In the broadest sense, society is. Society in a broad sense means
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TwitterPolicy. Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". D. Underhill, S. Barrett, P. Burnell, P. Burnham, etc. General editor: Doctor of Economics. Osadchaya I.M.. 2001.
Society in a broad sense is a set of historically established forms of joint activity of people; in a narrow sense - a historically specific type of social system, a certain form of social relations (for example, society opposed to the state in Hegel).
Political science: Dictionary-reference book. comp. Prof. Science Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010.
Political science. Dictionary. - RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010.
/ 09-07-2013_05-53-35 / Society
Definition of society
Society is a multi-valued concept used to define both social systems at various levels and associations of people who have a common origin, position, interests and goals, including joint-stock companies and other economic organizations.
In the broadest sense, “society” means a part of the material world isolated from nature, a set of historically established forms of joint activity of people.
In a narrower sense, society is a complex social system, an integral formation, the main element of which is people with their connections, interactions and relationships; or as a historical stage, a certain form of social development (primitive society, feudal society, capitalist society); or as a specific society within one country (French society, Russian society, Japanese society, etc.).
Society can also mean a circle of people united by the unity of class (for example, a noble society, a merchant society, a peasant society) or some interests (a consumer society, a charitable society, a sports society, a theatrical society, etc.). These also include commercial organizations that set themselves general goals in the field of economics and entrepreneurial activity.
Widely sociological sense society is a world community, or a world system, meaning all of humanity as a whole. The world community is understood as a certain planetary social system that unites the entire population of the Earth, has supranational governing bodies, and rules of political, economic and cultural interaction that are universal for all countries. In such a society, it is not intranational, but international relations that operate.
Society in a narrow sociological sense denotes a set of people who have lived historically for a long time in the same territory, who have created their own culture and political system of government.
Society in the third meaning - as a community, union or association (for example, the Society of Lovers of Reading) - in the strict sense is not a sociological category, since one of the integral features of society in the sociological meaning is violated: not being part of a more general system.
Other definitions of society: 1) the population of a country, its citizens, considered in conjunction with their history, interests, needs, desires, beliefs, behavior, psychology; 2) an association of citizens and enterprises for the implementation of common economic activities (economic society); 3) association of citizens based on interests; a public organization created to help someone.
Society is the largest group in which people live, or the largest group in a given territory. Constantly living together and interacting, people create a complexly intertwined system of social relations, historically stable, reproduced from generation to generation, the forms of which crystallize into social institutions.
The concept of “society,” which denotes the object of sociology, like many other words used in this discipline, came from everyday speech, where it never had a clear definition. So, for example, “society” can mean a special club community (like the Hunter Society), a group of people with prestige and privileges (for example, “high society”, “secular society”), an abstract set of people (in such cases they say that he or she is burdened by the absence of society).
It should also be noted that the concept of “society” partially coincides with the concepts of “culture” (used by anthropologists) and “nation state” (used by political scientists). However, "culture" is not necessarily defined by territorial boundaries or political independence. For example, we can talk about “Jewish culture” even though only a small proportion of Jews live in th State of Israel. In this case, we are talking about a common religious worldview and a special way of life. Anthropologists speak, for example, of Melanesian culture, although the peoples of Melanesia, scattered across the Pacific islands, are not united into one politically independent society.
The sociologist takes into account the diversity of common speech meanings of the term “society”, but tries to use it in a more precise sense, although, of course, there are differences in its use within sociology itself. In particular, for sociologists adhering to a humanistic perspective, “society” means a broad complex of human relations, understood as an autonomous whole, or, in more technical terms, a system of interactions. The word "broad" in this context is difficult to quantify. A sociologist can talk about a “society” that includes millions of people (say, “Chinese society”), or he can use this term to designate a much smaller population (“the society of sophomores at a given institute”). Two people talking on a corner are unlikely to constitute “society,” but three who
washed up on a desert island will certainly be considered as such. Therefore, the meaning of the concept “society” cannot be judged only by quantitative criteria.
In foreign and domestic literature one can find a huge number of definitions of society. In one case, it is understood as a large group of people who have formed a common culture, in another, as a complex social system with the people inhabiting it, in the third, as a socio-political association associated with a certain territory, etc. In particular, R. Mills understood society as a configuration of institutions that, during their functioning, limit the freedom of action of people. I. Wallerstein believes that the attempt of sociologists to bring order to the numerous, often contradictory and confusing definitions of society ultimately led nowhere:
“No concept is more comprehensive in modern social science than society, and no concept is used more automatically and thoughtlessly than society, despite countless pages devoted to its definition. Textbook definitions revolve around the question: “What is society?”, while the arguments we have made regarding the unity of historical and social science force us to ask another question: “When and where is society?”
“Societies” are specific. Moreover, society is a term that we may well abandon due to its conceptual ambiguity in history and hence its undeniable and misleadingly contradictory definitions. Society is a term whose current use in history and the social sciences is contemporary with the institutionalization of social science in the 19th century. Society is half of a contradictory tandem, the other part of which is the state.”
In Russian science, two approaches to understanding what society is have developed: a narrow sociological and a broad philosophical one. Both of them are right in their own way, and each of them gives something new for understanding this most complex phenomenon. Nevertheless, they must be distinguished, since different approaches to society require different methodologies for its analysis.
Society should be understood as the historical result of spontaneously or naturally developing relationships between people, while th the state will appear as an artificial political construct - an institution or institution designed to manage these relationships. Another concept, “country,” is also an artificial territorial construct that denotes the sovereign borders of a state. A country - part of the world or territory that has certain borders and enjoys state sovereignty. State - political organization of the country, implying a certain type of government (monarchy, republic, the presence of a management apparatus (government). Society - social organization not only of a country, but also of a nation, nationality, tribe. There was a time when there were no clear political or state borders separating one country from another. There were no countries in the usual sense of the word then; entire peoples and tribes moved quite freely in space, exploring new territories. When the process of resettlement of peoples was completed, lands limited by state sovereignty appeared. Thus, countries are the result of the territorial division of the world.
It is necessary to distinguish between three phenomena - country, state, society. Their boundaries do not always coincide. For example, no one has heard the phrase “Luxembourg society”, although Luxembourg is This a state, or country, in Western Europe, with an area of 2.6 thousand km2 and a population of 392 thousand people. Today, the obvious problematic nature of the concept of society, conceivable on the basis of the territorial-state principle, has emerged.
Society existed in that distant era when there were no countries and states. Therefore, the concept of “society” is applicable to any historical era, to any group or association of people of any size. Society is the largest group living in a given territory. The signs that E. Shils expressed in concentrated form are applicable to him. A society is an association that meets the following criteria:
it is not part of any larger system;
marriages are concluded between representatives of this association;
it is replenished primarily by the children of those people who are already its recognized representatives;
the association has a territory that it considers its own own vein;
it has its own name and its own history;
it has its own control system;
the association exists longer than the average lifespan of an individual;
it is united by a common system of values (customs, traditions, norms, laws, rules, morals), which is called culture.
Both modern powers, numbering hundreds of millions of citizens, and ancient tribes, located in the territory of the current urban microdistrict, meet these criteria. Both have consanguineous systems (marriage), their own territory, name, culture, history, governance, and most importantly, they are not part of another whole. But many other human associations do not correspond to them, say, a village or village, although, at first glance, they have all the necessary conditions for this: a consanguineous system, territory, history, culture, name, management.
Taking a close look at the signs of E. Shils, we will notice that the state is only one of the signs of society, namely the management system. The state does not even exhaust the political system. It is the main institution of this system.
Historically, society is primary, the state is secondary. Society is at least 40 thousand years old, and the state is only 5-6 thousand. Society arises at a certain stage of human development, and then the state appears to protect the interests of the citizens who make up this very society. Thus, the state acts as a servant of society. However, often the servant turns into a master, and citizens have to defend themselves from him. The relationship between society and the state throughout history has been difficult: harmony and conflict, the desire to suppress and establish equal, partnership relations.
The concept of society takes on a very definite meaning when we talk about “Russian society”, which has geographical boundaries, a common legislative system and a certain national unity. Sociologists argue approximately in this direction when they create a set of operational definitions of society. In 1967, R. Marsh tried to determine the conditions under which a social association should be considered a society:
permanent territory - for example, Spain within its national borders;
replenishment of society mainly through childbirth, although immigration also plays some role here;
highly developed culture - cultural models can be diverse enough to satisfy all the needs of social life;
4) political independence- society is not a subsystem or part of some other system, therefore colonial societies such as the Belgian Congo before they gained independence could not be considered as such.
Other sociologists and political scientists, namely D. Aberle, A. Coei, K. Davis, M. Levy and F. Sutton, T. Parsons, suggested that the defining characteristic of society is “self-sufficiency.” This criterion is close to “political independence”, but should be interpreted not only in a political science sense. A self-sufficient society is one that is not only able to feed itself by producing a sufficient amount of goods and services without resorting to external borrowing, capable of protecting itself from external and internal threats, but which is also capable of creating the entire complex of culture, from high to folk and popular, and associated infrastructure, as well as successfully engage in social security of the population.
The concept of the world community, which is often called not a community, but a society, introduced new dimensions into the understanding of society. In its radical form, the world society thesis states that at present there is only one single social system - the supranational, world one. In such a case, Germany, USA, Norway or Pakistan are not societies.
N. Luhmann proposes to use the concept of “society” to take into account only world society as the only closed system within which it is possible to trace all communication operations. Indeed, information flows, television, telephone communications, and the Internet do not know national borders. They unite people into a single society. In this case, national societies fade into the background. True, the problem of poor and rich countries remains. Poverty exists and is reproduced within national boundaries
So, if you adhere to the territorial-state principle, you will have to take into account more than 200 societies existing on the planet. And if we are faithful to the communicative approach (information knows no boundaries), then it will be necessary to recognize the existence of one and only society on Earth - the world one.
Society in the narrow sense. Definition and examples of society in the narrow sense
The concept of “society” is studied by many humanities. Depending on the area of interest, this category is considered in different aspects, in a broad and narrow sense. Why is this important to study? Understanding the social nature of the phenomenon allows us to find the right ways to solve problems that are inevitable for the functioning of society.
Changing the nature of society, structure, and the nature of social interactions dictates the need not only to explore deep social mechanisms, but also to look for mechanisms to manage them in order to avoid negative and irreversible consequences. Since the topic is quite extensive, we will limit ourselves to a summary presentation of some of its main provisions.
Definition
Society, as a subject of study, serves as a central category for humanities. The concept comes from the Latin term societas (society). In a broad sense, it is a set of forms and ways of uniting and interacting people.
The definition of society in the narrow sense is interpreted as a social structure limited by certain criteria of society. 
Society is the most important category in the sphere of social philosophy. Within its framework, this term is studied in a theoretical aspect. In the practical field of research, this category serves as the subject of study of sociology, a younger science.
The concept of “society”: broad and narrow meaning
The concept in question is quite multifaceted, which is the reason for the numerous variants of its definitions. In its most general form, in a broad sense, society is understood as a union of people and a set of ways of their interaction. They can be carried out both within society and in relation to material nature.
The concept of “society”, in the narrow sense, is usually interpreted as the unification of a certain circle of people by a common principle. This is a fairly common approach to the phenomenon. Moreover, the principle of their organization into society can be a rather impressive list of reasons, starting from habits and ending with ideology, which turns the mass of its followers into society. The broad and narrow meaning of the content also depends on the direction of scientific interest. The more precise the science, the narrower the boundaries of definition, and vice versa, the universal approach reveals the depth and inexhaustibility of the concept.
Society as a result of human activity
Society, as mentioned above, is inextricably linked with the activities of people. Not only is it connected, but in essence, it is a way of its existence. Highly organized matter differs from nature in that it is capable of organizing its activities in order to protect the interests of each of its members. Historically, initially, this was a condition for survival. Subsequently, in the process of improving the tools of labor, with the development of civilization, society turned into a complex system of interaction both within the system itself and in relation to the surrounding world. 
Relations to the outside world characterize society in its broad sense - as a social institution. Internal interactions represent a whole palette of social connections that, in a certain social paradigm, characterize society in a narrow sense.
Goals and Relationships
Society, in the narrow sense of the word, arises so that each of its members can strengthen themselves by attracting like-minded people. Not every activity is a way of being for society. It is formed as a result of purposeful, directed activity.
Society in the narrow sense of the word is certain groups of people, regardless of their scale, who themselves form their own goals. It is this process that is the basis for the emergence of certain social groups. This process is carried out in a completely different way in a global sense. For society in the broad sense of the word, the goal is predetermined by the logic of nature itself - survival and expanded self-reproduction, preservation of oneself as a biological species.
Levels of society
The internal structure of society is heterogeneous. People strive to unite in accordance with their professional and amateur interests, to achieve goals and solve current problems.
For example, professional communities of people form their own code of conduct, standards of professional ethics, and exchange knowledge at conferences, seminars and other scientific and professional events.
National communities represent a different range of public interests - they are united according to geopolitical criteria and represent striking examples of society in the narrow sense of the word. A striking example is provided by small ethnic groups that defend independence despite the processes of integration and globalization. 
The historical formation of society predetermines its forms of existence, the nature of which depends on the method of production.
Spheres of society
Society as the result and meaning of people’s life activities is closely studied by the science of nature, society and knowledge. There are four main spheres of human social life: economic, social, political and spiritual.
Economic. Relations between people in the process of production (as well as distribution and consumption) of a social product. Options for interacting societies are classes such as slaves and slave owners, capital and wage labor, producers and consumers of products, other classes and communities.
Social. Relations between people regulated by social institutions of classes, ethnic groups, nations, family and marriage, education, social protection (for example, parents and children, national minorities, emigrants, etc.).
Political. Interactions between people on the subject of power, politics, law, management of society (voters, political elite of society, lawyers, judiciary).
Spiritual sphere. Culture, art, science, morality, religion constitute the area of spiritual communications of people. In this area, if we talk about society in the narrow sense, we can distinguish the following classes: scientists, clergy, artists, producers, performers, believers, etc. This is also a sphere of production, only associated with the distribution and consumption of spiritual values
Social orientation
There are other examples of understanding what society is in the narrow sense, based on self-affirmation through the denial of certain norms and foundations developed in other public associations of people. Terrorist, extremist, so-called “extreme” associations. 
Often such organizations try to draw attention to the very fact of their existence. They carry out terrorist acts and take responsibility in order to defend their interests, often at the expense of the interests of other communities.
Antagonistic contradictions are a natural process in the social dynamics of interactions. They serve as a catalyst for metabolic processes, and in this case, the timeliness and adequacy of society’s response to them is important.
Summary
If we examine the phenomenon of society in its interactions at the micro and macro levels, then it becomes completely obvious that dialectical processes are repeated at different levels, having only different degrees of intensity and awareness. 
Society is a living organism. Its social nature suggests that each element of the system is only a drop reflecting the world as a whole. Society in the narrow sense of the word repeats a single mechanism of development and resolution of internal contradictions, which we can observe on a global scale.
What should be understood by society in the broad and narrow sense of the word?
Marlboro
The complexity of defining the concept of “society” is associated primarily with its extreme generality, and in addition, with its enormous significance. This led to the presence of many definitions of this concept.
The concept of “society” in the broad sense of the word can be defined as a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes: ways of interaction between people; forms of unification of people.
Society in the narrow sense of the word is a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin (for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);
A separate specific society, country, state, region (for example, modern Russian society, French society);
Historical stage in the development of mankind (for example, feudal society, capitalist society);
Humanity as a whole.
Society is the product of the combined activities of many people. Human activity is a way of existence or being of society. Society grows out of the life process itself, out of the ordinary and everyday activities of people. It is no coincidence that the Latin word socio means to unite, to unite, to undertake joint work. Society does not exist outside the direct and indirect interaction of people.
As a way of existence for people, society must perform a set of certain functions:
production of material goods and services;
distribution of labor products (activities);
regulation and management of activities and behavior;
human reproduction and socialization;
spiritual production and regulation of human activity.
The essence of society lies not in people themselves, but in the relationships they enter into with each other in the course of their life. Consequently, society is the totality of social relations.
Define the word "society"..
during the exam they asked the question what “society” is, I couldn’t give a clear answer, or rather a scientific one... who knows, help))))
***Skarlett***
Society is a multi-valued concept used to define both social systems at various levels and associations of people who have a common origin, position, interests and goals.
In the broadest sense, society means a part of the material world isolated from nature, a set of historically established forms of joint activity of people - society. In a narrower sense, society is a complex social system, the main element of which is people with their connections, interactions and relationships.
Society is a fundamental category of philosophy and sociology. A philosophical and theoretical analysis of society is possible only on the basis of research into its ideal model. Throughout human history, there has been a constant search for this model and attempts to describe it.
Society is a system of economic, political and spiritual interactions of various social subjects (individuals, groups, institutions).
Cherries
SOCIETY
- a concept that fixes the subject of social philosophy: as a basic categorical structure, it underlies concepts developing in line with social realism; in the tradition of historicism, which focuses attention on history as the history of the spirit and on the immanent individual impulses of a person’s performance of this or that act, and not on integral (from the side of O. as a general) determinants, it is practically not used. In social realism it is defined - in a broad sense - as a systemic formation isolated from nature, which represents a historically changing form of human life, which manifests itself in the functioning and development of social institutions, organizations, communities and groups, and individuals; in a narrow sense, clothing is often understood as a historically specific type of social system (for example, industrial agriculture) or a separate social organism (for example, Japanese culture).
O. is a fundamental category of philosophy and sociology. Philosophical and theoretical analysis of O. is possible only on the basis of research of its ideal model. It is possible to identify the internal necessity of a real process only by freeing it from the concrete historical form, presenting the process in its “pure form”, in a logical form (Ideal type, Ideal type method). Theoretical analysis of oxygen involves considering it as an integral organism, the parts of which not only influence each other, but are also subordinate. All philosophical systems have been searching for the foundations of the historical process since ancient times, producing a certain vision and certain methodological guidelines for particular social sciences.
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Comp. A. A. Gritsanov, V. L. Abushenko, G. M. Evelkin, G. N. Sokolova, O. V. Tereshchenko.
Society in a broad sense is a set of historically established forms of joint activity of people, and in a narrow sense - a historically specific type of social system, a certain form of social relations.
Society is a community of people that has historically developed within a certain territory and reproduces itself, having its own system of management.
(I just ripped it off from a book on society =))) I wouldn’t have thought of it myself =)))
SOCIETY, in a broad sense, is a set of historically established forms of joint activity of people; in a narrow sense - a historically specific type of social system, a certain form of social relations (for example, society opposed to the state in Hegel).
Elvira pishigina
1. Society is a part of the world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their association.
2. Society is a system that includes social institutions such as family, school, and states.
3. A set of interacting spheres of social life - economic, political, social, spiritual.
4. The entire population of the Earth. This is in a broad sense.
In narrow:
1. A society of people united by some common goal. For example, a society of book lovers and dog breeders.
2. A certain stage of historical development. For example, primitive society, etc.
3. A set of people living in the same territory. French society, Russian society
A1. In the narrow sense of the word, society must be understood
1) a specific stage in the development of the people
2) territory with clear boundaries
3) social organization of the country
4) part of the material world
A2. In the broadest sense of the word, society must be understood
1) a group of postage stamp lovers
2) all residents of a given city
3) students of secondary school No. 4
4) a set of forms of association of people
A3. Are the following statements about society correct?
And the concept of “society” is applicable to any historical era.
B. Society arose before the state appeared.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both
A4. Distinguishes man from animal
1) presence of a brain
2) presence of instincts
3) developed hand
4) ability to think
A5. What is common between man and animal?
1) purposeful activity
2) the presence of instincts and reflexes
3) presence of a developed brain
4) articulate speech
A6. Are the following statements about nature true?
A. Nature is the totality of the natural conditions of human habitation.
B. Nature is a world created by man.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A7. Which of the following refers to the political sphere of society?
1) payment of pensions
2) exhibition of paintings
3) party congress
4) sale of plant shares
A8. The sphere of political and legal relations includes contacts between
1) a policeman traveling on a bus, and bus passengers
2) a candidate for deputy and a teacher at the school where his son studies
3) a young man and a disabled person on the subway
4) the owner of the stolen car and the local police officer
A9. Are the following judgments about areas of public life true?
A. The spiritual sphere includes relations regarding production, distribution, exchange and consumption.
B. The social sphere covers the relationship between the citizen and the authorities.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A10. K. is a small island, cut off from civilization. Its inhabitants collect fruits, fish, and make their own clothes and household utensils. They live in large families, headed by older men. The order of the head of the family is mandatory for household members. What type of society is K.?
1) industrial
2) traditional
3) post-industrial
4) informational
A11. Are the following judgments about types of society correct?
A. A traditional society is characterized by a developed system of industrial production.
B. In an industrial society, the main sector of the economy is agriculture.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
A12. What trend is the basis in the development of modern society?
1) migration
2) globalization
3) militarization
4) degradation
A13. Which of the following refers to global problems of humanity?
1) transition to post-industrial society
2) development of mass culture
3) extinction of biological species
4) globalization of the world economy
A14. The teacher at the parent meeting, speaking about Vasya P., noted his ability to control his behavior, bear responsibility and solve problems, emphasized his strong will and independence in actions. That is, he described Vasya as
1) individual
2) individuality
3) subject
4) personality
A15. The categories "good" and "evil" refer to
1) art
2) morality
3) education
4) religion
A 16. Are the following judgments about social status correct?
A. Each person performs only one social role at a certain period of his life.
B. A person’s social status is determined at his birth and cannot be changed during his life.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the public sphere and the relations that it regulates: for each position given in the first column, select a position from the second column.
Society In the broad sense of the word In the narrow sense of the word This is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes: ways of interaction between people; forms of association of people A set of people united to communicate, satisfy common interests, perform some activity together (for example, a sports society, “Friends of the Forest”) All of humanity in the past, present and future A certain stage in the historical development of mankind (for example, a feudal society, capitalist society)
The association is not part of any larger system (society) Marriages are concluded between representatives of this association It is replenished by the children of members of this society Its own territory Its own name and its own history Its own management system The association exists longer than the average life expectancy of an individual A common system of values ( customs, traditions, laws, rules, mores), which are called culture
Preservation of international peace Maximum output with full employment of the population and equilibrium of the monetary system Possibly greater individual freedom Improving the distribution of the social product between social groups and individual countries Emancipation of groups that do not enjoy equal rights The main goals of society according to J. Tinbergen Dutch scientist, Nobel Prize laureate
Social relations are diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as connections that arise between different social groups (or within them) Material relations Spiritual (ideal) relations Arise and develop directly in the course of a person’s practical activity outside of consciousness and independently of it Are formed by first “passing through consciousness" of people are determined by their spiritual values Industrial relations Ecological relations Office relations Moral relations Political relations Legal relations Artistic relations Philosophical relations Religious relations
Economic sphere Social sphere Political sphere Spiritual sphere Classes, social layers, relations between them, ethnic groups, nations, national relations, family and family relations, educational and medical institutions, social protection bodies Morality, science, religion, education, art, culture , corresponding activities of people Production, distribution, exchange, consumption and relations between people in the process of economic activity State, politics, law, relations between people regarding power Society
Historical period The essence of ideas about nature Antiquity Man is one of the constituent parts of nature. The ideal is life in harmony with nature. The Middle Ages The nature surrounding man is something lower than man, since only he is endowed with a divine principle - a soul. Nature was often thought of as a source of evil that needed to be overcome or subjugated, while human life acted as a struggle between the divine principle, the soul, and the sinful body. Nature is a source of joy and pleasure. Renaissance
Historical period The essence of ideas about nature The formation of industrial capitalism Nature is an object of intense transformative activity, a storehouse from which a person can draw without measure and without counting Modernity Nature is a unique, integral organism, the basis of human life. Partnership, cooperation, open dialogue between man and nature are necessary
Scientists on the development of society Hesiod Five stages of human life: 1 - “golden age”: people lived cheerfully and freely, without sadness and disasters, without illness and old age; 2 – “Silver Age”: enmity began, failure to fulfill duty and custom; 3 - “Copper Age”: rudeness, hostility everywhere, violence; 4 – “heroic age”: disastrous wars, bloody battles; 5 – “Iron Age”: evil, disrespect, disasters, envy everywhere A cyclical cycle repeating the same stages Plato and Aristotle A. Turgot, J. Condorcet, G. Hegel, K. Marx The historical process as the path of social progress K. Popper History or society cannot progress, only man (individual) can progress
Models of social development Social statistics (static) Social dynamics No movement, no development Cyclic (cyclical) Linear (linear) Spiral (not linear) Development in a circle (simple repetition). Example: - day - night - day - night Development as complex repetition (combination of cyclicity and linear progress) Progress Regression Moving forward Moving backward
Progress - development, movement from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect Areas of progress Economic progress Social (social progress) Scientific and technological progress Forms of social progress Reformist (evolutionary), i.e. gradual Revolutionary, i.e. spasmodic
Scientists on the criteria of progress J. Condorcet Development of the human mind Voltaire The triumph of reason and enlightenment C. Montesquieu J. La Mettrie, D. Diderot, P. Holbach, C. Helvetius C. Saint-Simon, C. Fourier, R. Owen Improvement of legislation Happiness and “reasonable order” Happiness and the absence of exploitation of man by man
Scientists on the criteria of progress F. Schelling Gradual approach to the legal structure G. Hegel Consciousness of freedom. The maturity of freedom is an indicator of the maturity of society A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky, V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov Development of knowledge, dissemination of education K. Marx Mastery of nature, development of production (development of productive forces)
The criterion must be universal, i.e. work regardless of countries, ideas, level of development. It must be connected with a person. The law of the development of society. The law of accelerating history: each subsequent stage of the development of society takes less time than the previous one. The law of uneven (economic and political) development of society. Man is the measure of all things. Protagoras All progress is reactionary if man collapses. Andrey Voznesensky
Give three definitions of the concept “society” in the narrow sense contained in the text and three definitions of the concept “society” in the broad sense.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
In modern vocabulary, societies can be called both national-state entities that exist on the political map of the world, and voluntary associations of people according to professions and interests (Society of Philatelists, Water Rescue Society, etc.). They talk about society when they mean a person’s social environment, his circle of contacts (warning against falling into “bad society”).
What do scientists who seek to understand the essence of social life, the conditions and mechanisms of its existence, call society?
Each of us has had to deal with the antithesis “society - nature”, which serves as a means of classifying phenomena according to their belonging to various forms of existence, levels of organization of the world around us and enveloping us. We know, for example, that the planetary system or the force of gravity belong to the world of natural realities, while hydroelectric stations, symphonic music or conscience belong to society, are social phenomena absent from the kingdom of nature. In this broadest understanding, the term “society” is a systemic set of properties and characteristics inherent in the phenomena of both the collective and individual lives of people, thanks to which they are included in a special world, isolated from nature and different from nature.
In this meaning, the term “society” coincides with the concepts of “supraorganic world”, “sociocultural reality”, “social form of movement of matter”, “society”, etc., with the help of which various scientific schools convey the specificity of the non-natural realities of our world.
Accordingly, most philosophers and sociologists are critical of the attempts of natural scientists - primarily biologists - to universalize the concept of “society”, to extend it to nature, considering society as “collectivity in general” and calling it beehives, anthills or wolf packs. On the contrary, society is viewed as a world of people and the cultural artifacts created by them, which are purely specific in their laws - creations of man, which do not exist in non-man-made nature.
And so, in its broadest sense, the term “society” denotes sociality in general, acting as the antithesis of nature and the natural.
(according to V.V. Mironov)
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) Definitions of the concept “society” in the narrow sense:
National-state formations;
Voluntary associations of people according to professions and interests;
Social environment of a person.
2) Definitions of the concept of “society” in a broad sense:
A systemic set of properties and characteristics inherent in the phenomena of both the collective and individual lives of people, thanks to which they are included in a special world, isolated from nature and different from nature;
The world of people and the cultural artifacts they create is specific in its laws;
Sociality in general, acting as the antithesis of nature and the natural.
Society is a group of people engaged in ongoing social interaction or a large social group sharing the same geographic or social territory, usually subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
Characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between people who have different cultures and institutions and can be described as a set of such relationships between its members. In the social sciences, the wider society often exhibits stratification or patterns of dominance within subgroups.
Signs and types of society
The term "society" comes from the Latin word societas, which in turn was derived from the noun socius ("comrade, friend, ally"), used to describe a bond or interaction between friendly parties. This term can refer to all of humanity.
Used in the sense of association, it represents a collection of persons delineated by the boundaries of functional interdependence, including such characteristics, How:
Society in the broad sense of the word refers (especially in structuralist thought) to an economic, social, industrial or cultural infrastructure consisting of a variety of people and set apart from nature.
This can mean the objective relationship of people with the material world and with other people.
Characteristics and signs of society
This definition can be understood both in a narrow and in a broad sense. In a narrower sense, the term refers to a group of people, but in a broader sense it refers to all of humanity which has the following characteristics and attributes:
A society must have a population. Without a group of people, it cannot be formed and rather refers not to a group of people, but to a system of social relations. But it takes a group of people to establish social relationships.
The population must self-reproduce a person who reproduces himself through some kind of family relationship. Therefore, this is the first sign.
Similarities between each other
Similarity is also one of the characteristics. Without a sense of similarity there could be no mutual recognition of “belonging” to a group. This sense of similarity among themselves was found in early groups of people, and in the modern world the conditions of social similarity have expanded to principles of nationality.
Differences
Along with similarity, differences are another characteristic because all people are connected by differences and depend on them as well as on similarities. Primary similarity and secondary differences create the greatest of all institutions - the division of labor. Differences complement social relationships.
The family is the first society based on biological differences, differences in abilities and interests. Although differences are necessary, differences in themselves do not create anything. Therefore, differences are subordinated to similarities.
Interdependence
The fact of interdependence is evident in every aspect of the modern world. The famous Greek philosopher Aristotle noted that “Man is a social animal.” As a social animal, it depends on others. The survival and well-being of each member greatly depends on this interdependence. No person is self-sufficient. He must depend on others for food, shelter and safety and to meet many of his needs.
With development, this degree of interdependence increases many times over. The family, which is the first society, is based on the biological interdependence of the sexes. Not only are individuals interdependent, but so are groups.
Cooperation and conflict
Both cooperation and conflict are two more signs. The famous sociologist Maclver once observed that “Society is cooperation, forged by conflict.” People cannot maintain a happy life without cooperation. The family, being the first society, relies on cooperation. Collaboration leads to cost savings.
Conflict is also necessary. Conflict acts as a cementing factor for strengthening social relations. In a healthy and well-developed team, cooperation and conflict coexist. Conflict makes collaboration meaningful.
Social relationships are the basis of society. But these social relationships are based on mutual awareness or recognition.
Since social relations are abstract in nature, so is society abstract in nature. Various types of social processes, such as cooperation and conflict, constantly occur in it.
Constancy
This is not a temporary organization of people. The community continues to exist even after the death of individual members.
Society is an abstract concept. We cannot see this relationship, but we feel it. Therefore, it is an abstract concept. Moreover, it consists of customs, traditions, morals and culture, which are also abstract.
The very nature of society is dynamic and changeable and tends to constantly change. Ancient customs, traditions, folk traditions, morals, values and institutions have changed, and new customs and values have emerged. Everything changes from its traditional nature to modernity. Therefore, this is one of the most important characteristics.
Comprehensive culture
Culture is another important feature. Every society has its own culture that distinguishes it from others. Culture is a way of life, beliefs, art, morals, etc. Therefore, culture is comprehensive because it meets the needs of social life and is culturally self-sufficient. In addition, each community passes on its cultural model to subsequent generations.
Undoubtedly, society consists of people, but it is something more and something outside the individual, it is more than the sum of its parts, that is, individuals.
Accommodation and assimilation
These two associative social processes are also important for smooth functioning and continuity. Therefore, this is another characteristic.
In political science
Societies can also be structured politically. In order of increasing size and complexity there are groups, tribes, chiefs and states. These structures may have varying degrees of political power, depending on:
- from cultural;
- geographical;
- historical environment.
In sociology
A social group allows its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise not be possible on an individual basis. Thus, both individual and social (general) goals can be identified and considered.
The learned sociologist Peter L. Berger defines society as “...a human product and nothing but a human product, which yet constantly acts on its producers.” According to him, it was created by people, but this creation turns around and creates or shapes people every day.
Sociologists distinguish societies based on their stages of development:
- technology;
- communications;
- economy.
A classification system has been created in all human cultures based on the evolution of social inequality and the role of the state. This classification system contains four categories:
- Hunter-gatherer groups (categorization of responsibilities).
- Tribes that have some limited instances of social rank and prestige.
- Stratified structures led by leaders.
- Civilizations with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments.
In addition to this there is:
- Humanity, on which all elements of the social network rest.
- A virtual society based on online identity that evolves in the information age.
Over time, some cultures moved toward more complex forms of organization and control. This cultural evolution has a profound impact on community patterns. Tribes of hunter-gatherers settled around seasonal food supplies to become agricultural villages. Villages turned into cities. Cities evolved into city-states and nation-states.
Some societies give status to an individual or group of people when that person or group performs a desired action. This type of recognition is provided in the form of name, title, mode of dress, or monetary reward. Often the status of an adult man or woman is subject to a ritual or process of this type. Altruistic actions in the interests of the larger group are observed almost everywhere.
Types
Societies are social groups distinguished by subsistence strategies, the methods used to meet needs.
Although humans have created many types of societies throughout history, anthropologists tend to classify them based on how different groups within that formation have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige, or power. Virtually all of them developed some degree of inequality among their people through a process of social stratification, dividing members into tiers of unequal wealth, prestige, or power. Sociologists place societies into three broad categories:
- pre-industrial;
- industrial;
- post-industrial.
Modern use
The term "society" is now used to cover both a range of political and scientific connotations and various associations.
Although the meaning of the information society has been discussed since the 1930s, in the modern world it is almost always applied to the way information technology affects people. It therefore covers the effects of computers and telecommunications in the home, workplace, schools, government and various communities and organizations, as well as the emergence of new social forms in cyberspace.
As access to electronic information resources expanded at the beginning of the 21st century, special attention was paid to the information society. The accessibility of the Internet is most conducive to new understanding in the application of knowledge to economic activity to the extent that it has become a predominant factor in wealth creation. It is now said that 70-80 percent of economic growth is due to new and better knowledge.
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