Surnames of scientific psychologists. Famous psychologists of Russia

Child psychology is a discipline characterized by the fact that new discoveries and research are constantly changing the clinical picture. There are many famous doctors in the field of child psychology. In this publication, you will learn about 10 of them.

1. – known for his research and theories in the field of psycho-sexual development, Freud's work in child psychology defines five stages of child development: oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital. He suggested that if a child experienced anxiety during the formation of any of these stages, then in adolescence it could turn into
2. – british child psychologist, best known for his work in attachment theory. Bowlby published a trilogy of works further developing this theory, which over time began to be used with a dominant approach in the study of the social development of children.
3. Anna Freud -daughter of Sigmund Freud, founder of child psychology, and pioneer of the concept of defense mechanisms in the body. Anna Freud
4. – contributed much to research in the field of attachment theory; developed an assessment of “strange situations” at which time the children would be left alone in the room for a short time, then reunited with their mother. This research led her to conclude that there are three types of attachment in children. Ainsworth was a pioneer in understanding the phenomenon of child development.
5. – developed a theory of stages of psycho-social development, examining events throughout life, from childhood to adulthood, to old age. Studied with Anna Freud, and also studied psychology
6. – an innovator in the psychoanalysis of children and babies. She developed the theory that children are, as it were, programmed for relationships with each other in the future, such as relationships from birth with their parents.
7. – Piaget explored the same theory of milestones as Erickson. Piaget suggested that these were stages of the intellectual abilities of children. This psychologist was one of the first to recognize that children think differently than adults.
8. – developmental psychologist, Bijou was an advocate of behavioral therapy in the treatment of psychological disorders in children such as autism and
9. – professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stanford University. Supporter of the development of psychopathology.
10. Is the first consultant in child psychiatry in the UK. He is often referred to as the father of child psychology; Professor of Evolutionary Psychopathology at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London.

We will return to every great researcher of child psychology and psychiatry. These people deserve to be known!

An outstanding Russian psychologist, a tireless researcher, whose achievements in the field of medical psychology, pathopsychology are difficult to overestimate, the founder of a new direction of science - experimental psychology, a professor at Moscow State University, professor - Bluma Vulfovna Zeigarnik.

The name of Edward L. Thorndike is known to every psychologist today. This outstanding American researcher, psychologist, teacher, educator, author of a huge number of scientific publications.

The world famous scientist, psychologist, researcher of Hungarian origin, one of the founders of positive psychology, the creator of the idea of \u200b\u200b"flow" (a special state of enthusiasm for the performed activity), author of best-selling books on psychology - Mihai Csikszentmihalyi.

A well-known psychologist, physiologist, founder of the so-called experimental psychology, the creator of a special laboratory that functioned within the framework of the direction of psychological science he founded, a scientist who influenced many other outstanding psychologists - Wilhelm Wundt.

Paul Ekman is one of the most prominent and influential research psychologists of our time. The largest specialist in the psychology of lies, most of the research is devoted to the study of lies, as well as non-verbal manifestations of human emotions and feelings.

John Bowlby is one of the most prominent psychologists and psychotherapists of the twentieth century. Attachment theory belonging to him is today one of the classics in psychology. In addition, the work of John Bowlby laid the foundation for a new line of research that was later incorporated into attachment psychology.

An American psychologist of German descent, Kurt Lewin is rightfully considered one of the founders of the vast field of psychological science - social psychology, as well as one of the most prominent psychologists of the twentieth century, whose contribution to psychology can hardly be overestimated.

The merits of this outstanding researcher, psychologist, teacher include making a significant contribution to psychology in general, as well as to the formation and development of the cognitive and social branches of psychological science.

An outstanding psychologist, philosopher from Switzerland, author of the theory that influenced developmental psychology and child psychology - the theory of cognitive development, a talented and productive author, creator of his own approach to the nature of cognition - Jean Piaget.

An American researcher, a talented psychologist, William Sheldon made a significant contribution to the psychological doctrine of temperament, identifying its connections with the features of the body structure and creating the so-called constitutional theory of temperament.

I have already written about 100 of the most prominent psychologists of the 20th century. But psychology does not stand still and the classics are stepping on the heels of younger generations of researchers. A group of researchers led by Ed Diener compiled a list of 200 of the most prominent psychologists of our time, referring to those whose career peaked in the period after World War II. Listing article published in APA's new open access journal Archives of Scientific Psychology .

In the first step, they compiled a list of 348 psychologists who could potentially claim to be the most prominent. The authors used 6 sources to compile this list: 1) recipients of APA awards for outstanding contributions to science, 2) recipients of APS awards, 3) members of the American National Academy of Sciences, 4) members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 5) authors of the most cited articles from the Institute for Scientific Information; 6) researchers frequently cited in 5 introductory psychology textbooks.

Further, these 348 psychologists were ranked according to an integral assessment based on three criteria: 1) the presence of APA and APS awards for contributions to psychology, 2) the number of pages in 5 introductory psychology textbooks devoted to the researcher or his research (plus the number of lines in articles Wikipedia), 3) citations (combined the total number of citations, the Hirsch index, the most cited works). The number of citations was determined according to Google Scholar data, so do not be surprised at the huge absolute numbers, it is known that Google Scholar takes into account citations not only from peer-reviewed journals, therefore, it finds much more of them than, for example, Web of Science.

The list of the first 200 of the most outstanding is as follows:

1. BANDURA, Albert
2. PIAGET, Jean
3. KAHNEMAN, Daniel
4. LAZARUS, Richard
5. SELIGMAN, Martin
6. SKINNER, B. F.
7. CHOMSKY, Noam
8. TAYLOR, Shelley
9. TVERSKY, Amos
10. DIENER, Ed
11. SIMON, Herbert
12. ROGERS, Carl
13. SQUIRE, Larry
14. ANDERSON, John
15. EKMAN, Paul
16. TULVING, Endel
17. ALLPORT, Gordon
18. BOWLBY, John
19. NISBETT, Richard
20. CAMPBELL, Donald
21. MILLER, George
22. FISKE, Susan
23. DAVIDSON, Richard
24. MCEWEN, Bruce
25. MISCHEL, Walter
26. FESTINGER, Leon
27. MCCLELLAND, David
28. ARONSON, Elliot
29. POSNER, Michael
30. BAUMEISTER, Roy
31. KAGAN, Jerome
32. LEDOUX, Joseph
33. BRUNER, Jerome
34. ZAJONC, Robert
35. KESSLER, Ronald
36. RUMELHART, David
37. PLOMIN, Robert
38. SCHACTER, Daniel
39. BOWER, Gordon
40. AINSWORTH Mary
41. MCCLELLAND, James
42. MCGAUGH, James
43. MACCOBY, Eleanor
44. MILLER, Neal
45. RUTTER, Michael
46. EYSENCK, Hans
47. CACIOPPO, John
48. RESCORLA, Robert
49. EAGLY, Alice
50. COHEN Sheldon
51. BADDELEY, Alan
52. BECK, Aaron
53. ROTTER, Julian
54. SMITH, Edward
55. LOFTUS, Elizabeth
56. JANIS, Irving
57. SCHACHTER, Stanley
58. BREWER, Marilynn
59. SLOVIC, Paul
60. STERNBERG, Robert
61. ABELSON, Robert
62. MISHKIN, Mortimer
63. STEELE, Claude
64. SHIFFRIN, Richard
65. HIGGINS, E. Tory
66. WEGNER, Daniel
67. KELLEY, Harold
68. MEDIN, Douglas
69. CRAIK, Fergus
70. NEWELL, Allen
71. HEBB, Donald
72. CRONBACH, Lee
73. MILNER, Brenda
74. GARDNER, Howard
75. GIBSON, James
76. THOMPSON, Richard
77. GREEN, David
78. BERSCHEID, Ellen
79. MARKUS, Hazel
80. JOHNSON, Marcia
81. HILGARD, Ernest
82. MASLOW, Abraham
83. DAMASIO, Antonio
84. ATKINSON, Richard
85. ERIKSON, Erik
86. BROWN, Roger
87. SPERRY, Roger
88. COHEN, Jonathan
89. ROSENZWEIG, Mark
90. TOLMAN, Edward
91. GREENWALD, Anthony
92. HARLOW, Harry
93. DEUTSCH, Morton
94. SPELKE, Elizabeth
95. GAZZANIGA, Michael
96. ROEDIGER, H. L.
97. GUILFORD, J. P.
98. HETHERINGTON, Mavis
99. PINKER, Steven
100. TREISMAN, Anne
101. RYAN, Richard
102. BARLOW, David
103. FRITH, Uta
104. ASCH, Solomon
105. SHEPARD, Roger
106. ATKINSON, John
107. COSTA, Paul
108. JONES, Edward
109. SPERLING, George
110. CASPI, Avshalom
111. EISENBERG, Nancy
112. GARCIA, John
113. HEIDER, Fritz
114. SHERIF, Muzafer
115. GOLDMAN-RAKIC, P.
116. UNGERLEIDER, Leslie
117. ROSENTHAL, Robert
118. SEARS, Robert
119. WAGNER, Allan
120. DECI, Ed
121. DAVIS, Michael
122. ROZIN, Paul
123. GOTTESMAN, Irving
124. MOFFITT, Terrie
125. MAIER, Steven
126. ROSS, Lee
127. KOHLER, Wolfgang
128. GIBSON, Eleanor
129. FLAVELL, John
130. FOLKMAN, Susan
131. GELMAN, Rochel
132. LANG, Peter
133. NEISSER, Ulrich
134. CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, Mihalyi
135. MERZENICH, Michael
136. MCCRAE, Robert
137. OLDS, James
138. TRIANDIS, Harry
139. DWECK, Carol
140. HATFIELD, Elaine
141. SALTHOUSE, Timothy
142. HUTTENLOCHER, J.
143. BUSS, David
144. MCGUIRE, William
145. CARVER, Charles
146. PETTY, Richard
147. MURRAY, Henry
148. WILSON, Timothy
149. WATSON, David
150. DARLEY, John
151. STEVENS, S. S.
152. SUPPES, Patrick
153. PENNEBAKER, James
154. MOSCOVITCH, Morris
155. FARAH, Martha
156. JONIDES, John
157. SOLOMON, Richard
158. SCHEIER, Michael
159. KITAYAMA, Shinobu
160. MEANEY, Michael
161. PROCHASKA, James
162. FOA, Edna
163. KAZDIN, Alan
164. SCHAIE, K. Warner
165. BARGH, John
166. TINBERGEN, Niko
167. KAHN, Robert
168. CLORE, Gerald
169. LIBERMAN, Alvin
170. LUCE, Duncan
171. BROOKS-GUNN, Jeanne
172. LUBORSKY, Lester
173. PREMACK, David
174. NEWPORT, Elissa
175. SAPOLSKY, Robert
176. ANDERSON, Craig
177. GOTLIB, Ian
178. BEACH, Frank
179. MEEHL, Paul
180. BOUCHARD, Thomas
181. ROBBINS, Trevor
182. BERKOWITZ, Leonard
183. THIBAUT, John
184. TEITELBAUM, Philip
185. CECI, Stephen
186. MEYER, David
187. MILGRAM, Stanley
188. SIEGLER, Robert
189. AMABILE, Teresa
190. KINTSCH, Walter
191. CAREY, Susan
192. FURNHAM, Adrian
193. BELSKY, Jay
194. OSGOOD, Charles
195. MATTHEWS, Karen
196. STEVENSON, Harold
197. UNDERWOOD, Brenton
198. BIRREN, James
199. KUHL, Patricia
200. COYNE, James

The list includes researchers representing 16 thematic areas of psychology. The three most common are social psychology (16%), biological psychology (11%), and developmental psychology (10%).

1. Outstanding psychologists almost always have a very large number of articles (most often hundreds, but some have much more: Adrian Furnham - more than 1100, Robert Sternberg - more than 1200!), Some of which are mega-cited. This is facilitated by the fact that most often they do not retire and continue to conduct research throughout their lives. Apparently because they really like it. And since the average age of those who have already died is 80 years old, and many of them live to 90 years old (for example, Jerome Bruner), their academic experience often exceeds 50 or even 60 years.
2. Recognition from professional organizations comes late. The average age for receiving an APA award is 59. Only one Paul Meehl won the award at 30, and Kahneman and Festinger at 40.
3. 38% of psychologists on this list received PhD degrees from 5 universities: Harvard, University of Michigan, Yale, Stanford, University of Pennsylvania. If we add 5 more to them - the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Minnesota, Columbia University, the University of Chicago and the University of Texas - then 55% of those defended will be in this top ten. Since there are about 285 graduate schools in psychology in the United States, the authors note a large disparity among them. However, over time, this inequality decreases as among those born before 1936, 38% received their PhDs from Ivy League universities (i.e. a total of 8 universities). Among those born after 1936, this figure is already 21%. There is greater diversity at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The first 5 places are occupied by Harvard, the University of Michigan, the City University of New York, Stanford and the University of California at Berkeley. 20% of the top psychologists have graduated from these universities.
4. Most of the researchers on this list have worked at these most prestigious universities for at least some time: 50 people worked at Harvard, 30 at Stanford, 27 at the University of Pennsylvania, 27 at the University of Michigan, 25 at Yale.
5. Despite the fact that 75% to 80% of psychologists who graduate from university are women (the same is true for PhD degrees), the list of the most outstanding women is a minority. However, over time, their number increases. Among those born before 1921, only 10% of women, between 1921 and 1950 - 22%, between 1951 and 1965 - 27%.

It is interesting to look separately at the list of the 50 most cited publications.

Anticipating possible questions and comments, I'll tell you right away. Yes, this list consists only of researchers, there are no practitioners in it. And so it was intended. The list was built on the basis of specific criteria, and if some of your favorite psychologist is not on it, then according to these criteria he is below the rest. The list is current at the moment, but it may change over time. New people can get into it, and those already in it can change their place.

And the last thing. If you suddenly want to become an outstanding psychologist, reviewing the list of the most outstanding psychologists may give you some tips that can help you with this. First, you need to graduate from one of the most prestigious universities in the world and get a PhD in one of them. At the same time, it is not so important what exactly inside psychology you will do and what to study, although it seems to be more profitable to study the psychology of sensations and perceptions or social psychology. Secondly, you have to work hard, do a lot of research and publish many articles, no less than a hundred. Thirdly, one must love to do research and do it all his life, which must be long (one must try to live to at least 80 years). Fourthly, one must be patient; in psychology, fame comes late.

_______________________________________________
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Park, J. Y. (2014). An Incomplete List of Eminent Psychologists of the Modern Era. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 2(1), 20–32. doi: 10.1037 / arc0000006

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Open any newspaper or magazine, and you will find the terms proposed by Sigmund Freud there. Sublimation, projection, transfer, defenses, complexes, neuroses, hysteria, stress, psychological trauma and crises, etc. - all these words have firmly entered our life. And also the books of Freud and other prominent psychologists are firmly included in it. We offer you a list of the best - those that changed our reality

17 best books of great psychologists

Open any newspaper or magazine, and you will find the terms proposed by Sigmund Freud there. Sublimation, projection, transfer, defenses, complexes, neuroses, hysteria, stress, psychological trauma and crises, etc. - all these words have firmly entered our life. And also the books of Freud and other prominent psychologists are firmly included in it.

We offer you a list of the best - those that have changed our reality.

Eric Byrne. Games People Play.

Bern believes that every person's life is programmed until the age of five, and then we all play games with each other, using three roles: Adult, Parent and Child.

Edward de Bono. Six thinking hats

Edward de Bono, British psychologist, developed a method for teaching effective thinking. Six hats are six different ways of thinking. De Bono suggests trying on each headgear in order to learn to think differently depending on the situation.

The red hat is emotion, black is criticism, yellow is optimism, green is creativity, blue is thought management, and white is facts and figures.

Alfred Adler. Understand human nature

Alfred Adler is one of the most famous students of Sigmund Freud. He created his own concept of individual (or individual) psychology. Adler wrote that human actions are influenced not only by the past (as Freud taught), but also by the future, or rather the goal that a person wants to achieve in the future. And already proceeding from this goal, he transforms his past and present.

In other words, only knowing the goal, we can understand why a person acted this way and not otherwise. Take, for example, the image with the theater: only by the last act do we understand the actions of the heroes that they performed in the first act.

Norman Doidge. Brain plasticity

Norman Doidge, MD, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, has devoted his research to brain plasticity. In his main work, he makes a revolutionary statement: our brains are able to change their own structure and work thanks to the thoughts and actions of a person. Doidge talks about the latest discoveries that prove that the human brain is plastic, which means it can change itself.

The book features stories of scientists, doctors and patients who were able to achieve amazing transformations. Those who had serious problems managed to cure brain diseases that were considered incurable without surgery or pills. Well, those who did not have any particular problems were able to significantly improve their brain function.

Susan Weinshenk "Laws of Influence"

Susan Weinshenk is a renowned American psychologist specializing in behavioral psychology. She is called "Lady Brain" because she studies the latest advances in neuroscience and the human brain and applies this knowledge to business and everyday life.

Susan talks about the basic laws of the psyche. In her bestselling book, she identifies 7 main motivators of human behavior that affect our lives.

Eric Erickson. Childhood and society

Eric Erikson is an outstanding psychologist who detailed and complemented Sigmund Freud's famous age periodization. The periodization of human life, proposed by Erickson, consists of 8 stages, each of which ends in a crisis. A person must go through this crisis correctly. If it does not pass, then it (the crisis) is added to the load in the next period.

Robert Cialdini. The psychology of persuasion

The famous book by the famous American psychologist Robert Cialdini. It has become a classic in social psychology. "The Psychology of Persuasion" is recommended by the best scientists in the world as a guide to interpersonal relations and conflict management.

Hans Eysenck. Personality measurements

Hans Eysenck is a British psychologist, one of the leaders in the biological direction in psychology, the creator of the factor theory of personality. Best known as the author of the popular intelligence test - IQ.

Daniel Goleman. Emotional leadership

Psychologist Daniel Goleman completely changed the way we think about leadership, stating that for a leader, “emotional intelligence” (EQ) is more important than IQ.

Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is the ability to identify and understand emotions, both your own and those of others, and the ability to use this knowledge to manage your behavior and relationships with people. A leader without emotional intelligence may be first-class training, have a sharp mind, and endlessly generate new ideas, but he will still lose to a leader who knows how to manage emotions.

Malcolm Gladwell. Illumination: The Power of Instant Decisions

The famous sociologist Malcolm Gladwell presented a number of interesting studies on intuition. He is sure that each of us has intuition, and it is worth listening to it. Our unconscious, without our participation, processes huge amounts of data and on a silver platter gives out the most correct solution, which we just have not to miss and use effectively for ourselves.

However, intuition can be easily frightened off by a lack of time to make a decision, a state of stress, and also an attempt to describe in words your thoughts and actions.

Victor Frankl. The will to meaning

Viktor Frankl is an internationally renowned Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist, a student of Alfred Adler and the founder of logotherapy. Logotherapy (from the Greek "Logos" - a word and "terapia" - care, care, treatment) is a direction in psychotherapy, which arose on the basis of the conclusions that Frankl made as a prisoner of a concentration camp.

This is therapy for the search for meaning, this is the way that helps a person find meaning in any circumstances of his life, including such extreme ones as suffering. And here it is very important to understand the following: in order to find this meaning, Frankl proposes to investigate not the depths of the personality (as Freud believed), but its heights.

This is a very significant difference in accent. Before Frankl, psychologists mainly tried to help people by exploring the depths of their subconscious, and Frankl insists on the full disclosure of a person's potential, on the study of his heights. Thus, he makes the accent, figuratively speaking, on the spire of the building (height), and not on its basement (depth).

Sigmund Freud. Interpretation of dreams

Sigmund Freud does not need to be introduced. Let's just say a few words about its main findings. The founder of psychoanalysis believed that nothing happens just like that, you always have to look for a reason. And the cause of psychological problems lies in the unconscious.

He came up with a new method that introduces into the unconscious, which means he studies it - this is the method of free association. Freud was sure that everyone lived in the Oedipus complex (for men) or the Electra complex (for women). The formation of personality occurs precisely during this period - from 3 to 5 years.

Anna Freud. Psychology I and defense mechanisms

Anna Freud is the youngest daughter of the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. She founded a new direction in psychology - ego psychology. Her main scientific merit is considered the development of the theory of human defense mechanisms.

Anna also made significant progress in studying the nature of aggression, but nevertheless her most significant contribution to psychology was the creation of child psychology and child psychoanalysis.

Nancy McWilliams. Psychoanalytic diagnostics

This book is the Bible of modern psychoanalysis. American psychoanalyst Nancy McWilliams writes that we are all to some extent irrational, which means that about each person it is necessary to answer two basic questions: "How crazy is it?" and "What exactly is psycho?"

The first question can be answered by three levels of the psyche, and the second - by the types of character (narcissistic, schizoid, depressive, paranoid, hysterical, etc.), studied in detail by Nancy McWilliams and described in the book "Psychoanalytic Diagnostics".

Carl Jung. Archetype and symbol

Carl Jung is the second famous student of Sigmund Freud (we have already talked about Alfred Adler). Jung believed that the unconscious is not only the lowest in man, but also the highest, for example, creativity. The unconscious thinks in symbols.

Jung introduces the concept of the collective unconscious, with which a person is born, it is the same for everyone. When a person is born, he is already filled with ancient images, archetypes. They pass from generation to generation. Archetypes affect everything that happens to a person.

Abraham Maslow. The far reaches of the human psyche

Abraham Maslow is a world famous psychologist, whose pyramid of needs everyone knows. But Maslow is famous for more than that. He was the first to describe a mentally healthy person. Psychiatrists, psychotherapists, as a rule, deal with mental disorders. This area is fairly well researched. Few have researched mental health. What does it mean to be a healthy person? Where is the line between pathology and the norm?

Martin Seligman. How to learn optimism

Martin Seligman is an outstanding American psychologist and founder of positive psychology. He became famous all over the world for his studies of the phenomenon of learned helplessness, that is, passivity in the face of supposedly fatal troubles.

Seligman proved that helplessness and its extreme manifestation - depression - are pessimistic. The psychologist introduces us to two of his main concepts: the theory of learned helplessness and the notion of a style of explanation. They are closely related. The first explains why we become pessimists, and the second explains how to change the style of thinking in order to turn from a pessimist to an optimist. published.

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