What is RAM RAM. Required information about RAM

What is random access memory, RAM, RAM? Such a question can only be asked by those people who either do not deal with a personal computer at all, or have just begun to get acquainted with it.
For both, the article will answer the above question. If you are interested, then read this post to the end. Go.

You ask: Why ALMOST everything? Simply because it is physically impossible to tell everything about RAM in one article. Therefore, today we will talk briefly, but about the most important thing so that novice users do not confuse the computer's RAM (RAM - random access memory) with hard disk memory (ROM - read-only memory).

What is RAM?

RAM, RAM, RAM (from the English. RAM - Random Access Memory - random access memory; RAM - Random Access Memory) is a temporary memory that stores intermediate information processed by the central processor. In other words RAM it is an intermediary between the processor and programs on hard drives. RAM volatile, i.e. if you turn off the energy going to RAM all data on it is deleted. During operation, data and running programs are stored in RAM.

RAM structure

By its structure RAM resembles a table that has rows and columns. For example a chessboard. The chessboard has columns that are marked with numbers from 1-8, and there are rows that are marked with letters from A-H. Thus, you can find out the address of any cell on the chessboard (for example A1).
Everything is exactly the same in RAM. Each cell (cell) is designed to store a certain amount of data and has its own address. Here the horizontal line is denoted ROWand the vertical column Column... RAM cells have the ability to delay electric charge and translate it into a kind of digital signal. To transmit the address of the string, a signal is used, which is called RAS (Row Adress Strobe), and for the column CAS (Column Adress Strobe).

The principle of operation of computer RAM.

When the RAM is activated, data from the hard disk (hdd) first goes into it and only then is transferred to the processor for processing. They often end up in the cache first. There, as a rule, the information that is most often requested is stored. So, the time of data delivery from devices to the processor is significantly reduced, which means that the system performance increases.

What is RAM for?

After reading about the principle of operation of the RAM, you ask yourself: Since there is a cache, why do we need large amounts of RAM? The operating system is controlled by a special controller located in the motherboard chipset. The controller connects CPU (processor) to the main nodes through the so-called buses - graphics controller, RAM.

Note: Computer bus in computer architecture is a subsystem used to transfer data between functional blocks of a computer. For example: the picture shows the PCI Express bus

Buses are parallel (data is transferred by words, distributed across multiple wires) and serial (data is transferred bit by bit).
Most computers have both internal and external buses. The internal bus connects all of the internal components of the computer to the motherboard (and therefore to the processor and memory). This type of bus is also called a local bus because it is used to connect local devices. An external bus connects external peripherals to the motherboard.
Network connections such as Ethernet are usually not considered buses, although the difference is more conceptual than practical.

The controller analyzes the program being executed and tries to foresee what data is likely to be needed in the near future by the central processor and uploads them to the cache memory from the RAM, and also unloads them back. When turning on the computer, the first hdd device drivers, system applications, and OS elements are written to RAM. When a user starts a program, it is also written to the RAM. If the program is closed it immediately erased from RAM.
All data is not just written to the RAM. They, as we already know, are transferred from it to the central processing unit (CPU), processed by it and only then transferred back. But sometimes it turns out that there are not enough memory cells, i.e. the amount of RAM... In such cases, the so-called swap filewhich is located on winchester (HDD). The speed of the screw is several times less than that of RAM. Therefore, using a paging file significantly slows down the computer's performance and reduces the operating time of the hard disk itself.

RAM strips. What do they look like?

RAM bar in essence it is a microcircuit, a printed circuit board with modules. It consists of virtually the same elements. Outwardly, usually, the strong difference between the planks depends on their form factor. This is what the standard RAM strips look like.

This is what the connector looks like where the RAM strips are inserted in the motherboard.

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RAM characteristics

You need to know what kind of memory happens, because it is not always possible to find exactly the same model. Fortunately, there are not many different types of memory and you can always find a replacement with suitable characteristics. Especially if you are looking for RAM for a laptop, OEM components are put into the finished product, which are not always available in stores.

Form factor

Externally, RAM boards differ in form factor (size). there is DIMM - standard for desktop PC, yes SO-DIMM - half the size of the standard, designed for laptops. Oh, yes, RAM chips can also be soldered directly on the motherboard - this cannot be replaced. DIMM, by the way, can be low-profile, with lower height. This option is needed for those cases when the cooler, cooling the processor, blocks the RAM connector with its radiator and there is simply no room for a standard DIMM.

DDR type - 1, 2, 3, 4

With rare exceptions, the computer motherboard supports only onememory type (generation): the one that is currently installed.

Knowing only the type of memory, you should not draw conclusions about memory performance. DDR4 is definitely faster than the old DDR1, but between DDR2 and DDR3, DDR3 and DDR4, the difference is not so obvious, the older generation may be faster. It's all about the parameters, which will be discussed later.

Timings

RAM is a board with chips soldered on it. Inside the chips are memory cells that store data for a very short time without power supply. You need to update them all the time with repeating electrical impulses a certain strength, duration and with strictly verified pauses. RAM timings are the duration of those very pulses and pauses. By the way, they are so short that they are measured in nanoseconds!

Than smaller timings, themes faster you can update the data, the more productive the memory. Less \u003d better. But timings by themselves do not solve anything, because they depend on an equally important parameter - the memory clock frequency.

Clock frequency, bus frequency, bandwidth

RAM clock speed - the frequency (number of pulses per second) with which the RAM operates. Measured in megahertz. One megahertz is a million pulses per second. The higher the better.

There is also bus clock speed ("DRAM Frequency" in the Speccy program) - the frequency of the channel through which data is exchanged between the RAM and the processor. Higher is better.

Bandwidth - this is how much per second of time data can be "passed" through the RAM card. It is calculated by multiplying the memory frequency by the amount of data transmitted per clock cycle. The higher the better. Measured in megabytes per second. Most often, the manufacturer and stores indicate peak throughput - theoretical maximum throughput. To hit the buyer with huge numbers, not otherwise.

Volume

Every year more and more capacious RAM boards come out. Now in stores you will find cards for 512 MB, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 gigabytes. There are more, but only for servers.

At the moment, 8 GB of RAM is a comfortable minimum for gaming. 4 GB is the minimum for an office computer. The better the more.

Voltage

Depending on the RAM models, the standard voltage for the boards is in the range:

• DDR3 - 1.5-1.65 volts,
• DDR4 - 1.2-1.4 volts.

In addition to the "regular" DDR3 and DDR4 boards, there are energy efficient versions - DDR3L and DDR4L. "L" versions operate at a lower voltage by default.

• DDR3L - 1.35 volts.
• DDR4L - 1.05 volts.

The maximum voltage threshold is the same as for ordinary memory - 1.65 and 1.4 volts, respectively.

As a rule, the RAM works correctly without unnecessary gestures from the user - the required voltage, like other characteristics (timings), is determined automatically, nothing needs to be regulated.

But sometimes you still have to go into the BIOS (motherboard settings) to set the correct voltage. This happens when a bar is installed in the PC, which by default operates at a voltage higher than 1.5 volts, together with the "normal" or Low Energy version. For example, I have two DDR3 AMD Performance Edition bars installed in my PC, which by default operate at 1.65 V, and a couple of unnamed bars from Ebay, bought at a sale, for which the nominal voltage is the more popular 1.5 V. Since the voltage is set one for all, the motherboard decided to supply 1.65 V. In principle, even DDR3L can work under such conditions, but since I know for sure that the AMD bars in my PC work fine even at 1.4 V, I set forcibly 1.5 volts. Who knows what components are in the unnamed memory, suddenly, in my case, they are not designed for such a voltage?

If, for example, you put DDR3 1.5 V and DDR3L 1.35 V boards in your desktop PC, nothing bad will happen - both will work under a voltage of 1.5 V. The situation is different with laptops: sometimes the power part of motherboards is not designed for a power supply greater than that of the complete memory in the "L" version, then when installing a more power-hungry board, unstable operation and / or overheating is possible.

So how is the speed of RAM measured?

Knowing the bandwidth makes it easier to understand which memory is faster. Other characteristics can be misleading. For example, memory can have a high frequency, but slow timings - as a result, the bandwidth will be the same as a memory with a low frequency, but fast timings.

Unfortunately, manufacturers like to load the consumer with strange numbers, calling memory each in its own way. Therefore, specially for you, I have prepared several plates that will clarify the situation and allow, knowing a type RAM and one of frequencies, discover peak throughput. Use it to decide which memory is faster.

The tables do not contain all the frequencies of RAM that are in stores - there may be different frequencies within the same standard. The most popular are listed.

Interesting point: memory with support high frequencies can work at low. If the motherboard supports a maximum of DDR3 PC12800 at 200 MHz, you can plug in the expensive DDR3 PC17066 - it will just work at lower frequencies. At the same time, if you really want to, you can overclock the memory by lowering the timings and getting a bandwidth higher than that of a regular DDR3 PC12800.

Examples: memory in stores

In order not to get into a mess, you need to be able to choose the right one among the many boards. The most important thing is to come up form factor (you can't stick laptop memory in desktop memory!), a type and frequency.

1. RAM Kingston HyperX FURY Black 8 GB (DDR3L, 8 GBx1, 1600 MHz, PC12800, 11-11-11-32):

Manufacturer - Kingston. Marketers called the board the loud name HyperX FURY Black. The name according to the manufacturer's system tells us little. Fortunately, the store has specified specifications.

The store indicated in the description that this is a memory of the type DDR3L. The letter "L" means that the memory operates at a voltage lower than usual, so it will heat up less. "8GBx1" means that the box will contain one 8GB RAM card.

1600 MHz, if you look at the DDR3 table above, it seems to be untrue. The trick here is that due to the peculiarities of DDR3 operation, the manufacturer doubles the frequency in the description, so for DDR3 you need to look at the "Standard" column. That is, in fact, such a RAM has a frequency of 800 MHz and a bandwidth of 12800 MB / s. Which, by the way, is indicated further - "PC12800". The main timings are also indicated - 11-11-11-32, but they are no longer important - the bandwidth is known.

Such memory is suitable for the majority motherboards supporting DDR3. However, DDR3L is more expensive than regular DDR3, so it's better to choose the cheaper option.

2. Original SAMSUNG DDR3 RDIMM 16Gb< PC3-12800 > ECC Registered + PLL:

The manufacturer, of course, is Samsung. Type: DDR3. RDIMM stands for error correction register memory. This is evidenced by the inscription "ECC Registered + PLL". Volume - 16 GB on one board. Bandwidth - 12800. RDIMM works only in servers, on home PCs will not start! We pass by.

3. Memory that will work in any modern PC, whose motherboard supports the modern DDR4 type - Kingston HyperX Fury (16 GB x 1) DIMM DDR4 2400 MHz:

The manufacturer, of course, is Kingston. Name - Kingston HyperX Fury. Type - DDR4, full-size desktop DIMM. The volume of one board is 16 gigabytes. The bandwidth is 19200 megabytes per second. Timing is specified as one - 15 nanoseconds. Judging by CL, this is CAS Latency - the time that elapses between the processor's request for data from memory and the moment this data is issued by the memory.

What is installed now?

Hopefully, thanks to the examples above, you've become an expert in choosing RAM. What to do when you need to find out what memory is installed now?

If the computer is running

You can use a program or similar:

Section "RAM" ("RAM") in the Speccy program will show the necessary: a type ("Type"), volume ("Size"), frequency (DRAM Frequency) and timings.

You can find out the name of the motherboard in the "Motherboard" section and look for its description on the manufacturer's website or in Yandex.Market. If it supports memory with a higher frequency, you can safely buy faster memory.

If a computer with a broken RAM

Situation: you have a computer in your hands that does not turn on, and you know for sure that the reason is in RAM. There is a fee, you just can't start the computer and see the specs using Speccy.

In this case, if this desktop computer and it is not under warranty, you can remove the side cover and carefully remove the board by opening the latches on the edges of the connector. Instructions that are clear without words:

FROM laptopsmore difficult. The memory is hidden behind a cover that covers the entire bottom of the laptop or behind a small separate one. You need to look for instructions for your laptop and watch so as not to accidentally unscrew something wrong.

Often on the manufacturer's website, on the model page of your laptop, there will be a PDF instruction with a section "How to replace RAM". You can also look for video instructions on YouTube. For example, for HP 630:

How to identify by the inscriptions on the board

See the labels on the board. Often, the characteristics are immediately indicated there and you can simply select a fee for them in any online store.

But there are difficult cases when the board contains only obscure labels and nothing about frequencies and bandwidth.

1. RAM from Desktop PC:

On the left is the video logo of the manufacturer - Kingston. On the right is the inscription, where there is one familiar figure similar to the frequency: “KVR1333 D3N9 / 1G”. Google "Kingston KVR1333D3N9 / 1G" and find the board in Yandex.Market. It turns out that many stores have such memory:

You can immediately order and not bother with the selection.

2. Unnamed memory from laptop. The sticker only has the name of the manufacturer G.SKILL and the serial number:

Google "G.SKILL 11330000000000" and ... nothing. We look in the manufacturer's catalog for a list of available RAM and we are stunned: the marking is the same on different memory!

"Thank you" G.SKILL for the same stickers on all products!

Moreover, the inscriptions on the memory chips also coincide, although the characteristics of the memory are different.

In this case, one thing remains: go to the model page on the laptop manufacturer's website and look at the tips there. Usually indicate the type of installed memory. If you're lucky, they'll write the frequency. If not, ask tech support for a list of compatible RAM for your laptop. From the list you can understand what frequency the memory is supported. Trust me: buying at random is not worth it. It may be that the laptop needs DDR3L memory, but does not work with the usual DDR3.

If there is no RAM

Have you got a computer without RAM? A strange case.

If this desktop pc, look for the motherboard inscriptions:

Sometimes the type of supported RAM will be immediately indicated. Otherwise, you have to google: large text is the name of the model mat. boards. On the motherboard page on the manufacturer's website, you will find the characteristics you are looking for.

In case of laptops looking for a model on the Internet, looking at the specifications or asking the manufacturer's technical support about the supported RAM.

Questions and answers

IN: How many GB do you need for Windows XP / 7/8/10/100500?

ABOUT:You are working with programs, not the operating system. So see system requirements the games you play and the programs you work with.

IN: I have *** installed RAM in my computer, can I add it with another one?

ABOUT: Can. Both RAM cards will run at the lowest overall frequency.

IN: Which is better - two 8GB or one 16GB?

ABOUT: Two strips with the same volume will work in dual channel mode. This means that the total throughput will double from one. On the other hand, in practice, this will not give a noticeable performance gain in most cases. So look at your budget. Maybe it’s better to take one for 16 and after a year or two add a second one of the same?

IN: Can I install several bars with different memory sizes?

ABOUT: Yes.

IN: Will your computer get faster if you install faster memory?

ABOUT: Yes. But in most cases you won't notice the difference.

IN: Games slow down. If I add more gigabytes of RAM, will games run faster?

ABOUT: If there was a lack of RAM, yes. If the game requires a faster graphics card or processor, no.

IN: Processors and video cards are overclocked. Can RAM be overclocked?

ABOUT: It is possible, but not necessary. In most cases, the frequency and timings of RAM do not affect the performance of a computer in real tasks.

IN: Can DDR3L memory be put together with DDR3?

ABOUT: I did not check it myself. On the Internet they write that it is possible. It is better to ask the tech support of your motherboard manufacturer about this.

IN: DDR3L memory is installed in the computer (laptop). Can I put the usual DDR3?

ABOUT: If the laptop is originally equipped with DDR3L, chances are that only it is supported. Check with the manufacturer's tech support for DDR3 compatibility. As far as desktop PCs go, DDR3 and "L" versions get along just fine.

Something else?

Feel free to ask in the comments. I will help with all I can.

The concept of "computer memory" is very vague. It includes storage devices or memory devices. Therefore, the memory characteristic depends on what is being discussed.

Computer memory is an element of a computer, a physical device, or a medium for archiving information. Used for calculations that take place in a specific period.

System memory at a glance

They began to talk about the characteristics of memory back in the 1940s. Then this element of the PC became as important as the central processor. Since then, the memory is represented by a hierarchical structure, it can use several devices for recording data at once, each of which has its own characteristics and functions.

There are several types of memory. Most often people remember about dynamic storage device - RAM. Although this includes a hard drive, disks, flash drives and previously used floppy disks.

Storage tasks

To determine the characteristics of memory, one must understand its purpose. This part of the PC stores the system state and information in its cells. Electronic cells can memorize physical stimuli. To get access to such information, you need to use a special mechanism.

The access process itself is a phased one. Processes are time dependent and are divided into write and read operations. These actions are controlled by memory controllers. There is also an erase operation that fills cells with the same values.

Storage system functions

Of course, the main one is long-term data storage. Together with the CPU, it is part of the von Neumann architecture, on which the entire system of modern computers is built.

The first models used memory as an archive for processed information. They were developed according to a special program that required strict execution of sequential processes. With the emergence, everything changed.

All stored data have been converted to bits. Therefore, the dependence on the physical principle, the system of calculation and other factors has disappeared. Now any data: text, image, video, etc., can be represented as a sequence of bit lines. Thus, it became possible to "compress" text files by placing them in 1 MB.

Since engineers have not yet developed a universal device that can perform many tasks at once, they have to install multiple storage systems at once.

Types of computer memory

To move on to the technical characteristics of memory, you need to consider its types.

It should be noted right away that there are two types of classifications: one describes the functionality of memory, the second describes its technical implementation.

Since we are talking about the characteristics of recording systems, then we will consider precisely the classification of storage devices.

Main groups:

• form of recorded information;
• the ability to record;
• the ability to rewrite;
• appointment;
• volatility;
• type of access.

These are the main groups that describe PC memory in terms of technical implementation.

Recorded information

All recording systems can be divided into analog and digital. In the first case, the signal is represented by parameters that are described as a function of time and have a continuous set of possible values.

Digital are designed to write, store and read data that is converted into a digital code. The characteristics of this type of memory are:

• information capacity;
• power consumption;
• data storage time;
• speed of work.

Recording capability

This group of storage devices, as the name implies, is characterized by the ability to write. So, there are systems that can write data:

• only the manufacturer;
• user with a special mechanism;
• end user with the same machine using the memory.

All existing storage devices in a PC belong to the latter type.

Rewritable

A similar group that contains three subgroups:

• write-once devices;
• reprogrammable mechanisms that can enter and change data several times, but at the same time have either a limited number of write cycles, or write information every time more and more slowly;
• multiple recording devices.

The last subgroup is represented by hard drives or flash drives.

Appointment

The following group has its own technical characteristics:

• rAM stores data from system processes;
• internal - represented by devices that can store data for a long time;
• external - it can also store data for a long time, but most often serves as a backup archive or information carrier;
• there are devices that identify or make payments.

Volatility

One of the key characteristics of PC memory. Devices may or may not be energy dependent. In the first case, all data disappears after a power outage. In the second, the information remains on the custodian.

Volatile devices can be static or dynamic. In the first case, to save the data, it is enough to maintain the power supply of the mechanism, in the second, the information is destroyed over time and, in addition to preserving power, it is necessary to regenerate.

Access

This point also plays an important role in the characterization of PC memory. There are several access options. For example, magnetic tapes work with sequential reads, and random access memory.

Hard disks provide direct access, while database devices are associative.

Basic PC elements

Since it makes no sense to talk about all the variations of memory, consider the one used in a modern user's computer.

When assembling a system or buying a ready-made one, you can find a motherboard inside the chassis. It usually contains all the major parts of the PC. There is a central processor, without which it is difficult to imagine the work of the system, maybe a video card, although it is also an optional element.

The motherboard has RAM - the computer's RAM, the characteristics of which will be described below. You can also connect external memory to your PC. It can be a solid state drive, hard drive, optical device, or flash memory. All these elements are supported by the power supply.

Inner memory

Another element of the system that is definitely worth mentioning. The fact is that many people think that internal memory is a hard drive. In fact, this is not the case.

Internal memory is organized by cells on the motherboard. It can be fast, volatile and permanent. The first group includes RAM, and with it the cache of two levels. The constant includes ROM and CMOS RAM.

ROM or ROM is non-volatile memory that stores non-volatile data. To make it easier to understand: conventionally, it contains a set of rules and algorithms according to which the system can function correctly. The mouse moves in the specified direction, Start opens on demand, and so on.

CMOS RAM did not appear immediately. Previously, only ROM BIOS was used. But it was solved by the addition of this non-volatile operating system. It collects information about time and date, alarms and various PC configurations.

The cache is called cache memory. This PC memory has few characteristics. It has a very small volume and works only in conjunction with a microprocessor and RAM. The main challenge: to speed up the overall running time and data processing speed.

RAM

Since this is one of the main elements of the system, it is necessary to dwell on this issue in more detail. is a volatile system device that stores machine code and intermediate data with which the processor works. RAM works when the PC is on. Memory is exchanged directly or through the cache.

Since this is a volatile device, the data on it is available only when voltage is applied. If the RAM power is cut off, even for a split second, the information can be destroyed or distorted.

With the development of technology, it became possible to turn on the energy-saving mode. In this case, the main characteristics of the RAM are transferred to "Sleep". If the PC is put into hibernation, the RAM power is turned off, but before that the memory will transfer the saved data to the ROM into the hiberfil.sys file. When the system resumes, this file releases the data "free".

RAM in modern systems

If you have ever seen the design of a PC inside a chassis, then you know that the RAM is represented by dynamic memory modules on which semiconductors are located.

Distinguish between dynamic and static type. The former is cheaper but slower. Its density is higher, therefore, more memory cells are placed on one die. Hence the reduced operating speed.

But static memory is very fast, but expensive. At the moment it is not profitable to use it in RAM modules, therefore it is located in the design of the cache memory and the microprocessor.

Main characteristics of RAM

This volatile device has a lot of parameters. That is why when buying modules there are problems with the choice. But if you understand at least the basic parameters, the picture becomes clearer.

The average user should be aware of:

• type;
• volume;
• frequency;
• manufacturer.

The characteristics of RAM include the type of RAM - this is one of the main parameters that people pay attention to. If you miscalculate with it, then the module may not fit on the motherboard. During the existence of the "operative", its types have been actively changing.

Until recently, the most popular was DDR3. Now this type is the cheapest on sale. But many power users have a preference for DDR4. This is due to both its improved performance and lower voltage and power consumption.

In 2020, they plan to introduce DDR5 to the market, which will be twice as fast and energy efficient as its predecessor. It is assumed that the density will be increased, and accordingly the volume.

RAM size

Of course, the characteristics of 2 GB RAM differ from the same 4 GB module only in volume. Otherwise, there may not be any differences if these are models from the same manufacturer.

The user is always interested in volume most of all, since the performance and operability of the system depends on it. This has become especially important with the release of labor-intensive games that can be disabled due to lack of "RAM".

If the PC is working, then 4 GB of RAM will be enough. The characteristics of gaming systems are more demanding. In this case, it is better to get 16 GB of RAM.

RAM frequency

Another parameter that you should pay attention to when buying RAM. With each new series, the frequency increases, which also affects the throughput.

But don't think that installing high-frequency memory will noticeably increase performance. In addition, not every system can unleash the potential of the RAM module.

RAM manufacturer

This is not the main characteristic of RAM, but it is sometimes very important when buying RAM. Some manufacturers provide quality but expensive products. There are those that stood out for the production of different series for a work, gaming PC or server stations. The most popular now are: Kingston, HyperX, Corsair and Samsung.

Characteristics of laptop RAM

The RAM parameters for a laptop practically do not differ from the full-format versions. The low-contour double-sided SO-DIMM memory module is used. This is the same format for all laptops. It is specially designed for systems with limited space.

In addition, you will have to pay attention to the volume. Now the 4 GB module remains optimal for work. It is better to choose the type of memory DDR4, since it has already been improved and is still the best among the rest.

External memory: disk

There are many types of this type of memory, but it makes no sense to consider everything, since some are no longer used - for example, floppy disks. Even optical discs are being phased out. Therefore, we will look at the characteristics of external computer memory for hard (HDD) and solid state (SSD) drives.

It makes no sense to consider the parameters of each device separately, since they are practically the same. The only thing is, SSD is a more advanced version of HDD.

Several parameters are distinguished among the main characteristics of this type of memory device. The SATA interface is used in both drives. Capacity is a parameter that can be up to 10 GB. Although this does not happen in the case of SSDs, since the device is very expensive in itself, and such a volume will not be required. But for a railway 10 GB, though unusual, but real.

Physical size is a characteristic also called form factor. The HDD has a size of 3.5 inches, the SSD has 2.5. Also, the characteristics include energy consumption indicators. SSDs will always have lower rates. But the number of input and output operations, on the contrary, is higher for SSD.

External memory: flash drives

We cannot fail to mention flash drives. They also refer to computer memory and have technical specifications. Their task and parameters:

• save information;
• transfer data from PC to devices;
• work with independent power supply and have low power consumption;
• non-volatile;
• high-speed;
• compact.

Flash drives can be in the form of a small card that is placed in cameras, camcorders, navigators, smartphones and tablets, recorders and other devices.

Among their characteristics, it is worth highlighting the format, volume and speed of data recording. Each device requires its own type of flash drive, so you should carefully study this issue when choosing.

There are also external drives - USB sticks. They differ from “cards” in that they have more volume, size, speed and consumption. There are also different variations of the standards, although the most popular is still USB A.

Much time has passed since the creation of such a drive. The USB versions have also changed: 1.1, 2.0 and 3.0. The latter is only being implemented on motherboard and PC panels, but is the fastest. It is blue to avoid confusion with previously released formats. But if you plug it into a USB 2.0 connector, it will adapt to it.

conclusions

The main characteristics of computer memory are difficult to generalize, since the devices in the system are very different. Apparently, this is why they have not yet developed a universal mechanism that would combine RAM, ROM, SSD and even flash memory.

On the other hand, it would not be very user-friendly. Therefore, each device has acquired its own characteristics, which are influenced by the manufacturer, cost, popularity and other factors.

So, random access memory has volume, frequency of operation, voltage and type. External drives (HDD and SSD) have similar characteristics. The buyer looks at the form factor, interfaces, volume, and overall performance. Even a flash drive has similar parameters, among which there is again the same volume, format, speed.

Despite this similarity in technical characteristics, these devices are responsible for their specific tasks. RAM stores temporary information about processes on the PC. On the other hand, the hard and solid state drive stores the personal information of the user and the system. A flash drive also stores any data, but it can be a "transfer" to other devices.

Hello dear readers! Today we will analyze the main characteristics of RAM and its purpose. There will be no exciting stories about how since ancient times the problem of data storage and a humanoid monkey who climbed off a palm tree carved the first memory bar out of a cobblestone was an acute problem for mankind - this will not help in any way when choosing RAM for your computer.

In this article, you will learn:

What is RAM and why is it needed

If we draw an analogy with the work of the human brain, RAM is short-term memory. For example, she remembers the item "Water the ficus on the way from the kitchen to the bedroom" and the like. You can conduct a small experiment: ask a person who is keen on a computer game or composing a story, after 15 minutes, stir the soup. With a high degree of probability, he will forget to do this - the task is simply superseded by new data.

In a computer, RAM is a kind of connecting link between the hard drive and the processor. On a running computer, RAM stores part of the executable code of programs and OS, as well as all intermediate data. It makes no sense to store all this on HDD and even SSD: the fastest hard drives have a much lower reading speed.

And by the way, this still happens when the RAM is full, when the swap file comes into play, writing everything that does not fit in the RAM to the hard disk. The process can be detected even by eye by its characteristic symptoms - a significant decrease in the speed of the PC.
The processor can exchange data with the RAM both directly and through the hardware cache. Since RAM is volatile, when the power is turned off, the information it contains is erased. Even an insignificant power surge is enough, provoking a restart of the workstation.

That is why it is recommended to save all changes in the documents with which you work if you are going to move away from the computer. Well, do not forget to save periodically! In hibernation mode, the computer writes the contents of the RAM to the hard disk.

I almost forgot the main thing: the RAM is a long narrow strip, in most cases located vertically on the motherboard. Usually this is a green module if the manufacturer did not complete it with an additional cooler or radiator.

So, let's consider the main technical parameters of the RAM, which will help you make the right choice.

Memory types

In general, the topic of types of random access memory deserves a separate publication. I will say this: the standard defines most of the parameters and significantly affects the speed of the computer as a whole.

Those who are interested in delving into such subtleties can read the corresponding one. Here I repeat my recommendation: when buying components, focus on the DDR4 standard as the most modern - we do not want new computer outdated in a year?

Volume

A parameter that affects the amount of information that one bar can remember. For an office workhorse, 2 GB of RAM is enough today.

An exception is the computer of a designer working with Photoshop and similar gluttonous programs. In this case, 4 GB is not always enough. For a home media center, which is used for watching movies, karaoke, listening to music, surfing the Internet and other pleasures, 4 GB is also quite enough.
Gamers have been suffering the most recently (as always): even 8 GB may not be enough to run modern games. If you think about the future, it is better to equip a computer with 16 GB - it is not known what tasty igrodels will "roll out" even next spring.

Far Cry 5, the latest shooter in the iconic series, features an open, seamless world as an example. The transition between locations is invisible, provided that the amount of RAM is sufficient to memorize all immovable objects, as well as the position of the hero, his companions, opponents and equipment.

As for musicians, the amount of RAM required depends on other equipment. For a guitarist who outputs the sound of an electric guitar through the Guitar Rig, 4GB is enough. For an electronics engineer using FL Studio and other DAWs (digital sound workstations), especially several at the same time, 8 GB may not be enough.

Frequency

Roughly speaking, this is the bandwidth of the channels that transfer data to the motherboard and then to the processor or hard drive. The higher the number, the better for performance. However, such a bar will be more expensive.

When selecting components, it is highly desirable that the frequency of the RAM coincides with the frequency of the motherboard.

It makes no sense to buy RAM with a frequency higher than that of the motherboard - it will not be able to work faster than the "base" allows.

Timings

What are timings and how they affect the performance of the RAM as a whole, we will analyze in a separate section. For now, it's enough to know: this is a characteristic of data latency when transferring data between different RAM modules. The lower this value, the higher the speed of the RAM.

Working voltage

The minimum voltage sufficient for stable operation of the memory bar with standard timings and frequency settings. Their increase in overclocking requires a corresponding increase in voltage. This, in turn, is accompanied by an increase in the temperature of some motherboard blocks and can affect the speed and stability of the system as a whole. What do you think? Overclocking your computer is not just about pressing buttons, but the right buttons in the correct sequence.

Part Manufacturer

As for me, this parameter does not matter at all. However, many will disagree with me, as they trust some manufacturers and completely ignore others. If you are one of these, then I can recommend the following as well-proven manufacturers:

• Kingston;
• Transcend;
• Samsung;
• Corsair;
• Hunix.

In general, any bar of the RAM goes through a multi-stage quality control and at the slightest non-compliance with the standards, it simply will not get on the counter.

Naturally, no one is immune from the manifestation of hidden defects or failure of a part for reasons that cannot be rationalized. However, like any electronics.

In conclusion, I want to add that almost all home computers are also used as a game console - the only difference is in the games that are launched and the time devoted to them. You can read about the impact of RAM on gaming performance.

Thank you for your attention and see you in the following publications. Thanks to everyone who shares them in social networks... And don't forget to follow the newsletter for updates.

The amount of RAM

Next, let's dwell in more detail on the next important characteristic of RAM - its volume. At the outset, it should be noted that it most directly affects the number of programs, processes and applications running at a time and their uninterrupted operation. Today the most popular modules are strips with a volume of 4 GB and 8 GB (we are talking about the DDR3 standard).

Based on what operating system is installed, as well as for what purposes the computer is used, you should correctly choose and select the amount of RAM. For the most part, if the computer is used to access the World Wide Web and to work with various applications, while Windows XP is installed, then 2 GB is quite enough.

For those who like to "test" a recently released game and people working with graphics, you should install at least 4 GB. And in the event that you plan to install Windows 7, you will need even more.

The easiest way to find out how much memory your system needs is to launch the Task Manager (by pressing the ctrl + alt + del keyboard shortcut) and launch the resource-consuming program or application itself. After that it is necessary to analyze the information in the "Memory allocation" - "Peak" group.

Thus, you can determine the maximum allocated volume and find out to what volume it needs to be increased so that our highest indicator fits into RAM. This will give you maximum system performance. There will be no further increase in the need.

Choice of RAM

Now let's move on to the issue of choosing the RAM that is most suitable for you. From the very beginning, you should determine exactly the type of RAM that your computer's motherboard supports. There are different connectors for different types of modules, respectively. Therefore, to avoid damaging the motherboard or the modules themselves, the modules themselves have different sizes.

The optimal amount of RAM was discussed above. When choosing random access memory, you should focus on its bandwidth. For system performance, the most optimal option will be when the module bandwidth coincides with the same characteristics of the processor.

That is, if the computer has a processor with a 1333 MHz bus, the bandwidth of which is 10600 Mb / s, then to ensure the most favorable conditions for speed, you can put 2 bars, the bandwidth of which is 5300 Mb / s, and which in total will give us 10 600 Mbps.

However, it should be remembered that for such a mode of operation, the RAM modules must be identical in both volume and frequency. It also must be manufactured by a single manufacturer. Here is a short list of well-established manufacturers: Samsung, OCZ, Transcend, Kingston, Corsair, Patriot.

At the end, it is worth summing up the main points:

• Based on the definition: random access memory or RAM is an integral part of a computer, necessary for temporary storage of data, which in turn is necessary for the processor to operate.
• After completion of any operations (closing programs, applications), all data associated with them is deleted from the microcircuit. And when new tasks are started, data that is needed by the processor at a given time are loaded into it from the hard disk.
• The speed of access to data in RAM is several hundred times higher than the speed of access to information on the hard disk. This allows the processor to use the information it needs, giving it instant access.
• Today the most common are 2 types: DDR3 (800 to 2400 MHz) and DDR4 (2133 to 4266 MHz). The higher the frequency, the faster the system works.

If you have any difficulties with the choice of RAM, if you cannot determine what type of RAM your motherboard supports and what volume will more meet your needs, then you can always contact the service site. We are computer help at home in Moscow and the Moscow region. Our experts will help with the selection, replacement and installation in a computer or laptop.