Determine the orientation of the photo. It is these facial features that speak of a person's unconventional orientation.

) of this text is very gender-specific.

Below, in gender-neutral language, I have provided the original text on atypical autistic traits that occur not only girls.

Just because you are autistic and your autism fits this description does not mean that you are necessarily female; it only means that you have the type of autism that is most often omitted when diagnosed. These traits are most common in cis-gender girls, but this does not mean that they occur. exclusively from them.

Traits are broken down into four categories:

Appearance / Personal habits

The clothes are comfortable and practical due to their sensory characteristics.

Don't spend a lot of time looking after themselves and their hair. Hairstyle work can be as simple as "wash your hair and go." They can be quite happy without constant personal care.

Eccentric, perhaps this is reflected in their appearance.

Perhaps their attitudes, clothing style, behavior and tastes are more common in those who are younger in age.

Usually slightly more expressive facial expressions and gestures than other autistic people.

- Possibly androgynous. Can perceive themselves as partly women, partly men.

Possibly lack of stable identity, strong variability (like in chameleons), especially before diagnosis.

Leaving for reading books and watching films, often of a sci-fi, fairytale, children's nature; favorite works become a refuge.

As a method of stress management, they use: rules, discipline, stability in some habits, despite the fact that at first glance, this is contrary to his_ her nature.

- Usually they feel happiest at home or in any other well-controlled environment.

Brain / Giftedness / Training / Profession

They can get an autistic diagnosis in childhood, or they can be considered simply gifted, shy, sensitive, etc. May also have very serious or noticeable learning difficulties.

They are often musical, artistic.

Perhaps the presence of savant traits or just very strong talents.

Perhaps a strong interest in computers, games, science, graphic design, invention, technical and visual things. Those with more ability to use speech and linguistic thinking may gravitate toward writing, language learning, cultural studies, and psychology.

In childhood, it is possible to independently master the skill of reading or hyperlexia. There may be other skills that you learned yourself.

They can be very enthusiastic during their studies or work, but then quickly change the direction of their studies / work or become cold to the process.

Often they have difficulties with finding a job or problems in order to "stay" at work.

They are highly intelligent, but sometimes they are "inhibited" due to sensory and cognitive characteristics.

Poor understanding of verbal instructions - they need detailed written instructions and visual diagrams.

There are special interests and hobbies, but they don't have to look strange.

Emotionality / Psyche

Emotionally immature and emotionally sensitive.

The predominant emotions are anxiety and fear.

More likely to talk about emotions and feelings than people with typical autism.

They have strong sensory problems - they are sensitive to sound, visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli. Are prone to sensory overload (but may not be sensitive to smell / food texture).

They are complex and prone to bouts of depression. Perhaps instead of autism, they have been diagnosed with an emotional disorder, such as bipolar disorder.

Show different responses to symptom treatment. High sensitivity to drugs and any effect on the body is possible, which may even cause rejection.

9 out of 10 have gastrointestinal disorders, including ulcers, gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, etc.

They stimulate in order to calm down when they are sad and irritated. These stims can be: rocking, rubbing the face , buzzing, jerking toes, swinging a leg, tapping with fingers or feet.

- They also stimulate when they are happy: they wave their hands, clap, sing, jump, spin, dance, make noise.

Quick-tempered, prone to crying and meltdowns, including in public. Sometimes things that seem small at first glance cause strong sensory overload.

They hate injustice and hate being misunderstood. This makes them angry and furious.

Prone to dumbness during stress and anxiety, especially after a meltdown. Stuttering is less common than in other autistic people, but the voice can be hoarse and monotonous, especially in stressful situations and when they feel bad.

Sociality / Relationships

Words and actions are often misinterpreted by others.

At times they are very talkative, can completely indulge in stories about their special interests, hobbies and hobbies.

They can be very shy and taciturn.

Like people with typical autism, they can become disconnected during social interaction due to overload, but in general, if they do not need to communicate a lot, they are more successful in social interaction. They can give the impression of a socially successful person, but more often than not it turns out to be a mask.

- Rarely "get out into the light". Most often, they go somewhere with a partner, or with children (if they have children). (Note from the author of a gender-neutral description: I realized that I have several acquaintances whom I especially trust and whom I go everywhere; if none of these acquaintances can go anywhere with me, I prefer to stay at home.)
-They have few close friends. Their time with friends often does not correspond to gender stereotypes, and generally accepted "hanging out".

They may have had good acquaintances or close friends at school, but do not maintain a relationship with them in adulthood.

They may or may not want to have an affair. If they are interested in a relationship, then they most likely take them very seriously. Perhaps they deliberately choose celibacy or even loneliness.

Due to sensory characteristics, sex can either be intensely enjoyable or intensely disgusting.

If they are romantically attracted to someone, they can show it in an persistent, uncomfortable way, trying in every possible way to let the person know about it, for example, I can constantly stare at the person, or constantly call him, "fixating" on this person. This can change as you grow up.

The companionship of animals is often preferred, and the reason for this is not always sensory.

Faces contain much more information about sexual orientation than the human brain can perceive and interpret. To prove this, researchers at Stanford University used deep neural networks. It turned out that it is quite possible to distinguish between heterosexuals and homosexuals by facial features. Artificial intelligence can do this better than humans.

Figure 1. Composite facets and average landmarks, plotted by averaging faces, classified as most common and least likely to be gay and lesbian.

Scientists Michal Kosinski and Yilun Wong used several existing neural networks used for face recognition in their experiment. The database of photos was taken from a dating site - from an array of more than 300 thousand photos, 35,326 photographs were selected, which depicted 14,776 men and women. Heterosexuals and homosexuals were taken equally (data on sexual orientation was based on which gender partner people were looking for on a dating site). For the study, images of only white people were selected, since there were not enough homosexuals with a different skin color. The neural network compared photos of two randomly selected people, one of whom was heterosexual and the other homosexual. These features were introduced into a logistic regression aimed at classifying sexual orientation, and it was found that from a single facial image, the AI \u200b\u200bcorrectly distinguished between homosexuals and heterosexual men in 81% of cases, and women in 74% of cases. Human subjects achieved much less accuracy: 61% for men and 54% for women. When the number of photos was increased to five images per person, the accuracy of the algorithm increased to 91% and 83%, respectively.

Figure 2. Graphical illustration of the result generated by the Face ++ algorithm. Panel A illustrates the front landmarks (colored dots, n \u003d 83) and the front frame (blue frame). Panel B illustrates feed and motion parameters that describe the orientation of the head in space.

The facial features used by the classifier included both fixed (for example, the shape of the nose) and temporal features (for example, hair style). The researchers believe that the results of their experiment may serve as an additional argument in favor of the theory that sexual orientation is formed under the influence of hormones during intrauterine development. According to prenatal theory, homosexual men and women tend to have gender-atypical facial morphology. Homosexual men may, on average, have narrower lower jaws, longer noses, and higher foreheads than heterosexuals. Lesbians, in contrast, have wider jaws and lower foreheads. In general, lesbians use less makeup and have darker hair. Gay men also have less facial hair on average. Whether this is due to biological factors or their care for themselves, it is impossible to determine within the framework of the study. However, all these factors separately cannot be the basis for a reliable determination of sexual orientation, since are very weakly expressed and can be noticed only when examining a large amount of data.

Figure 3. Heatmaps showing the degree of masking for a given portion of the image alters the result, which is an indicator of the importance of that portion in the classification. The color scale ranges from blue (no change) to red (significant change). Colored coded squares were smoothed using 2D Gaussian filtering.

This study contributes to our understanding of the origins of sexual orientation and the limits of human perception. In addition, as companies and governments increasingly use computer algorithms to uncover intimate information about people, the findings expose threats to the privacy and safety of gay men and women, scientists warn. Such tools can serve as a tool to invade personal space and threaten privacy. Wong and Kosinski note that there has long been research on the possibility of determining sexual orientation by human behavior on the Internet, in social networks. However, digital footprints can be hidden, anonymized, or distorted. Hiding a person's face is not so easy at all. Moreover, in one form or another, there are now images of the faces of billions of people.

This is a very acute topic today, so even Artificial Intelligence has not bypassed it. He learns to identify homosexuals by photos

Using a database of facial images (which were taken from open-source dating sites), the scientists collected 35,326 images of 14,776 people, among whom homosexual men and women were equally represented. Their facial features were extracted and calculated, from the shape of the nose and eyebrows to facial hair and facial expressions.

The deep learning neural network has eaten all these traits, noticing which ones are usually associated with a particular sexual orientation. Scientists did not seed her with prejudices about what ordinary or homosexual people usually look like; the system simply allocated traits and correlated them with sex preferences.

These patterns can be turned to to allow the computer to guess a person's sex preferences - and it turns out that the AI \u200b\u200bsystem is much better at this task than humans. The algorithm was able to correctly determine the orientation of 91% of the men shown to it and 83% of the women, one pair at a time. People who were given the same images were right 61% and 54% of the time, respectively - that is, a coin toss would have produced the same result.

The variations between the four groups are described in the second article; Apart from obvious behavioral differences, such as courtship of the same group or similar makeup, the general trend was the presence of "feminine" traits in gay men and "masculine" traits in lesbians.

The picture shows where the traits indicating sexual orientation were.

It should be noted that this accuracy of the system was achieved in ideal conditions of choice between two people, one of whom is homosexual. When the system assessed a group of 1000 individuals, of whom only 7% were homosexuals (to be more representative of the actual proportion of the population), its results were not the best. At best, a sample of 10 faces was recognized with 90 percent accuracy.

There is also a real possibility of data bias in the system: first, only young white Americans of male / female and homosexual / common type were included.

“Despite our attempts to obtain a more diverse sample, we were limited to studying white US participants. Since the bias against homosexuals and the use of online dating sites is unevenly distributed among different ethnic groups, we could not find enough non-white gay participants. "

While scholars have suggested that other ethnic groups are more likely to have similar facial patterns and the system will also be effective in identifying them, this really needs to be confirmed, not assumed.

It could also be argued that the classifier collected traits characteristic of people on dating sites, not without the help of a self-selection mechanism - for example, American men with normal sexual orientation may deliberately avoid appearances that would indicate that they might be homosexual.

Of course, it is reasonable to doubt the real effectiveness of this system, since it is trained on the basis of a limited amount of data and for the most part is effective on examples from this pool. Further research will be needed. However, it seems shortsighted to assume that such a working system is impossible.

depositphotos.com

The algorithm determined the sexual orientation of people from a photo on a dating site with an accuracy of 91%, raising complex ethical issues.

Artificial intelligence can accurately determine whether people are gay or not from photographs of their faces.

Researchers at Stanford University found that a computer algorithm could correctly distinguish between gay and heterosexual men in 81% and women in 74%. Thus, a number of questions have arisen about the biological origin of sexual orientation, the ethics of facial recognition technology, and the possibility of such software to violate people's privacy or abuse it in order to combat LGBT people.

Scientists Michal Kosinski and Yilun Wong have used several existing neural networks used for facial recognition and facial features.

Research has shown that homosexual men and women tend to have “gender-atypical” facial features, expressions and “grooming styles”. The data also revealed certain trends, including that gay men had narrower jaws, a longer nose, and larger foreheads than straight men. As for women, LGBT women have larger jaws and smaller foreheads compared to women of standard orientation.

The study showed that a person's ability to recognize sexual identity is significantly inferior to artificial intelligence. Man was able to identify only 61% of men and 54% of women, and artificial intelligence - 91% of men and 83% of women.

Broadly understood, this means that “faces contain much more information about sexual orientation than can be perceived and interpreted by the human brain,” the authors write.

The paper suggests that the findings provide "strong support" for the theory that sexual orientation is associated with exposure to certain hormones before birth. That is, people are already born gays and lesbians.

The Guardian expressed concern that the technology in the future may not be used with good intentions. As journalists suggested, in countries where representatives of the LGBT community are persecuted, using the algorithm, they can recognize the orientation of people without their consent.

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