pathological character, destroying the structure of the personality.

The questionnaire contains 10 scales, in accordance with the ten types of accentuated personalities identified by Leonhard, and consists of 88 questions that require a “yes” or “no” answer.

Test instructions

Processing and interpretation of test results

Key to the test (in the book)

Processing test results

The results are assessed on 10 characterological scales.

Interpretation of test results

1. Demonstrative type . Characterized by an increased ability to repress, demonstrative behavior, liveliness, mobility, and ease of establishing contacts. He is prone to fantasy, deceit and pretense, aimed at embellishing his person, to adventurism, artistry, and posturing. He is driven by the desire for leadership, the need for recognition, the thirst for constant attention to his person, the thirst for power, praise; the prospect of being undetected weighs him down. He demonstrates high adaptability to people, emotional lability (easy mood swings) in the absence of truly deep feelings, and a tendency to intrigue (with an externally soft manner of communication). There is boundless egocentrism, a thirst for admiration, sympathy, veneration, and surprise. Usually the praise of others in his presence causes him a particularly unpleasant feeling; he cannot stand it.

2. Stuck type. He is characterized by moderate sociability, tediousness, a penchant for moralizing, and taciturnity. Often suffers from imaginary injustice towards him. In this regard, he shows wariness and distrust towards people, is sensitive to insults and grief, is vulnerable, suspicious, vindictive, worries about what happened for a long time, and is not able to easily move on from insults. He is characterized by arrogance and often initiates conflicts. Arrogance, rigidity of attitudes and views, and highly developed ambition often lead to persistent assertion of his interests, which he defends with particular vigor. He strives to achieve high results in any business he undertakes and shows great persistence in achieving his goals. The main feature is a tendency to affect (love of truth, resentment, jealousy, suspicion), inertia in the manifestation of affects, in thinking, in motor skills.

8. Exalted type. A striking feature of this type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, and pleasure. These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much excitement in others; they easily become delighted with joyful events and in complete despair with sad ones. They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, and amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not lead to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they are both active and passive parties. They are attached to friends and loved ones, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings. They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability.

9. Emotive type . This type is related to the exalted one, but its manifestations are not so violent. They are characterized by emotionality, sensitivity, anxiety, talkativeness, timidity, and deep reactions in the area of subtle feelings. Their most strongly expressed feature is humanity, empathy for other people or animals, responsiveness, kindness, they rejoice at the successes of others. They are impressionable, tearful, and take any life events more seriously than other people. Teenagers react sharply to scenes from films where someone is in danger; scenes of violence can cause them a strong shock that will not be forgotten for a long time and can disturb their sleep. They rarely enter into conflicts; they carry grievances within themselves without spilling them out. They are characterized by a heightened sense of duty and diligence. They take care of nature, love to grow plants and care for animals.

10. Cyclothymic type. Characterized by alternating hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic changes in mood, as well as dependence on external events; joyful events give them pictures of hyperthymia: a thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, a race of ideas; sad ones - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communication with people around them also often changes.

In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids. Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear; what was previously easy now requires exorbitant effort. Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a decrease in appetite, insomnia or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, in the depths of their souls, however, at the same time falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not excluded. They study unevenly, make up for any omissions with difficulty, and create in themselves an aversion to studying. In labile cycloids, the phases of mood changes are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. Bad days are marked by more bad mood than lethargy. During the period of recovery, the desire to have friends and be in company is expressed. Mood affects self-esteem.

Test

1. Is your mood generally cheerful and carefree?

2. Are you sensitive to insults?

3. Have you ever cried quickly?

4. Do you always consider yourself to be right in what you do, and will you not rest until you are convinced of this?

5. Do you consider yourself more courageous than in childhood?

6. Can your mood change from deep joy to deep sadness?

7. Are you the center of attention in the company?

8. Do you have days when you are in a sullen and irritable mood for no good reason and don’t want to talk to anyone?

9. Are you a serious person?

10. Can you get very excited?

11. Are you entrepreneurial?

12. Do you quickly forget if someone offends you?

13. Are you a kind-hearted person?

14. After you put a letter in the mailbox, do you try to check whether it is still hanging in the slot?

15. Do you always try to be conscientious at work?

16. Did you experience fear of thunderstorms or dogs as a child?

17. Do you think other people are not demanding enough of each other?

18. Does your mood depend greatly on life events and experiences?

19. Are you always straightforward with your friends?

20. Is your mood often depressed?

21. Have you ever had a hysterical attack or exhaustion of the nervous system?

22. Are you prone to states of intense inner restlessness or passionate desire?

23. Is it difficult for you to sit on a chair for a long time?

24. Do you fight for your interests if someone treats you unfairly?

25. Could you kill a person?

26. Does a curtain hanging askew or an uneven tablecloth really bother you, so much so that you want to immediately eliminate these shortcomings?

27. As a child, did you experience fear when you were alone in the apartment?

28. Do you often change your mood for no reason?

29. Are you always diligent in your activities?

30. Can you get angry quickly?

31. Can you be recklessly cheerful?

32. Can you sometimes be completely imbued with a feeling of joy?

33. Are you suitable for entertaining?

34. Do you usually express your frank opinion to people on a particular issue?

35. Does the type of blood affect you?

36. Are you willing to engage in activities associated with great responsibility?

37. Are you inclined to stand up for a person who has been treated unfairly?

38. Is it difficult for you to enter a dark basement?

39. Do you do painstaking menial work as slowly and carefully as you do what you love?

40. Are you a sociable person?

41. Did you willingly recite poetry at school?

42. Did you run away from home as a child?

43. Do you find life difficult?

44. Have you ever had conflicts and troubles that got on your nerves so much that you didn’t go to work?

45. Can we say that when you fail, you don’t lose your sense of humor?

46. Will you take the first step towards reconciliation if someone insults you?

47. Do you love animals?

48. Will you leave work or home if something is wrong with you?

49. Are you tormented by vague thoughts that some misfortune will happen to you or your relatives?

50. Do you think that your mood depends on the weather?

51. Would it be difficult for you to perform on stage in front of a large crowd?

52. Can you lose your temper and give free rein if someone deliberately rudely angers you?

53. Do you communicate a lot?

54. If you are disappointed with something, will you despair?

55. Do you like organizational work?

56. Do you persistently strive for your goal, even if there are many obstacles along the way?

57. Can you be so captivated by a movie that tears come to your eyes?

58. Will it be difficult for you to fall asleep if you have been thinking about your future or some problem all day?

59. During your school years, did you have to use hints or copy homework from your friends?

60. Is it difficult for you to go to the cemetery at night?

61. Do you take great care to ensure that every thing in the house is in its place?

62. Have you ever gone to bed in a good mood, but woke up in a dejected mood and remained in that mood for several hours?

63. Can you easily adapt to a new situation?

64. Are you prone to headaches?

65. Do you laugh often?

66. Can you be friendly with people without revealing your true attitude towards them?

67. Can you be called a lively and lively person?

68. Do you suffer greatly because of injustice?

69. Can you be called a passionate nature lover?

70. Do you have a habit of checking before going to bed or before leaving whether the gas and lights are turned off, and whether the door is closed?

71. Are you timid?

72. Does it happen that you feel in seventh heaven, although there are no objective reasons for this?

73. In your youth, were you willing to participate in amateur art groups and a theater group?

74. Do you sometimes feel drawn to look into the distance?

75. Do you look pessimistically at the future?

76. Can your mood change from extreme joy to deep sadness in a short period of time?

77. Is it easy for you to lift your spirits in a friendly company?

78. Do you endure anger for a long time?

79. Do you worry a lot if grief happens to another person?

80. At school, did you have the habit of rewriting a piece of paper in your notebook if you put a blot on it?

81. Can we say that you are more distrustful and cautious than trusting?

82. Do you often have scary dreams?

83. Have you ever had the idea of throwing yourself out of a window against your will, under an approaching train?

84. Do you become joyful in a cheerful environment?

85. Can you easily distract yourself from burdensome issues and not think about them?

86. Do you find it difficult to control yourself if you get angry?

87. Do you prefer to be silent (yes), or are you talkative (no)?

88. If you had to participate in a theatrical performance, could you, with complete penetration and transformation, enter into the role and forget about yourself?

Answer form

Full name_________________Age______Gender_______Date_______

“You are asked to answer 88 questions relating to various aspects of your personality. Next to the question number, put a + (yes) sign if you agree, or – (no) if you disagree. Answer quickly, don’t hesitate.”

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