Do you need to be a polymath to be successful. How to be well-read

The author of this wonderful (so relevant in our "clip" time) materialJoseph Sergeevich Zavalishin (1912–1982) - hydraulic engineer, chief specialist of the Institute of Hydroproject im. V.Ya. Zhuk, who took part, perhaps, in all the largest post-war megaprojects of hydroelectric power stations. Veteran of the Great Patriotic War, with a combat route Moscow - Stalingrad - Kharkov - Kiev - Bucharest - Budapest - Prague - Berlin.

Iosif Sergeevich, a descendant of the People's Will Fyodor Ivanovich Zavalishin, is the clearest example of a genuine Soviet Russian intellectual, a highly educated professional practitioner, but also an idealist, an educator, an amazingly humanitarian whole person, with a deeply indifferent civic attitude to the Fatherland. Sublime in public, industrial and family life.

Speaking about Joseph Sergeevich, it is impossible not to mention his faithful companion, like-minded person and comrade-in-arms - Eleonora Samsonovna Kuznetsova, associate professor of the Department of Pedagogy at Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin,lecturer of the "Knowledge" society, author of many scientific works on the theory of education,inspirer and organizer of the All-Union movement of student pedagogical teams, witha trusted follower and promoter of pedagogical ideas A.S. Makarenko, head of the Makarenkovskaya section of the Pedagogical Society of the RSFSR. On her initiative, the A.S. Makarenko Museum was created.

In the apartment of the Zavalishins, under the supervision of Eleonora Samsonovna Kuznetsova, a unique pedagogical seminar of its kind (the famous "Makarenkovskie Srednes") functioned, in which Iosif Sergeevich was a constant participant and generator of ideas. Over the decades (!) Of weekly work, the seminar has become a true hotbed of living pedagogical research, the most important phenomenondomestic culture.

This is the circle of life, the soul of the lofty impulses of the family of Joseph Sergeevich Zavalishin, outlining his spiritual appearance and aspirations. According to the will of Joseph Sergeevich, relatives and associates published his works:

I.S. Zavalishin. A life. Ideas. Projects. Volume 1. Reflections on humanitarian topics. S. 48–73. 2nd edition supplemented in 2 volumes. Volume 2. Cities of the future. Lectures. From the inner circle. Compilation, edition, comments Belyakov E.A., Zavyalova N.I., M., 2017.

We present the actual work from this collection, and also, with the kind permission of the authors-compilers, we post the entire book for downloading and reading.

Photo: war photo of I.S. Zavalishin.

ADULTS EDUCATION

There was an opinion before, and it is still alive, that it is enough to build tens of thousands of schools, thousands of universities, and the task of educating the people will be solved. It turns out that this is not at all the case. The question is much more multifaceted.

In class conditions, when only the upper strata received education, the so-called "society" was very small in number. The role of cultural centers was performed by estates, and at the beginning of the 19th century. the entire educated society was housed in the Assembly of the Nobility (the Column Hall in Moscow).

Personal contacts, exchange of views were ensured, intellectual ties were established. Something similar happened in the then Petersburg. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the role of cultural centers was played by the estates of patrons and art workers (Abramtsevo, Polenovo, Talashkino, Voloshin's dacha in Koktebel). What kind of hall is needed for modern Soviet society ?! After all, if it is technically and possible to create a hall for, say, a million people, then will such a gigantic hall be psychologically accessible and so necessary for a person to communicate?

How to be? Let's think about it. After all, it is society that ultimately educates and educates. Great people, and not only great, but also the most ordinary ones, receive their final education (and it is immeasurably more than what they receive in schools and universities) in society. Pushkin received his true education not only in the Lyceum, but in society, in the world. We sometimes take too literally and unambiguously such, for example, Lermontov's lines: "Why did he enter this envious and sultry light ..." In a sense, A.S. Pushkin really suffered in the most fatal way, from the "light", but we must not forget that light is not only Dantes, but also Pushkin's friends, and without this communication, without society, Pushkin was not would be Pushkin. Goethe has great words: “After all, in essence, we are all collective beings, no matter what we imagine about ourselves… We must borrow and learn from both those who lived before us and those who live with us. Even the greatest genius would not have gone far if he wanted to produce everything from himself. But very many kind people do not understand this and for half their lives wander as if in darkness, dreaming of originality ".

Ideas are always born in society, live in it and develop, and are not at all born with people, as they naively thought before, as Maeterlink thought in his beautiful fairy tale about the Blue Bird. Glinka said correctly: "People write music, but we, composers, only arrange it".

Once a friend came to Blok and asked: "Well, what have you composed today?", - to which Blok replied: "I have never composed, I do not compose, and I will not write"... Where did Blok get his wonderful thoughts? - In society. Consequently, along with education, carried out with the help of schools and higher educational institutions, a number of additional measures are needed. How can the effect of education by society be recreated if there are so many people who have received education and society has become so cumbersome? This is what we will talk about in the topic covering problem number 3 - adult education. Looking ahead, let's say - this problem is completely solvable. It is only necessary to skillfully use the power of modern technology and the advantages of our Soviet society. The West is not up to this question. This problem has a small subtopic: about the methods of self-education and self-education.

ABOUT THE METHOD OF SELF-EDUCATION (HOW TO BECOME AN EDUCED PERSON)

We often hear that some people have outstanding abilities, phenomenal memory, the ability to grasp quickly and, therefore, know a lot in different areas of science, culture, life. Of course, abilities are of great importance, but they are far from the only thing. You can be very capable and talented, you can study at school, institute, university, graduate school, but remain an uneducated person. You can, relying on a good memory, learn and remember a lot, but still not come under the name of a cultured, erudite, highly educated person. "Much knowledge does not add intelligence"... (Heraclitus)

What's the matter? Are the statements made paradoxical? We will try to answer the questions arising from the title of the article.

I. MANDATORY SOLUTION OF ARISING COMPLEX AND DIFFICULT ISSUES

Life is diverse, people are diverse, circumstances are diverse. No two people are exactly alike, no two circumstances are alike. Each person, whoever he may be, harbors something individual, unique. When working out some principles for yourself, most of all you need to be afraid of stereotyped solutions and ready-made recipes, because the template does not take into account either the individual characteristics of a person or the peculiarities of the situation. Living with stereotyped ideas, sooner or later a person will face sharp contradictions with reality, which will prevent him from correctly understanding the surrounding circumstances and will inevitably create a false idea of \u200b\u200bthe world. It is impossible to become an educated person with false ideas. "Rye eats iron, lies - the soul"... (M. Gorky)

A person always, or, in any case, very often faces difficult and intractable questions, and this can be treated in different ways. You can treat it like Dostoevsky's Raskolnikov and with great difficulty find the meaning and understand the essence of the mistake. You can do what Balzac did: when his hero got into a difficult financial situation, then, according to the biographers, Balzac locked himself in a room, did not go anywhere for three days, and with difficulty figured out how to help his hero. You can act like Nekhlyudov in Tolstoy's Resurrection, in the episode that marked the beginning of the tragedy of Katyusha Maslova. In the depths of his soul, Nekhlyudov felt that this was not good, bad, even very bad, that there could be grave consequences for Katyusha herself, but he did not think, but uttered a trivial phrase to himself: "Well, after all, everyone does it"- and calmed down for a long time. Several such conclusions in difficult life circumstances, which Nekhludoff made, and a person will lose the ability to worry, to find the right solutions, become indifferent, lost for science, for real creative work, for the concept of "highly educated person."

Every question that is put forward by life, no matter how difficult it is, no matter how long it takes to solve, no matter how difficult its solution is, it must be resolved to the end. The person who faces this issue may not be resolved independently, but with the help of comrades, but it must be resolved. This is the first and indispensable rule. When questions arise before a person, he feels an urgent need to answer them, then sooner or later he will find answers. There will always be order in the head and soul of such a person. There will be order in business as well. It is impossible, given the modern level of science and human knowledge, to do anything in an atmosphere of disorder, uncertainty. Long before our days this was anticipated by Rene Descartes - his wonderful statement "order frees thoughts" is absolutely true and has been tested millions of times by life. How can you be an educated person and have an unreleased, constrained thought? So: the obligatory solution of all vital issues, comprehension of the "physical meaning" (Suvorov: "Comprehension and Vigilance Above All"). Always find meaning in everything, get to the bottom of the truth, understand what's what. Everything should be in a certain system. Order in thoughts, feelings, in all matters. "Put it further away, take it closer"... (Russian proverb).

II. DO NOT CLOSE ONLY IN YOUR SPHERE OF ACTIVITY. EXPLORE AND LEARN THE ART

Never get locked into one, don't be only "Left nostril specialist"... (Leo Tolstoy). A narrow specialist and a narrow professional cannot know well even their field. This was beautifully formulated two hundred years ago by J.J. Rousseau: “When you study science, you become more and more convinced of how different sciences support and help each other. Of course, the human brain is not able to master all sciences. But, if you do not have some idea about other sciences, then in your own you are in complete darkness ".

Where to begin? - From art. This is the easiest and most needed. Art is always necessary for everyone. Different types of art prevail in different eras. Nowadays, theater and cinema, music, literature, architecture and painting are of the greatest importance. You have to live in art. See all the more or less interesting productions and pictures. Know public opinion and criticism, even if it is wrong. To have your own opinion, even if it is strange and unlike what they say or write, it is important that it is not far-fetched and empty and original for the sake of originality, but that it comes from the heart, worries you and your comrades with whom you discuss this issue. Try to have such conversations as much as possible, not be afraid to say unnecessary, risky, even paradoxical. After conversations with friends, the risky will turn out to be reliable, the paradoxes will cease to be paradoxes, the excess will be appropriate.

Just as chess cannot be mastered without some knowledge of theory, so art in any of its forms cannot be understood without some, even a little, knowledge of theory. It is imperative to read books on art - biographies of great artists, monographs of individual artists, see and have many reproductions, at least in the form of postcards. Read musicological studies, while listening to music, strain your imagination as much as possible in order to understand and see what the composer saw when he wrote the music.

If we put aside difficult questions and formulate very roughly, it will turn out as follows: a cultured person should know at least a little art. What is little? These, of course, are not the names of famous actors and a few standard phrases: “I don’t care about it,” or: “it’s very fresh, juicy, etc.”.

III. DO NOT BE AFRAID OF DIFFICULTIES AND DANGERS, BUT GO TO MEET THEM

There will be a hydroelectric power station

If a person is inquisitive, seeks, thinks, has his own views and judgments, is that enough? - No. The hero described by Dostoevsky in White Nights is something like this, and Dostoevsky clearly shows: this is good, but not enough. He is sweet, arouses sympathy, you can love him, but you should not fall in love. One must fall in love with another. What kind of “other” he is, Dostoevsky does not know for sure and therefore draws him schematically, but this “other” does not look like the hero of the story “White Nights”, this is indisputable.

What is needed besides searching, thinking and knowledge of art? Harmonious development is needed. If a person lives only with his head, this is very one-sided. Great physical effort is needed. Sport. Tourism. Dangers. Overcoming great physical difficulties. Overcoming fear. Courage. Finally, endless love for nature and knowledge of it is needed. How well Lermontov knew this! His hero (Pechorin) is as mysterious as everything mysterious is incomprehensible, but love for danger and boundless love for the nature of Lermontov's hero do not raise any doubts.

There are many more recent examples:

"The House in which Hearts Break" by Bernard Shaw, Thor Heyerdahl's trip to Kon-Tiki, a hiking expedition to the North Pole, the feat of Hans Has, who quietly filmed sharks with an underwater movie camera, exploration and filming of volcanoes and much more. In real life, if only it is bright, interesting and effective, there are always many risks and dangers. You need a lot of hardening and the ability to overcome difficulties, the ability, speaking figuratively, without hesitation to climb into the cold restless water. There is no better way to develop these qualities in yourself, how to play sports, tourism, live in nature and know it well.

The father is right when he teaches his son the art of swimming in the sea in stormy weather, when the surf hits the shore with a noise. In this, of course, there is a certain amount of risk - well, well, nothing happens without risk, but he will bring up the right character in his son for life. Skillful, calm overcoming of real dangers with real risk - what could be better for proper education!

There are excellent literary examples that perfectly prepare a person for the romance of struggle, courage, and overcoming feelings of fear. This is, first of all, "Mtsyri" by Lermontov.

The fairy tale by Georges Sand "Wings of Courage" is also wonderful (about how the fishermen forgot the boy at night on the rocky island, the wind rose, and waves began to roll across this island). These and many similar works should be known from childhood. It is good to know by heart verses from the Scandinavian epic "Fritjof" from the age of ten or twelve:

“No lodging for the night in houses, no tents on ships.
Sleep on a battle shield, damask sword in hand,
And the tent is the blue sky.
As a thunderstorm leaps, set the sails
Let it thunder, let it roar, the coward who sails.
Rather than be a coward, die soon ".

The unity of ideas, thoughts, actions, a sense of responsibility, the impossibility of any empty paper sentences is best brought up in communication with nature, in overcoming difficulties and danger. This unity develops into a unity of character - a combination of deep intelligence, knowledge with courage and daring. Russian literature has always dreamed of such a hero, but literature could not create him, did not have time, because such characters appeared only on the crest of the wave of the revolution. Dostoevsky dreamed that Myshkin and Rogozhin would be one person, but he did not know how to do this - literature does not create life, people create it, literature only reflects this creativity, sometimes at its earliest, barely noticeable phases ...

To formulate an idea when it is just being born is a great thing - supporters, followers have been found, talented people have been found who will move forward, develop the idea, test it in practice and put it into action.

IV. KNOWLEDGE. ACQUISITION OF THEM

At the Kiev hydroelectric power station, 1966

Knowledge is of great importance. Although the great scientist of France Michel Montaigne said that "You must have a well-formed head, not a well-filled one"- and this is absolutely true - you still need to have a large amount of knowledge.

Finding a good way to accumulate knowledge is to have plenty of it. Probably, at least half of the time is spent on replenishing the stock of knowledge, and if you do not have a good way of acquiring knowledge, there will be too few of them. It is difficult to talk about the numbers, it is even more difficult to check them - but sometimes you have to hear such a distribution: knowledge gained at school, institute, graduate school - ten percent, personal experience - two to four percent, the rest is divided equally between literature and conversations with friends, with people practical life. What is the method of obtaining the most part - eighty-six percent of knowledge? It can be called in one word - gradually.

It's good to have your own large library. It is not at all necessary to read all the books that are there, it is important to know where the book is and what it is talking about. There was a question. You heard something. You are interested in something. They took the appropriate book, read several pages, and sometimes the whole book - and the response of the books, driven by a wave of interest, is easy to remember, quickly and in the overwhelming majority of cases for life.

You are worried about something. You do not know how and what to do - you asked a friend, did everything according to his recommendation, and what you learned while doing so, you will know well and forever. If the answer to the question posed is not contained in any of your books, go to the appropriate library, look at the encyclopedia earlier - this is the key to most of the knowledge and, of course, everyone should have it. An encyclopedia always has a bibliographic index - use it, look for the books you need, read them, if it's interesting, talk with knowledgeable people. "An evening of conversation with a worthy person for more than ten years of reading books", - says Eastern wisdom. In other words, live in such a way that you are always interested in something, gradually look for an answer from your comrades and books - this is the surest way to gain a lot of knowledge.

Travel "little by little" is of great importance for education. In addition to traveling in the literal sense - traveling on vacation to new places, to a new country or on a special route, traveling on a business trip - also use another, more powerful method - do not sit too long at one job, do not sit too long in one city. Don't be an Old-Timer Khinikat (the hero of the story "At Our Home" ....). What is "not too long" - four, five years, no more, in one place. Only after many years of activity, if you manage to tightly straddle a big problem that will be infinitely interesting and useful to people, can you spend more time in one place and in one city - if, of course, the problem can be solved without leaving the given city. These figures, of course, are not the law - in some cases they can change, but for most cases of modern life, they are, in all likelihood, close to optimal.

If you deal with the same issue for too long, you can become a very narrow specialist. As noted above, specialization is necessary, but too narrow specialization is contrary to modern life, modern technology, and modern science.

V. POLICY STUDY. CONSTANT AND DEEP UNDERSTANDING OF HER

Interest in political life and knowledge of it. Modern life is full of politics. In no historical epoch has politics played such a role, it didn’t touch the fate of every person so closely, it wouldn’t affect their mood and well-being so much as it does now.

Beethoven's note to his friend is known: “… I could not come on Thursday because there was military action. I'll come on Saturday ... " It can be seen that the great composer did not care much about the hostilities. Those times are gone forever. Problems of construction, individual branches of industry, issues of various trends in art - all this is politics.

The unexpectedness and abruptness of politics for people who are little knowledgeable seems incredible, impossible - everything incomprehensible interferes with correct orientation. With the modern development of radio, cinema, an abundance of illustrated magazines, exhibitions, festivals, sports competitions, mass foreign tourism - each person receives diametrically opposite information from the same events. If it is not enough to know politics well, the mind is completely confused, confusion. How deeply this confusion affects a person can be seen in such striking examples as the suicide of Stefan Zweig and the alleged suicide of Hemingway. The situation is complicated by the fact that not everything can be published, many things are written schematically, conditionally, not to the full extent. Nothing requires such a deep and comprehensive knowledge of theory as politics. Dialectics, philosophy, the works of the classics - without this it is never possible to comprehend the essence of what is happening and the immediate prospects. One must have a taste for these things, not look at social sciences and philosophy as something purely academic, bookish. Many sciences used to be bookish, divorced from life, purely theoretical.

Atom, electrons, protons, etc. - interesting, entertaining, incomprehensible ... Who would have thought that from this Hiroshima would be born ... The same was before with electricity. In the old physics courses, the presentation of electricity began like this: "Take amber, rub it - pieces of paper will stick to it"... Then came the presentation of electrostatics, Galvani's experiments, Ohm's and Kirchhoff's laws, the rule of left and right hand, etc. All this was bookish, theoretically, uninteresting and seemed completely cut off from life. But from this, electrical engineering and electronics were born, which permeate all modern life and which cannot be understood and developed without understanding all, seemingly, at first glance, ancient and non-life theories.

What has been said about politics can be formulated in a shorter way: to be a son of your age and a passionate patriot of your homeland, not shy away from urgent problems and know them, live in them, root for them, and understand well. Then you will have in your hands the key to understanding life and to the heart of the overwhelming majority of people, to their understanding of life, and people, in turn, will teach you a lot - that which you cannot read in any books, newspapers, magazines.

Vi. MANDATORY PARTICIPATION IN EVENTS

Suppose that you have mastered to a large extent an understanding of modern politics, are well versed in many issues, and are rooting for pressing problems. is that enough? - No, not enough. “Everyone imagines himself to be a strategist, seeing the battle from the outside,” said the great Georgian poet Rustaveli. "Thinks of himself as a strategist"... Anything "imagined" in today's life is unacceptable. Modern life is based on technology. The overwhelming majority of people - workers, technicians, engineers - live on technology. One worker who worked on a large Siberian construction site expressed a wonderful idea: “Modern technology does not like and does not forgive mistakes. Make a mistake once, and she will punish you three times "... How can you “think”? One should not “think”, but be.

Although in a very small area, but be, must be.

Real characters are forged only in the midst of current events. It is much more likely to meet interesting people where it is difficult, where it is dangerous, where the fate of the case is being decided. Meeting such people means learning a lot from them. Being a participant in events yourself means finding a common language with interesting people and learning even more. Not only to learn, but also to gain your own experience and improve your own character, which is also very important.

One may ask why Frederic Chopin, having lived almost all his life in France, wrote such magnificent music? The point is that one cannot equate writers, poets and people of art with people of practical life. In addition, the life of society goes on in periods. In some periods, knowledge and experience are accumulated, the most difficult issues are gradually being resolved - this is a hidden, invisible process. The moment of the greatest concentration of formulations, conclusions, opinions, theories comes. A writer, artist or poet, having a sensitive soul, hears and feels these formulations and conclusions and transfers them to canvas or paper and embodies them in the sounds of music. And in the 19th century there was, as it were, an explosion - a powerful galaxy of writers and poets appeared, which managed to transfer the ideas that had accumulated over one and a half to two centuries to paper and make understandable to many what was previously implicit, unknown.

Art, perhaps more than anything, is the fruit of collective creativity. Everything that is written on humanitarian topics is true only under certain conditions and at a certain time. Life is being built continuously and does not stop. The seventies of our century are far from the situation that was in the 19th century - there is still a latent process of searches, formulations, new truths, a new way of life and thinking. The leap comes later. Therefore, there are now fewer writers and poets than there were in the 19th century.

This article is not addressed to writers, but to practitioners who want to be educated people. They cannot wait until the new Herzen and Turgenevs appear, but must climb into all the cracks, be in the most difficult places, at work related to solving the most pressing problems, at the most pressing construction sites, participate in events - not an observer, but a direct participant and fear nothing. If there was a war of 1941-1945, then you had to be there. If the fate of the country was decided at the post-war construction sites in Siberia, it was necessary to be there too, etc.

Vii. THE BASIC METHOD OF CREATIVE WORK IS TO ACHIEVE THE UNITY OF MIND AND SENSE

Modern life poses complex, intractable problems of both social and personal nature. The same problems often arise at work, in practice. At the beginning of the article, we wrote that you can't leave the questions that worry you unresolved, you can't put them off, or, even worse, get used to living with unresolved issues and just do what everyone is doing - a reasonable thread is lost and life becomes uninteresting. Many questions can be solved by logical reasoning, however, as life, technology and science become more complex, there are fewer and fewer easy-to-solve questions.

How to be?

Once upon a time, the same question faced mathematicians - arithmetic problems became more and more difficult. It became impossible to solve them by logical reasoning. As a result, algebra was invented, which simplified the solution of complex problems many times over and solved many arithmetic problems that seemed unsolvable. Of course, art cannot be called the algebra of human thought, but art (music, painting, theater, etc.), its methods and techniques can greatly facilitate the solution of complex problems and many unsolvable problems can be solved. In human consciousness, there are, as it were, two systems - the logical system of the mind and the system of feelings, moods and intuition. Previously, it was believed that moods and feelings were not directly related to serious matters, or, moreover, it was believed that this was something harmful, a hindrance. "Give your heart will - will lead you into captivity" - this formula is false. In literature and art, the problem of the struggle with passions has been discussed for a long time: it was believed that there was some kind of established order of life, which should be guided, and that human feelings, moods, passions interfere, lead away - this is also not true. Even Gogol, however, takes a slightly different perspective, but nevertheless speaks about this problem ( "There are passions and passions"). The struggle between two principles in a person is a very old problem, dating back to the ancient concepts of Apollo and Dionysus.

In Russian literature of the 19th century and the beginning of ours, a lot of attention is paid to the problem of reason and feeling. “With my mind I understand that this is not good, but the feeling tells me something else ...”, or: "From the point of view of reason, everything seems to be good, but some latent feeling oppresses, which I cannot explain and determine what is the matter". “In my mind I understand that this person is good, but my heart says something else” and so on. So what's the matter? Should there be this duality all the time?

In practice, such issues are solved quite simply. There are volitional principles in a person or volitional people - a “volitional” decision is made, and any duality disappears. There are two arguments against this method of resolving the issue.

There is an excellent reasoning by G. Heine. He says that we usually respect strong-willed, consistent people and forgive them a lot. But, if you look at it properly, then these people often turn out to be "slaves of their obsolete thoughts." Another argument suggests itself - in modern life, and especially in technology, it is well known that "volitional" decisions in the overwhelming majority of cases are highly questionable. The "volitional" method is not good. Numerous examples in literature and life confirm this idea. It is impossible to solve the question posed in isolation from life and surroundings. Obviously, if there are significant contradictions in life, then there can be no inner harmony.

Why did the Decembrists go on a grandiose, difficult and almost hopeless struggle, on a colossal, almost one hundred percent risk, although it would seem that they personally had everything - beloved wives, - wonderful families, a wealthy life ...

But let us imagine that great changes have taken place in social life, many contradictions that tormented people of the century have been eliminated and people, of course, have not solved all the problems, but they felt that they are on the right path - what then? Will harmony of feelings and thoughts come by itself? Apparently not. Is there a technique that would provide this harmony? First of all, you need to turn to art. Art is an area of \u200b\u200bhuman activity in which no volitional decisions are possible. If voluntarism started in art, it would cease to be art. But art poses, leads to solutions and often solves questions of huge importance, does it simply, quickly, well and reliably. Contemporary art is a school of life. Gorky, Dostoevsky, Beethoven, Balzac, Tolstoy, Surikov ... Is there at least one question in life that they would not pose correctly, well, comprehensively covered and in many cases solved? Sometimes only a hint of a solution is given, but this is also extremely important ...

The fact is that long before he learned to think, knew how to feel, had moods, emotions, etc. Reason and thinking appeared much later and because of this are in many ways less perfect. Intuitively, you will solve any issue in one and a half to two seconds. In order to solve this issue by the method of logical thinking, it will take, perhaps, several hours, and, perhaps, months. The solution in the latter case will be exact, correct, in a huge number of cases absolutely correct, but very slow.

Modern life raises very complex questions that cannot be solved by any direct logical reasoning. Modern science is impossible without Euclid, but the times of Euclid have passed irrevocably. The iron logic of the proof of Euclid's geometric theorems, which to this day are studied by schoolchildren around the world, apparently corresponded well to the level or, rather, the volume of problems that were at that time. But try to solve some modern question with pure logic - you will come across a palisade of difficulties. There will be many times more unknowns than equations, or there will be hundreds of equations and unknowns. In a small number of cases where your problem can be encoded into mathematical form, modern programming and electronic machines will come to your aid, but the number of problems that can be put into mathematical form is a very small part of the problem. The overwhelming majority of modern problems are solved hundreds and thousands of times on electronic computers until the results begin to converge. Something similar happens in the human brain. Intuitively, you check and outline dozens of solutions - most of them are subconscious. If the variants of your random arbitrary decisions begin to approach the truth, you get one mood, if they diverge, another. It is difficult to describe this process, but it is easy to understand, knowing and studying real, great music, great art.

Carefully studying with examples of works of art how thousands of random, intuitive decisions begin to move towards some goal, meet obstacles on their way, sometimes overcome them with great difficulty, you feel some kind of community of doubts, difficulties, failures, charms and disappointments, which the author had, with the same feelings that you had when solving some difficult issue, during some complex and difficult struggle.

At the beginning of your activity, it often seems to you, when studying a question for a practical purpose, that “the further into the forest, the more firewood,” and that, as it were, both struggle and study are hopeless ... But you listen and study the real music, real art and you understand that you are at the beginning of the path, that just, as often happens, you underestimated the upcoming difficulties of the work, that the author, whose works you are reading, listening or watching, had the same doubts, the same cooling, such the same seeming hopelessness, but some vague, barely noticeable feelings became a guiding star for the author, he believed them and entered the captivatingly clear path of a correct, joyful solution to the issue ... You noticed the same vague vague feelings in your soul at the moment of struggle, doubts, searches, failures, disappointments and themselves did not attach any importance to them, passed by, not seeing how the author followed the right mood and feeling, and you follow your feeling and go out into the shining expanses of victory, decisions, achievements. This is the method of the unity of feeling and reason, the method widely used by art. This method is difficult to master, but necessary. For this you need to know and understand art well.

The strength of the described method lies in the fact that art much earlier than science and technology entered the field of complex issues that can only be solved by the method of uniting feelings and reason, by the method of intuitive assessment of a huge number of options, by choosing from them a strictly limited number of the most probable and logical development of only these few options.

Otherwise, such phenomena of thought, such as the feat of the engineer Belilyubsky, who personally designed almost all the bridges on the Trans-Siberian Railway, would not be explainable. It would be impossible to explain the phenomenon of Chekhov, who united the greatest thinker and writer.

Without mastering the method of unity of feeling and reason, it is impossible to carry out real creative work, it is impossible to independently resolve complex modern issues. Without the ability to independently solve complex issues, it is impossible to understand what is happening, it is impossible to cognize truly modern life, it is impossible to put things in order in your soul, to free your thought for comprehension and knowledge.

VIII. "FROM ANCIENT WONDERFUL STONES FOLD THE STEPS OF THE FUTURE" (N.K. RERICH)

We live with performances. The idea of \u200b\u200bmorality, the idea of \u200b\u200bhonor, duty. Ideas about responsibilities, about good and evil, about love, loyalty, about life rules, about laws, about the state, etc. Views help us navigate difficult issues, make the right decision, and save time. But 20-30 years pass and ideas change - sometimes a lot, sometimes a little.

It is important to be armed with modern ideas. Ideas almost always lag behind life, and even more so, the faster life changes. The more active and active the epoch, the faster, the more dangerous it is to use outdated ideas. There can be a lot of confusion about the subjects you study and the things you do. How do you get the right ideas? Where to get them? Much has already been said: interesting work, penetration into the thickness of events, active participation in them - this is necessary, but not enough. There is a lot to know, and to know from life, from primary sources. You need to have a solid "basis of measurement" both in time and space, you need to know what other peoples think (and thought) on the issue that interests you in other times, what your people thought about this issue several centuries ago. Then the temporary conjunctural, random strata will disappear and the correct ideas will appear. The situation is facilitated by the fact that history repeats itself to some extent, develops in a spiral manner, and you can always find that turn of the spiral, the study of which (or at least acquaintance with some facts of life and works of art that are characteristic of this turn) will be fruitful. It may seem that such a study is available only to specialists, but this is not so.

Anyone who possesses genuine knowledge of art, the laws of its development, its history, for this purpose, the most complex and great truths become accessible and understandable, he will learn from ancient sources a lot of fresh, relevant, essential today and will be able to transfer from neighboring, seemingly distant areas in their area that will allow you to create new ideas, as the great Russian artist N.K. Roerich said: "From ancient wonderful stones, fold the steps of the future".

How true these words are, we are convinced by the example of early and modern constructivism. Constructivism of the 1920s and 1930s was feeble, pale, and ultimately failed. Only a very few outstanding, perhaps, genius personalities succeeded, following the path of early constructivism, to achieve good results. This is, first of all, Mayakovsky himself. The formula for early constructivism: "We will drive the nag of history ..." (V. Mayakovsky) and "I will write a tragedy such that Shakespeare's tragedy looks like a farce or a pitiful vaudeville" (he is). Now the absurdity of these formulas is obvious.

In 1930 in Moscow, in the Museum. A.S. Pushkin (then it was called the Museum of Fine Arts), an exhibition of ancient masters of art was organized, the "Madonna Lita" of the Leonardo school were brought from Leningrad, the magnificent canvases of Van Dyck, Titian and Rubens - everyone gasped and realized that to create works, before which Shakespeare's tragedies will look "like a farce or a pitiful vaudeville" is impossible, unnecessary, and most importantly - clearly meaningless. The supporters of early constructivism were very upset by the success of the exhibition and clearly felt that the people were not following them. Years passed, and a new constructivism appeared, this time in art. Outwardly, it is similar to the old constructivism, but its content follows Roerich's formula. Just like early constructivism, modern constructivism asserts that art must change form in accordance with the change in the form of things that daily surround a person.

But if in the early 30s, relying on the formula "we will drive the nag of history", recklessly destroyed monuments of ancient architecture, now they are being restored. Our interest is great, and the Androniev Monastery, Kizham, Suzdal, in the creations of Andrei Rublev and Rostov Yaroslavsky with his bell ringing, in the ancient wooden architecture of the North. Our understanding of these monuments has changed.

What do you need to know from previous eras? First of all, its history and its ancient art. Recently it has been well popularized, many good and understandable monographs have appeared, a number of good films. We need to familiarize ourselves with these materials, understand them and comprehend. It is even better, after studying the literary sources, to travel to places where ancient monuments have been preserved.

The study of our own history always amazes with the enormity of the tasks that have faced our country for many hundreds of years, amazes with the skill, talent and genius of the people, who brilliantly emerged victorious from the most difficult situations, often created by their own great aspirations.

Let's look at the construction of the Moscow Kremlin, moving along the opposite bank of the river from the Kamenny Bridge to Moskvoretsky. You will immediately recall the wonderful words Mendeleev said about science and are practically close to art: "How freely, freely and joyfully one lives in science." The towers seem to be turning all the time - so as to be more beautiful and more pleasant for the human eye. The impression of spaciousness is enhanced by the different scale of the towers of St.Basil the Blessed, perfectly inscribed in the architecture of the Kremlin walls. Different epochs, different styles, but how everything is fused into a single, stunningly integral ensemble, how obvious is the idea of \u200b\u200ba triumphant, free mind. How pleasant it is to indulge in meditation in front of the magnificent buildings of the Kremlin - it seems that many people, wise by experience, with radiantly clear thoughts, free judgments and opinions, understand and support you, encourage you!

The Moscow Kremlin is a reflection of an interesting and unique Russian culture: it has absorbed both the East and the West and most of all has created a uniquely beautiful of its own. Workshop work, first class - no seams visible. Indeed, according to the mark of the battlements, the wall was built by the Italians, and the tents over the towers, many years later, by the Russians, in the Russian style! Who can guess this without knowing the documents? One of the Kremlin towers - Borovitskaya - is the sister of the eastern tower - the Syuyumbike tower in Kazan - where is the joint, where are the contradictions? They are not visible - again the iron solidity of the ensemble.

The central building, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, was built by an Italian, and the outer buildings, the Godunovskaya Tower and the Filaretovskaya annex, were built by the Russians. Again the joints are not visible, again the steel logic of unity.

The fantastic, fabulous firebird - the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed - perfectly harmonizes with the Gothic of the Spasskaya Tower and with all the unique structures of the Kremlin! - this is Russian culture. A wonderful fusion of the great cultures of the world and, like any fusion, possesses new, previously unknown qualities ... Of course, it is difficult to understand the great music of the Kremlin at once. There is a lot to see, to read, to think over.

The East had a huge influence on Russian culture. No one knows the East as well as our country. There are many reasons. First, we live together with the eastern peoples within the state borders - we directly draw on their experience, culture, and wisdom. We are also historically connected with the East. The best minds of Russia were drawn to the East: Griboyedov, Lermontov, Pushkin, Tolstoy, Przhevalsky, Kozlov. What attracted them there? - awareness of the great importance of understanding Eastern culture for Russia. Music by Borodin, Mussorgsky, Rubinstein, Rimsky-Korsakov, Glinka. Where, what people of the world have so clearly, clearly and magnificently revealed the East? During the Soviet period in the history of our homeland, this tendency intensified even more. The East was understood even better and approached the millions. The works of the outstanding Soviet scientists S.F. Oldenburg and Bertels gave a colossal amount. The peoples of the Soviet East themselves, after the revolution, took grandiose steps and helped to truly understand and appreciate the East. Not surprising. After all, the great sages of the world lived on the territory of the Soviet East: there lived the great Mohamed-Al-Khorezmi - the true inventor of algebra, the first person who, 800 years ago, correctly understood that in the joke of Archimedes lies a tremendous power of explosion - the power of the revolution of science.

Saadi from Shiraz, Nizami, Alisher Navoi, Ferdowsi - who knew them before the revolution? - only narrow specialists. Now the classics of the East are published in our mass circulation. "Gulistan", "Parrot's Tales", "Ramayana", "Shah Nam" are now available to millions.

What is the value of Eastern culture for us? The East much earlier embarked on the path of creating powerful centralized states, knows what problems centralization poses, knows how they are solved, knows what a huge impact on private life state problems can have. Whatever the parable of the great Saadi, it is a wonderful advice for a modern person. The advice is wise, calm, detailed, imbued with wonderful humane ideas. Everything is here: advice to a person with extensive experience, advice to a young man on how to properly behave with people ... "Pearls of useful admonitions are strung on a thread of graceful reasoning, and the bitter medicine of advice is mixed with the honey of wit" (Saadi).

Secondly, (we have already spoken about this), the culture of the East is organically included in Russian culture and it is difficult to understand it without understanding the East. It is impossible for an educated person not to know the culture of his country. Someone these days has expressed the correct thought: “The power of projects is not that they are composed, but that they are continuously improved” - the same can be said about ideas and ideas.

Knowledge of the culture of your people, understanding how the main ideas are constantly changing and continuously improving, gives tremendous power to orientate in all matters, saves a lot of time, eliminates the need to solve an unbearable and unnecessary task to invent again and again and, again, helps to create new ones. , consonant with the era of performance.

The acquaintance of the remarkable Russian artist Polenov with the East had interesting consequences. The finest connoisseur and poet of Russian nature set off on a long and serious journey to the East. There he saw a different nature, different people, different colors. Returning to Russia, to the Oka, he saw in Russian nature what he had not seen before: the subtlest, invisible nuances of natural colors. After he saw these colors on a large scale, brighter in the East, they began to play, made themselves felt, new, wonderful, previously inaccessible to the "naked eye" colors of Russian nature were revealed.

IX. "Nothing human is alien to me"

In the previous sections, many issues were raised - ideas, knowledge, active participation in events, knowledge of art, history. However, this is not enough for an educated person.

We must love life in all its manifestations. Otherwise, both ideas and work on oneself will be one-sided. Everything can disappear under the pressure of life circumstances. Love, happiness, life, joy, passion, struggle, charm, disappointment, grains of experience, found by ourselves, comprehension - failure, anxiety - all this is inherent in a person and you cannot refuse it. The time of asceticism and self-denial is over! Modern culture, if only to know it to a minimum and be able to use it, makes it possible to do without these extremely difficult means for a person. You don't have to try to squeeze yourself into some pre-conceived scheme, you don't have to be the slaves of your obsolete thoughts. "Blessed is he who was young from a young age." It is natural for a person to love - love. It is natural for a person to be happy - be happy. Not to contradict life, but to know it, understand and love. Seemingly obvious positions, but how can they be practically achieved? Why love? - because work, except for the most elementary, goes well when you love it, and life is not elementary.

We are far from the statement of one of Balzac's heroes: "Life is a craft, it needs to be learned", but you need to know and observe something. "An educated person does not eat from a kerosene stove, does not breathe bad air, does not make misfortune because of a lost rubber band." (A.P. Chekhov). First of all, you must definitely organize your life well. The improvement of life must begin with work. Recently, a worker, speaking at a large meeting at a Siberian construction site, said: "First of all, work, and then earnings"... Perhaps this is literally not entirely accurate, but the meaning is deep and correct.

Choosing a job you like is not easy - too many factors affect the successful solution of this issue. There are natural inclinations, and the objective situation, and the rapid growth of the economy, when the traditional transfer of a specialty from father to son is not always possible, here are family circumstances, often the lack of experience at the moment when it is most needed, not always a clear prospect. Confusion of opinion, unfortunately, persists in our lives. But the more complicated the question, the more attention, effort, effort and talent must be applied to its solution. The experience of leading people and leading teams shows that this is quite possible. Earnings, material conditions are a very important side of life, and it is ridiculous to ignore this side. It is impossible, of course, to reduce everything to material conditions, since any one-sidedness is ugly (the saying “A one-sided specialist is like a gumboil” is well known). There are tremendous opportunities in our country. Do not just cling to familiar places. There is no need to be afraid to leave - Angara, Yenisei, Lena, Amur, Vitim, Vilyui, Khantayka, Amguema - you cannot list everything. And to leave not just for a long ruble, but for knowledge of life, to leave in order to be in the thick of things himself. Working on large Siberian construction sites in the North is not only a solution to material issues, it is a huge life and production experience. No mess in personal life is intolerable (remember the above wonderful words of Rene Descartes "Order frees thought"). How can a person become educated if his thought is constrained, not free? But the absence of happiness and love is equally intolerable. You can achieve them, but you cannot run away from them, all the more you cannot push back their decisions. It is appropriate to recall the statement of Suvorov: "The enemy is driven back - failure, surrounded, destroyed - good luck"... An enemy for any person, but for an educated person it is threefold - disorder and disorder in personal life, lack of happiness, lack of love. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to think about this. Love, happiness is not the topic of this article, but I would like to note two points.

First. Nothing happens by itself, not even love. Nature has endowed man with everything - the ability to sing and dance, paint, love and many others. But by nature, everything is given in very small quantities. Then everything depends on the person. It's the same with love. It is possible at first sight. Maybe this is even the best love, but further it must be supported, cherished, taken care of like a living plant, otherwise it will wither, decay, or, conversely, with good care, it will bloom.

Second. A comprehensively developed person, an educated person, living according to the principle formulated in the great words of Marx - "Nothing human is alien to me"both happiness and true love are more accessible.

In conclusion, I would like to say that the article does not pretend to be complete coverage of the issue. An educated person needs to know much more. The article is just a few tips that seem essential to the author. True, there is a good Indian saying - "The easiest thing is to give advice, the hardest thing is to follow it"... However, the tips are helpful. Maybe this article will be useful too.

Joseph Sergeevich Zavalishin

NOTES

In whatever area you are: in the political, industrial or life (Approx. IS Zavalishin).

Once I asked I.S. Zavalishin: what are the best routes to explore your country. He said it would be best to start with the Kremlin. Then - the boulevard ring. Then "Golden Ring", ancient Russian cities. Further, if there is an opportunity, the Urals, Siberian rivers ... "We must give up everything," said I. Zavalishin, "and travel along the Volga, along the Angara, to Baikal, Yenisei ..." Then it was difficult to implement. Now there are a lot of travel agencies, but they would rather send you to the Canary Islands.

Such was I.S. Zavalishin himself. Obviously, such people never make personal enrichment their main goal. The wisdom of the new Russian bourgeoisie, on the contrary, calls for "not to be idiots", which "everyone drives" and to ride on your own. Is this ideology going to win? Will my growing children and grandchildren be sucked in by this quagmire of vulgarity too? Once I gave a hint to Zavalishin about my career. He sat me down in front of him and said: “You must once and for all decide for yourself what you want: a career or meaningful big things. If - career, then I can not teach you anything. Go learn from someone else. "

It seems to me that these wishes have acquired a new meaning today. With the change in the socio-economic situation in the country, in particular, in the national economy, there are no large construction projects on the periphery of Russia, cities are not being reconstructed and not developed, new ones are not being built - this is not even discussed. As a result, a number of problems arose. The sharp concentration of construction in the Center, or rather, in Moscow, leads to its total development, which is not safe for the historical center. Many leading design institutes that worked for the country are idle, and design is scattered among small firms. Unemployed specialists appeared. And this is not a complete list of problems in this area. (N.I.Zavalishin)

DOWNLOAD: I.S. ZAVALISHIN. A LIFE. IDEAS. PROJECTS (,)

Compilation, editing, comments E.A. Belyakov, N.I. Zavyalova, 2017.

Authors submit this book to the public domain. We remind you that works that have passed into the public domain can be freely used by any person without payment of royalties. In this case, non-property copyrights must be respected: the right of authorship, the right to a name and the right to protect the author's reputation.

How many wars has humanity survived? How to measure beauty? What do laughter and a grimace of displeasure have in common?

You will find hundreds of clear explanations of a wide variety of things in this book. Its author is Professor of the Department of Psychophysiology at N.N. N.I. Lobachevsky, leading researcher at the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Antonets.

From the book:

Could the sound of a name influence how you are perceived?

Russian philologist Vladimir Zhuravlev found out that the messages contained in the sound of the words of the modern Russian language can be assessed using 25 emotional antonymic comparisons: "good - bad", "joyful - sad", "safe - scary", "simple - difficult" and others.

After conducting research with a large number of people, Zhuravlev was able to establish what subconscious assessment on what scale each sound has.

Now on the Internet it is easy to find a clue what impression your name leaves. For example, Nikolai is handsome and safe, Kolya is good, and Kolian is good, kind and handsome. An analysis of the poems and illustrations to them showed that poets intuitively observe phonosemantic rules and that there are also sound-color correlations that are also observed in the language.

Beauty squared

Most people think that mathematics is too abstract and far from real life science. It was not so!

Have you heard about the mathematical theory that helps to simplify the search for a life partner?Can you guess how exponential growth is connected with catastrophes threatening humanity? Do you realize that the numbers in the company logo influence your purchases? In the book by mathematician and philosopher Alex Bellos, you will learn about this and more. Read in one breath!

From the book:

A warning to humanity

Physics professor Albert Bartlett has been giving his famous lecture "Arithmetic, Population and Energy" since 1969. Each time, he begins it by declaring in an unfortunate tone: "The greatest flaw of the human race is its inability to understand the essence of exponential growth."

Exponential growth takes place if some value is constantly increasing in proportion to its value, for example, by doubling: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 ...

Imagine a bottle of bacteria that doubles every minute. At 11:00 there is one bacteria in the bottle, and by 12:00 the bottle will be completely filled with bacteria. "If you were a normal bacterium living in this bottle," Bartlett asks, "at what point in time would you realize that there was no space left?" Amazingly, at 11:55 am the bottle seems almost empty: it is only 3 percent full.

Bartlett's bottle is a warning to the inhabitants of Earth. If the planet's population grows exponentially, there will be no free space on it much faster than it seems.

Game theory

Do you want to delight others with your perspicacity? Learn to think strategically and emerge victorious from any situation? This book was written especially for you.

From the book:

Less is better

You may find it always helpful to have more options. But if you think strategically, reducing the number of possible options can be more beneficial.

Thomas Schelling writes in his book about how the Athenian general Xenophon fought with his back to a deep ravine. He deliberately chose such a position so that his soldiers would not have the opportunity to retreat. In that battle, their backs were numb, but they won.

Likewise, Cortez sank his ships after arriving in Mexico. The Aztecs could retreat deep into their territory, and the soldiers of Cortez had no opportunity to escape or retreat. By making defeat even more disastrous than it would have been, Cortez increased his chances of winning - and won.

Psychology

Psychology is one of the most interesting sciences about man, and now it has become available to everyone. To better understand yourself and other people, you do not need to read scholarly works written in complex language.

This book explains the theory in such a simple and exciting way that you will be able to advise your friends in a couple of days. Paul Kleinman will help you understand the key ideas of psychology, the concepts of Freud, Fromm, Rorschach and other researchers.

From the book:

Social phobia

Social phobia is one of the most common types of anxiety disorder; nearly 13 percent of the world's population has symptoms at some point in time.

A person with social phobia is constantly worried about how others perceive him. Such people experience an irrational fear that someone treats them badly or negatively evaluates them, and also that they appear in front of others not in their best form.

Social phobia should not be confused with excessive shyness, since the former is accompanied by persistent and very serious symptoms of an emotional and physical nature: tremors, increased sweating, heart palpitations, severe nervousness in situations of communication with strangers, fear of being underestimated, anxiety due to the possibility of being humiliated , excessive excitement due to the fact that others will notice the patient's anxiety, fear of pre-planned events, and so on.

Naked statistics

Our world is generating huge amounts of data faster and faster. However, as The New York Times rightly pointed out, "data is just the raw material of knowledge." Statistics are the most powerful tools at our disposal for the practical use of information.

In this book Charles Whelan provides answers to many interesting questions: how to count the number of homeless people in a metropolis, why casinos are always in the black, how globalization affects poor people and others.

From the book:

Forecast Police

In the 2002 film Minority Report, Tom Cruise plays a crime prevention detective. His hero is an employee of a certain bureau that uses a certain technology to predict crimes even before they are committed. And this is no longer a fantasy.

In 2011, The New York Times published an article under the headline: "Police arrive at the scene before the crime is committed." It said that a special computer program predicted a high probability of theft from cars that day in an underground parking located in the business district of Santa Cruz.

When the detectives arrived there, they found two women gazing too closely into the car windows. One of them has already been repeatedly detained for theft, while the other was found to have illegal drugs.

The system used at Santa Cruz was developed by two mathematicians, an anthropologist and a forensic scientist. The Chicago Police Department has created an entire division of forecaster analysts. Part of its formation was due to the fact that the gangs who terrorized the city acted according to certain patterns.

Interstellar... Science behind the scenes

Before filming Interstellar, consulting scientist Kip Thorne offered the director two simple rules. First, nothing in the motion picture should contradict the generally accepted laws of physics or reliable knowledge about the world. Second: all conjectures must be scientifically supported.

If you still have questions after viewing, then Kip Thorne's book on the curvature of space and time, black holes, gravity and other mysteries of the Universe will help you to answer them.

From the book:

Time warp

The main character of the filmInterstellar Cooper worries that he will no longer see his daughter Murph, because, being near Gargantua, he only ages by a few hours, while on Earth years pass. How can this be explained?

Back in 1912, Einstein realized that massive bodies can warp time, and this warp is the cause of gravity. The more time dilation, the stronger the gravitational attraction. And at the surface of a black hole, where time hardly moves, gravity is so enormous that even light cannot overcome it.

The theory was confirmed when Robert Wessot of Harvard, using a NASA rocket, lifted the atomic clock 10,000 kilometers and, using radio signals, compared its course with the clock that remained on Earth. It turned out that time on Earth flows about 30 microseconds per day more slowly than at an altitude of 10,000 kilometers.

Economy of everything

Dean of the Faculty of Economics at Moscow State University explains how the economy affects various social processes.

By reading this book, you will learn more about the structure of the state and you will understand why we are faced with certain forces of social friction, for what reasons perfection is unattainable, what is social capital, the problem of the freeloader, as well as the British disease and red sclerosis, what dilemma the elites in Russia face, and much more.

From the book:

Do we need a state?

Not only in the Russian, but also in the world public consciousness, there were many myths associated with the state. And at some point, these myths were tested. For example, all the great British economists gave the same example: if not for the government, who would have built lighthouses in England? But the nation needs lighthouses - what would England be without shipping?

Economist Ronald Coase went to the British Admiralty archives and looked at who actually built the lighthouses. It turned out that not a single lighthouse in England was built by the government. Whoever built them - captains guilds, local communities, shipowners' corporations, but not the government.

Then Friedrich von Hayek checked how things are with monetary systems. It turned out that different states at different times created their own treasury systems of banknotes, but they all died. The banknotes that we use now are the so-called banknotes, that is, systems of private receipts between banks. They began to look at the police, fire brigade, the army, and again ambiguous answers.

The conclusion that can be drawn from all this is this: if the state is needed, then it is not at all for what it was thought for before. The state has substitutes everywhere.

P.S. Liked? Subscribe to our usefulnewsletter... We send you a selection of the best blog articles every two weeks.

It is pleasant to communicate with an interesting interlocutor. Such interaction can be called useful: there is always a chance to learn something new, spiritually enrich and raise your intellectual level. Many people are concerned about the question: how to become an erudite person? Most of us want to impress those around us. It is known that in society they love people from whom positive energy emanates.

They seem to attract attention to themselves. Bright charisma always disposes to itself, helps others to feel happier and more self-sufficient. It's just nice to look at such a person, I want to take a positive example from him. How to become an erudite person? Let's try to understand this difficult issue.

Circle of friends

This is the first place to start. Most people are unaware of how impoverished their lives are by giving up the prospect of interacting with really interesting people. If such an opportunity turns up by itself, then you must definitely take advantage of it. Then you will not be bothered by the thought of how to become an erudite and intellectually developed person. Sometimes it is just enough to change the social circle for many components in life to begin to improve. There is nothing sadder than a situation when an individual is not in his place, revolves among those who in no way contribute to his development for the better. Social circle is our everything.

Reading literature

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of erudition and education. It's just that the presence of any diploma in itself does not mean that a person has achieved perfection in some area. A high degree of development is achieved only through persistent work on oneself. You need to strive to constantly learn something new. Thinking about how to become more erudite, you can not neglect reading books. The world of literature is so large and unique that it is really capable of enriching you from the inside, creating weighty prerequisites for a qualitative intellectual leap.

It becomes more pleasant for people to interact with those who have something to say. Reading books helps to develop spiritually, to follow your own inner desires. Indeed, the works often describe situations that could happen to us in reality. Reflecting on how to become erudite, one cannot fail to note the indisputable fact that books should definitely be of different genres. You shouldn't read the same thing. This will turn you into an amateur rather than a well-rounded personality.

Purpose in life

An incredibly significant component that cannot be dispensed with. Everyone should have a purpose in life. Without it, it is impossible to move forward, to understand what your main task is. There are people who diligently avoid asking themselves such questions. However, it is worth noting that their life cannot be called exciting and interesting. To make amazing discoveries, you need to be able to constantly move towards the desired result.

If you really think about how to become erudite, you need to designate the desired direction for yourself and follow your own path. Do not be afraid of obstacles on the way. They are not as scary as they might seem at first glance. Any obstacle teaches us something, helps us fight our own laziness and limitations.

Having a dream

This is something that many people forget when it comes to their own happiness. The dream gives wings, allows you to soar above the limiting circumstances. It is then that the feeling of flying comes in, the feeling that your possibilities are really endless. Having a dream enriches us from the inside, allows us to realize the value of life itself. It is at such moments that a person begins to reveal his best qualities of character and does not miss the opportunities that open before them. Everyone should have their own dream.

Self-development

A person must definitely strive to improve his abilities. No one should stop developing just because they do not know how to achieve a satisfactory result. Self-development is a significant thing in life. If we do not take care of ourselves, do not make efforts in order to achieve something significant, then we can hardly count on success.

A person cannot fully develop if he does not know what his soul is for. In some cases, you will need to spend the best years of your life in order to understand what the purpose and meaning of your life is.

Rejection of perfectionism

Some people sin by starting to strive to always be the first in everything. Others want to do everything perfectly. It is impossible by definition. How to become erudite if you constantly want to prove something to someone? To begin with, you should give up the idea of \u200b\u200bdoing everything right. Mistakes happen to everyone, there is nothing to worry about. Sometimes even mistakes are necessary in order to be able to grow above your problems, to try to solve them with all your might. Only after going through special tests, you can understand what you really stand, in which direction you should direct your efforts. It is known that perfectionists are the most unhappy people in the world. Refusal from this position will allow you to achieve a lot, to free yourself from internal torment.

Hobbies

A person who is interesting to himself inevitably attracts the people around him. He radiates positive energy around him, looks happy and self-sufficient. With a specific hobby, we really become more independent and self-sufficient. There is even a desire to share this with the people around, to benefit them.

In addition, the more an individual is passionate about something, the less he climbs into the lives of others. It is in this case that there are more opportunities to implement the work begun to the end.When we devote our strength to some occupation, we inevitably become happier. One gets the impression that the long-awaited wings are growing behind our backs, any prospects open before us.

Travels

Nothing gives such a flow of inspiration as the opportunity to see the world around you. The more a person directs efforts to travel, the more new about himself, about the world around him he can learn. If you, too, are thinking about how to become erudite and intellectually significant, then you need to start expanding your own horizons. Traveling incredibly enriches our inner world, contributes to the surge of strength, the release of creative energy. A person begins to believe in the opportunities that have appeared, wants to do something important, constantly develops.

Thus, if an individual is seriously concerned about how to become erudite and intellectually developed, he must definitely find time to take care of his own life. Without this, it is impossible to achieve significant results, to be successful in many undertakings. Erudition helps out not only in communication, it also helps to significantly raise self-esteem. Each person needs to engage in their own development, to devote enough time and attention to existing abilities. This is the only way to fully move forward, to feel the joy of life and the meaningfulness of each perfect choice.

Good afternoon, dear readers. Today I would like to talk with you about how to become a literate, erudite and intellectually developed person. Today, success is not enough just to be lucky or talented at one thing. General erudition and versatility are increasingly appreciated. Having taken just a few correct steps, you can shine not only in the company of acquaintances and friends, but also amaze everyone else.

Be open to everything new

The first and most important thing is not to close. Many people have been building their value system for many years, developing a certain line of behavior, filling themselves with some knowledge. But the main problem is stiffness. If you are faithful to only one certain knowledge, you will not be able to broaden your horizons. It is very important to be able to see and hear new things.

Do not rush

Remember that results will not appear quickly. Do everything with pleasure and pleasure. And for this it is necessary to get rid of haste. Don't expect results right now. Many modern people suffer precisely because of this expectation. A person wants to get everything at once. Relax.

Do everything slowly and slowly. Be aware of your every action. Otherwise, you may be missing a lot of critical details. You shouldn't do education just for the sake of education. Fill yourself like a decanter. Study everything with interest, sincere and genuine.

The more you delve into the details, the better you will understand the essence of what is happening. I think we all perfectly understand the difference between speed reading and enjoying our favorite book. So it is with any knowledge. Just stuffing a bunch of facts into yourself would be absolute nonsense.

Make sure to take some time for yourself alone. No book, no computer or phone. Just you and silence. It is at such moments that a person can think calmly. But this is precisely the key to success. Do not just fill yourself with all kinds of knowledge, but taste it, doubt, subject various statements to criticism.

What to focus on

What skills can help you achieve your goal? I think everyone will agree with me that it will be extremely useful to develop your eloquence. There is no urgent need for this, but it is very useful to be able to speak beautifully and correctly. Thanks to modern technology, you don't even need to leave your home for this.

Today, there are a myriad of apps for phones and tablets that can give you direction to develop your speaking skills. If this is not enough for you, then you can always enroll in courses with a live teacher.

Another thing that will undoubtedly be useful is logic. Buy or download yourself a logic textbook, solve problems, build logical chains, learn to select logical reasons for your thoughts. It is very important to be able to see the whole picture.

Studying psychology and sociology will help you understand people. Don't be afraid to start small. You should not pounce on the whole psychology at once. Start by examining yourself. Learn more about your character, take several psychological tests, for example, cattell test... And gradually delve into those areas of science that are most interesting to you.

In addition, in understanding what is happening, and are very helpful. Collect images of people through literature and cinema. Study the situations that happen to the main characters. Question their choice and fantasize about what you would do.

Exact sciences help to put everything in its place. Mathematics, physics, chemistry will be useful to you in life, do not hesitate. An acquaintance of mine practically saved the whole company when we went camping. One of the comrades lingered, and he had all the supplies for the fire. We began to freeze, but there were no lighters or matches at hand. Then the young man took out the batteries from the camera and asked for chewing gum. Thanks to these very batteries and foil, we were able to warm up by the fire. Do not neglect such knowledge.

I hope my article has brought you a lot of new ideas and thoughts, thanks to which you can achieve what you want. Share the link to the article with your friends if you want them to think about their lives too.

Read on. You are primarily interested in reading. Maybe you are not a fan of reading big novels - they seem too big to you, too heavy. Why not try reading magazines or comic novels first? Or choose a book with stories - read a little and also learn a little bit. But the most important thing you can do is devote time to reading, at least a little, but every day.

Move on to more difficult tasks. After a month or two of reading individual passages, try to move on to bigger challenges. For example, choose modern classics like Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (the title may be slightly different depending on the translation), or choose one of Lemony Snicket's books. They are designed not only for children - these books are read and loved by millions of people. If you have tried reading, but you still find it difficult to get used to such large volumes of books, try reading "Readers Digest" - it offers abbreviated versions of regular books, as well as recent articles from various magazines.

Find a book club. Once you start reading, you will want to discuss what you have read. Many people sign up or start a book club. It's easy - call your brother or sister and a couple of friends. Meet with them for a cup of coffee and there agree on which book you will all read. Meet again in a month and hopefully everyone has time to read the book so you can discuss it. Talk about the topics that you discovered with this book, share with your friends the feelings it made you feel, or the funny moments that you remember. In addition, the book club will help you not to abandon reading - you know that you will be discussing the book in a couple of days, so you have a goal - you must read it to the end.

Set personal goals for your reading. Many very well-read people are engaged in the so-called "parallel reading" - they read several books at the same time. Maybe you will have one book lying by the bed, which you will read a little before bed. Maybe you will have a book in the bathroom, which you will also periodically read, or another one in the study, etc. Even if you don't want such a mess, you can still set goals for yourself, such as "I want to read classics next year" or "This year I will read all of Shakespeare's comedies, and next year I will probably read tragedies." Even if you do not fully achieve your goal, you will still have time to read something from the list. Try to set yourself a timeline for your reading goals.

Choose well-known books. If you enjoy reading unusual things, great. But if you want to become a well-read person in the conventional sense, you should choose books that others have heard of. Ask the librarian to help you. There are two advantages to reading famous books: first, you will understand common book references from other people, and second, you will become more educated in a way that you never even thought about. For example, many have heard of To Kill a Mockingbird. At a party, one of your acquaintances expressed dissatisfaction with racial intolerance. While none of your friends are racist (hopefully), this acquaintance is the only one who has publicly expressed his opinion. Tell him, "You are the new Atticus Finch," giving that person a great compliment while also showing that you are an educated person.

Enjoy reading. Perhaps you are more into science fiction than classic literature - there is no shame in that. Or maybe you like romantic stories better. You can find this in the literature. Or maybe you will find that you like English poetry, but you are not into American poetry. So what. Everything you read makes you a well-read person. You get to know new words and ideas from people from all over the world and from different eras. Whatever you want to read, believe me, there is a lot of material for you. You are not a Shakespeare fan, but you know all the laws of Asimov's robotics - you are still a well-read person and you will have more pleasure reading what you like.