Confectionery, sweet products with a pleasant taste and aroma are loved by all of us since childhood. We sometimes call them that - sweets, sweets. As the main raw material for cooking, as a rule, flour (wheat, less often corn, rice, oatmeal, etc.), sugar, honey, fruits, berries, milk, cream, fats, eggs, yeast, starch, cocoa, nuts, food acids, gelling agents, flavoring and aromatic additives, food coloring and baking powder. Legendary cook and historian V. V. Pokhlebkin believed that in all types of confectionery dough, flour occupies a subordinate position (the exception is dough for Easter cakes and gingerbread), and there is also no water.

Depending on the ingredients used, all types of confectionery products are divided into two main groups: sugary And flour. And, although often a confectionery product contains elements of both groups, it is believed, however, that only one is the main one (for example, wafers with strawberries are floury, although strawberry filling is sugary).

Sugar confectionery

Meringue, Meringue
This French dessert consists of whipped with sugar and baked egg whites. Tartar or cornstarch is also sometimes used (as a binder). Often meringues are flavored with vanilla and a small amount of coconut or almond extract. These products are light and airy (like a Latin American dance meringue) and very sweet (fr. baiser- "kiss").

meringues

Jam, jam, jam, marmalade, confiture, et
These are fruits or berries boiled in sweet syrup, flower petals, classified depending on the technology of preparation and the consistency of the finished product. So, unlike jams, marmalade, confiture and marmalade, jam prepared in such a way that the ingredients retain their shape. In addition, the jam has a non-uniform consistency and consists of a more or less liquid syrup and individual pieces of fruit, or even small fruits (figs, paradise apples) and whole berries.

Jam

Jam- sweet thick mass of pureed fruits or berries, boiled with sugar or molasses. Jam prepared in exactly the same way as jam, but unlike it, the syrup in the finished product should be jelly-like. Confiture- This is a kind of jam, jelly with whole or chopped fruits or berries. This word was given to us by the French: confiture, from confit - candied. Marmalade- a culinary product made from fruits boiled with sugar with the addition of a thickener and flavorings (may be considered a type of thick jam). As a thickener, substances such as pectin, agar-agar, gelatin are used. In English-speaking countries, the word marmalade means only citrus jam (especially oranges).

Marmalade

Yot It is a kind of Korean traditional sweets. Yot are both solid and liquid (molasses), as well as with fillings. They are made from steamed rice, glutinous rice, glutinous sorghum, corn, sweet potato, or a mixture of these grains. After steaming, yot is fermented for a short time and then boiled for a long time in a large cauldron. If yot is boiled longer, it will harden as it cools. Immediately after cooking, it is usually brown in color, but if it is stretched, the color lightens.

ginger yot

Grillage
Grillage(fr. grillage Roasting is a French dessert made from roasted nuts with sugar. It comes from the oriental coarse halva. Confectioners divide roasting into two types: soft roasting- includes boiled fruits and crushed nuts; hard roasting- is crushed nuts, filled with melted sugar.

Soft roasting

Jelly
Jelly(from fr. Geee- jelly, gel, jelly) - a food colloidal solution (usually based on fruits), to which gelatin (pectin, agar) is added, and when cooled, the whole mass gets a gelatinous appearance. Fruit jellies from fruits and fruits containing a lot of pectin can be obtained without the addition of gelatin to them, since pectin itself gives the syrup a gelatinous appearance. Most often, such jelly is made from sour, mainly Antonov apples, and then it is dyed green with spinach and red with carmine.

puff jelly

Marshmallow, pastille
Zephyr- a kind of sugary confectionery; is obtained by churning fruit and berry puree with sugar and egg white, followed by the addition of any of the forming (jelly-forming) fillers to this mixture: pectin, agar syrup, gelatin (marmalade) mass. Marshmallow was prepared back in ancient Greece, where it got its name from the god Zephyr, according to myths, who gave his recipe to people.
Paste(from the French pastille) is a sweet dish of Russian cuisine. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the word was often written “postila” (understanding it as something spread, spread, which is associated with the technology of making marshmallows). Pastila was made from whipped apple puree, sour Russian varieties (Antonovka, Titovka, Zelenka), as well as the pulp of berries (lingonberries, mountain ash, raspberries, currants). The second important component of marshmallow is honey, and since the 19th century also sugar. The third (optional) component of the marshmallow, used since the 15th century, is egg white, which was needed to give the marshmallow a white color. Traditionally pastila was made in a Russian oven: it gives the effect of gradually decreasing heat, which ensures even drying of a paste of applesauce, honey, sugar and protein, applied in a thin layer on fabric on wooden frames. Several layers of the paste that has passed the initial drying are layered on top of each other, after which they undergo secondary drying in wooden alder boxes in the oven.

Zephyr

Paste

Candy, toffee, caramel, lollipops
Small sweets in the form of balls, tiles, pads of caramelized sugar, chocolate, molasses, condensed milk and other products. Iris- fondant mass obtained by boiling condensed milk with sugar, molasses (molasses) and fat (butter or vegetable oil or margarine). In crushed form, it is sold as candy. Caramel(fr. caramel, from late lat. cannamella- “sugar cane”) - a confectionery product or an ingredient of such a product, obtained by heating sugar or boiling down a sugar solution with starch syrup or invert syrup. It is a plastic or solid mass (depending on the heating temperature) of various shades of yellow and brown (without additional staining), contains sucrose, maltose and glucose. Lollipop- a type of candy, a gooey or solid mass made from candice - boiled to a hardness, usually flavored with sugar with molasses or corn syrup. Often attached to a stick.

split iris

Candy caramel

lollipops

Creams
Cream- a paste made from cream or butter with sugar, used as a filling and for decorating cakes and pastries. Instead of butter, margarine can be used, and as additional ingredients - eggs, milk, as well as various flavoring and aromatic additives: cocoa powder, vanilla, etc.

Cake decorated with cream

Marzipan

Marzipan(German Marzipan, Italian marzapane) - a mixture of ground almonds and sugar syrup (or powdered sugar). If apricot kernels (rarely peach kernels) are used instead of almonds, the confectionery product is not called marzipan, but persipan. Sometimes marzipan is also called a mass of other nuts, as well as products with it. For example, buns - "marzipans" with peanuts are common in Russia.

marzipan fruits

Mousses
Mousse(fr. mousse Foam is a sweet dessert dish. A signature dish of French cuisine. It is prepared from an aromatic base (fruit or berry juice, puree, grape wine, chocolate, coffee, cocoa, etc.), nutrients that contribute to the formation and fixation of the foamy state of the mousse (egg whites, gelatin, agar), as well as nutrients that give the dish has a sweet taste or enhances it (sugar, saccharin, honey, molasses). Sometimes, instead of egg whites and gelatin, a substitute is used in the form of semolina, which is able to swell well and has adhesive properties, which makes it possible to approximately simulate the desired state of the dish.

Chocolate muss

fondant
Fondant mass (fondant)- boiled sugar syrup, quickly cooled to a temperature of 35-40 ° and stirred at high speed in a fondant maker. When churning in a supersaturated syrup, sucrose crystallizes. The finished product consists of small sugar crystals and intercrystalline syrup. Fondant mass varies greatly in consistency - from liquid, viscous species with a high content of molasses to a solid brittle product, which is obtained from a less moist syrup with a small admixture of molasses. It is mainly used for the production of unglazed sweets and for decorating cakes.
Depending on the presence of milk, there are three main types of fondant: sugar lipstick- from sugar syrup without adding milk; milk or cream lipstick- based on sugar syrup with a small or medium addition of milk or cream; Creme brulee- sugary syrup with a high content of milk or cream after heat treatment, which gives the product a brown tint and taste of baked milk.

Cake glazed with sugar fondant

Sambuc
A chilled, airy dish prepared by whipping fruit puree with sugar and egg white.

Blackcurrant Sambuc

Souffle
Souffle(fr. Souffe) - a dish of French origin from egg yolks mixed with a variety of ingredients, to which white whipped egg whites are then added. Can be a main course or a sweet dessert. In any case, the soufflé contains at least two components: firstly, a flavored mixture of sour cream consistency and, secondly, egg whites beaten white. The first gives taste, and whipped proteins - airiness of the product. The mixture is usually made on the basis of cottage cheese, chocolate or lemon (the latter two are used to prepare a dessert by adding sugar). The souffle is cooked in the oven in a refractory dish, it swells strongly from the temperature, but, taken out of the oven, falls off after 20-30 minutes.

Chocolate soufflé with powdered sugar

Halva, Turkish delight and other oriental sweets
All kinds of cookies, raisin-nut and starch-sugar products, common in the Middle East and Central Asia.

Halva

A typical example of a fruity Turkish delight (pomegranate)

Candied fruit
Candied fruit(Polish cuckoo, from cukier- "sugar") - juicy fruits cooked in sugar or sugar syrup. Candied fruits are used as a filling in biscuit, muffin, butter, shortbread, yeast dough and as a separate decor element for decorating cakes, pastries, cookies, rolls, puffs. For desserts, it is used as a filling and decoration at the same time. From citrus peels, candied fruits are cooked slowly by boiling in syrup until a transparent, glassy pulp and high sugar content are obtained. The boiled crusts are thrown back on a sieve, separated from the syrup, allowed to drain, and then dried.

Candied fruit

Chocolate
Chocolate- a confectionery product based on cocoa butter, which is a product of processing cocoa beans - the seeds of the chocolate tree, rich in theobromine and caffeine. Chocolate products often contain aromatic additives (coffee, alcohol, cognac, vanillin, pepper), food additives (raisins, nuts, wafers, candied fruit) or filling.

bar chocolate

Flour confectionery

Cake
Cake(from ital. cake, “round bread”) - a dessert consisting of one or more cakes soaked in cream or jam. The top of the cake is usually decorated with cream, icing and/or fruit.

Fraisier cake

Biscuit
Biscuit- a small confectionery product baked from dough. Various grains are sometimes added to cookie dough; cookies are usually molded in the form of circles, squares, stars, tubules; sometimes cookies are made with a filling (chocolate, raisins, condensed milk, cream) or a filling is placed between two cookies.

waffles
Wafer(from him. waffle) - a type of thin dry biscuit with an imprint on the surface. It is baked from whipped liquid dough in special forms. The dough consists of flour, eggs, sugar and cream. Waffles got their name from the Middle Low German word "wâfel". The Danish form "wafel" in the 18th century changed into waffle and in this form entered the Russian language. Pieces of wafers are often smeared with cream among themselves. Ice cream or berries can be used. For the layer, fat, fruit and berry, praline, fondant and other fillings are used. Can be used as a basis for other confectionery products (cakes, pastries). For these purposes, wafer products are made in the form of sheets, cakes, cups, tubes, horns.

Belgian waffles

Sweet pies, pies, cheesecakes, rolls, donuts, muffins, rum women
Bakery products made from yeast, puff, unleavened rich, custard and other dough of various shapes and sizes, with or without filling, baked or fried. Pie- a pastry dish with a filling that is baked or fried. The filling for pies can be different - berries, fruits, cottage cheese, poppy seeds, etc. Pie- a small dish of stuffed yeast dough that is baked (in the oven) or fried (in deep fryers, small pots or cauldrons). The name is derived from the word pie. Cheesecake- round, open at the top and pinched only from the edges of the cakes with filling. As a rule, cottage cheese is used as a filler, less often mashed potatoes, jam or jam. A product of ancient Slavic, Russian and Ukrainian cuisine. The name of the dish comes from the word "vatra" - "hearth, fire." Cheesecakes are baked from yeast, rich and unleavened dough. Donut- round, fried in oil, usually sweet, pie with or without a hole in the middle. The hole is designed so that the donut extracted from the hot oil is strung on a rod, from which the product is then placed in a bag or on a plate for the buyer. A donut can have a filling: jam, marmalade, jam, etc. Cake A sweet confection made with raisins, jam or nuts, usually baked from yeast or biscuit dough and traditionally served at weddings or Christmas. Cupcakes can be baked in a rectangular shape or round (with a through hole in the center, which will give it the shape of a large ring). The closest relative of the cake is Russian Easter cake. Baba- a confectionery product of Slavic origin, is a kind of cake made from rich yeast dough with the addition of raisins. After baking, it is soaked with a syrup of rum or other alcoholic drink and sugar, or just sugar syrup, sometimes with the addition of jam. The top of the cake is smeared with sugar fudge. Often called "rum-baba".

Cheesecake with cottage cheese

Donut

Cake

Baba

Gingerbread, gingerbread
Gingerbread- flour confectionery baked from special gingerbread dough; for taste, honey, nuts, candied fruits, raisins, fruit or berry jam can be added. In appearance, the gingerbread is most often a rectangular, round or oval plate slightly convex in the middle, an inscription or a simple drawing is usually made on the upper part, often a layer of confectionery sugar glaze is applied on top. Gingerbread comes from the adjective spicy (ancient Russian “ppryan”), which, in turn, is derived from the word “pepper” (ancient Russian “ppr”), denoting spices, seasonings.
Gingerbread- a product made of gingerbread dough ranging in size from very small to 1-1.5 meters in length, up to 1 meter in width, and 6-10 centimeters in height. The weight of the gingerbread sometimes reaches a pound or more. Popular dish of Russian cuisine. The word "carpet" comes from "kovrig", which means whole bread. The history of gingerbread and gingerbread in Russia begins in the 9th century, only then they were called honey cakes and were made from flour, honey and berry juice.

Tula printed gingerbread

Gingerbread

Cakes, eclairs
Cake- a small confectionery product made from sweet pastry, usually with a cream filling. Eclair(from fr. eclair- “lightning, flash”) - a French dessert in the form of an oblong pie of choux pastry with cream (usually custard). The creation of the eclair is attributed to the French culinary specialist Marie-Antoine Carem. It gained popularity in the 19th century.

Cake

Eclairs in chocolate and sugar glaze

Candy types

Depending on the composition of candy masses, fillings (cases), sweets are divided into fondant, fruit, liqueur, nut, cream, roasted, whipped, etc.

Unglazed sweets Depending on the filling (case), the following types are produced.

fondant candy obtained by churning boiled sugar-treacle syrup, adding flavoring and aromatic substances (coffee, cocoa, nuts, acids, vanillin, etc.). Sweets are used in sugar and milk-cream.

Varieties of sugar fudge: Delicate, Fruity, Kievskaya (sprinkled with sugar, it comes in different shapes and colors).

Varieties of creamy fudge: Dairy, Creamy, Herringbone, Cow, School, Theater fudge, Start, etc.

nut candies obtained from roasted nuts, ground with powdered sugar, cocoa, wine, nuts, vanillin, etc.

Varieties of nut sweets: Carnival with cashew nuts and cinnamon, Rebus (with corn), Little Humpbacked Horse, etc. They are released wrapped.

marzipan candies produced from non-roasted nuts, ground with sugar or sugar-syrup syrup, flavoring and aromatic substances are added. Fruits, vegetables and marzipan figures are on sale.

puff candy consist of two or three layers of candy masses, most often these are fondant, milk, fondant-fruit masses.

Varieties of two-layer sweets: Moth, Sport and three-layer - Arctic, Pioneer, Dolly, Golden Autumn, etc.

Candies glazed with chocolate consist of a filling (body) and a chocolate shell. They are released with different fillings (body).

Sweets with fondant fillings prepared by churning boiled sugar-treacle syrup with flavoring and aromatic substances (wine, nuts, cocoa, coffee, vanillin, etc.).

Varieties of sweets made from sugar fudge: Muse, Medok, Natalka-Poltavka, Citron, etc.; from fruit fudge - Fragrant, Autumn Garden, etc. Sweets from cream fudge - Podmoskovnye, Mocha, Mir, Carnation, Fantasia, Aelita. This group also includes candies Chamomile, Cornflower, Spring, Swallow, etc.

Sweets with fruit fillings obtained by boiling fruit and berry puree with sugar syrup, gelling agents can be added. For these sweets, wine, acids, brews, etc. are used.

Varieties: Round dance, Michurinsky, Northern Lights, Summer, Circus, Southern night, Nizhny Novgorod.

Candies with marzipan fillings made from raw nuts, which are ground with powdered sugar or sugar-syrup syrup, flavoring agents are added. Varieties: Elbrus (with condensed milk), Almond (with coconut oil).

Sweets with nut fillings made from roasted nuts, rubbing them with sugar: powdered; flavoring substances are wine, cocoa powder, nuts, butter, vanillin, corn, etc.

Varieties of these sweets: Come on, take it away (with cocoa butter), Golden Field (with wine and cocoa powder, sprinkled with waffle crumbs on top), Miracle (with cocoa powder, butter, corn, cognac), Enchantress (with cocoa powder, milk powder and cinnamon), Moscow (made from nut-chocolate mass, corn, honey and milk), Squirrel (from nut mass and chopped nuts). This group of sweets also includes: Kara-Kum, Baltika, Mask, Ladoga, Salut, etc.

Candies with nut fillings in wafers: Bear in the North (nut filling is located between two layers of wafers), Bear-toed (contains more cocoa butter and chocolate icing), Melody (consists of a chocolate-milk mass located between two layers of wafers), Gift (of three layers of wafers with two nut-chocolate layers). This group also includes sweets - Sadko, Chocolate and coffee, etc.

Sweets with whipped fillings obtained by churning sugar with egg white or other foaming agents, fruit puree, wine, milk, nuts and other flavors are added. Varieties: Goldfish (with nuts and milk), Anniversary (with milk, cognac), Stratosphere (with apricot puree and nuts), Bird's milk (consists of a creamy mass, the filling includes protein, butter, milk and flavoring substances). Depending on the additions, these candies come with creamy, chocolate, raspberry, plum, strawberry, lemon and blackcurrant fillings. Whipped sweets also include Zoological, Soufflé and Spring.

Sweets with liqueur fillings prepared from sugar-treacle syrup, which is boiled down, wine, cognac, alcohol, fruit puree, etc. are added. The boiled mass is poured into starch molds and cooled. In this case, the upper layer hardens, a crust is formed, inside which the mass remains liquid, then the body is glazed with chocolate.

Varieties of sweets: Chocolate bottles, Bronze horseman, Ruslan and Lyudmila, Cherry liqueur. These sweets are placed in capsules or wrapped.

Sweets with cream fillings obtained from chocolate, chocolate-nut or fondant mass. It is ground by adding cocoa mass, coconut or butter, nuts, wine, vanillin, etc. .

Varieties: Truffles (chocolate mass pounded with coconut oil, wine and vanilla), Russian souvenir (consists of milk chocolate cream and cognac), Coffee aroma (made of milk chocolate cream and coffee). This group includes Strela, Red Moscow, Extra, Kolos, Krylov's Fables, etc.

Candies with roasted fillings obtained by boiling sugar-treacle syrup, crushed nut kernels or oilseeds and other flavoring substances.

Varieties: Grillage in chocolate, Grillage honey, Fantasia (with corn and butter), Amateur (with puffed corn).

Sweets with combined fillings There are two and three layers. Most often they consist of fruit and milk fudge, liqueur and fruit-marmalade mass. These include the following varieties: Raspberry (top and bottom fudge layer, middle fruity), Lakomka (two layers - milk fudge and sugar liquor), Dawn (has fondant and jelly layers), Queen of Spades (from fudge and liquor layer ).

The assortment of chocolate in the USSR was truly huge. From all the variety it was possible to choose products for every taste and material wealth, not a single holiday could do without this delicacy, and not only for children. In Soviet times, Christmas trees were decorated with chocolates for the New Year. The treasured bar of chocolate in Soviet times was put in any gift. Do you know everything about this sweet product? For example, do you know the name of the chocolate manufacturer Alenka in the USSR, and how did chocolate production appear in Russia?

It seems to us now that chocolate has always been around. Well, it is impossible to imagine that there was once no chocolates in this world. Meanwhile, the first chocolate bar appeared only in 1899 in Switzerland. In Russia, confectionery production until the beginning of the 19th century was, for the most part, handicraft. Foreigners also actively mastered the Russian confectionery market. The history of the emergence of chocolate in Russia began in 1850, when Ferdinand von Einem, who arrived from the German Wurtenberg in Moscow, opened a small workshop on the Arbat for the production of chocolate products, including sweets.

In 1867, Einem and his companion Geis built a new factory building on Sofiyskaya Embankment. According to information from the history of chocolate in Russia, this factory was one of the first to be equipped with a steam engine, which allowed the company to quickly become one of the largest manufacturers of confectionery in the country.

After the revolution of 1917, all confectionery factories passed into the hands of the state - in November 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the nationalization of the confectionery industry. Naturally, the change of owners led to a change of names. The factory of the Abrikosovs received the name of the worker Petr Akimovich Babaev, chairman of the Sokolniki district executive committee of Moscow. The company "Einem" became known as "Red October", and the former factory of the Lenov merchants was renamed "Rot Front". True, the ideas of Marx and Lenin, the revolutionary spirit and new names could not affect the technology for the production of confectionery. Under both the old and the new government, sugar was needed for the production of sweets, and cocoa beans for the manufacture of chocolate. And there were serious problems with this. The "sugar" regions of the country were under the rule of the whites for a long time, and the currency and gold, for which it was possible to buy overseas raw materials, went to buy bread. Only by the mid-1920s, confectionery production was more or less revived. The NEP helped this, the entrepreneurial streak and the growth in the well-being of urban residents made it possible to quickly increase the production of caramel, sweets, cookies, and cakes. The planned economy, which replaced the NEP, left its mark on the confectionery industry. Since 1928, the production of sweets was strictly regulated, each factory was transferred to its own, separate type of product. In Moscow, for example, caramel was produced by the Babaev factory. The chocolate manufacturer in the USSR was the Krasny Oktyabr factory, and the biscuits were Bolshevik.

During the war years, many confectionery factories were evacuated from the European part of the country to the rear. Confectioners continued to work, releasing, among other things, strategically important products. The "emergency reserve" set necessarily included a bar of chocolate that saved the life of more than one pilot or sailor.

After the war, under reparations from Germany, the USSR received equipment from German confectionery enterprises, which made it possible to establish the production of chocolate products in a short time. Chocolate production has grown every year. For example, in 1946, a chocolate manufacturing company in the USSR named after Babaev processed 500 tons of cocoa beans, in 1950 - 2,000 tons, and by the end of the 60s - 9,000 tons annually. Foreign policy indirectly contributed to this impressive growth in production. The Soviet Union for many years supported various regimes in many countries of the world, including African ones. The main thing for these regimes was to swear allegiance to communist ideals, and then help in the form of weapons, equipment, and equipment was provided. This support was practically gratuitous, the only way Africans could somehow pay off the USSR was raw materials and agricultural products. That is why confectionery factories were uninterruptedly supplied with raw materials from distant African expanses.

In those years, there was no competition between chocolate producers in the Soviet Union, in the traditional sense. Confectioners could compete for awards and titles, such as “best in the industry”, for awards at exhibitions, for the love, after all, of consumers, but not for their wallets. Problems with the sale of sweets and other sweet products could be with absolutely negligent and "tasteless" manufacturers. But there was no shortage, at least in large cities. Of course, from time to time the names of sweets in the USSR, like "Squirrel", "Mishka in the North" or "Karakum" disappeared from the shelves, and "Bird's Milk" rarely appeared on them at all, but usually Muscovites, Kievans or Kharkovites could buy, let Not every store has their favorite treats. The exception was holidays. Each pre-New Year's children's performance in the theater or matinee ended with the distribution of sweet sets, which is why the most popular varieties of sweets disappeared from store shelves at that time. Before March 8, one could hardly find candies in boxes, which, together with a bunch of flowers, made up a “universal” gift for the holiday that did not require serious thought from men.

What kind of Soviet-era chocolate and sweets were in the USSR, what were they called (with photo)

The main producers of sweets in the USSR were the Krasny Oktyabr, Rot Front, Babaevskaya and Bolshevik factories, which were located in the capital of the Soviet Union - Moscow. It was they who set the tone for the rest of the factories, both in quality and in the design of sweet products.

"Red October" is the former confectionery factory "Einem" (it was named after its founder, the German Ferdinand von Einem). After the October Revolution of 1917, the factory was nationalized and renamed. And she continued her "sweet" history already in the new, socialist conditions, releasing mainly chocolate and sweets. What sweets in the USSR were especially popular? Of course, “Bear-toed” (appeared in 1925), “Southern Night” (1927), “Creamy Fudge” (1928), iris “Kis-kiss” (1928), “Stratosphere” (1936), “Soufflé” (1936) and others.

In 1935, A. Ptushko's film "The New Gulliver" saw the light of day, which was a huge success with children. After that, Gulliver sweets appeared on the shelves of Soviet stores - wafers covered with real chocolate icing. These were expensive candies, so when they became popular, their cheap counterpart appeared - Crane sweets, where the same wafer was covered with soy chocolate. The price is more affordable - 20 kopecks apiece.

What was the name of the chocolate produced by this manufacturer in the USSR? Among the chocolate products of Krasny Oktyabr, the "Golden Label" (1926) was the "oldest" brand. But chocolate "Guards" appeared during the war years.

Here you can see photos of Soviet chocolate from various factories:

Chocolate "Cola" in the USSR and other chocolate products

In the twenties of the last century, Krasny Oktyabr produced exclusively chocolate, and one brand - Cola - was intended for pilots. And after the war, the production of sweets was resumed.

Such sweets in Soviet times as “Mishka in the North”, “Bear-toed Bear”, “Red Poppy”, “Tuzik”, “Come on, take it away!”, “Karakum”, “Bird's Milk” and, of course, “ Squirrel”, were the dolce vita of the Soviet man, the quintessence of the gourmet’s chocolate happiness, the quasi-uno-fantasy of confectionery craftsmanship, the sweet symbols of the era ... “The taste of our childhood” - these words begin almost every second TV or newspaper report about chocolate products or the work of confectionery factories. This phrase, from frequent use, has long turned into a worn out stamp.

In addition to "Alenka", in the USSR there were other names of chocolate: "Road" (1 ruble 10 kopecks), "Merry guys" (25 kopecks), "Glory" (porous), "Firebird", "Theatrical", " Circus", "Lux", "Pushkin's Tales", etc.

See photos of chocolate in the USSR and other Soviet-era chocolate products:

What is the name of the chocolate manufacturer "Alenka" in the USSR

This section of the article is devoted to the name of the Alenka chocolate company in the USSR, and what other products were produced at this factory.

From the second half of the 60s, the most recognizable product of Red October in the USSR was Alenka chocolate (1 ruble 10 kopecks for a large bar and 20 kopecks for a small, 15-gram one). And it arose under Brezhnev, although the idea was born when N. Khrushchev was the head of the country. At the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU in February 1964, an appeal was made to Soviet confectioners to come up with cheap chocolate for kids. This idea was put into practice at the Krasny Oktyabr confectionery factory for two years, until, finally, Alenka milk chocolate saw the light of day. The label showed a little girl in a headscarf. This portrait was found by Alenka chocolate producers in the USSR on the cover of the Health magazine in 1962: 8-month-old Lenochka Gerinas was photographed there (the photo was taken by her father Alexander). In 1964, Krasny Oktyabr decided that the new Alenka chocolate needed an original wrapper with a corporate portrait. At first, the Alenka chocolate company in the USSR produced this delicacy with different images. There was an idea to use Vasnetsov's "Alyonushka" for decoration, but the artist's work "bypassed" the portrait of Elena Gerinas.

Among other products of this chocolate manufacturer in the USSR, in addition to Alenka, there were Pushkin's Tales, Flotsky, Slava and many others.

Look at the photo of sweets from the times of the USSR produced by the Krasny Oktyabr factory:

These are Crayfish Necks, Little Red Riding Hood, Kara-Kum, Truffles, Deer, Soufflé, Tretyakov Gallery, Temptation, Fairy Tale, Come on, take it away, "Snowball", "Mir", "Humpbacked Horse", "Zest", "Evening", "Chernomorochka", "Cow", iris "Golden Key", etc.

Chocolate manufacturer in the USSR - Babaevskaya factory

The main competitor of "Red October" was considered the confectionery factory named after P. Babaev ("Babaevskaya"). Before the revolution, it was an enterprise of the Abrikosov merchants, but after nationalization in 1918, the prominent Bolshevik Pyotr Babaev became its head. True, he did not manage for long - only two years (he died at the age of 37 from tuberculosis), but his name was immortalized in the new name of the factory.

Before the war, she specialized in the production of montpensier, toffee and caramel. And immediately after the war, it began to produce chocolate products, and very soon chocolate became the main brand of this factory. Among its most popular products in the USSR were such names of chocolate as "Inspiration" (elite chocolate), "Babaevsky", "Special", "Guards", "Lux".

Here you can see a photo of Soviet-era chocolate produced by the Babaevskaya factory:

Chocolate and other sweets from the times of the USSR (with photo)

Among the sweets were such as "Squirrel", "Mishka in the North", "Shuttle", "Golden Field", "Orange Flavor", "Pilot", "Spring", "Petrel", "Marine", "Chamomile", “Truffles”, etc.; in boxes - “Squirrel”, “Visit”, “Evening Aroma”, “Sweet Dreams”, etc.

"Rot Front" produced the following brands of sweets: "Moscow", "Kremlin", "Rot Front" (bars), "Little Red Riding Hood", "Grillage in Chocolate", "Golden Field", "Caravan", "Autumn Waltz", Lemon (caramel), Peanuts in chocolate, Raisins in chocolate, etc.

The Bolshevik factory was popular for its cookies: oatmeal and "Jubilee".

In Leningrad, there was a confectionery factory named after N. K. Krupskaya, which was opened in 1938. For a long time, its trademark (or brand in today's way) was the Mishka in the North sweets, which appeared on the shelves of Soviet stores even before the war - in 1939. This factory produced both chocolate and sweets, among which the Firebird sweets (praline and cream) were very popular.

Like chocolate in the USSR, sweets were divided into cheap and expensive. The first included various kinds of caramel, the second - chocolate products. The vast majority of Soviet children most often indulged in "caramels", and various kinds of chocolate "sweets" passed through their hands a little less often due to their relative high cost. Naturally, chocolate sweets have always been valued in the children's environment much higher than caramel ones. In those distant years (60-70s), the most popular caramels were Goose Feet, Crayfish Necks (both with coffee fillings), sour Snowball, and Cow milk toffee. True, the latter was expensive for constant use - 2 rubles 50 kopecks per kilogram, since it was made from whole condensed milk and butter.

Much more accessible were caramel "Duchess", the same "Barberry", "Petushki" on a stick (5 kopecks apiece), as well as toffee "Kis-kiss" and "Golden Key", which were also cheap - 5-7 kopecks for 100 grams. Unlike caramel "Montpensier" in a metal box - those were in short supply. As well as another caramel - "Vzletnaya", which almost never went on sale and was distributed to passengers making air travel in order to relieve their nausea attacks.

Among the expensive sweets are “Kara-Kum” and “Squirrel” (chocolate, with grated nuts inside), “Bird's milk” (delicate soufflé in chocolate), “Grillage”, “Koltsov's Songs”, “To the Stars”. The latter could be sold both by weight and in boxes - 25 rubles per box.

What other sweets were there: "Arctic", "Toys" (caramel), "Caravan", "Strawberry with cream", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Come on, take it away", "Nochka", "Snowball" (caramel), "Terem-Teremok", "Southern Liquor" (caramel), "Zoological", "School", "Golden Field", "Milk Bar", "Pineapple".

As you can see in the photo, chocolates in the USSR “with white filling” could perhaps be singled out in a separate class:

There were more expensive sweets - “Pilot” (the wrapper is so interesting, a piece of paper with a blue and white stripe, in the middle - foil), “Citron” (the filling is white and yellow, with lemon flavor, the wrapper wrapped only on one side), “Swallow”. Waffle is cheaper - "Our brand", "Clumsy bear", "Tuzik", "Spartak", "Pineapple", "Torch". "Torch", sold loose, without candy wrappers. He held out until the very end. When the country ran out of chocolate, they began to make "Torch" from soy chocolate.

During the perestroika years, the confectionery industry, like the entire economy, experienced problems. But in general, confectioners survived the collapse of the Union and the transition from plan to market rather painlessly. Someone thanks the old traditions laid down in Soviet times for this, someone believes that the growth in the production of sweet products was facilitated by foreign capital that came to the domestic market. Probably both are right. But most importantly, sweets, cookies and chocolate are always delicious.

05/17/2017 at 13:38 · pavlofox · 61 350

The most delicious sweets in Russia

Residents of any country can boast of delicious delicacies. In Japan, chestnut quintons are considered the best dessert, in Turkey - baklava, in Britain - pudding, in Italy - tiramisu.

In Russia, sweets occupy the first place among delicacies. One can only be surprised at their diversity: each region produces an uncountable number of delicious sweets with a wide variety of fillings. It is incredibly difficult to choose the best samples from them. Our Top 10 includes the most delicious sweets in Russia (photos and names), which are most often bought by consumers not only for themselves, but also as a delicious gift to friends and relatives. The list is based on feedback from users of major Internet resources and is subjective.

10. Bars with chocolate cream flavor

They open the list of the most delicious Russian sweets from the Rot Front factory. The bars are made from pralines with the addition of grated peanuts and crunchy crushed wafers. Harmonious nutty, chocolate and creamy taste is well felt. The bar is quite sweet, but not cloying at all.

The estimated cost of 1 kg of sweets is 319 rubles.

9. Delicate dessert with cream filling

One of the most delicious Russian sweets - a delicate dessert with cream filling "Roulade" from the Akkond factory. The manufacturer has been delighting consumers with excellent products for many years. The most famous candies of the factory are Rulada. They are three times the size of regular candies. The sweetness is covered with chocolate icing, under which there is a delicate creamy filling, dressed in a wafer layer.

"Rulada" is a delicious, fragrant, crispy dessert with a melting filling. Due to the large size, it is difficult to eat more than 2-3 sweets at a time. Moderately sweet, this dessert has a harmonious taste, despite the abundance of ingredients in its composition.

The approximate price of a dessert is from 300 to 450 rubles per kilogram.

8. Milk chocolate set with whole hazelnuts and light nut filling

Among the most delicious sweets in Russia is the trademark "A. Korkunov.

Sweets have a beautiful shape, they are made of milk chocolate, inside a whole hazelnut nut, and a light creamy nut filling. The dessert is not sugary, has a delicate chocolate flavor.

Stylish elegant packaging allows you to use a set of sweets as a delicious gift.

The approximate cost of a set weighing 190 grams is from 300 to 380 rubles.

7.

From the factory "Rot Front" - one of the most famous and delicious sweets in Russia. They have been produced for sixty years and are loved by more than one generation.

Candies are rectangular in shape. Delicious praline covered with chocolate icing. The candy has a pleasant chocolate-nut taste without sweet cloying. "Mask" is available in bags, by weight and in a gift box. The last option is good because you can buy your favorite sweets not only for tea, but also as a delicious gift.

Of the minuses of the dessert, not the best composition can be noted: palm oil is present in sweets.

The average cost of sweets for 250 grams is 120 rubles.

6.

Factories "Red October" are familiar to more than one generation and are among the most delicious Russian sweets. Their taste has practically not changed since Soviet times. The classic wrapper of the delicacy has hardly changed - it still depicts camels wandering through the desert. The wrap is good quality and thick.

The inner layer of the dessert is a soft praline with pieces of waffles and nuts. Delicious filling covered with delicate chocolate icing. Sweets are not cloying, nothing superfluous and artificial is felt in the taste.

One of the advantages of the dessert is that it is made in accordance with GOST.

Estimated cost of sweets - 600 rubles per 1 kg.

5.

Among the most delicious Russian sweets is from the Yashkino factory. They have amazing taste. Externally, the dessert looks like an ordinary bar. The filling is combined, and consists of chocolate, cookies and caramel. It is covered with chocolate icing. Sweets have an unusual exquisite taste. Separately, it is worth noting the design of the dessert wrapper, inspired by Japanese motifs.

The advantages of these unusually tasty sweets include their low price - 47 rubles for a package weighing 180 g.

4.

Sweets from the Krasny Oktyabr factory are a taste familiar to many since childhood. Delicacy is rightfully one of the most delicious and popular Russian sweets.

Sweets are delicious - chocolate icing, filling and waffles create a harmonious combination.

Among the shortcomings of the delicacy, only an excessively thick layer of chocolate icing and a rather high price of sweets can be noted.

The average cost of sweets is 640-700 rubles per 1 kg.

3.

It belongs to one of the most delicious sweets in Russia. This is a set that includes 15 sweets with three fillings: milk chocolate, creamy caramel, hazelnuts and almonds. Miniature chocolate bars are wrapped in foil. Inside is a small message with nice words.

Benefits of treats:

• natural milk chocolate;
• sweets do not contain vegetable fats;
• delicate rich taste.

The cost of a set weighing 118 grams is from 219 to 326 rubles.

2.

From the Krasny Oktyabr factory - not only one of the most delicious, but also the oldest candies in Russia. The composition of the delicacy, as well as the packaging, has come down to our time with virtually no changes. They started producing sweets even before the revolution (presumably in the 1880s-1890s) in the Einem workshop, which is now called Red October. The wrapper for sweets was created by the artist Emanuil Andreev, who took Shishkin's painting "Morning in a Pine Forest" as a basis.

The composition of the oldest sweets from the Krasny Oktyabr factory has practically not changed: a delicate praline between two wafers is covered with chocolate icing.

The price of the legendary delicacy is from 700 to 800 rubles per kg.

1.

With delicate almond cream and whole almonds - one of the most delicious sweets in Russia.

The almond kernel is encased in a nut cream, topped with a crispy waffle and wrapped in fresh chocolate icing. The waffle is sprinkled with pleasantly crunchy small nuts. Almond cream is extraordinarily gentle. The manufacturer managed to achieve a harmonious combination of delicate filling, crispy whole nuts and hard chocolate icing.

The average price of sweets is 257 rubles for a package weighing 240 g.

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Introduction

All of us, from young to old, adore sweets, everyone has a favorite variety. The first sweets appeared a long time ago, and since then they have only become tastier.

The very word "candy" came into Russian from the Latin language, which meant "cooked potion". Pharmacists first began to use it in the 16th century for medicinal purposes. Subsequently, the term began to refer to a wider range of confectionery products from different ingredients.

A rare tea party is complete without sweets. They are a wonderful treat, give warmth and joy to any holiday, are tasty and beautiful.

When we eat candy, we throw away candy wrappers, which, in turn, turn into garbage. Looking at the bright shiny candy wrappers, I suggested that using the names of the candies could make Russian lessons more interesting. In my project, examples are given of what learned rules can be found on candy wrappers.

Objective: Analyze the names of sweets from the point of view of the Russian language.

Tasks:

1. In order to broaden your horizons and replenish your vocabulary, get acquainted with the history of the origin of sweets.

2. Consider the names of sweets and break them into thematic groups.

3. Sort out the names of sweets according to lexical meaning and morphological features.

Hypothesis: The names of sweets, like other words in Russian, must have a lexical meaning and morphological features.

1. History of candy

From early childhood, we all fall in love with this miracle, invented by man many centuries ago. It's hard to believe, but the first sweets appeared in Egypt more than 3 thousand years ago. During the excavations, they found pictures and records containing information about how sweets looked and how they were prepared. In those days, sugar was unknown to people, so honey was consumed as a sweet. And the main component of sweets in Egypt were dates. That's how they accidentally mixed dates, nuts and honey, they invented the world's first candy.

They also learned how to make sweets in Ancient Russia, they were cooked from maple syrup, molasses and honey. Many people know lollipops, but few people thought about the origin of these legendary sweets. Ancient Russia was the birthplace of lollipops. In Russia, candy has been around for more than 500 years. We can assume that they were the very first sweets in our country. The first Russian confectioners made candies from molasses and honey, and they were intended for tsars, boyars and nobles. The first confectionery factory appeared in our country in the 19th century. To date, sweets from the Krasny Oktyabr, Rot-Front, factory them. Babaeva, Korkunov. In our city, sweets are produced by the factory "Yuzhuralkonditer"

Currently, there are many types of sweets, here are some of them: caramel, toffee, chocolate, truffles, pralines, etc.

That's what a long way and how many different delicacies were invented before the candy acquired its usual shape in a beautiful wrapper.

2. candy wrapper

Fantik - candy wrapper, which is used to wrap sweets.

Nowadays it is difficult to imagine a candy without a candy wrapper. Candy wrappers are like clothes for people: they protect and decorate the candy. The beauty of the wrapper depends on the artist who created the sketch. Every year artists come up with bright and interesting packaging for sweets.

It seems that interesting things can be found in candy wrappers. It turns out that he can tell a lot, for example, he can remind us of the rules of the Russian language.

3 . Topiccandy name groups

Having studied the names of sweets, I came to the conclusion that they can be divided into thematic groups.

I made six thematic groups: a fairy tale, fauna, flora, natural phenomena, names of fruits, geographical names.

Below, I have drawn a diagram of these groups.

Scheme of thematic groups of the names of sweets.

1.Vegetable world. This group includes the names of plants and flowers: "Barberry", "Cornflower", "Daisies", "Red Poppy", "Nuts in Chocolate", "Mint".

2. Names fruits also used in names. By these names, we can determine the taste of our sweets: "Pineapple", "Lemon", "Apricot", "Prunes in chocolate", "Orange".

3.Animal world. This group is represented by the names of animals and birds: "Bear-toed", "Swallow", "Bear in the North", "Squirrel", "Cow". vocabulary candy lexical

4. Sweets, the names of which include different geographical names. By some names, we can easily determine the place where this candy was made: Chelyabinsk, Native Spaces, Kuibyshev, Karakum, Moskvichka.

5.fairy talebut. This group is one of the most common candy names among Russians. Since sweets are mainly aimed at children, fairy tale characters are used in the names of this group: “Golden Comb Cockerel”, “Little Red Riding Hood”, “Gulliver”, “Golden Key”, “Masha and the Bear”, etc.

6.Natural phenomena, seasons."Spring", "Taste of Summer", "Meteorite", "Sea", "Metelitsa", "Snowball", "Sun".

4. Russian language on candy wrappers

All the names of sweets (candy wrappers) we have considered can be classified according to the following criteria:

1. by composition

2. by lexical meaning

3. by morphological features

I noticed that the names of sweets consist of one or more words. Having considered monosyllabic names, I found out that they are divided into a noun and an adjective, both in the singular and in the plural. And also, they are masculine, feminine and neuter.

Cornflower - noun, unit. h, husband. R

Daisies - noun, pl. h

Mint - adjective, singular, female

Lemon - adjective, pl.

The sun is a noun, singular, cf.

By candy wrappers, it’s more fun to study vocabulary. Each name contains its own meaning.

Cornflower - meadow flower

Spring is the season

Meteorite - cosmic body,

There are also phrases in the names of sweets.

Most often it is a noun and an adjective:

"Golden Cockerel", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Golden Key" and others.

Less common are phrases where the noun and noun are in the genitive case: “Taste of Summer”.

Output

All the names of sweets that I have studied are, in fact, parts of speech that we have already studied in Russian lessons.

The names are extremely diverse: it can be a word and phrases.

Candy names can be combined into thematic groups.

Each name has its own meaning.

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