Ferguson, Adam - biography. Ferguson, Adam - biography On the development and limits of despotism

Ferguson Adam

(Ferguson, 1723-1816) - Scottish historian and moral philosopher. In 1745-54. served as a preacher for the Scottish troops, and in one dangerous skirmish he showed great personal courage; in 1759 he took the chair of physics, and from 1764 to 1785 he was professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh; later traveled to Italy to complete his work on the Roman Republic. He became famous for his "Essay on the history of civil society" (Lond., 1767). His other works: “Institutes of moral philosophy” (Lond., 1769), “Observations on civil and political liberty” (Lond., 1776), “History of the progress of the Roman republic” (1805), “Principles of moral and political science" (Edinburgh, 1769), "Essays on the intellectual powers, moral sentiment, happiness and nation. felicity" (P., 1805). F.'s works on moral philosophy, due to the clarity and accessibility of the presentation, enjoyed great popularity among his contemporaries and were translated into many foreign languages, among other things, into Russian (A. Ferguson, “Instructions on Moral Philosophy,” translated from English by V. Sazonovich, St. Petersburg, 1804; the same work was published in the same year in another translation, made by Bryantsev from a German translation, under the title “Initial Foundations of Moral Philosophy”). In his ethical worldview, F., being the predecessor of Dugald Stewart in the department of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, adheres to the Scottish school, mainly to Hutcheson and A. Smith. Together with Hobbes and Hume, he assigns a place in his ethical system to egoism (self-interest) as the law of self-preservation, but at the same time, considering man as a primarily social being, he joins Hutcheson and Smith in the role he assigns to benevolence and sympathy. The principle of moral self-esteem, already outlined by A. Smith, F. emphasizes with complete certainty and, as the basis for it, points to the desire for perfection. In his political views, F. is aligned with Montesquieu and is a supporter of legal order and freedom. See Small, "Memoir of Adam Ferguson" (L., 1864).

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

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Adam Ferguson Adam Ferguson D ... Wikipedia

FERGUSON ADAM- (Ferguson, Adam) (1723 1816) the most famous philosopher of the Scottish Enlightenment and a real practitioner in sociology even before Auguste Comte introduced the term sociology. Ferguson, whose work influenced, among others, Marx himself, especially... ... Large explanatory sociological dictionary

Adam Ferguson. Adam Ferguson (English Adam Ferguson, June 20, 1723 in Perthshire, Scotland February 22, 1816) philosopher and historian, professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. Adam Smith's teacher ... Wikipedia

- (English Ferguson) Scottish surname. Contents 1 Last name 2 Geographical names 3 ... Wikipedia

- (Ferguson), Adam (June 20, 1723 – February 22, 1816) – Scottish. philosopher, historian and politician. thinker. In 1754 he refused the rank of Presbyterian priest. Prof. Moral Philosophy of the University of Edinburgh (1759–85). Pupil and one of the lit. heirs... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

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The surnames Adam, Adams, Adamson came from various people named "Adam" and were quite popular throughout the UK. Therefore, Scottish ancestry cannot be accepted without taking into account geographical or ... Wikipedia

The request "Civilization" is redirected here; see also other meanings. Civilizations ... Wikipedia

Premier League Details of the championship Time August 14, 2010 May 22, 2011 Number of participants 20 Cities 13 Stadiums 20 Prizes ... Wikipedia

Books

• When Money Dies by Adam Ferguson. 320 pp. In 1923, in Germany, when money had completely depreciated (the exchange rate as of December of that year was 4,200,000,000,000 German marks per US dollar), the Weimar...
• When money dies. The Nightmare of Hyperinflation by Adam Ferguson. The book describes the hyperinflation of 1923 in Germany. It explains in detail why governments resort to it, what physical and moral disasters it brings to citizens, how...

Date of death: A country:

Scotland Scotland

Direction: Influenced: Influenced by:

Experiments in the history of civil society

His main work " Essay on the history of the civil society Ferguson published in 1766. From the point of view of literary form, it suffered from verbosity, some trivial lengths and great ponderousness. But amid the heavy exposition, some strong and fruitful ideas stood out. Ferguson is one of the founders of positivist and sociological attempts at an empirical and at the same time constructive understanding of the development that forms of human society undergo from a primitive stage to a higher culture under the influence of general laws. He tried to do this, following not only the impulses emanating from Montesquieu, but also moving in the footsteps of Hume, for Ferguson emphasized the importance of instinct in the emergence of society. He then, heavily influenced by Lafitau's method, compared this material with Tacitus's reports of the ancient Germans and with ancient accounts of early Rome and Sparta. He demonstrated a special understanding of the changing forms of society as a result of growing social differentiation.

Along with positivist tendencies, Ferguson expressed significant ideas that led to historicism. Having experienced the beneficial effects of Hume's teaching on instincts, he energetically opposed ordinary pragmatism, which tends to explain the emergence and change of state formations by the conscious motives of people. The origin of social institutions, he said, lies in the dark and distant past. They arise from natural inclinations, and not from the speculative constructions of people. As if in darkness, people groped for institutions that were not foreseen, but arose as consequences of their activities. At the same time, Ferguson recalled the words of Cromwell that a person never rises higher than when he does not know where he is going. Thus, the doctrine of the emergence of the state as a result of the conclusion of a treaty collapsed in the eyes of Ferguson. The structure of Rome and Sparta, this favorite object of pragmatic observation of the state, was based, from his point of view, not on the plans of individuals, but on the situation in which the people and their geniuses found themselves.

Main works

• An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767)
• The History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic (1783)
• Principles of Moral and Political Science; being chiefly a retrospect of lectures delivered in the College of Edinburgh (1792)
• Institutes of Moral Philosophy (1769)
• Reflections Previous to the Establishment of a Militia (1756)

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Excerpt characterizing Ferguson, Adam

- Well, what, what? Well, what did he say? Natasha, how glad I am that you are not angry with me. Tell me everything, the whole truth. What did he say?
Natasha thought about it.
- Oh Sonya, if only you knew him like I do! He said... He asked me about how I promised Bolkonsky. He was glad that it was up to me to refuse him.
Sonya sighed sadly.
“But you didn’t refuse Bolkonsky,” she said.
- Or maybe I refused! Maybe it's all over with Bolkonsky. Why do you think so badly of me?
- I don’t think anything, I just don’t understand it...
- Wait, Sonya, you will understand everything. You will see what kind of person he is. Don't think bad things about me or him.
– I don’t think anything bad about anyone: I love everyone and feel sorry for everyone. But what should I do?
Sonya did not give in to the gentle tone with which Natasha addressed her. The softer and more searching the expression on Natasha’s face was, the more serious and stern Sonya’s face was.
“Natasha,” she said, “you asked me not to talk to you, I didn’t, now you started it yourself.” Natasha, I don't believe him. Why this secret?
- Again, again! – Natasha interrupted.
– Natasha, I’m afraid for you.
- What to be afraid of?
“I’m afraid that you will destroy yourself,” Sonya said decisively, herself frightened by what she said.
Natasha's face again expressed anger.
“And I will destroy, I will destroy, I will destroy myself as quickly as possible.” None of your business. It will feel bad not for you, but for me. Leave me, leave me. I hate you.
- Natasha! – Sonya cried out in fear.
- I hate it, I hate it! And you are my enemy forever!
Natasha ran out of the room.
Natasha no longer spoke to Sonya and avoided her. With the same expression of excited surprise and criminality, she walked around the rooms, taking up first this or that activity and immediately abandoning them.
No matter how hard it was for Sonya, she kept an eye on her friend.
On the eve of the day on which the count was supposed to return, Sonya noticed that Natasha had been sitting all morning at the living room window, as if expecting something, and that she made some kind of sign to a passing military man, whom Sonya mistook for Anatole.
Sonya began to observe her friend even more carefully and noticed that Natasha was in a strange and unnatural state all the time during lunch and evening (she answered questions asked to her at random, started and did not finish sentences, laughed at everything).
After tea, Sonya saw a timid girl's maid waiting for her at Natasha's door. She let her through and, listening at the door, learned that a letter had been delivered again. And suddenly it became clear to Sonya that Natasha had some terrible plan for this evening. Sonya knocked on her door. Natasha didn't let her in.
“She'll run away with him! thought Sonya. She is capable of anything. Today there was something especially pitiful and determined in her face. She cried, saying goodbye to her uncle, Sonya recalled. Yes, it’s true, she’s running with him, but what should I do?” thought Sonya, now recalling those signs that clearly proved why Natasha had some terrible intention. “There is no count. What should I do, write to Kuragin, demanding an explanation from him? But who tells him to answer? Write to Pierre, as Prince Andrei asked, in case of an accident?... But maybe, in fact, she has already refused Bolkonsky (she sent a letter to Princess Marya yesterday). There’s no uncle!” It seemed terrible to Sonya to tell Marya Dmitrievna, who believed so much in Natasha. “But one way or another,” Sonya thought, standing in the dark corridor: now or never the time has come to prove that I remember the benefits of their family and love Nicolas. No, even if I don’t sleep for three nights, I won’t leave this corridor and forcefully let her in, and I won’t let shame fall on their family,” she thought.

Anatole recently moved in with Dolokhov. The plan to kidnap Rostova had been thought out and prepared by Dolokhov for several days, and on the day when Sonya, having overheard Natasha at the door, decided to protect her, this plan had to be carried out. Natasha promised to go out to Kuragin’s back porch at ten o’clock in the evening. Kuragin had to put her in a prepared troika and take her 60 versts from Moscow to the village of Kamenka, where a disrobed priest was prepared who was supposed to marry them. In Kamenka, a setup was ready that was supposed to take them to the Warsaw road and there they were supposed to ride abroad on postal ones.

Adam Ferguson(English) Adam Ferguson listen)) - philosopher and historian, professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. Adam Smith's teacher.

Experiments in the history of civil society

His main work " Essay on the history of the civil society" Ferguson published in 1766. From the point of view of literary form, it suffered from verbosity, some trivial lengths and a lot of ponderousness. But amid the heavy exposition, some strong and fruitful ideas stood out. Ferguson is one of the founders of positivist and sociological attempts at an empirical and at the same time constructive understanding of the development that forms of human society undergo from a primitive stage to a higher culture under the influence of general laws. He tried to do this, following not only the impulses emanating from Montesquieu, but also moving in the footsteps of Hume, for Ferguson emphasized the importance of instinct in the emergence of society. He then, strongly influenced by Lafitau's method, compared this material with Tacitus' reports about the ancient Germans and with ancient stories about early Rome and Sparta. He demonstrated a special understanding of the changing forms of society as a result of growing social differentiation.

Along with positivist tendencies, Ferguson expressed significant ideas that led to historicism. Having experienced the beneficial effects of Hume's teaching on instincts, he energetically opposed ordinary pragmatism, which tends to explain the emergence and change of state formations by the conscious motives of people. The origin of social institutions, he said, lies in the dark and distant past. They arise from natural inclinations, and not from the speculative constructions of people. As if in darkness, people groped for institutions that were not foreseen, but arose as consequences of their activities. At the same time, Ferguson recalled the words of Cromwell that a person never rises higher than when he does not know where he is going. Thus, the doctrine of the emergence of the state as a result of the conclusion of a treaty collapsed in the eyes of Ferguson. The structure of Rome and Sparta, this favorite object of pragmatic observation of the state, was based, from his point of view, not on the plans of individuals, but on the situation in which the people and their geniuses found themselves.

Main works

An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767)

The History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic (1783)

Principles of Moral and Political Science; being chiefly a retrospect of lectures delivered in the College of Edinburgh (1792)

Institutes of Moral Philosophy (1769)

Reflections Previous to the Establishment of a Militia (1756)

Source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson,_Adam

20 June 1723, Logiwright, Perthshire - 22 February 1816, St Andrew, Scotland) - Scottish philosopher. Born into the family of a Presbyterian minister. In 1742 he received a master's degree from the University of St. Andrew and moved to the University of Edinburgh. There he became close with the future playwright John Home and the future rector of the University of Edinburgh, historian W. Robertson. In 1757 he became D. Hume's successor as superintendent of the lawyers' library. In 1759 he took the chair of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. In 1767, Ferposon’s main book, An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Russian translation, parts 1-2. St. Petersburg, 1817-18, was published, which met with a favorable reception; in 1769, Instructions for Moral Philosophy "(Institutes of moral Philosophy, Russian translation, St. Petersburg, 1804, as well as “Initial foundations of moral philosophy.” M., 1804). Ferguson is translated into European languages, his “Experience” is used in training courses at Moscow University. As a representative of the Scottish Enlightenment, Ferguson shared the theory of moral sentiment and the philosophy of common sense, while challenging some of the ideas of Hume, A. Smith, as well as Mandeville and Rousseau, and moralistically criticizing the “welfare” of commercial society, which leads to political corruption. Works: Principles of Moral and Political Science. Edinburgh, 1792. Lit.: KeftlerD. The Social and Political Thought of Adam Ferguson, 1965. M. A. Abramov

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FERGUSON Adam

(June 20, 1723 – February 22, 1816) – Scottish. philosopher, historian and politician. thinker. In 1754 he refused the rank of Presbyterian priest. Prof. moral philosophy of the University of Edinburgh (1759–85). Pupil and one of the lit. Hume's heirs; Smith's teacher and colleague. Having criticized the contractual theory of the state of Hobbes and Rousseau, F. argued that man was initially, by nature, a social being. "Humanity must be considered in the groups in which it has always existed. The history of an individual man is but a single manifestation of the feelings and thoughts acquired by him in connection with his race, and every inquiry relating to this subject must proceed from whole societies, and not from individual people" ("An essay on the history of civil society", Edin., 1767, p. 6; Russian translation - "Experience in the history of civil society", parts 1–3, St. Petersburg, 1817–18) . In this op. F. made an attempt at historical evolution. approach to the life of society. In contrast to provincialism, F. argued that people themselves create their own history: “Man... contains within himself the principle of progress...” (ibid., p. 12). At the same time, following Montesquieu, F. attached decisive importance in the formation of the characteristics of different peoples to climate, geographical conditions, and the size of the state. Holbach highly appreciated this work of F. Characterizing his contemporary society, F. condemned the division of labor inherent in manufacturing production, leading to the fragmentation of man (see K. Marx, in the book: K. Marx and F. Engels, Works, 2 ed., vol. 23, p. 374). Condemning properties. inequality, F. considered the measure of human dignity to be his work) his participation in the production of means of subsistence. F. sharply criticized the despotic. state form governance (without, however, identifying monarchy with despotism). Marx cites F.’s exclamation in Capital: “We are a nation of helots, and among us there are no free people” (see ibid., p. 366). In his ethical teachings consonant with the views of Hume (his principle of benevolence - benevolence) and Smith, F. rejected ethical. Mandeville's concept, demanded a combination of self-preservation (self-love) with philanthropy and recognized the fundamental. The task of man is his spiritual improvement and the fulfillment of his societies. responsibilities. “Personality is nothing more than a part of the whole” (“An essay on the history of civil society”, L., 1766, p. 57). The guiding moral principle is to “spread happiness” (see ibid., p. 56). Op.: The history of the progress and termination of the Roman Republic, v. 1–3, L., 1783; Principles of moral and political science, v. 1–2, Edin., 1792; in Russian lane - Instructions on morals. philosophy, St. Petersburg, 1804; The initial foundations of morals. philosophy, M., 1804. Lit.: Potanin?., ?. ?. and his doctrine of society, "PZM", 1941, No. 2; Kaneko U., Moralphilosophie A. Fergusons..., Lpz., ; Huth H., Soziale und individualistische Auffassung im 18. Jahrhundert, Lpz., 1907; Lehmann W. S., ?. Ferguson and the beginnings of modern sociology, N. Y., 1930; Kettler D., The social and political thought of A. Ferguson, Columbus, 1965. B. Bykhovsky. Moscow.

(Ferguson, 1723-1816) - Scottish historian and moral philosopher. In 1745-54. served as a preacher for the Scottish troops, and in one dangerous skirmish he showed great personal courage; in 1759 he took the chair of physics, and from 1764 to 1785 he was professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh; later traveled to Italy to complete his work on the Roman Republic. He became famous for his "Essay on the history of civil society" (Lond., 1767). His other works: “Institutes of moral philosophy” (Lond., 1769), “Observations on civil and political liberty” (Lond., 1776), “History of the progress of the Roman republic” (1805), “Principles of moral and political science" (Edinburgh, 1769), "Essays on the intellectual powers, moral sentiment, happiness and nation. felicity" (P., 1805). F.'s works on moral philosophy, due to the clarity and accessibility of the presentation, enjoyed great popularity among his contemporaries and were translated into many foreign languages, among other things, into Russian (A. Ferguson, “Instructions on Moral Philosophy,” translated from English by V. Sazonovich, St. Petersburg, 1804; the same work was published in the same year in another translation, made by Bryantsev from a German translation, under the title “Initial Foundations of Moral Philosophy”). In his ethical worldview, F., being the predecessor of Dugald Stewart in the department of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, adheres to the Scottish school, mainly to Hutcheson and A. Smith. Together with Hobbes and Hume, he assigns a place in his ethical system to egoism (self-interest) as the law of self-preservation, but at the same time, considering man as a primarily social being, he joins Hutcheson and Smith in the role he assigns to benevolence and sympathy. The principle of moral self-esteem, already outlined by A. Smith, F. emphasizes with complete certainty and, as the basis for it, points to the desire for perfection. In his political views, F. is aligned with Montesquieu and is a supporter of legal order and freedom. See Small, "Memoir of Adam Ferguson" (L., 1864).

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"Ferguson Adam" in the books

Adam and Eve

author Levitin Vadim

Adam and Eve

author Butovskaya Marina Lvovna

Adam and Eve

From the book Amazing Genetics author Levitin Vadim

Adam and Eve When they say that man descended from a monkey, and even refer to Darwin, this is not entirely correct. The Descent of Man says that humans and modern apes share a common ancestor. Of course, this extinct ancestor too

Adam and Eve

From the book Secrets of Gender [Man and Woman in the Mirror of Evolution] author Butovskaya Marina Lvovna

Adam and Eve Our detailed research into the development of the male and female organism may have evoked in some particularly inquisitive readers the story of the divine creation of man. As you know, the Lord first created Adam (that is, a man) and only

Adam

From the book Where the Earth Ended with Heaven: A Biography. Poetry. Memories author Gumilev Nikolay Stepanovich

Adam Adam, humiliated Adam, Your face is pale and your gaze is wild, Do you mourn for those fruits That you plucked, still sinless? Do you mourn for that time, When, still a child-maiden, On a fragrant afternoon on the mountain Eve danced before you? Now you know hard work and the breath of death

MAN OF THE ROAD Maynard Ferguson

From Timothy Leary's book: Temptation by the Future by Forte Robert

THE ROAD MAN Maynard Ferguson One of my favorite Tim Leary stories is when he came to the opening of my show at the Apollo Theater in Harlem. He was always in his "interpersonal relationships", expanding your consciousness and teaching you how to "play the role of someone else."

Tepper de Ferguson (1768–1838)

From the author's book

Tepper de Ferguson (1768–1838) Lyceum singing teacher. His father was the richest banker in Poland, where he died with all his wealth during the revolution. Then his son, who traveled around Europe with all the luxury of an English lord, published himself in Vienna under the modest name

Alex Ferguson has proven that he is the most successful manager in the history of English football

From the book 100 Great Football Coaches author Malov Vladimir Igorevich

Alex Ferguson has proven that he is the most successful coach in English history

Ferguson vs Bavarians

From the book Dirty Football author Dreykopf Marcel

Ferguson against the Bavarians After Alex Ferguson and Manchester United won in stoppage time in the Champions League final against Bayern Munich, this event became an example of how great willpower a person can have. 16 years before this match

Bacon's Adam was a medieval mystic, while Milton's Adam was more of a trade union leader

From the book The Gutenberg Galaxy author McLuhan Herbert Marshall

Bacon's Adam was a medieval mystic, while Milton's Adam was more of a trade union leader. Before the Fall, the purpose of work was determined by "pleasure and reflection" and not by "any necessity" or "practical" benefit. It's quite strange that although

Chapter IX Paradise Adam and Fallen Adam

From the book Metaphysics of the Good News author Dugin Alexander Gelevich

Chapter IX Paradise Adam and Fallen Adam On the Sixth Day of Creation, i.e. on the last Day of divine activity (which should be understood as the end of the concretization of the created universe), man, the Old Adam, was created. His position in space was privileged. It was

McLennan John Ferguson

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (MA) by the author TSB

Ferguson Robert

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FE) by the author TSB

Alexander Tarasov Mr. Ferguson, fiery forger

From the author's book

ALEX FERGUSON

From the book 100 great football players author Malov Vladimir Igorevich

ALEX FERGUSON (Born in 1941) Coached Scottish clubs East Stirling, St. Mirren, Aberdeen, and the Scottish national team. He has been coaching Manchester United since 1986. Alex Ferguson's coaching career seems incredibly successful. With his club "Manchester"