According to researchers from different regions, the indigenous peoples of Siberia settled in this area in the late Paleolithic era. It was this time that was characterized by the greatest development of hunting as a trade.

Today, most of the tribes and peoples of this region are small in number and their culture is on the verge of extinction. Next, we will try to get acquainted with such an area of \u200b\u200bthe geography of our Motherland as the peoples of Siberia. Photos of representatives, language features and housekeeping will be given in the article.

Understanding these aspects of life, we are trying to show the versatility of peoples and, possibly, awaken in readers an interest in travel and unusual impressions.

Ethnogenesis

The Mongoloid type of man is represented practically throughout the entire territory of Siberia. It is considered its homeland. After the glacier began to retreat, people with just such facial features settled in the region. In that era, cattle breeding was not yet developed to a significant extent, therefore, hunting became the main occupation of the population.

If we study the map of Siberia, we will see that they are most represented by the Altai and Ural families. Tunguska, Mongolian and Turkic languages \u200b\u200bon the one hand - and Samoyed Ugric on the other.

Socio-economic features

The peoples of Siberia and the Far East, before the development of this region by the Russians, basically had a similar way of life. First, tribal relations were widespread. Traditions were kept within the framework of separate settlements, marriages tried not to spread outside the tribe.

Classes were divided depending on the place of residence. If there was a large waterway nearby, then there were often settlements of sedentary fishermen, who developed agriculture. The main population was engaged exclusively in cattle breeding, for example, reindeer herding was very widespread.

It is convenient to breed these animals not only because of the meat, unpretentiousness in food, but also because of their skins. They are very thin and warm, which allowed such peoples as, for example, the Evenks, to be good riders and warriors in comfortable clothes.

After the arrival of firearms in these territories, the way of life has changed significantly.

Spiritual realm of life

The ancient peoples of Siberia are still adherents of shamanism. Although over many centuries it has undergone various changes, it has not lost its strength. The Buryats, for example, first added some rituals, and then completely switched to Buddhism.

Most of the remaining tribes were formally baptized after the eighteenth century. But this is all official data. If we take a ride through the villages and settlements where small peoples of Siberia live, we will see a completely different picture. Most adhere to the centuries-old traditions of their ancestors without innovations, the rest combine their beliefs with one of the main religions.

Especially these facets of life are manifested on national holidays, when attributes of different beliefs are encountered. They intertwine and create a unique pattern of the authentic culture of this or that tribe.

Aleuts

They call themselves Unangan, and their neighbors (Eskimos) - Alakshak. The total population barely reaches twenty thousand people, most of whom live in the northern United States and Canada.

Researchers believe that the Aleuts formed about five thousand years ago. True, there are two points of view on their origin. Some consider them to be an independent ethnic formation, others - that they stood out from among the Eskimos.

Before this people got acquainted with Orthodoxy, of which they adhere today, the Aleuts practiced a mixture of shamanism and animism. The main shamanic costume was in the form of a bird, and the spirits of different elements and phenomena were represented by wooden masks.

Today they worship a single god, which in their language is called Agugum and is a complete compliance with all the canons of Christianity.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, as we will see later, many small peoples of Siberia are represented, but these live only in one settlement - the village of Nikolskoye.

Itelmens

Self-name comes from the word "Itenmen", which means "the person who lives here", local, in other words.

You can meet them in the west and in the Magadan region. The total number is a little more than three thousand people, judging by the 2002 census.

In appearance, they are closer to the Pacific type, but still have clear features of the northern Mongoloids.

The initial religion is animism and fetishism, the Raven was considered the first ancestor. It is customary to bury the dead at the Itelmens according to the rite of "air burial". The deceased is suspended before decay in a tree house or laid on a special platform. This tradition can boast not only the peoples of Eastern Siberia, it was spread in ancient times even in the Caucasus and North America.

The most common trade is fishing and hunting for coastal mammals such as seals. Besides, gathering is widespread.

Kamchadals

Not all peoples of Siberia and the Far East are aborigines, an example of this is the Kamchadals. Actually, this is not an independent nationality, but a mixture of Russian settlers with local tribes.

Their language is Russian with admixtures of local dialects. They are distributed mainly in Eastern Siberia. These include Kamchatka, Chukotka, Magadan region, the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.

Judging by the census, their total number fluctuates around two and a half thousand people.

Actually, as such Kamchadals appeared only in the middle of the eighteenth century. At this time, Russian settlers and merchants were intensively establishing contacts with the locals, some of them married Itelmen women and representatives of the Koryaks and Chuvans.

Thus, the descendants of precisely these inter-tribal unions bear the name of Kamchadals today.

Koryaks

If you start listing the peoples of Siberia, the Koryaks will not take the last place in the list. They have been known to Russian researchers since the eighteenth century.

In fact, this is not a single people, but several tribes. They call themselves soapy or chavchuven. According to the census, today their number is about nine thousand people.

Kamchatka, Chukotka and Magadan Oblast are the territories of residence of representatives of these tribes.

If classified based on lifestyle, they are divided into coastal and tundra.

The first are nymylans. They speak the Alyutor language and are engaged in sea crafts - fishing and hunting seals. Kereks are close to them in culture and way of life. This people is characterized by a settled life.

The second are the nomads Chavchiv (reindeer herders). Their language is Koryak. They live in the Penzhinskaya Bay, Taigonos and adjacent territories.

A characteristic feature that distinguishes the Koryaks, like some other peoples of Siberia, is the yarangi. These are mobile cone-shaped dwellings made of skins.

Muncie

If we talk about the indigenous peoples of Western Siberia, one cannot fail to mention the Ural-Yukaghir region. The most prominent representatives of this group are the Mansi.

The self-name of this people is the Mensa or Voguls. "Mansi" in their language means "man".

This group was formed as a result of the assimilation of the Uralic and Ugric tribes in the Neolithic era. The former were sedentary hunters, the latter were nomadic herders. This duality of culture and economy continues to this day.

The earliest contacts with western neighbors were in the eleventh century. At this time, the Mansi get acquainted with the Komi and Novgorodians. After joining Russia, the colonization policy intensifies. By the end of the seventeenth century, they were pushed back to the northeast, and in the eighteenth they formally adopted Christianity.

Today there are two phratries in this people. The first is called Por, he considers the Bear to be his ancestor, and it is based on the Urals. The second is called Mos, its founder is a woman Kaltashch, and the majority in this phratry belongs to the Ugrians.
A characteristic feature is that only cross marriages between phratries are recognized. Only a few indigenous peoples of Western Siberia have this tradition.

Nanai

In ancient times they were known under the name of Goldy, and one of the most famous representatives of this people was Dersu Uzala.

Judging by the population census, there are slightly more than twenty thousand of them. They live along the Amur in the territory of the Russian Federation and China. The language is Nanai. Cyrillic is used on the territory of Russia, in China - the language is unwritten.

These peoples of Siberia became famous thanks to Khabarov, who explored this region in the seventeenth century. Some scholars consider them to be the ancestors of the settled farmers of the Duchers. But most are inclined to believe that the Nanai simply came to these lands.

In 1860, thanks to the redistribution of borders along the Amur River, many representatives of this people turned out to be citizens of two states overnight.

Nenets

When listing the peoples, it is impossible not to dwell on the Nenets. This word, like many of the names of the tribes of these territories, means "man". Judging by the data of the All-Russian population census, more than forty thousand people live from Taimyr to theirs. Thus, it turns out that the Nenets are the largest of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.

They are divided into two groups. The first is tundra, the majority of which are, the second is forest (there are few of them). The dialects of these tribes are so different that one will not understand the other.

Like all the peoples of Western Siberia, the Nenets have the features of both Mongoloids and Caucasians. Moreover, the closer to the east, the less European signs remain.

The basis of the economy of this people is reindeer herding and, to a small extent, fishing. The main dish is corned beef, but the cuisine is replete with raw cow and deer meat. Thanks to the vitamins contained in the blood, the Nenets do not have scurvy, but such exoticism is rarely to the taste of guests and tourists.

Chukchi

If we think about what peoples lived in Siberia, and approach this issue from the point of view of anthropology, we will see several ways of settlement. Some tribes came from Central Asia, others from the northern islands and Alaska. Only a small fraction are locals.

The Chukchi, or luoravetlan, as they call themselves, are similar in appearance to the Itelmen and Eskimos and have facial features, as in It prompts reflections on their origin.

They met the Russians in the seventeenth century and fought a bloody war for over a hundred years. As a result, they were pushed back beyond the Kolyma.

The Anyui fortress, where the garrison moved after the fall of the Anadyr prison, became an important trading point. The fair in this stronghold had a turnover of hundreds of thousands of rubles.

A richer group of Chukchi - the Chauchu (reindeer herders) - brought skins here for sale. The second part of the population was called ankalyn (dog breeders), they roamed in the north of Chukotka and led a simpler economy.

Eskimos

The self-name of this people is Inuit, and the word "Eskimo" means "one who eats raw fish." So they were called by the neighbors of their tribes - the American Indians.

Researchers distinguish this people into a special "Arctic" race. They are very adapted to life in this area and inhabit the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean from Greenland to Chukotka.

Judging by the 2002 census, there are only about two thousand people in the Russian Federation. Most of them live in Canada and Alaska.

The Inuit religion is animism, and tambourines are a sacred relic in every family.

For exotic lovers it will be interesting to learn about the igunaka. This is a special dish that is deadly for anyone who has not eaten it since childhood. In fact, this is the rotting meat of a slain deer or walrus (seal), which was kept under pressure from gravel for several months.

Thus, in this article we have studied some of the peoples of Siberia. We got acquainted with their real names, peculiarities of beliefs, economy and culture.

The whales sense the pursuit and go to sea. They rarely emerge and constantly change direction, but the foreman guesses almost every time where the male he has intended will appear. However, it is not immediately possible to approach him at the distance of the harpoon throw. But then a long, smooth body seemed very close under the green water column. As soon as part of the head appeared above the water, the harpooner throws the harpoon with all his might with his hand. The tip stuck in, the shaft bounced off, the line - a rope tied to the harpoon - began to unwind at a breakneck speed after the diving animal ... Whaling is a traditional occupation of the Chukchi and Eskimos.

Among the large and small peoples inhabiting Russia, a special place is occupied by those who in geography and ethnography are called "small (or small) peoples of the North and the Far East."

Some of them have autonomous territorial entities: Evenki (Evenk Autonomous Okrug in the Krasnoyarsk Territory), khanty and Mansi (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug), nenets (Nenets Autonomous District in the Arkhangelsk Region), dolgans (Taimyr, or Dolgano-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), chukchi (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug), koryaks (Koryak Autonomous Okrug). But most of these peoples do not have national autonomies.

DIVERSITY OF PEOPLES OF THE NORTH AND FAR EAST

The peoples described in this article collectively number no more than 300 thousand people, and they belong to almost ten language groups: sami, Khanty and Mansi - to the Finno-Ugric; nenets, Selkups, Nganasans, Enets - to the Samoyed; dolgans - to the Turkic; Evenks, Evens, Negidals, terms, Orochi, Nanai, Udege and Ulchi - to the Tungus-Manchu. Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen speak the languages \u200b\u200bof the Chukchi-Kamchatka family, Eskimos and Aleuts - Eskimo-Aleutian, and languages yukaghirs, Kets, Nivkhs are considered isolated, that is, they do not belong to any family.

Nowadays, many languages \u200b\u200bare almost forgotten. They are remembered mainly by people of the older generation, and young people speak Russian. However, since the 90s. attempts are being made to restore the teaching of the mother tongue at school. It's not easy at all. There are not enough teachers, many children hardly hear their native language at home (usually only from grandparents), and therefore they learn their native language again, just like a foreign one.

The type of appearance of representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North and the Far East is not as diverse as their languages. The inhabitants of these regions can be attributed to northern Mongoloids : they are small in stature, dense build, with fair skin. The hair is straight and black, the eyes are black or brown, with a narrow cut, the nose is small. It is not for nothing that visitors with a European appearance are derisively called "big-nosed" or "big-nosed".

When in the XX century the Russians began to explore the north of Siberia, as a result of mixed marriages, some peoples, especially the Sami, Mansi, part of the Khanty, acquired Caucasian facial features. The cut of their eyes has become wider, light eyes, light brown or brown hair are often found. In the Nenets or Chukchi villages, you can see local residents with a clear Caucasian admixture. They lead a traditional way of life, their passports contain the indigenous nationality for this region, but their names and surnames are Russian, German, even Chechen: Nenets Wagner (German surname) or Eskimo Alibek (Chechen name). Children from mixed marriages usually choose an indigenous nationality, firstly, so as not to differ from classmates, and secondly, in order to have benefits - the right to fish without a permit, free licenses for professional hunting, etc.

In the past, most of the peoples of the North and the Far East were adherents of shamanism. In the XVI - early XIX century. they were converted to Orthodoxy. In Soviet times, there were almost no churches and priests left in the North, but nevertheless, some of the Nenets, Evens and some other peoples still keep icons and prayer books, observe Christian rituals. However, such a minority.

Even more severely than Christianity, the Soviet authorities persecuted shamanism, but it, being a traditional form of religion, still survived. True, today's shamans do without a tambourine and without a special costume, although pendants and amulets are still worn during the ceremony.

HOW THE NORTHERN PEOPLES LIVE

The nature of the lands on which the peoples of the North and the Far East live is harsh: tundra, forest-tundra, taiga. Villages are almost always located near the water - on the shores of a bay, lake or river. And this is no coincidence. It is by water that the necessary goods are brought here, and above all coal and gasoline. The navigation period is very short, and during it you need to have time to deliver everything you need for a long winter. During the rest of the year, the village can only be reached (or escaped) by helicopter.

Residents work at a fur farm where minks and arctic foxes are bred, or in a sewing workshop - both European type and national clothes are sewn here, most often from deer fur. Minders, mechanics, salesmen, nurses work in the village. But all this is a post office, a shop, a sewing workshop, a fur farm, and log houses, almost the same as in Russian villages - just a modern "superstructure" brought from Russia "urban civilization".

At the heart of the national existence of small peoples, their identity is precisely what is not in the village, but in the surrounding tundra and taiga. There are not many people working here, but they are the ones who are engaged in economic activities traditional for the small peoples of Russia. These are reindeer herders who live with their whole family in the tundra with herds of reindeer most of the year and only a couple of times a year look into their rural houses, which are usually empty. These are hunters who spend the entire hunting season in the taiga or tundra, returning home only from time to time. They travel from one hunting tract to another on foot, on deer, on dogs, and nowadays often on motorized snowmobiles. And finally, fishermen, on the fishing season (during the period of active fishing) living far from the village, "on the sands", that is, on the river and lake banks, especially convenient for fishing. Coastal Chukchi and Eskimos, who hunt walruses, go to hunt distant islands and capes for many days.

Here, on the banks of a river or sea, in the taiga and in the tundra, real life is going on - the life of reindeer herders, fishermen, hunters. It proceeds to a large extent the way it went a hundred and two hundred years ago - in compliance with traditional customs, rituals, and rules of relationships between people. However, here you can also see many signs of modernity - a radio station, a radio receiver, a traditional hearth is sometimes replaced with a gasoline stove stove, motors are installed on boats.

Reindeer husbandry is mainly occupied by the inhabitants of the North (except for the Eskimos, coastal Chukchi and Aleuts). The Sami, Nenets, Reindeer Chukchi, Koryaks, Northern Selkups and Khanty have large herds, they receive meat, skins, milk for themselves and for sale. Other peoples have fewer deer, and they are used mainly as transport animals. In this case, reindeer are rarely slaughtered for meat, and they feed on taiga game - wild reindeer, elk, game birds, etc. Such is the life of the Evenks, Evens, and Mansi. The peoples of the Primorsky Territory are the southern Selkups, the Yukaghirs are excellent hunters.

Hunting takes place throughout the year. In winter, the hunter goes out into the taiga on wide skis, simple equipment is loaded onto small sleds. The dog almost always helps him to pull them. They usually hunt alone, less often together or three. In the taiga and forest-tundra, at a certain distance from each other, hunting huts are arranged - small houses with a stove, where you can warm up, spend the night, and cook food. Leaving such a hut, the hunter will definitely leave tea, matches, and a supply of firewood for the next visitor.

The main occupation of the Khanty of the Ob region and the peoples of the Amur region (Negidals, Nanai, Nivkh, Udege) is fishing. However, in one way or another, all the peoples of the North are engaged in fishing as ancillary fishing.

CUISINE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE NORTH

Traditional cuisine meets the requirements of the climate, although an unaccustomed person can be confused. Fish and meat are the main food. When they are fresh, they are willingly eaten raw, with only a little salt; they drink fresh, still warm deer blood. But you need to be sure that fish and meat are not infected with worm larvae. In venison, the best varieties of fish (such as broads, muksun, nelma, whitefish), they are usually absent, but seals, bears, small fish (pike, ide, crucian carp) can be infected. They are eaten either boiled or after long drying; it is not customary for northerners to fry meat and fish. Melted seal (seal) fat can be drunk in cups, cakes are baked on it, and pieces of meat are dipped into it, like a sauce.

Although raw or semi-cooked meat contains all the essential vitamins, the inhabitants of the North are acutely aware of the lack of plant foods. In summer, women go out to the tundra to pick wild-growing herbs and berries. There is an unmeasured amount of berries in the tundra - cloudberries, blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries, crowberry ... They are eaten fresh, and also harvested for the winter. Both berries and edible herbs (wild sorrel and onions, young leaves of the polar willow) are preserved in leather bags - wineskins, filled with melted fat. In winter, they are used as a seasoning for meat. Morjatina, stewed in small pieces in fat with willow leaves, is a dish that would do honor to the most refined metropolitan restaurant. However, you won't find it in restaurants, but whale cutlets and boiled whale skin (you can also eat it raw) are sometimes found in local canteens. Dozens of dishes are obtained from different parts of the walrus: boiled tongue, boiled intestines, jelly from flippers, blood dumplings, jerky with fat, etc.

In the tundra and taiga, mushrooms grow in abundance - russula, boletus, boletus. Deer are very fond of mushrooms, and in mushroom places it is difficult to graze them - in search of delicacies, they scatter in all directions. Locals traditionally do not eat mushrooms. However, in the second half of the 20th century, under the influence of the Russians, they began to dry and salt them in reserve and for sale.

In the nutrition of the peoples of the North since the 30-40s. XX century significant changes have taken place. Today even reindeer herders and hunters cannot live a day without bread, cereals, tea, salt, sugar. The habit of sweets affects the health of children and young people: before, local residents did not have caries at all, and now many suffer from it from an early age.

HOUSING OF THE PEOPLE OF THE NORTH

Reindeer herders and fishermen, as a rule, roam and settle in three or four villages of almost all peoples of the North plague ... Chum is a conical tent several meters high. It is based on 16-20 long poles converging tops. The chum is covered with nukes - bedspreads made of reindeer skins, tarpaulins or some other waterproof fabric. Poles and nu-ki are transported from place to place on a sleigh pulled by reindeer. On the wet, grassy tundra, sledges ride in the summer, without any snow, only the reindeer are harnessed more than in winter, usually four.

Placing a chum is considered a woman's business, and two or three women can do it in less than an hour. A fire is burning in the middle of the chum, or there is a tin stove. To the right and to the left of the entrance, on matting made of willow branches, covered with skins, there are beds. Opposite the entrance there is a sacred place where there is a chest with valuables, bags with amulets hang, and the baptized have icons. If the stove goes out, it immediately becomes very cold in the tent, so you have to sleep either dressed, covered with skins, or in warm fur sleeping bags.

In fishermen, plague can be covered not with skins, but with a vice - plates sewn from yellow-brown pieces of boiled birch bark. Fishermen move from place to place in summer in boats, in winter - on sleds with a dog sled, and in recent years - on snowmobiles. Evenks roam on reindeer.

Dolgans and other Taimyr reindeer herders often live not in tents, but in ravines. Beam - a rack frame house, covered with skins and canvas. Inside, it looks like a carriage compartment: bunk beds, a table, a small iron stove. Such a house is placed on a wide, strong sleigh, and four or five reindeer transport it. Initially, this type of dwelling was invented by Russian merchants who traveled around the tundra with goods.

For the Chukchi and Koryak reindeer breeders, it is not the chum, but the yaranga that serves as a dwelling place. Yaranga the plague is much wider, it has a more complex wooden frame.

Inside, two rooms are distinguished - a cold one at the entrance (here they prepare food and study household affairs) and warm back. The back part is entirely occupied by a canopy - a canopy sewn from skins, suspended from the back wall. When the canopy is lowered, it is warm under it, and people sit without outerwear. Sleep in the canopy. If it gets stuffy, the air supply is regulated with a leather sleeve at the top of the canopy, it plays the role of a window.

In the chum and yaranga, in nomadic conditions, you can live quite comfortably, you just need to be able to equip your life. Modern boys and girls who spend the winter in dormitories of boarding schools from 8 to 18 years old and return to their parents in fishing and reindeer herding camps only for the summer do not have a good command of the special skills necessary for this. Therefore, they often find it difficult and unwilling to join the traditional economy.

WHY THE NORTHERN PEOPLES DISAPPEAR

Small nations differ from large nations not only in numbers. It is more difficult for them to maintain their identity. A Chinese man can come to Helsinki, marry a Finnish woman, live there with her all his life, but he will remain Chinese until his days, and will not become a Finn. Moreover, even in his children, there will probably be a lot of Chinese, and this is manifested not only in the external appearance, but much deeper - in the peculiarities of psychology, behavior, tastes (at least just culinary). If someone from the Sami people gets into a similar situation - they live on the Kola Peninsula, in Northern Norway and in Northern Finland - then, despite the proximity to his native places, after some time he will essentially become a Finn.

This is the case with the peoples of the North and Far East of Russia. They preserve their national identity as long as they live in the villages and are engaged in traditional farming. If they leave their native places, break away from their own people, they dissolve in something else and become Russians, Yakuts, Buryats - depending on where they go and how life will turn out. Therefore, their number is almost not growing, although the birth rate is quite high. In order not to lose national identity, you need to live among your people, in its original habitat.

Of course, small peoples have intelligentsia - teachers, artists, scientists, writers, doctors. They live in a district or regional center, but in order not to lose touch with their native people, they need to spend a lot of time in the villages.

In order to preserve small nations, it is necessary to maintain a traditional economy. This is the main difficulty. Reindeer pastures are shrinking due to the growing production of oil and gas, seas and rivers are polluted, so fishing cannot develop. Demand for reindeer meat and furs is falling. The interests of the indigenous population and regional authorities, large companies, and simply local poachers collide, and in such a conflict, the power is not on the side of small nations.

At the end of the XX century. the leadership of the districts and republics (especially in Yakutia, in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets districts) began to pay more attention to the problems of preserving the national culture. Festivals of cultures of small peoples have become regular, at which storytellers perform, rituals are performed, and sports competitions are held.

All over the world, well-being, living standards, and the preservation of the culture of small national minorities (Indians in America, Aboriginal Australia, Ainu Japan, etc.) are part of the country's business card and serve as an indicator of its progressiveness. Therefore, the significance of the fate of the small peoples of the North for Russia is incomparably greater in comparison with their small number, which is only 0.1% of the country's population.

MAMMONT IN THE LEADERSHIP AND TALES OF THE HUNTS AND MANSI

The Finno-Ugric peoples have legends about the mammoth - an animal that became extinct hundreds of thousands of years ago. This image is especially often found in the folklore of the Ob Ugrians - Khanty and Mansi. In their view, a mammoth is a very large ("like five or six moose"), powerful and strong animal. He is afraid of the sun's rays and therefore lives underground, and makes his way for himself with "horns", that is, with tusks. He eats plants and earth. It is no coincidence that the name of this outlandish beast in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Khanty and Mansi literally means "the land of the same deer" And the Nenets, the neighbors of the Ob Ugrians, call it "the land of the bull". They have stories about his underground roar. The mammoth's "activity" is associated with such natural phenomena as the formation of river channels, bank collapses during floods, ice cracking during ice drift and even earthquakes.

The mammoth of the Ob Ugrians is similar to the Indrik-beast from Russian legends: “The beast lives across the ocean-sea.

The nature and origin of the amazing beast was explained in different ways. There was an idea that the mammoth is not some kind of special animal - other animals or fish are reincarnated into it with age: moose, bears, pikes. According to one of the beliefs, an elk in old age, having lost its teeth and horns, migrates underground or under water. There he changes outwardly: new horns grow, but not branched, but straight ones. During the traditional Bear Festival, a figurine of a mammoth sculpted from dough was placed in front of the face of a bear killed during a ritual hunt, into which, as the Ob Ugrians believed, the spirit of the killed animal passes over. Figures of deer and elks were also placed in front of the bear, hoping that, having turned into an underground mammoth, it would send good luck on the hunt and ensure a good breeding of deer.

In the view of the Ob Ugrians, the mammoth is also associated with the water element. Known images of hybrid monsters - mammoth pike or mammoth fish. According to the Mansi beliefs, a mammoth appeared in the place where the river foamed and waves rose. If a boat gets there, it will turn over. It was believed that a mammoth could eat a person. Even today, no fish is caught in such dangerous places.

One of the characters in the legends of the Khanty and Mansi is the Ob old man, or the Ob master. The success of the fishing industry and the fate of people sailing along the river depend on it. The old man, as it is told in the source of the early 17th century, could drive fish from the sea to the Ob, and he attracted it with the help of a metal pipe resembling a trunk. His head was crowned with two horns. In this description, the Ob old man is very reminiscent of a mammoth.

The stories about the underground mammoth beast are known to many peoples of Northern Eurasia. In Western Siberia, they are common among Russians. According to scientists, such ideas did not arise by chance. People found bones and tusks in the ground that were striking in their extraordinary size. Such findings gave rise to the idea of \u200b\u200bgiant animals that invisibly lived underground or under water. However, another explanation is possible. In the form of fantastic legends about mammoths, northern hunters have preserved stories passing from mouth to mouth about the times when these animals still roamed the earth, inspiring fear and reverence with their power.

TRADITIONAL SUIT N A N A J C E V

Traditional Nanai costume - a dressing gown with a hem wrapped around to the right, narrow and short pants and leggings (a piece of clothing such as leggings) ... Women put on a bib with metal pendants under the robe. Winter shoes (it was worn over fur or leather stockings) was made of fish skin, and the summer one was made of boar. In the cold, they wore fur hats with earmuffs, and in the warm season, birch bark hats. F womens hats , especially winter ones, differed from men: they wore either a quilted hat on cotton like a helmet and with a knob on the crown, or felt hats in the form of a cap with the edges bent up.

The sable hunter's costume was peculiar. Its most original details are a richly embroidered cap with earmuffs topped with a sable or squirrel tail, and an apron decorated with multi-colored fabric stripes.

The men adopted the custom of shaving the front of the head from temple to temple from their neighbors, the Man Chzhur, and braiding the rest of the hair in a braid. Women, following the example of the Manchus, braided two braids and laid them around their heads.

CLOTHING CHUK CH E Y

The cold climate largely determined and determines the features of the Chukchi clothing. The outer garment was deaf, that is, without a longitudinal slit in the front or back. They sewed it from the skins of young deer and seals. Men put on a double fur shirt to their knees on their naked bodies: the lower one - with fur inside, the upper one - with fur outside ... The hem, sleeves, and collars of the kuhlyanka (as the Russians called this type of clothing) were sheathed with dog or wolverine fur. The trousers were also made double: the upper ones were made of deer fur or sealskin, the lower ones were made of deer skins. Footwear worn with fur stockings. The kuhlyanka was girded with a belt and a knife and pouch were hung from it. Summer clothes and shoes were made of rovduga (suede) and seal skins. In rainy weather, the Chukchi, who lived on the coast, put on waterproof clothing made from walrus intestines.

Even in winter, the Chukchi often walked bareheaded, and wore a hat only on the road. These little caps with headphones left the crown of the head open. During the storms, a suede hoodie with a hood saved me.

The Chukchi have invented special overalls for infants. Sleeves and trousers were sewn tightly for warmth; a hole was cut in the pants, which was closed with a special valve, and a bed of dry moss or reindeer wool was placed on the valve.

The Chukchi were famous for tattooing: the thread was rubbed with soot or gunpowder and tugged under the skin. Men drew a pattern (small circles) around the edges of the mouth, while women drew two straight lines on the nose and forehead and several lines on the chin. It was believed that a tattoo sheds evil spirits, and helps childless women get rid of infertility.

Men usually shaved the upper part of the head, and left the hair at the forehead and on the back of the head - a hoop of hair was obtained.

Women often braided their hair in two braids, and the ends were tied tightly with a strap.

TRADITIONAL CLOTHING E V E N K O V

Evenk traditional outerwear - caftan ... They sewed it from deer skins, and so that the raindrops would roll down without penetrating inside, a fringe of goat fur was inserted into the shoulder seam. A fur bib was worn under the caftan. The festive bib was made of rovduga (suede) and decorated with bead patterns. In more severe areas, in the forest-tundra, deaf fur clothes were worn over the caftan - soku and. The male costume differed little from the female one, mainly in some features of the cut and the amount of jewelry.

The headdress was made of skin from a deer head ... The skin was pulled out in the shape of a person's head and dried; the holes from the eyes and horns were sewn up and decorated with beads, the edges were sheathed with leather. The Evenks also wore caps like a bonnet, trimmed with fur. To the south of Nizhnyaya Tunguska, men tied scarves folded in a wide bundle around their forehead and back of the head. In winter, a long scarf made of tails of fur-bearing animals was wrapped around the neck and head.

Evenk shoes so well adapted for long journeys through the taiga that neighboring peoples adopted it. High fur boots are sewn (this is the name of this type of footwear in the Far North and Siberia) from rovduga, cloth, leather, kamus (skin from a deer's leg). High fur boots can be short (to the ankle) and long (cover the entire leg). In winter, high fur boots are worn with fur stockings.

For many centuries the peoples of Siberia lived in small settlements. Each individual settlement had its own family. The inhabitants of Siberia were friends with each other, led a joint household, were often relatives to each other and led an active lifestyle. But due to the vast territory of the Siberian Territory, these villages were far from each other. For example, the inhabitants of one village were already leading their own way of life and spoke an incomprehensible language for their neighbors. Over time, some settlements disappeared, and some, became larger and actively developed.

The history of population in Siberia.

The Samoyed tribes are considered to be the first indigenous inhabitants of Siberia. They inhabited the northern part. Their main occupation is reindeer husbandry and fishing. To the south lived the Mansi tribes who lived off hunting. Their main business was the extraction of furs, with which they paid for their future wives and bought the goods necessary for life.

The upper reaches of the Ob were inhabited by the Turkic tribes. Their main occupation was nomadic cattle breeding and blacksmithing. West of Lake Baikal lived Buryats who became famous for their iron-making craft.

The largest territory from the Yenisei to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk was inhabited by the Tungus tribes. Among them were many hunters, fishermen, reindeer herders, some were engaged in handicrafts.

The Eskimos (about 4 thousand people) are located along the coast of the Chukchi Sea. Compared to other peoples of that time, the Eskimos had the slowest social development. The tool was made of stone or wood. The main economic activity is gathering and hunting.

The main way of survival for the first settlers of the Siberian Territory was hunting, reindeer herding and fur hunting, which was the currency of that time.

By the end of the 17th century, the Buryats and Yakuts were the most developed peoples of Siberia. The Tatars were the only people who, before the arrival of the Russians, managed to organize state power.

The largest peoples before Russian colonization include the following peoples: Itelmens (indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka), Yukagirs (inhabited the main territory of the tundra), Nivkhs (residents of Sakhalin), Tuvinians (indigenous population of the Republic of Tuva), Siberian Tatars (located in the territory of Southern Siberia from Urals to the Yenisei) and Selkups (residents of Western Siberia).

Indigenous peoples of Siberia in the modern world.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every people of Russia received the right to national self-determination and identification. Since the collapse of the USSR, Russia has officially turned into a multinational state and the preservation of the culture of small and disappearing nationalities has become one of the state priorities. Siberian indigenous peoples were also not ignored here: some of them received the right to self-government in the autonomous okrugs, while others formed their own republics within new Russia... Very small and disappearing nationalities enjoy the full support of the state, and the efforts of many people are aimed at preserving their culture and traditions.

As part of this review, we will give a brief description of each Siberian people, the number of which is greater or close to 7 thousand people. Smaller nations are difficult to characterize, so we will restrict ourselves to their name and number. So, let's begin.

1. Yakuts - the most numerous of the Siberian peoples. According to the latest data, the number of Yakuts is 478,100 people. In modern Russia, the Yakuts are one of the few nationalities that have their own republic, and its area is comparable to the area of \u200b\u200ban average European state. The Republic of Yakutia (Sakha) is geographically located in the Far Eastern Federal District, but the Yakut ethnos has always been considered an indigenous Siberian people. The Yakuts have an interesting culture and traditions. This is one of the few peoples of Siberia that has its own epic.
2. 
   
3. Buryats - this is another Siberian people with their own republic. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude, located to the east of Lake Baikal. The number of Buryats is 461,389 people. Buryat cuisine is widely known in Siberia, which is rightfully considered one of the best among ethnic ones. The history of this people, its legends and traditions are quite interesting. By the way, the Republic of Buryatia is one of the main centers of Buddhism in Russia.
4. 
   
5. Tuvans. According to the latest census, 263,934 identified themselves as representatives of the Tuvan people. The Tuva Republic is one of the four ethnic republics of the Siberian Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kyzyl with a population of 110 thousand people. The total population of the republic is approaching 300 thousand. Buddhism also flourishes here, and the traditions of Tuvans also speak of shamanism.
6. 
   
7. Khakass - one of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, numbering 72 959 people. Today they have their own republic within the Siberian Federal District and with the capital in the city of Abakan. This ancient people have long lived on the lands west of the Great Lake (Baikal). He was never numerous, which did not prevent him from carrying his identity, culture and traditions through the centuries.
8. 
   
9. Altaians. Their place of residence is quite compact - it is the Altai mountain system. Today Altaians live in two constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the Altai Republic and the Altai Territory. The population of the ethnos "Altaians" is about 71 thousand people, which allows us to speak of them as a fairly large people. Religion - Shamanism and Buddhism. The Altaians have their own epos and a pronounced national identity, which does not allow them to be confused with other Siberian peoples. This mountain people has a long history and interesting legends.
10. 
    
11. Nenets - one of the small Siberian peoples, compactly living in the region of the Kola Peninsula. Its population of 44,640 people makes it possible to classify it as a small nation, whose traditions and culture are protected by the state. The Nenets are nomadic reindeer herders. They belong to the so-called Samoyed folk group. Over the years of the 20th century, the number of the Nenets has approximately doubled, which indicates the effectiveness of the state policy in the field of preserving the small peoples of the North. The Nenets have their own language and oral epic.
12. 
    
13. Evenki - people, predominantly living on the territory of the Republic of Sakha. The number of this people in Russia is 38,396 people, some of whom live in the regions adjacent to Yakutia. It should be said that this is about half of the total population of the ethnos - about the same number of Evenks live in China and Mongolia. The Evenks are a people of the Manchu group that do not have their own language and epic. Tungus is considered the native language of the Evenks. Evenki are born hunters and trackers.
14. 
    
15. Khanty - the indigenous people of Siberia, belonging to the Ugric group. Most of the Khanty live in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, which is part of the Ural Federal Okrug of Russia. The total number of Khanty is 30,943 people. About 35% of the Khanty live in the Siberian Federal District, with the lion's share of them in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. The traditional occupations of the Khanty are fishing, hunting and reindeer herding. The ancestral religion is shamanism, but lately more and more Khanty consider themselves to be Orthodox Christians.
16. 
    
17. Evens - people related to the Evenks. According to one of the versions, they represent the Evenk group, which was cut off from the main halo of residence by the Yakuts advancing to the south. A long time away from the main ethnos made the Evens a separate people. Today their number is 21,830 people. The language is Tungus. Place of residence - Kamchatka, Magadan region, Republic of Sakha.
18. 
    
19. Chukchi - a nomadic Siberian people who are mainly engaged in reindeer husbandry and live on the territory of the Chukotka Peninsula. Their number is about 16 thousand people. The Chukchi belong to the Mongoloid race and, according to many anthropologists, are the indigenous aborigines of the Far North. The main religion is animism. Indigenous trades are hunting and reindeer herding.
20. 
    
21. Shors - a Turkic-speaking people living in the southeastern part of Western Siberia, mainly in the south of the Kemerovo region (in Tashtagolsky, Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensky, Myskovsky, Osinnikovsky and other districts). Their number is about 13 thousand people. The main religion is shamanism. The Shor epic is of scientific interest primarily for its originality and antiquity. The history of the people dates back to the 6th century. Today, the traditions of the Shors have survived only in Sheregesh, since most of the ethnic group moved to cities and largely assimilated.
22. 
    
23. Muncie. This people has been known to Russians since the beginning of the foundation of Siberia. Even Ivan the Terrible sent a host against the Mansi, which suggests that they were quite numerous and strong. The self-name of this people is Voguls. They have their own language, a fairly developed epic. Today their place of residence is the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. According to the latest census, 12,269 people identified themselves as belonging to the Mansi ethnic group.
24. 
    
25. Nanai - a small people living along the banks of the Amur River in the Far East of Russia. Belonging to the Baikal ethnotype, the Nanais are rightfully considered one of the most ancient indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Today the number of Nanai in Russia is 12 160 people. The Nanai have their own language, which is rooted in Tungus. The writing system exists only among the Russian Nanais and is based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
26. 
    
27. Koryaks - the indigenous people of the Kamchatka Territory. There are coastal and tundra Koryaks. Koryaks are mainly reindeer herders and fishermen. The religion of this ethnos is shamanism. Population - 8 743 people.
28. 
    
29. Dolgans - a nationality living in the Dolgan-Nenets municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Population - 7 885 people.
30. 
    
31. Siberian Tatars - perhaps the most famous, but today a small number of Siberian people. According to the latest census, 6,779 people self-identified as Siberian Tatars. However, scientists say that in fact their number is much higher - according to some estimates, up to 100,000 people.
32. 
    
33. Soyots - the indigenous people of Siberia, a descendant of the Sayan Samoyeds. Lives compactly on the territory of modern Buryatia. The number of Soyots is 5,579.
34. 
    
35. Nivkhi - the indigenous people of Sakhalin Island. Now they live on the continental part at the mouth of the Amur River. In 2010, the number of Nivkhs is 5,162.
36. 
    
37. Selkups live in the northern parts of the Tyumen and Tomsk regions and on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The population of this ethnic group is about 4 thousand people.
38. 
    
39. Itelmens is another indigenous people of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Today, almost all representatives of the ethnic group live in the west of Kamchatka and in the Magadan Region. The number of Itelmens is 3,180 people.
40. 
    
41. Teleuts - a Turkic-speaking small Siberian people living in the south of the Kemerovo Region. Ethnicity is very closely related to the Altaians. Its number is approaching 2 and a half thousand.
42. 
    
43. Among other small-numbered peoples of Siberia, such ethnic groups as "Kets", "Chuvans", "Nganasans", "Tofalgars", "Orochi", "Negidal", "Aleuts", "Chulymtsy", "Oroks", "Tazy" "Enets", "alutors" and "kereks". It should be said that the number of each of them is less than 1 thousand people, so their culture and traditions have practically not survived.

Introduction

What is the area of \u200b\u200bSiberia and the Far East in% in relation to the entire territory of the Russian Federation?the area of \u200b\u200bSiberia and the Far East ≈77%

What is the current population of Siberia and the Far East? numbers39.13 million people

What is the population density of Siberia and the Far East? density2.5 people per 1 km2

How many economic regions Siberia is divided today and Far East? 4, Uralsky (partially), West Siberian, East Siberian, Far East

List federal districts ...: UFO (Yekaterinburg), Siberian Federal District (Novosibirsk), Far Eastern Federal District (Khabarovsk)

Name the number of subjects of the Russian Federation located in Siberia and the Far East: 26; Autonomous okrugs (Chukotka, Yamalo-Nenets, Khanty-Mansi); republics (Khakassia, Tyva, Altai, Buryatia), territory (Krasnoyarsk, Zabaikalsky, Altai, Kamchatsky); region (Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk), autonomous region (Jewish)

Which subject of the Russian Federation located in Siberia has 90% of gas reserves- Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District

Which subject of the Russian Federation located in Siberia has 60% of oil reserves- Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

Which subject of the Russian Federation, located on the territory of Siberia and the Far East, is 6 times larger than the territory of France - the Republic of Yakutia

What is the total number of small peoplesNorth: 244 thousand people

In what areas do Siberian Tatars traditionally live?-Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomskarea; several villages in the Kurgan, Sverdlovsk and Kemerovo regions

Section I. Lands and peoples of Siberia and Far East before the arrival of the Russians

Which region of Western Siberia was known to Russians fromXI century- Yugorskaya land (now - Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug)

Where did the name Siberia come from?A) Siberia ( saber) can be literally translated from Turkic as "meti", "sweep". Perhaps this is due to the numerous Siberian snowstorms and snowstorms. B) “Sibirmak” is a Tatar word meaning “to purify”. C) "Shibir" is a Mongolian word meaning a swampy area overgrown with birches, forest thicket. It is assumed that in the time of the Chinggis Khanamongols they called the part of the taiga bordering the forest-steppe

When and in connection with what event was the Siberian land first mentioned in Russian chronicles?- In Russian annals Siberia is mentioned only in 1407.This entry is about the murder of Khan Tokhtamysh, which took place in the Siberian land near Tyumen(according to Verkhoturov: It is widely known that the Russians first entered Siberia in quite a long time ago. Most definitely, the Novgorodians walked along the White Sea to the Yugorsk Strait̆ ball and further beyond it, into the Kara Sea, back inIX century. The first chronicle evidence of such voyages dates back to 1032, which in Russian̆ historiography is considered the beginning of the history of Siberia.)

Give examples from Russian history about the contacts of Russians with representatives of the Khanty and Mansi peoples in the 14th - 15th centuries. From the middle of the 13th century, Yugra was already colonized as a Novgorod volost; however, this dependence was fragile, since the indignations of the Ugras were not uncommon. As evidenced by the Novgorod "Karamzin Chronicle", in 1364 Novgorodians made a big trip to the Ob river: “Coming from Ugra, Novgorodians are boyar children and young people who fought along the Ob River to the sea”. When Novgorod fell, relations with the eastern countries did not stall. On the one hand, the inhabitants of Novgorod, sent to the eastern cities, continued the policy of the fathers. On the other hand, Moscow inherited the tasks of old Novgorod. In 1472g.after the campaign of the Moscow governors Fyodor Pestry and Gavrila Nelidov, the Perm land was colonized. May 9 1483 g.by order of Ivan III, a large campaign of the governor Fyodor Kurbsky-Cherny and Ivan Saltyk-Travin began in Western Siberia against the Vogul prince Asyka. Having defeated the Voguls at Pelym, the Moscow army moved along the Tavda, then along the Tura and along the Irtysh until it flows into the Ob River. Here the Ugra prince Moldan was captured. After this campaign, Ivan III became known as the Grand Duke Yugorsky, Prince Kondinsky and Obdorsky. In 1499, another campaign of the Moscow army took place beyond the Urals.

Which territories of Western Siberia were included in the official title of IvanIII? Perm and Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk)

What people living in the territory of Western Siberia were officially accepted into Russian citizenship in 1525, according to the letter of gratitude from the Grand Duke Vasily III? Grand Duke Vasily III 1525 year he wrote to the Nenets, Khanty, Mansi in his letter of grant on their acceptance into citizenshipRussia.

What was the size of the indigenous population of Siberia on the eve of Yermak's campaign?about 200 thousand people

What is the area of \u200b\u200bthe territory of Siberia- 10 million km²

What was the population density of Siberia≈0.02 people per 1 km²

What is the distance from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean? How long did it take ...?8,000 km; 2 years (in the 18th century)

What is the average annual temperature in Siberia-18 ° C (?)

Give a brief description of the Siberian region on the eve of Ermak's campaignThe Siberian Territory was distinguished by a variety of natural and climatic zones, a wealth of minerals and furs. A) many peoples with different degrees of development (for example, the Ainu, k / t were engaged in hunting sea animals, reindeer husbandry, fishing, gathering; and the Tatars, who there was already statehood); b) sparsely populated territory; c) the only state - the Siberian Khanate, since 1555 was in vassal dependence on the Moscow sovereign; d) in most territories before the arrival of the Russians, economic and cultural specialization did not go beyond the appropriating economy and primitive (hoe) agriculture and cattle breeding.

13) What was the level of socio-economic development of the peoples of Siberia-In general, the entire population could be subdivided into three categories: sedentary (Daur, Sib. Tatars), nomadic (Evenki, Nenets) and wandering. The socio-economic development of peoples was also heterogeneous. In the south, the population was mainly engaged in cattle breeding (Tatars, Buryats), agriculture here was of an auxiliary nature. In the north, they were engaged in hunting, gathering and mining of iron (Yakuts, Khanty). It is quite natural that the level of social development was not the same:

1 Chukchi - a low level of development (Stone Age), with elements of matriarchy, gathering, hunting.

2 Nenets, Evenks - tribal relations, cattle breeding, mined iron, more developed forms of the patriarchal clan system

3 Yakuts, Buryats - the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations, the separation of the nobility (noyons), a semi-sedentary lifestyle, a gradual transition to feudal relations.

4 Siberian Tatars are the beginnings of statehood, by the 15th century the Siberian Khanate was formed, where patriarchal slavery existed and the separation of the nobility began.

*Chukchi- a small indigenous people of the extreme north-east of Asia, scattered over a vast territory from the Bering Sea to the Indigirkia River from the Arctic Ocean to the Anadyr and Anyui rivers.

*Khanty and Mansi -north of Western Siberia (?: Finno-Ugric tribe living along the Ob, Irtysh and their tributaries (Konda, Vasyugan, etc.), in the Tobolsk province and in the Narym district of the Tomsk province).

*Nenets and Evenks- a) Nenets - Samodian people inhabiting the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula Taimyr; Evenki - Eastern Siberia (?).

*Buryats and Yakuts- a) Buryats - Transbaikalia; b) Yakuts - Yakutia (\u003d north-east of Siberia).

*Daur- Until the middle of the 17th century, the Daurs lived in the upper reaches of the Amurai in the valleys of the Shilkai-Zeya rivers.

*Siberian Tatars- historically lived on the vast plains to the east of the Ural city rivers Yeniseyv steppe, forest-steppe and forest zones.

14. Give examples of meta-ethnic communities that lived in Siberia and the Far East.

Meta-ethnic community is a group of ethnic groups formed as a result of their ethnogenetic closeness or long-term cultural interaction and ties, which has elements of common self-awareness.

examples - Ostyaks (Khanty and Mansi), Turks (Tatars, Tuvinians, Kyrgyz, Yakuts), Mongoloids (Oirats, Buryats), Tunguses (Evens, Evenks)

15. List the relatively numerous peoples who lived in Siberia and the Far East.

The number of the indigenous population of Siberia before the beginning of Russian colonization was about 200 thousand people. The most numerous nations:

Yakuts - approx. 38 K people

Evenks and Evens - c. 30 thousand people

Buryats - approx. 25 thousand people

The Ugly-speaking tribes of the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) - approx. 15-18 thousand people

Itelmens - approx. 12 thousand people

Koryaks and Chukchi - approx. 11-12 thousand people

Yenisei Kirghiz - approx. 8-9 thousand people

Samoyeds (in Russian sources - Samoyeds), including the Nenets, Enets and Nganasans - c. 8 thousand people

Teleuts (White Kalmyks) - approx. 7-8 thousand people

Tomsk, Chulym and "Kuznetsk" Tatars - approx. 5-6 thousand people

16. Name the peoples of Siberia and the Far East, which in the past were designated by the following ethnonyms:

* white (black) Kalmyks and black Tatars - Teleuts; Kalmyks; northern group of Altai (Altai-kizhi);

* Voguls - Mansi;

* Yenisei Kirghiz - Khakass, Altai, Tuvinians, Kirghiz;

* forest Mongols - Buryats;

* Ostyaks - Khanty;

* Samoyeds - Nenets;

* Siberian Kirghiz - Kazakhs;

* Tungus - Evenki;

* Uryankhais are Tuvinians.

17. Expand the content of the following terms:

* amanat - the historical name of the hostages in the North Caucasus and Bashkiria.

* Daruga - an elder or leader of a tribe, leader of a detachment, chieftain, head of a district;

* dugan - a ceremonial hall for Buddhist prayers;

* koch - a Pomor wooden, single-masted, single-deck fishing, sailing and rowing vessel of the 11th-19th centuries;

* soft junk - the name of furs in the 15th - early 18th centuries. in Russia, it was used by the tsarist government in the form of awards and awards to service people and foreigners;

* industrialist - an owner, an entrepreneur who managed a plant, factory or any other industrial enterprise in the era of industrialization;

* taiji - the title of feudal ruler among some Mongolian peoples - Khalkha Mongols, Buryats, Kalmyks, Manchus. The Taiji title was usually hereditary, but sometimes also granted;

* wool - an oath of allegiance to contractual relations with the Russian state; Turkic-speaking peoples borrowed the Arabic word for the procedure for concluding an international treaty and transferred this practice to the Russian authorities;

* ethnic homeostasis - a state of an ethnic system in which its life cycle repeats from generation to generation without significant changes and the system maintains equilibrium with the landscape and all similar (that is, static) ethnic systems, while not showing any form of purposeful activity that changes environment.

* Yugra - the name of the country and its Ob-Ugric population, to the east of the Pechora, probably - the Khanty and Mansi;

* yasyr - a slave, a prisoner;

* yasak - in the language of the Mongolian and Turkic tribes denotes tribute, usually paid in kind, mainly furs.

.
Introduction

1. 
   What is the area of \u200b\u200bSiberia and the Far East in% in relation to the entire territory of the Russian Federation? the area of \u200b\u200bSiberia and the Far East ≈77%
2. 
   What is the current population of Siberia and the Far East? numbers 39.13 million people
3. 
   What is the population density of Siberia and the Far East? density 2.5 people per 1 km2
4. 
   How many economic regions are Siberia and the Far East divided into today? 4, Uralsky (partly), West Siberian, East Siberian, Far East
5. 
   List federal districts ...: UFO (Yekaterinburg), Siberian Federal District (Novosibirsk), Far Eastern Federal District (Khabarovsk)
6. 
   Name the number of subjects of the Russian Federation located in Siberia and the Far East: 26; Autonomous okrugs (Chukotka, Yamalo-Nenets, Khanty-Mansi); republics (Khakassia, Tyva, Altai, Buryatia), the region (Krasnoyarsk, Transbaikal, Altai, Kamchatka); region (Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk), autonomous region (Jewish)
7. 
   Which subject of the Russian Federation located in Siberia has 90% of gas reserves - Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District
8. 
   Which subject of the Russian Federation located in Siberia has 60% of oil reserves - Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
9. 
   Which subject of the Russian Federation, located on the territory of Siberia and the Far East, is 6 times larger than the territory of France - Republic of Yakutia
10. 
    What is the total number of small peoples North: 244 thousand people
11. 
    In what areas do Siberian Tatars traditionally live?- Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk area; several villages in the Kurgan, Sverdlovsk and Kemerovo regions

Section I. Lands and peoples of Siberia and Far East before the arrival of the Russians

1. 
   Which region of Western Siberia was known to Russians fromXI century- Yugorskaya land (now - Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug)
2. 
   Where did the name Siberia come from? A) Siberia ( saber) can be literally translated from Turkic as "meti", "sweep". Perhaps this is due to the numerous Siberian snowstorms and snowstorms. B) “Sibirmak” is a Tatar word meaning “to purify”. C) "Shibir" is a Mongolian word meaning a swampy area overgrown with birches, forest thicket. It is assumed that during the time of Genghis Khan, the Mongols called the part of the taiga bordering the forest-steppe.
3. 
   When and in connection with what event was the Siberian land first mentioned in Russian chronicles? - In Russian annals Siberia is mentioned only in 1407. This entry is about the murder of Khan Tokhtamysh, which took place in the Siberian land near Tyumen (according to Verkhoturov: It is widely known that the Russians first entered Siberia in quite a long time ago. Most definitely, the Novgorodians walked along the White Sea to the Yugorsk Strait̆ ball and further beyond it, into the Kara Sea, back inIX century. The first chronicle evidence of such voyages dates back to 1032, which in Russian̆ historiography is considered the beginning of the history of Siberia.)
4. 
   Give examples from Russian history about the contacts of Russians with representatives of the Khanty and Mansi peoples in the 14th - 15th centuries. From the middle of the XIII century, Ugra was already colonized as a Novgorod volost; however, this dependence was fragile, since the indignations of the Ugras were not uncommon. As evidenced by the Novgorod "Karamzin Chronicle", in 1364 Novgorodians made a big trip to the Ob river: “Coming from Ugra, Novgorodians are boyar children and young people who fought along the Ob River to the sea”. When Novgorod fell, relations with the eastern countries did not die out. On the one hand, the inhabitants of Novgorod, sent to the eastern cities, continued the policy of the fathers. On the other hand, Moscow inherited the tasks of old Novgorod. In 1472g. after the campaign of the Moscow governors Fyodor Pestry and Gavrila Nelidov, the Perm land was colonized. May 9 1483 g.by order of Ivan III, a large campaign was launched by the governor Fyodor Kurbsky-Cherny and Ivan Saltyk-Travin in Western Siberia against the Vogul prince Asyka. Having defeated the Voguls at Pelym, the Moscow army moved along the Tavda, then along the Tura and along the Irtysh until it flows into the Ob River. Here the Ugra prince Moldan was captured. After this campaign, Ivan III began to be called the Grand Duke Yugorsky, Prince Kondinsky and Obdorsky. In 1499, another campaign of the Moscow army took place beyond the Urals.
5. 
   Which territories of Western Siberia were included in the official title of IvanIII? Perm and Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk)
6. 
   What people living in the territory of Western Siberia were officially accepted into Russian citizenship in 1525, according to the letter of gratitude from the Grand Duke Vasily III? Grand Duke Vasily III 1525 year he wrote to the Nenets, Khanty, Mansi in his letter of grant on their acceptance into citizenship Russia.
7. 
   What was the size of the indigenous population of Siberia on the eve of Yermak's campaign? about 200 thousand people
8. 
   What is the area of \u200b\u200bthe territory of Siberia - 10 million km²
9. 
   What was the population density of Siberia≈0.02 people per 1 km²
10. 
    What is the distance from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean? How long did it take ...? 8,000 km; 2 years (in the 18th century)
11. 
    What is the average annual temperature in Siberia -18 ° C (?)
12. 
    Give a brief description of the Siberian region on the eve of Ermak's campaign... The Siberian region was distinguished by a variety of natural and climatic zones, a wealth of minerals and furs. A) many peoples with different degrees of development (for example, the Ainu, k / t were engaged in hunting sea animals, reindeer husbandry, fishing, gathering; and the Tatars, who already there was statehood); b) sparsely populated area; c) the only state - the Siberian Khanate, from 1555 was in vassal dependence on the Moscow sovereign; d) in most territories, before the arrival of the Russians, economic and cultural specialization did not go beyond the scope of the appropriating economy and primitive (hoe) farming and cattle breeding.

13) What was the level of socio-economic development of the peoples of Siberia - In general, the entire population could be subdivided into three categories: sedentary (Daur, Sib. Tatars), nomadic (Evenki, Nenets) and vagrant. The socio-economic development of peoples was also heterogeneous. In the south, the population was mainly engaged in cattle breeding (Tatars, Buryats), agriculture here was of an auxiliary nature. In the north, they were engaged in hunting, gathering and mining of iron (Yakuts, Khanty). It is quite natural that the level of social development was not the same:

1 Chukchi - a low level of development (Stone Age), with elements of matriarchy, gathering, hunting.

2 Nenets, Evenks - tribal relations, cattle breeding, mined iron, more developed forms of the patriarchal clan system

3 Yakuts, Buryats - the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations, the separation of the nobility (noyons), a semi-sedentary lifestyle, a gradual transition to feudal relations.

4 Siberian Tatars are the beginnings of statehood, by the 15th century the Siberian Khanate was formed, where patriarchal slavery existed and the separation of the nobility began.

*Chukchi - a small indigenous people of the extreme north-east of Asia, scattered over a vast territory from the Bering Sea to the Indigirka River and from the Arctic Ocean to the Anadyr and Anyui rivers.

*Khanty and Mansi -north of Western Siberia (?: Finno-Ugric tribe living along the Ob, Irtysh and their tributaries (Konda, Vasyugan, etc.), in the Tobolsk province and in the Narym district of the Tomsk province).

*Nenets and Evenks - a) Nenets - Samoyed people inhabiting the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr; Evenki - Eastern Siberia (?).

*Buryats and Yakuts - a) Buryats - Transbaikalia; b) Yakuts - Yakutia (\u003d north-east of Siberia).

*Daur- Until the middle of the 17th century, the Daurs lived in the upper reaches of the Amur and in the valleys of the Shilka and Zeya rivers.

*Siberian Tatars - historically lived on the vast plains east of the Ural Mountains to the Yenisei River in the steppe, forest-steppe and forest zones.

14. Give examples of meta-ethnic communities that lived in Siberia and the Far East.

Meta-ethnic community is a group of ethnic groups formed as a result of their ethnogenetic closeness or long-term cultural interaction and ties, which has elements of common self-awareness.

examples - Ostyaks (Khanty and Mansi), Turks (Tatars, Tuvinians, Kyrgyz, Yakuts), Mongoloids (Oirats, Buryats), Tunguses (Evens, Evenks)

15. List the relatively numerous peoples who lived in Siberia and the Far East.

The number of the indigenous population of Siberia before the beginning of Russian colonization was about 200 thousand people. The most numerous nations:

• 
  Yakuts - approx. 38 K people
• 
  Evenks and Evens - c. 30 thousand people
• 
  Buryats - approx. 25 thousand people
• 
  The Ugly-speaking tribes of the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) - approx. 15-18 thousand people
• 
  Itelmens - approx. 12 thousand people
• 
  Koryaks and Chukchi - approx. 11-12 thousand people
• 
  Yenisei Kirghiz - approx. 8-9 thousand people
• 
  Samoyeds (in Russian sources - Samoyeds), including the Nenets, Enets and Nganasans - c. 8 thousand people
• 
  Teleuts (White Kalmyks) - approx. 7-8 thousand people
• 
  Tomsk, Chulym and "Kuznetsk" Tatars - approx. 5-6 thousand people

16. Name the peoples of Siberia and the Far East, which in the past were designated by the following ethnonyms:

* white (black) Kalmyks and black Tatars - Teleuts; Kalmyks; northern group of Altai (Altai-kizhi);

* Voguls - Mansi;

* Yenisei Kirghiz - Khakass, Altai, Tuvinians, Kirghiz;

* forest Mongols - Buryats;

* Ostyaks - Khanty;

* Samoyeds - Nenets;

* Siberian Kirghiz - Kazakhs;

* Tungus - Evenki;

* Uryankhais are Tuvinians.

17. Expand the content of the following terms:

* amanat - the historical name of the hostages in the North Caucasus and Bashkiria.

* Daruga - an elder or leader of a tribe, leader of a detachment, chieftain, head of a district;

* dugan - a ceremonial hall for Buddhist prayers;

* koch - Pomor wooden, single-mast, single-deck fishing, sailing and rowing vessel of the 11th-19th centuries;

* soft junk - the name of furs in the 15th - early 18th centuries. in Russia, used by the tsarist government in the form of awards and awards to service people and foreigners;

* industrialist - an owner, an entrepreneur who managed a plant, factory or any other industrial enterprise in the era of industrialization;

* taiji - the title of a feudal ruler among some Mongolian peoples - Khalkha Mongols, Buryats, Kalmyks, Manchus. The Taiji title was usually hereditary, but sometimes also granted;

* wool - an oath of allegiance to contractual relations with the Russian state; Turkic-speaking peoples borrowed the Arabic word for the procedure for concluding an international treaty and transferred this practice to the Russian authorities;

* ethnic homeostasis - a state of an ethnic system in which its life cycle repeats from generation to generation without significant changes and the system maintains equilibrium with the landscape and all similar (i.e. static) ethnic systems, without showing any form of purposeful activity that changes environment.

* Yugra - the name of the country and its Ob-Ugric population, to the east of the Pechora, probably - the Khanty and Mansi;

* yasyr - a slave, a prisoner;

* yasak - in the language of the Mongolian and Turkic tribes denotes tribute, usually paid in kind, mainly furs.

18. What peoples of Siberia were part of the Siberian Khanate?

The Siberian Khanate occupied a territory inhabited by ethnic groups at various stages of development - Khanty, Mansi, Trans-Ural Bashkirs, etc.

It also included the Turkic-speaking tribes: the Kipchaks, Argyns, Karluks, Kangly, Naimans, etc., known from some sources under the collective name of the Siberian Tatars.

19. Which two dynasties vied for the throne in the Siberian Khanate? What was their fundamental difference from each other?

Dynasties of Taibugins and Sheibanids. After a long struggle between representatives of the White Horde, the Sheibanids, and representatives of the local nobility, the Taibugins - the descendants of the legendary Khan Taibugi, the Sheibanid Ibak seized power. For formal reasons, the Taibugins could not have the status of a khan in any of the Mongol uluses - according to Genghis Khan's Yasa, only Genghisid could become a khan. In the documents, the Sheibanids are called “kings” (“khans”), and the taibugins are called “princes”.
20. What was the coat of arms of the Siberian Khanate?

Description: in an ermine shield there are two black sables standing on their hind legs and supporting them with the front ones, one - a golden five-toothed crown, the other - a blackened lying bow and two cross-shaped, pointed downward, set arrows.

Finally, the Siberian Khanate was annexed in 1598 after the defeat of Khan Kuchum. The image of sables symbolizes the fur wealth of Siberia. It was based on the emblem of the city of Tobolsk. The coat of arms is crowned with an altabas (brocade) cap of the third dress of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich, decorated with gold cuffs.

21. As it was called in the 16-17 centuries. the territory of Transbaikalia and the western Amur region?

Dauria (Daurian land).

22. Some of which peoples of Siberia were already part of the Moscow principality by the beginning of the 16th century?

Ostyaks (Khanty and Mansi); Siberian Tatars.

23. What is the reason for the dispersed settlement of the local peoples of Siberia?

Most peoples who do not have their own national-state and national-territorial entities are distinguished by a high dispersal of the population. Small peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East, which do not have their own autonomies, are settled in rather compact ethnic areas. This dispersion is due to the long-term development of this territory by the Russians; traditional focal settlement of the peoples of Siberia.

24. What is the difference in approaches in the formulation of the question of the development of Siberia and the Far East from the statement about the beginning of the colonization of this region by the Russian state with Xvi century?

In the first case, the main role in the process of the annexation of the Siberian lands to the Russian kingdom is assigned to the popular forces - industrialists, merchants, fugitive peasants, service people. Representatives of these classes, Russian by nationality, settled Siberian territories even before the "official" government advance to the east in the 16th century, merging with the local population and establishing economic ties.

In the second case, the state is considered the main "engine" of the seizure of the eastern territories; government of the Russian kingdom. It equips expeditions, provides funds for reconnaissance campaigns, etc. Thus, according to this approach, the colonization of Siberia occurs "from above".

25. What is the peculiarity of the "Russian colonization" of Siberia?

The military expansion followed the advancement of industrial merchants and "service people". Local peoples gradually became part of the Russian kingdom as a result of not only military-political, but primarily economic expansion. An important role in colonization was played by fugitive "free settlers" - peasants who wanted to get rid of serfdom. Thus, unlike other regions, the process of colonization was not exclusively “from above”, at the initiative of the government, but also “from below,” as a result of the establishment of trade and cultural ties.

26. Who and when initiated the spread of Islam among the Siberian Tatars?

Islam was introduced in Western Siberia in 1394-1395. students of the founder of the Hanifi madhhab Islam Khoja Bagauddin. This religion was especially strongly strengthened during the reign of the Khan of the Siberian-Tatar state of Kuchum.

According to the manuscripts, in 1394 - 1395, 336 sheikhs, by order of the founder of the order of Nashbandi Khoja Bagauddin, with the Khan of the Blue Horde Sheiban who joined them, with 1700 horse riders descended along the Irtysh to the places where the peoples of Khotan, Nogai and kara kipchak. They did not have their own true faith, they worshiped dolls (idols). All of them were Tatars, the manuscript says. By that time, another people had arrived on the Irtysh under the leadership of Targan Khan, with whom the Ostyaks, the pagans, lived. Khoja Bagauddin ordered the sheikhs "to invite these peoples to Islam, and if they do not accept your offer, then wage a great war with them for their faith." All these peoples refused to accept Islam.

There was a great war, sheikhs and their horsemen fought like true brave men. A great multitude of pagans and Tatars were exterminated. Not a single river, not a single lake, not a single swamp, not a single ravine was left, on the banks of which Tatars and pagans lived. But they themselves suffered heavy losses.

The surviving Ostyaks, not accepting Islam, fled to the forests, those who came with Targan Khan went back to China. Khotans, Nogai and Kara-Kipchaks converted to Islam.

After these events, Islam was established in Western Siberia. The paths were opened, caravans began to pass along the Irtysh and learned people, clergymen and educators began to run over. The Siberian Tatars acquired Arabic writing, instead of runic writing, mosques and schools were opened. Islamic culture came to Western Siberia.

The next wave of the introduction of Islam in Western Siberia took place during the reign of Khan Kuchum, not by force, but by peaceful, educational means. Separate groups of Tatars who lived in remote places in 1394-1395. remained with their old faith, not accepting Islam. In addition, after these events, new waves of non-Muslim Turks arrived in Western Siberia. Therefore, Kuchum decided to convert all Tatars - not Muslims to Islam, and in 1572 he turned to the Bukhara Khan Abdullah with a request to send a Sharia lawyer and a preacher of Islam to Siberia.

II. Ermak's hike. Promotion of Russian explorers to the Pacific or Arctic oceans.

1) In connection with what event did Ivan 4 add to himself the title of “the sovereign of all Siberian land”? Another Khan Ediger from the Tai clan̆ bugidov turned to Ivan the Terrible for help and promised to pay yasak. It happened under such circumstances. Siberian khans fought on their southern borders with Kazakhs and warriors̆ skami of Bukhara Khan Murtaza, commanded by the middlĕ son of Bukhara khan Kuchum, futurĕ ruler of the Siberian Khanate. In 1554̆ hike to the Irtysh, walked along its upper reaches, ruined the yurts of local residents̆ and reached almost to myself̆ the capital of the khanate. This put Ediger and his khanate on the brink of collapse. The defeat forced Ediger to seek an ally and patron. After going through all possible candidates, the khan settled on the Moscow Tsar IvanIVwhich̆ shortly before that, he had defeated and conquered the powerful Kazan Khanate. In January 1555, Ediger sent an embassy to Moscow, headed by Boyan, with an offer of tribute and a request̆ about the military̆ aid against the Bukharans. Khan recognized himself as a vassal of the Russian Tsar and promised to contribute 3 thousand sables annually̆ as a tribute. The ambassador brought 700 sables as a gift̆ ... Moscow judged the matter in its own way. The king announced to the envoy that the khan could have paid more tribute, for he has about 10 thousand subjects. Therefore, the tribute should be not 3 thousand, but 10 thousand sables̆ annually. The embassy was detained, the ambassador was placed under arrest. The tsar declared the Siberian Khanate his possessions, appropriated the title of "All Siberian land, the sovereign" and appointed the collector of yasak, or in Tatar darugoĭ , in the Siberian Khanate of the boyar son Dmitry Nepeyă cynna. The brothers Ediger and Bekbulat who ruled in the "Siberian land", fearing another contender for the throne - Khan Kuchum, the son of the Bukhara ruler, decided to seek support in Moscow from the winner of Kazan, Ivan the Terrible. In 1555, their ambassadors asked Ivan IV to "take all the land of Siberia in his name, and intercede from all sides, and impose his tribute on them." Soon Ivan the Terrible added one more title to his titles: "all Siberian lands and the northern countries are the sovereign" (presumably 1562).