Adjective suffixes in English. Word formation of nouns in English
The English sentence is like an impenetrable forest, we took a wrong turn, and now we are lost among unfamiliar words. How can you avoid getting into trouble and correctly determine which part of speech is in front of you? Suffixes to the rescue! We have prepared useful material especially for you, thanks to which you will distinguish these mysterious parts of speech. Understanding the meanings of common affixes will help you understand the meanings of new words you come across. Let's go
So, by suffix we mean a letter or group of letters that is typically found at the end of a word in English. Thanks to this element, amazing metamorphoses occur, so a completely new one is formed from the original word, and sometimes the part of speech changes. Let's look at an example, the verb to create (create), by adding the suffix - or we get the noun creat or(creator). Let's construct an adjective in a similar way, but this time we choose the suffix - ive:creat ive(creative).
Since practicing and creating vocabulary is a useful task, we suggest paying attention to three important features:
First, sometimes adding a suffix changes the spelling of the root or stem. The word ends with a vowel -y, and is preceded by a consonant - y replace with - i. Here's an example:
- verb to justify y(to justify) > adjective justif i able (justified);
- adjective ugl y(ugly) > noun ugl i ness (ugliness).
Also, if by the way with a dumb word - e an affix is added at the end, then this vowel is simply falls out. For example:
- verb to us e(use) > adjective usable(practical);
- verb to adore e(adore) > adjective adorable(charming).
NOTA BENE: As with all rules of the English language, spelling, of course, has its exceptions. Therefore, if controversial questions arise, feel free to consult the dictionary.
Secondly, not all suffixes can be added to all roots, these are the owners of affixes, and there’s nothing you can do about it. For example:
- beauty y(beauty) + - ful > beautiful(beautiful);
- ugl y(ugly) + - ness > ugliness(ugliness).
But the words beauty or ugliful are not in the dictionary, since they do not exist in the language at all, period.
Thirdly, some suffixes have more than one meaning. How greedy! You all know the affix - er used comparatively: bright > bright er(brighter). However, the same suffix also means a person living in a specific place: London (London) > Londoner (resident of London).
Verb suffixes in English
An English verb, like any verb, means the state or action of an object or thing. The verb suffix is quite unpretentious and has the following meanings: happen, become, do or create.
NOTA BENE: Many verbs with the suffix - size, can also end with - ise. For example: real size& real ise(realize) or patron size& patron ise(take care). Two options occur, however, the verb suffix is - ise will use British. While - size use more Americans.
SUFFIX | MEANING | EXAMPLES |
---|---|---|
ate | become take place |
regulate ["regjəleɪt] - regulate eradicate [ɪ"rædɪkeɪt] - exterminate enunciate [ɪ"nʌn(t)sɪeɪt] - to expound repudiate - to reject evaporate [ɪ"væp(ə)reɪt] - evaporate |
en | become take place |
harden ["hɑ:d(ə)n] - harden soften ["sɔf(ə)n] - soften enlighten [ɪn"laɪt(ə)n] - to enlighten strengthen ["streŋθ(ə)n] - strengthen loosen ["lu:s(ə)n] - loosen |
size / ise | become take place |
civilise ["sɪv(ə)laɪz] - to civilize humanize ["hju:mənaɪz] - soften economise [ɪ"kɔnəmaɪz] - save utilize ["ju:tɪlaɪz] - spend valorize ["væl(ə)raɪz] - increase prices |
ify/fy | do create become |
satisfy ["sætɪsfaɪ] - to satisfy rectify ["rektɪfaɪ] - to correct terrify ["terɪfaɪ] - to terrify exemplify [ɪk"semplɪfaɪ] - illustrate clarify ["klærɪfaɪ] - clarify |
Noun suffixes in English
A noun denotes some object or thing. The English noun suffix is distinguished by its diversity and includes the following elements: actor, quality or state, process or activity, etc.
NOTA BENE: If the verb ends in - here, but the noun will have a suffix - ence: to interfere > interfere ence(interference). If on - ate, -y, -ure / -ear, then the affix - ance: to devi ate(deviate) > devi ance(deviation); to appl y(apply) > appli ance(device); to cl ear(clear) > clear ance(cleaning).
SUFFIX | MEANING | EXAMPLES |
---|---|---|
ance / ence | state quality action |
extravagance [ɪk"strævəgən(t)s] - quirk preference ["pref(ə)r(ə)n(t)s] - preference utterance ["ʌt(ə)r(ə)n(t)s] - pronunciation |
acy | state quality |
fallacy ["fæləsɪ] - cunning celibacy ["seləbəsɪ] - celibacy |
ity/ty | quality characteristic |
probity ["prəubətɪ] - honesty royalty ["rɔɪəltɪ] - greatness |
ment | state means result |
endorsement [ɪn"dɔ:smənt] - approval fragment ["frægmənt] - fragment excitement [ɪk"saɪtmənt] - excitement |
al | action process |
recital - transfer denial - refusal |
dom | state status |
boredom ["bɔ:dəm] - melancholy earldom ["ɜ:ldəm] - count's title |
ness | state | preparedness - readiness wilderness ["wɪldənəs] - desert |
xion / sion / tion | state action |
fluxion ["flʌkʃ(ə)n] - change concession - recognition relation - relation |
hood | characteristic interest group Current state |
womanhood ["wumənhud] - femininity brotherhood ["brʌðəhud] - brotherhood childhood ["tʃaɪldhud] - brotherhood |
ship | Current state interest group |
|
ship | Current state interest group |
membership ["membəʃɪp] - membership friendship ["frendʃɪp] - friendship |
ist | actor | narcissist ["nɑ:sɪsɪst] - “narcissist” novelist ["nɔv(ə)lɪst] - novelist |
ee | actor | addressee [ædre"si:] - recipient employee [ɪmplɔɪ"i:] - employee |
ess | female character | goddess ["gɔdes] - goddess waitress ["weɪtrəs] - waitress |
ism | ideology action and result language features |
hedonism ["hi:d(ə)nɪz(ə)m] - hedonism exorcism ["skeptɪsɪz(ə)m] - skepticism Americanism [ə"merɪkənɪz(ə)m] - Americanism |
Adjective suffixes in English
An adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun. The main meanings of the suffix include the following: absence or presence of quality, characteristic, ability, opportunity, etc.
SUFFIX | MEANING | EXAMPLES |
---|---|---|
able / ible | capable possible important |
payable ["peɪəbl] - payable edible ["edɪbl] - fit for food fashionable ["fæʃ(ə)nəbl] - secular |
al | related to | autumnal [ɔ:"tʌmn(ə)l] - autumn accidental [æksɪ"dent(ə)l] - random |
ic/ical | related to | metallic - metallic Finnic ["fɪnɪk] - Finnish |
esque | related to style manner or image |
arabesque [ærə"besk] - decorated picturesque - picturesque |
ful | having quality characterizing |
masterful ["mɑ:stəf(ə)l] - self-willed woeful ["wəuf(ə)l] - sorrowful |
ious / ous | having quality characterizing |
cautious ["kɔ:ʃəs] - careful nervous ["nɜ:vəs] - nervous |
y | having quality characterizing |
sticky ["stɪkɪ] - sticky nerdy ["nɜ:dɪ] - boring |
ive | having quality characterizing |
palliative ["pælɪətɪv] - softening corrective - corrective |
ish | having quality characterizing in some ways |
girlish ["gɜ:lɪʃ] - girlish snobbish ["snɔbɪʃ] - snobbish pinkish ["pɪŋkɪʃ] - pinkish |
less | lack of quality without anything |
skinless ["skɪnləs] - without skin childless ["tʃaɪldləs] - childless |
Adverb suffixes in English
An adverb is an irreplaceable part of speech that conveys a sign of a state or action primarily of a verb. The adverb suffix is modest and has only three meanings: direction or direction, characteristic or attribute, relation of one to another.
Conclusion
So, we have looked at the most common suffixes of different parts of speech in the English language. Think of the affix as a clue to the meaning of words. As in any detective story, sometimes the clues are visible to the naked eye and are quite obvious. In other cases, they can be confusing or misleading.
In any case, keep in mind that the meanings of words are best determined by examining the context in which they are used. We hope that this article was useful and informative for you.
We wish you success and development in English!
Big and friendly EnglishDom family
Word formation is the formation of new words using prefixes, suffixes, adding stems and other methods. If you know how word formation works in the English language, you understand the meaning of basic prefixes and suffixes, it will be much easier for you to expand your vocabulary, read, and understand English speech, because you will guess the meaning of a huge number of words without a dictionary.
By the way, if you are curious to know what your vocabulary is, I recommend reading this article: From it you will learn simple and interesting ways to determine your vocabulary.
There are several ways of word formation, the most important practical significance is the formation of words using suffixes and prefixes. We will dwell on it in more detail; we will consider the remaining methods briefly.
Why do you need to know word formation?
The main benefit is that knowing the meanings of prefixes and suffixes significantly increases the number of words you recognize when reading and listening (especially when reading). In other words, passive vocabulary increases.
Let's take, for example, the verb to use- use. With the help of suffixes it is formed from:
- Adjective useful- useful.
- Adjective useless- useless.
- Noun usage- usage.
Understanding the meaning of suffixes -ful, -less, -age, you can easily understand all three formed from to use words, even if they didn’t know their meaning.
- -ful and -less indicate the presence or absence of quality: from the word care (care) careful- careful, careless– carefree.
- -age forms nouns from verbs: leak(leak) – leakage(a leak), pass(pass) – passage(passage).
The effect will be especially noticeable when reading, because in the text suffixes and prefixes are easily noticeable, but in oral speech they can simply not be made out. In general, understanding oral speech differs from understanding text in that for listening comprehension it is not enough to know words and grammar - you need to have a developed, trained skill in listening comprehension. It is developed separately through listening, i.e. listening to live speech.
Why passive vocabulary, why not active? Prefixes and suffixes are good semantic clues, but the English vocabulary is structured in such a way (like Russian) that not every word can be attached with any affix.
A striking example is consoles in- And un-, having the meaning of negation: able– capable, unable– incapable, stable– stable, instable– unstable. The prefixes are completely the same in meaning, but when you need to “prefix” which one you need to remember. When reading, you will easily understand the meaning of words with in\un-, but you can make mistakes in your speech.
However, it's not that scary. I am sure that you will be understood if you say inable And unstable, mixing up the prefixes. Speaking Russian, we still make such mistakes!
How to study word formation in English
Prefixes and suffixes (together they are called “affixes”) are not the case when you need to sit down with textbooks, cram the rules, and do exercises one after another. It is quite enough to simply familiarize yourself with the meaning of the main prefixes and suffixes and look at examples.
The tables and mind maps (images-summaries) below will help you with this. The tables reveal the meaning of prefixes and suffixes (as far as possible), examples of words, and mind maps are a kind of summary, a cheat sheet made on the basis of the tables.
After looking through the materials, you will notice that many affixes are similar to Russian ones and even have similar meanings. It’s not surprising, because they came to English, Russian and other languages from Latin and Greek, especially for affixes with a scientific connotation: de activate – de activate, anti virus – anti virus, counter balance – against oats, ideal ism – ideal change. Thanks to these preserved connections between languages, word formation in English is given without any special problems.
There are different approaches to the classification of word formation methods; in Russian-language literature, two main methods are usually distinguished: word composition and word production.
Word production, in turn, is of four types: conversion, change of stress, alternation of sounds and affixation (prefixes and suffixes).
Compounding
Compounding is the combination of two words or stems into one word. The resulting words are written together or with a hyphen. The Russian language also has such a method and, by the way, the word “composition” itself is formed by compounding.
The verbs , (most often) are formed by compounding words.
Derivation
Derivation is the formation of one word from others. This can happen in four ways:
- Conversion.
- Changing the place of stress.
- Alternation of sounds.
- Affixation.
Conversion
Conversion- This is the transition of a word from one part of speech to another without changing the spelling or sound. It turns out that the word formally remains unchanged, but:
- it turns into another part of speech,
- its meaning changes.
Conversion is a method of word formation characteristic of the English language, thanks to which there are many words in English that do not differ in appearance or sound, but have the meaning of different parts of speech.
For example, nouns and verbs can match:
Noun | Verb |
---|---|
answer (answer) | to answer (answer) |
hand (hand) | to hand (hand over) |
place | to place |
work (work) | to work (to work) |
Or adjectives and verbs:
Changing the place of stress
In this case, the nouns have the same form as the verbs, but they have a different emphasis. Typically, a verb's stress falls on the second syllable, and a noun's stress falls on the first.
Alternation of sounds
In this case, verbs and nouns formed from the same root differ in the alternation of the last consonant sound. Usually it is voiced in a verb, and unvoiced in a noun.
For example:
Affixation
Very often words are formed using addition prefixes and suffixes(together they are called affixes).
- Consoles(prefixes) change the meaning of words, but the word itself does not change into another part of speech. Knowing the most common prefixes, you will be able to guess the meaning of words formed with their help, if, of course, you know the source word.
- Suffixes serve to form one part of speech from another. Knowing which suffixes are characteristic of which speech, you will easily understand which part of speech is in front of you, and accordingly this will make it easier to understand the word.
Prefixes in English
Prefixes can be divided into two groups: negative and all the rest.
The most common negative prefixes: un-, in-, dis-. There are no rules governing which of these prefixes is used to give a negative meaning to a word.
However, if we talk about passive vocabulary, about understanding text or speech, then this is not so important: if a word has one of the negative prefixes, then its meaning has been changed to negative or the opposite. The tables below give examples of words with these prefixes.
Prefix un-
comfortable - comfortable | uncomfortable - uncomfortable |
equal - equal | unequal - unequal |
expected - expected | unexpected - unexpected |
happy - happy | unhappy - unhappy |
important - important | unimportant - unimportant |
known - famous | unknown - unknown |
limited - limited | unlimited - unlimited |
pleasant - pleasant | unpleasant - unpleasant |
Also un- is attached to verbs to express the opposite action.
to dress - to dress | to undress - to undress |
to lock - lock | to unlock - unlock |
to pack – pack | to unpack - unpack |
Prefix in-
No rules governing when to use un-, and when in-, although these prefixes do not differ in meaning. The important difference is that in- NOT used in verbs.
Examples:
Prefix in– modified in some cases:
- before l turns into il-
- before r turns into ir-
- before m and p turns into im-
Prefix dis-
Dis- can express denial or the opposite action.
Negation:
Opposite action:
Other negative prefixes
Among other negative prefixes, there are many of international, Latin and Greek origin, which are also found in the Russian language.
- a\ab– (without-, non-, a-): abnormal – abnormal, amoral – immoral.
- anti-(anti-, anti-): antivirus - antivirus, antibiotic - antibiotic.
- counter-(counter-, anti-): counterstrike - counter-strike, counter-clockwise - counterclockwise.
- de-(deprive, delete): decode - decode, deformation - disbandment.
- non-(negation, absence): non-stop - non-stop, non-alcoholic - non-alcoholic.
Prefixes with different meanings
Prefix re- (again, again, again) | |
---|---|
to appear - appear | to reappear – appear again |
to construct - build | to reconstruct - rebuild |
to read - read | to reread - reread |
to sell - sell | to resell - resell |
Prefix mis- (incorrect, incorrect) | |
to hear – to hear | to mishear - to mishear, to hear incorrectly |
to lead - to lead | to mislead - to mislead |
to quote - quote | to misquote - to quote incorrectly |
to understand – to understand | to misunderstand - misunderstand |
Prefixes over- (over, excessively) and under- (under-, insufficient) | |
to estimate – estimate |
to overestimate - to overestimate To underestimate - to underestimate |
to pay - to pay |
to overpay - to overpay to underpay - underpay |
Prefixes pre- (before, earlier) and post- (post-, after), often written with a hyphen | |
revolutionary - revolutionary |
pre-revolutionary – pre-revolutionary post-revolutionary - post-revolutionary |
war - war |
pre-war - pre-war post-war - post-war |
Prefix co- (cooperation, commonality of action), often written with a hyphen | |
author - author | co-author - co-author |
existence - existence | co-existence - coexistence |
operation - operation | co-operation – cooperation, assistance |
Prefix inter- (between, among, mutually) | |
national - national | international - international |
action - action | interaction |
town - city | intertown - intercity |
Prefix ex- (ex-, former), written with a hyphen | |
husband - husband | ex-husband - ex-husband |
president - president | ex-president - ex-president |
Prefix sub- (sub-, sub-) | |
marine - marine | submarine - underwater |
section - section | subsection - subsection |
Prefix ultra- (ultra-, super-), written with a hyphen | |
microscopic – microscopic | ultramicroscopic – ultramicroscopic |
violet – purple | ultra-violet - ultraviolet |
Prefix en- (to do something) | |
circle - circle | encircle – surround (make a circle) |
large - big | enlarge – increase (do more) |
slave - slave | enslave – to enslave (to make a slave) |
Notes:
- In modern English there are words with inseparable prefixes, they include the prefixes listed in the table above, but by separating them, we do not get an independent word. For example: reduce(to shorten), discuss(discuss), pre pare(prepare). In fact, these consoles are no longer consoles at all. Once upon a time they grew attached to the roots of words, now unused and modified, and gradually they themselves became part of the root of the word. For example, in the word prepare(prepare) pre- this is no longer a prefix, but part of the root of the word.
- In colloquial speech the word is used "ex"– it exactly corresponds to our “ex, ex” and means “ex-husband/boyfriend, ex-wife/girlfriend”: My ex texted me – My ex wrote me an SMS.
Suffixes in English
Suffixes are indicators of parts of speech in the English language; accordingly, they can be divided into three groups: suffixes of nouns, adjectives and verbs. There is not much to say about adverbs; in most cases they are formed using only one suffix -ly(quick – quickly), there is a small note about them.
Noun suffixes
With the help of suffixes, nouns denoting persons and abstract nouns denoting broad or general concepts are formed.
Nouns denoting persons
Suffixes -er, -or – are added to verbs to denote the character | |
---|---|
to buy – buy | buyer - buyer |
to direct - to lead | director - head |
to teach – to teach | teacher - teacher |
to work - to work | worker - worker |
The suffixes -ism and -ist correspond to the suffixes -ism and -ist in the Russian language, denoting ideologies, political or scientific movements and their adherents | |
idealist | idealist |
terrorist | terrorist |
materialism | materialism |
The suffix -ee is used to indicate the person to whom the action is directed | |
to address - to address | addressee - addressee |
to employ – hire | employee – worker (hired employee) |
to pay - to pay | payee – payee |
The suffix -ian is used to denote nationality | |
Russian | Russian |
Ukrainian | Ukrainian |
Bulgarian | Bulgarian |
Norwegian | Norwegian |
Abstract nouns
The suffix -age usually forms nouns from verbs | |
---|---|
to leak – to leak | leakage - leak |
to marry – to marry, to get married | marriage - marriage |
Suffixes -ance, -ence – with their help, nouns are formed from adjectives with suffixes -ant, -ent | |
important - important | importance - importance |
different – different | difference - difference |
resistant – resistant | resistance - resistance |
The suffix -dom forms nouns from adjectives and other nouns | |
free - free | freedom - freedom |
king - king | kingdom - kingdom |
The suffix -hood usually forms nouns from other nouns | |
brother - brother | brotherhood - brotherhood |
child - child | childhood - childhood |
neighbor - neighbor | neighborhood - neighborhood |
The suffixes -ion, -ation, -sion, -ssion form nouns from verbs, sometimes changing the pronunciation or spelling | |
to collect – collect | collection - collection |
to combine – combine | combination - combination |
to transmit - transmit | transmission - transmission |
The suffix -ment forms nouns from verbs | |
to agree - agree | agreement - agreement |
to develop – to develop | development - development |
The suffix -ness forms nouns from adjectives | |
dark - dark | darkness - darkness |
kind - kind | kindness - kindness |
weak - weak | weakness - weakness |
The suffix -ship forms nouns from other nouns | |
friend - friend | friendship - friendship |
leader - leader | leadership - leadership |
The suffix -ure forms nouns from verbs | |
to please – to give pleasure | pleasure - pleasure |
to press – to press | pressure - pressure |
to seize – to seize | seizure - seizure |
Adjective suffixes
The suffixes -able, -ible express the possibility of being subjected to action; in Russian there are similar “-able”, “-ivy”, “-obny” | |
---|---|
to change - change | changable – changeable, changeable |
to eat - eat | eatable - edible |
to walk - go | walkable - passable |
to convert – convert, transform | convertable - reversible, convertible |
The suffix -al forms adjectives from nouns (cf. In Russian: -al) | |
center – center | central - central |
culture - culture | cultural - cultural |
form - form | formal – formal |
The suffixes -ant, -ent form adjectives from verbs (these adjectives correspond to nouns with -ance, -ence) | |
to differ - to differ | different – different (difference – difference) |
to resist – resist | resistant - resistant (resistance - resistance) |
The suffixes -ful form adjectives from nouns and denote the presence of a quality. (opposite of -less) | |
beauty - beauty | beautiful – beautiful |
doubt - doubt | doubtful - doubtful |
use - benefit | useful - useful |
The suffix -ish forms adjectives with the meanings: a) nationality, b) a weak degree of quality (as in Russian -ovat, -evat) | |
scott - Scotsman | scottish - Scottish |
swede - Swede | swedish - Swedish |
red – red | reddish – reddish |
brown - brown | brownish – brownish |
The suffix -ive forms adjectives from verbs and nouns (as in Russian -ive, -ivny) | |
to act - to act | active - active |
effect – effect, action | effective - valid |
to talk - talk | talkative - talkative |
The suffix -less forms adjectives from a noun and means lack of quality (the opposite of -ful) | |
hope - hope | hopeless - hopeless |
use - benefit | useless - useless |
home - house | homeless - homeless |
The suffix -ous forms adjectives from nouns | |
courage - courage | courageous - brave |
danger - danger | dangerous – dangerous |
glory - glory | glorious - glorious |
The suffix -y forms adjectives from nouns (mostly weather-related) | |
cloud – cloud | cloudy - cloudy |
dirt - dirt | dirty - dirty |
fog - fog | foggy - foggy |
rain - rain | rainy - rainy |
sun – sun | sunny – sunny |
Verb suffixes
The suffix -en gives meanings: to do, to become, to become, forms verbs from adjectives and nouns | |
---|---|
sharp - acute | sharpen - sharpen |
short - short | shorten – to shorten |
strength - strength | strengthen – strengthen |
wide – wide | widen - expand |
The suffix -fy usually forms verbs from adjectives, less often from nouns | |
false - fake | to falsify – to falsify |
glory - glory | to glorify – glorify |
simple - simple | to simplify - to simplify |
pure - pure | to purify – to cleanse |
The suffix -ize usually forms verbs from nouns | |
character - character | to characterize – to characterize |
crystal – crystal | to crystallize – crystallize |
sympathy - sympathy | to sympathize - sympathize |
Notes:
- A few words need to be said about adverbs. Everything here is extremely simple: in the vast majority of cases, derived adverbs are formed from adjectives (sometimes from numerals and nouns) using a suffix -ly: wise(wise) - wisely(wisely) slow(slow) - slowly(slowly), etc. Suffixes are much less common -wise(clockwise - clockwise), -ward(s)(forward\backward – forward\back), -ways(sideways - sideways).
- As with prefixes, the English language has words with permanent suffixes, but in fact these are not suffixes, but part of a root that was once formed from a suffix (during the process of historical changes in the language). These words are indivisible and are not recognized as words with suffixes, for example: courage(courage), station(station), document(document), loyal(devoted), possible(possible) and others.
- As in the Russian language, English words can be formed not only by prefix and suffix, but also by a combined (prefix-suffix) method. For example: walk(walk) - walkable(passable) – unwalkable(impassable). In this case, the meaning of both the suffix and the prefix is added to the original word.
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English suffixes, like Russians, are the elements of the word following the root. They help us form new words. Some suffixes change the part of speech, turning, for example, a verb into a noun. We should also not forget about those suffixes that, while changing the form of a word, do not affect its very meaning.
If you have even a little ideaabout the table of suffixes in English, then any word-formation “delights” in English will seem like child’s play. Moreover, having understood the principles of constructing new words with the help of prefixes and suffixes (by the way, prefixes are significantly inferior to suffixes in terms of flexibility and prevalence), a language learner will be able to translate masculine nouns into feminine ones, form a nationality or profession without any problems.
It turns out that it is not at all necessary to set records for the number of words learned. After all, in English, as in Russian, there is the concept of “cognate words”, differing from each other only in suffixes and prefixes. Therefore, knowing, for example, the meaning of the verb paint (to paint, to paint), you can easily understand that painter is an artist.
Word-forming and form-forming suffixes: differences
Russian speakers consider some English suffixes to be endings. For example, some English textbooks call the suffix -ed an ending. All Suffixes in English is divided into two large groups: formative and word-forming. Thanks to the first, the word does not change its meaning, only the form changes. Compare, short (short) and shorter (shorter).
Word-formingsuffixes in Englishform a new word with a different meaning, albeit often similar to the meaning of the original word. For example, neighbor (neighbor) - neighborhood (neighborhood).
Form-buildingsuffixes in English
So, in English, unlike Russian, one word can take not so many forms. This is due to the fact that in English many grammatical meanings of a word, such as gender, verb tense, etc., are expressed not by the word itself, but by various auxiliary elements (articles, auxiliary verbs, etc.). In Russian, just one adjective (depending on case, number, gender) can have more than 20 forms. For example, beloved - beloved - beloved - beloved, etc. In English, the adjective favorite (favorite) may not change at all, but we guess about its exact form from the context (environment): This is my favorite book (This is my favorite book ). - He is my favorite writer (He is my favorite writer).
However, in some cases, English words do change form. And for this, in English there are five formative suffixes that are important to remember: -ed, -est, -ing, -s (-es), -er.
Now it’s worth understanding English words that can take different forms. So, the English suffix -ed is needed in order to form the second and third forms of the regular verb. For example, finish (finish, complete) - finished (completed).
The suffixes -er and -est in English languageused in the formation of comparative forms of adjectives. We use these suffixes with short adjectives, like close, big, etc. The suffix -er is used for the comparative form, and -est for the superlative form. For example, close (close) - closer (closer) - closest (closest).
Among English suffixes-s and -es are widespread. They apply in the following cases:
- to form the possessive form of an animate noun - father (father) - father's house (father's house);
- to form the plural of a noun - face (face) - faces (faces);
- to form the 3rd person singular of the verb (in the Present Simple) - run (run) - runs (runs).
Finally, the English suffix -ing is used to form Continuous tense forms, type 1 participles, verbal nouns and gerunds: to run (run) - I am running (I am running) - running (running, running, running).Read more about this in the article.
Suffixes forming nouns
Word-formingsuffixes in Englishcontribute to the formation of a number of nouns. It is to them that we owe the appearance of the names of many professions. The list of suffixes for nouns is quite extensive.
Suffixes in English: tablefor nouns
Adjective suffixes in English
A huge number of adjectives in English are formed from nouns and verbs. Some suffixes are used to form both nouns and adjectives (for example, -al, -ing). But most of the suffixes we see with the part of speech answering the question “which” are not found on nouns or verbs. For example,suffix less in Englishcharacteristic only of adjectives.
List adjective suffixes in English, just as in the case of nouns, is quite extensive.
- -able, -ible. The ability to perform or perform any action. To make an adjective, a suffix is added to the verb. For example, to forget (forget) - forgettable (unmemorable).
- -al. Used to indicate a characteristic. For example, accident (case) - accidental (random).
- -ant. Adjectives formed with this suffix from verbs and nouns mean “conveying qualities.” For example, please (to please) - pleasant (pleasant).
- -ar. When forming adjectives, this suffix is often added to nouns or stems of Latin origin. -Ar is used to mean “to have the quality of something” (for example, moon, sun, pole): lunar (lunar), solar (solar), polar (polar).
- -ary, ory. Used to denote a characteristic, quality or relationship to something. For example, diet (diet) - dietary (dietary).
- -ate. The meaning of adjectives with the suffix -ate, as a rule, can be expressed by the phrase “to have some quality”: affection - affectionate (attachment - loving, affectionate). This suffix also indicates a characteristic. For example, fortune (happiness, luck) - fortunate (happy, successful).
- -ed. Adjectives with this suffix usually describe the effect exerted on someone or something: amaze (amaze, amaze) - amazed (amazed).
- -ent. Used to mean quality: to differ (different) - different (different).
- -ern. Used when indicating a part of the world: south (south) - southern (southern).
- -ese. Denotes nationality or territorial affiliation. For example, China (China) - Chinese (Chinese).
- -ful. This suffix in English turns a noun into an adjective, meaning “to be endowed with something, some property.” For example, beauty (beauty) - beautiful (beautiful).
- -ian, ean. These suffixes in Englishfound in adjectives expressing national or territorial affiliation: Italy (Italy) - Italian (Italian).
- -ic. Added to a noun and describes a quality: majesty (greatness) - majestic (majestic).
- -ical. Indicates the attribute: myth (myth) - mythical (mythical).
- -ing. For the formation of adjectives and participles with the meaning of quality and property. For example, to miss (miss, miss) - missing (lost, absent).
- -ish. The suffix is used in adjectives to mean “approximately”; it is also found in names of nationalities; sometimes it expresses similarity or belonging to something. For example, child (child) - childish (childish).
- -ive. Used to mean quality, ability: attract (attract) - attractive (attractive).
- -less. The suffix less in Englishserves as an antonym to the suffix ful and indicates the absence of any quality: home (house) - homeless (homeless).
- -like. Means similarity to something, similarity: wave (wave) - wavelike (wavy).
- -ly. To denote quality: friend - friendly.
- - ous - suffix expressing the characteristic: poison (poison) - poisonous (poisonous).
- -y. Used in the meaning of “to have a sign”: dirt (dirt) - dirty (dirty).
Verb suffixes
With the help of suffixes in English, a whole series of verbs are formed from nouns and adjectives.
Verbal suffixes in English: table with examples
Adverb suffixes
Word formation of adverbs in English is a much easier process than creating nouns and adjectives. In order to get a part of speech that answers the questions how, in what way, it is usually enough to use one of the suffixes presented below:
- wise
- ward/wards
The suffix ward is used to mean direction: home (house, cottage) - homeward (home). -Ly indicates a course of action. For example, true (honest) - truly (honestly). -Wise means the method of action: other (other) - otherwise (otherwise).
Of course, you don't have to remember everythingsuffixes in English. Constant conversational practice helps the student, over time, begin to see the components in words, easily identifying suffixes, prefixes and roots. And understanding the basis of a new word allows you to guess its function in a sentence.
The suffix method is the most productive in word formation. Let's consider this thesis using examples of adjective suffixes in English.
Theory
What is a suffix? This term refers to the significant part of the word that comes immediately after the root. Depending on the function, the following types of suffixes are distinguished:
- Form-building
(used to form new grammatical forms):
to play - played (play - played), big - bigger (big - more);
- Derivational
(used to form single-root lexemes):
child - childhood (child - childhood), to write - writer (write - writer), fame - famous (fame - famous).
There are five formative suffixes in the English language. And the most common are word-forming ones. They are involved in the formation of adjectives from nouns, verbs and simple adjectives.
Adjective suffixes
Adjective suffixes - these are significant parts of a word that are attached to a noun or verb, and thereby form new words. The most productive and popular are presented in the following table:
Suffix |
Meaning |
Examples |
Faith - faithful (faith - faithful) |
||
Humor - humorous (humor - humorous |
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Lack of a certain quality |
Aim - aimless (aim - aimless) |
|
A property characteristic of objects, persons and phenomena |
Beast - beastly (animal - rough, animal); King - kingly (king - majestic, royal) |
|
Periodicity, repeatability in a certain period of time |
Hour - hourly (hour - hourly); Day - daily (day - daily) |
|
The material from which the item is made |
lead - leaden (lead - lead); silk - silken (silk - silk) |
|
Signs, properties characteristic of certain phenomena |
Silk - silky (silk - silky); snow - snowy (snow - snowy) |
|
history - historic (history - historical); hero - heroic (hero - heroic) |
||
function - functional (function - functional); nature - natural (nature - natural, natural) |
||
Small, insignificant degree of property of an object |
fool - foolish (fool - stupid); cat - cattish (cat - feline); red - reddish (red - reddish) |
|
Nationality |
Scotland - Scottish (Scotland - Scottish) |
|
Possessing some kind of opportunity or ability |
To avoid - avoidable (avoid - preventable, something that can be avoided); to recognize - recognizable (to recognize - recognizable); to extend - extensible (to extend - extensible, one that can extend) |
|
Quality obtained as a result of an action indicated by a verb |
To observe - observant (observe - observant); to differ - different (to differentiate - different) |
|
The presence of a certain property, sign of an object |
revolution - revolutionary (revolution - revolutionary); diet - dietary (diet - dietary); to obligate - obligatory (oblige - obligatory) |
|
Nationality or language |
China - Chinese |
When adding the suffixes -able, -ible to the stem of the verb, the final vowel -e is omitted, and the final vowel -y changes to -i: to reduce - reducible, to rely - reliable.
You can tell a lot about any person, and there are many nouns for this. Firstly, any person can be “attributed” to a profession or occupation. As a rule, we start from the verb. If a person performs any action, then this is his occupation or profession. A person lives in a society that has “layers of society”, there is nobility, and therefore titles passed on by inheritance, the peasantry, slaves. This is not a profession or an occupation. A person always has the status of “kinship”. For example, a woman can be a mother, wife, sister, mother-in-law, daughter, and a male person can be a husband, son-in-law, son, father, bachelor, etc.
The suffixes “-HOOD”, “-SHIP” and “-DOM” form abstract nouns that can indicate a person’s status in society, but not their occupation or profession. The suffixes “-HOOD”, “SHIP” and “DOM” are largely similar in meaning, but there are also differences, so let’s look at them one by one.
Suffix “-HOOD” came to English from German and often talks about a person’s life as he gradually goes through all the phases of growing up from a baby to a mature person. The suffix “-HOOD” can also indicate qualities of a person that do not relate to his type of activity.
I will write some examples of nouns with the suffix “-HOOD”.
BABY = child, baby + HOOD = BABY HOOD= infancy;
BACHELOR (1) = bachelor + HOOD = BACHELOR HOOD= single life;
BACHELOR (2) = bachelor + HOOD = BACHELOR HOOD= bachelor's degree;
BROTHER = brother, brother, colleague, fellow countryman + HOOD = BROTHER HOOD= brotherhood, fraternal, friendly relations, people of the same profession;
BOY = boy, schoolboy, guy, young man, son + HOOD = BOY HOOD= adolescence;
CHILD = child, child, child, son, daughter, offspring, descendant + HOOD = CHILD HOOD= childhood;
FALSE = false, erroneous, incorrect, false, treacherous, deceitful, deceptive + HOOD = FALSE HOOD= lie, untruth, falsehood;
GENTLE = soft, kind, quiet, calm, meek, well-born, noble + HOOD = GENTLE HOOD= nobility, good manners, courtesy;
HARDY = bold, courageous, daring, seasoned, hardy, persistent + HOOD = HARDI HOOD= courage, audacity, impudence;
GIRL = girl, girl + HOOD = GIRL HOOD= girlhood;
KNIGHT = knight, knight + HOOD = KNIGHT HOOD= chivalry, knightly dignity; nobility;
LIVELY = alive (when described), lively, cheerful + HOOD = LIVELI HOOD= livelihood, food;
LIKELY = probable, suitable, promising + HOOD = LIKELI HOOD= probability, promising future;
MOTHER = mother, mother + HOOD = MOTHER HOOD= motherhood;
MAN = man, man, courageous person + HOOD = MAN HOOD= maturity, maturity, mature age, masculinity;
NEIGHBOUR = neighbor, neighbor, nearby, neighbor + HOOD = NEIGHBOUR HOOD= neighborhood, proximity, districts, area, surroundings;
ORPHAN = orphan + HOOD = ORPHAN HOOD= orphanhood, orphanage;
PARENT = parent + HOOD = PARENT HOOD= fatherhood, motherhood;
PRIEST = priest, priest + HOOD = PRIEST HOOD= priesthood, clergy;
QUEEN = queen + HOOD = QUEEN HOOD= position of the queen, period of the queen's reign;
SAINT = holy + HOOD = SAINT HOOD= holiness;
SERF = serf, slave + HOOD = SERF HOOD= serfdom, slavery;
SISTER = sister + HOOD = SISTER HOOD= sibling relationship;
WIDOW = widow + HOOD = WIDOW HOOD= widowhood;
Suffix “-SHIP” came to English from German and indicates social status, position, quality. For example, the suffix “-SHIP” forms nouns that indicate “POSITIONS.” It is clear that the position has nothing to do with a profession or craft. That’s why when you hear the word “position,” education, court, and administrative work immediately come to mind.
I will write several nouns with the suffix “-SHIP”.
APPRENTICE = student, journeyman, beginner, beginner + SHIP = APPRENTICE SHIP= teaching, apprenticeship; term of study;
BACHELOR (1) = bachelor + SHIP = BACHELOR SHIP= single life;
BACHELOR (2) = bachelor + SHIP = BACHELOR SHIP= bachelor's degree;
CENSOR = censor + SHIP = CENSOR SHIP= censorship, position of censor;
CHAMPION = champion, winner, winner + SHIP = CHAMPION SHIP= championship, title of champion;
CITIZEN = citizen, citizen; city dweller, city woman + SHIP = CITIZEN SHIP= citizenship;
CLAN = clan, clan + SHIP = CLAN SHIP= belonging to or allegiance to a clan or clan;
CLERK = clerk, clerk, office worker, official, secretary + SHIP = CLERK SHIP= position of clerk, secretary, office worker;
COMPANIAN = comrade, companion, fellow traveler, random neighbor in the carriage, companion + SHIP = COMPANIAN SHIP= communication, companionship, company;
CONSUL = consul + SHIP = CONSUL SHIP= position of consul;
EDITOR = editor + SHIP = EDITOR SHIP= position of editor, editorial office, editorship;
FRIEND = friend, buddy, comrade, colleague + SHIP = FRIEND SHIP= friendship, friendliness;
JUSTICE = judge, justice, justice + SHIP = JUSTICE SHIP= rank, position of a judge;
HARD = difficult, difficult, demanding, miserable, harsh, merciless + SHIP = HARD SHIP= deprivation, need, ordeal, difficulty, inconvenience
KING = king, king + SHIP = KING SHIP= kingship, reign;
LEADER = leader, leader, commander, leader + SHIP = LEADER SHIP= leadership, leadership, leadership;
LORD = lord, lord, ruler, ruler + SHIP = LORD SHIP= power, power of a feudal lord, lord's estate;
MASTER = master, school teacher, head of college + SHIP = MASTER SHIP mastery, dominance, position of teacher, director;
MEMBER = member of a club, parliament, political party + SHIP = MEMBER SHIP= membership, title of member;
NEIGHBOUR = neighborhood, proximity, neighbor + SHIP = NEIGHBOUR SHIP= neighborhood, proximity, neighborly relations;
OWNER = owner, owner, owner + SHIP = OWNER SHIP= property, possession, ownership;
PARTISAN = adherent, supporter, partisan + SHIP = PARTISAN SHIP= commitment;
PARTNER = participant, accomplice, partner, companion + SHIP = PARTNER SHIP= participation, partnership;
PASTOR = shepherd, pastor + SHIP = PASTOR SHIP= pastorate;
PENMAN = calligrapher, scribe + SHIP = PENMAN SHIP= calligraphy, calligraphy, the art of writing; handwriting;
PROCTOR = proctor, inspector + SHIP = PROCTOR SHIP= title, position of proctor;
PROFESSOR = professor, teacher + SHIP = PROFESSOR SHIP= title, position of professor; professorship;
PROPRIETOR = owner, owner, owner + SHIP = PROPRIET SHIP= property;
PROTECTOR protector, patron + SHIP = PROTECTOR SHIP= protectorate, patronage, patronage;
RELATION = relation, connection, dependence + SHIP = RELATION SHIP= kinship; relatives, relatives;
RECTOR = rector + SHIP = RECTOR SHIP= title, position of rector;
SCHOLAR = scientist, expert, scholar, student + SHIP = SCHOLAR SHIP= scholarship, erudition, scholarship;
SECRETARY = secretary, minister + SHIP = SECRETARY SHIP= position of secretary; duties of a secretary; secretary qualifications;
SOLDIER = soldier, private + SHIP = SOLDIER SHIP= art of war;
SPORTSMAN = athlete, hunter, fisherman; honest, decent person + SHIP = SPORTSMAN SHIP= athletic agility, passion for sports; honesty, directness;
STUDENT = student studying something + SHIP = STUDENT SHIP= student years, student life; scholarship;
SWORDSMAN = swordsman + SHIP = SWORDSMAN SHIP= the art of fencing;
TRUSTEE = trustee, guardian; person to whom the board of directors is entrusted; board member + SHIP = TRUSTEE SHIP= guardianship, guardianship, guardianship;
TOWN = city + SHIP = TOWN SHIP= plot allocated for urban construction; village, town;
TUTOR = home teacher, tutor, mentor, student group leader + SHIP = TUTOR SHIP= position of a mentor, duties of a mentor;
WARD = ward, person under guardianship + SHIP = WARD SHIP= guardianship;
WORKMAN = worker, worker + SHIP = WORKMAN SHIP= art, skill, qualification;
WOR SHIP= cult, veneration, worship, worship;
Suffix “-DOM” is an English suffix and often indicates a person's title.
I will write several nouns with the suffix “-DOM”.
BORE = boring activity, boring person + DOM = BORE DOM= boredom;
CHRISTIAN = Christian + DOM = CHRISTEN DOM= Christian world;
DUKE = Duke + DOM = DUKE DOM= title of duke, dukedom;
EARL = graph + DOM = EARL DOM= title of earl, county;
FREE = free, free, at large + DOM = FREE DOM= freedom, independence; right, privilege;
KING = king, king + DOM = KING DOM= kingdom, kingdom;
MARTYR = martyr, sufferer + DOM = MARTYR DOM= martyrdom, torment;
OFFICIAL = official, major official, civil servant + DOM = OFFICIAL DOM= officialdom, bureaucracy;
SERF = serf, slave + DOM = SERF DOM= serfdom, slavery;
WISE = wise, prudent, knowledgeable, knowledgeable + DOM = WIS DOM= wisdom;
WHORE = harlot, whore, prostitute + DOM = WHORE DOM= debauchery, prostitution;