The foundation of rubble stone is inexpensive and truly reliable! Do-it-yourself stone foundation (recommendations for construction) What is the foundation for a stone house.

The walls and foundations of many buildings made of wild stone have survived to this day. Today, prefabricated or monolithic concrete has taken a strong place in the construction of foundations, but local traditions or the ability to purchase building material at a low price encourage owners to build a foundation of stone. Whatever the reason for the choice, it is necessary to know all the subtleties of working with wild stone in order to achieve a good result of the strength and reliability of the foundation of the house.

A little about stone

Nature has created an amazing building material that is durable and strong. The stone is used for building foundations, walls, barbeques and landscaping. Large natural stone blocks are cut by special machines into equal parts and used for cladding. From natural stone, you can pave beautiful garden paths on the site, revet the fence, create beautiful alpine slides.

The main properties of the stone:

• Durability - natural stone is not easy to break.
• Environmental friendliness - the material is created by nature without any human intervention.
• High resistance to various chemical and climatic influences.
• Aesthetics - the stone can be of different colors, and on its faces nature creates drawings of amazing beauty. Using these qualities, you can create entire compositions that are distinguished by their original beauty.
• Durability - stone structures can stand for centuries.

Not every stone is suitable for construction work. The material of exfoliating and soft rocks is not suitable for the construction of solid structures and laying the foundation.

Note! For the device of the base, irregularly shaped fragments of strong rocks, called rubble stone, are used.

To make the stone foundation reliable and strong, and to make it easier to work, choose flat-shaped stones. Large blocks of rock are split at the construction site or hewn.

Advantages and disadvantages

Benefits of stone foundations:

• A high strength indicator allows you to build buildings that differ in the duration of operation.
• Natural material is characterized by a high level of resistance to destructive groundwater.
• For a stone foundation, no fluctuations in air temperature are terrible.
• The ability to replace expensive reinforced concrete foundation structures with building material of a lower price level.

Disadvantages of stone foundations:

• High labor costs.
• The need to build massive structures so that they can withstand a large load. At the same time, smaller concrete structures are needed for the same load.
• Large consumption of building material and labor in the construction of a columnar foundation.

Construction order

Step #1. Foundation pit preparation. When the building project is ready and all approvals for construction have been received, you can begin to prepare the construction site. We import rubble stone and other building materials in the required quantity. Prepare all the necessary tools. Mark up the project and dig a foundation pit. The depth of the pit should be below the freezing level of the soil.

Step #2. Formwork installation. If the soil is dry and strong, the formwork can be omitted, and the rubble stone can be laid directly into the trench. With crumbling soil, ordinary formwork is placed or sheet and roll materials are used.

Note! Ventilation and communication openings are provided before the laying of rubble stone. It is very difficult to drill a ready stone foundation.

Step #3. Rubble stone masonry. The bottom of the trench should be covered with a 25 cm layer of sand, rammed and proceed with laying the first layer of stone. To do this, choose the largest stones and lay them with force on the sand so that they lie firmly and do not move. If the depth of the foundation is 50 cm, then its width should be from 65 cm to 70 cm.

Note! Before laying a stone in the foundation, it must be soaked. Having absorbed water, the rubble stone will be cleaned of small crumbling particles and will better adhere to cement. Soak first, then let dry a little.

The stone is carefully selected in shape, laying out the first row and the corners of the subsequent ones. If there is no rubble stone of the desired shape, you need to cut a piece that is closer in shape with a chisel and a sledgehammer. Empty spaces between large blocks are filled with small fractions formed after hewing. The laid row is poured with a liquid cement mortar, and then a sand-cement mortar is laid. The laying of the next row is started observing the dressing.

Note! When using concrete blocks or bricks for the walls of a building, the upper part of the foundation must be reinforced. To do this, a reinforcing mesh is laid in a stone foundation and poured with mortar.

Step number 4. Removing formwork. When the stone foundation gained strength, it was time to dismantle the formwork. An empty space remains between the trench wall and the stone foundation. It must be covered with small pieces of stone. Get an excellent water-removing layer.

The remains of the stone can be used to create a beautiful alpine slide in the backyard and paving garden paths.

Video

About the nuances of laying a rubble foundation below:

Photo

Price

Practicality

Appearance

Ease of manufacture

Environmental friendliness

final grade

The construction of a house must be approached deliberately. After all, it is being built for many years, so you can’t make a mistake here even in the smallest details. The main thing is to choose the right material. An excellent solution. Houses made of it are very rare, although they are very durable and look great. Much more often you can find foundations made of rubble stone.

Foundations are usually reinforced, but this is a very laborious work. Rubble stones for the foundation can be an excellent alternative and replace expensive and complex reinforcement. They can have a variety of shapes, but they must have at least one parallel surface.

The stones should be large, but for the convenience of work it is better if their weight is no more than 30 kg. The soil must be carefully compacted before laying them. The concrete mixture should be half the stones. Buta must be taken without cracks.

It looks like the foundation of the house, made of rubble stone:

The foundation of rubble stone The foundation of multi-colored rubble stone

Types of foundation from buta

Before arranging the foundation, preparatory work is carried out. First, they remove the top layer of the earth and move it to another place. When choosing a foundation design made of rubble stone, one should take into account the saturation of the site with water, know how high the groundwater lies, and to what depth the soil freezes in frost.

There are various types of foundations. When arranging rubble, tape is more often used.

Strip foundation built using the following technology:

• Dig out the trench. Its depth depends on the degree of soil freezing. A formwork system is made in it and a solution is poured into it. Sand and rubble flat-faced (bedded stones) are poured into the formwork and they are well compacted.
• The starting row is poured with a cement-sand mortar and allowed to dry completely. After that, lay the rest of the rows. At the same time, such a foundation can serve as walls in basements. Since the stones have different sizes, it should be slightly wider than the walls.

You can not put gravel under the stones, as it has a shorter service life, and after its destruction the house will settle. In addition, stones with sharp edges should not be placed in the first row.

Pillar foundations also very widespread. For their arrangement, rubble and reinforced concrete or wooden poles are used. Such a foundation is used only for one-story buildings.

Stone foundation construction technology

Before starting the construction of a rubble foundation, it is necessary to prepare stones of the right size in advance.

Dig a trench under the foundation, level its bottom. If the soil is too liquid soil, it must be compacted with sand, crushed stone, slag. Highly located groundwater should be diverted from the trench.

To increase the strength of the structure, it is better to carry out laying using the “under the shoulder blade” method.

The finished rows are poured with liquid cement mortar and compacted with a rammer. If even small voids remain in the masonry, water can get into them, which freezes in winter, and the foundation quickly collapses.

The next rows are already laid on a plastic and thick solution. Its layer should be no more than 30 cm.

For milestones, corners and intersections, larger stones are taken. Lay them wide side down.

Learn more about how to make a foundation of rubble stone in the video:

Rubble stone house

Houses made of rubble stones are very rare, since the masonry has to be made from raw, very uneven material. Rubble masonry requires too much mortar, due to the need to seal the gaps between the stones. Not every bricklayer will agree to such work, as it requires special techniques that differ from ordinary masonry.

But after a long work, a unique structure is obtained. This house has an unusual, very beautiful view. It is so durable that it can stand for several centuries.

Photo of houses made of rubble stone

house made of rubble stone house made of rubble stone house made of rubble stone house made of rubble stone house made of rubble stone

Rubble stone retaining wall process and materials in brief

Retaining walls on the site are built to decorate it or to strengthen the slopes and slopes. Such structures help to bring a "flavor" to the design of the site.

To build a retaining wall of rubble stone, you will need the following materials and tools:

• rubble stone;
• cement;
• clay (to give plasticity to the solution);
• sand;
• Master OK;
• grater;
• trimming bars for marking,
• glue (tile and for natural stone);
• drill with nozzles;
• cord;
• level (bubble, hydro level or laser)

Preparation of mortar for masonry

A cement-sand mixture is taken (preferably ready-made in bags) and mixed with water. For mixing, you can use a drill by screwing the mixer nozzle onto it. Tile glue and glue for natural stones are added to the mixture.

It is better not to pour all the water at once, but to add it during kneading, bringing the solution to the consistency of thick sour cream.

Retaining wall masonry

• Masonry is carried out along the boundaries previously marked on the ground.
• Sod from the ground must be removed.
• The masonry site is covered with sand and trampled down with feet. Then stones are laid on the sand.
• The second row is laid out on the mortar, putting a stone on it, knocking on it with a trowel's pen or a hammer. The stone should, as it were, be pressed into the solution. To reduce gaps, small pebbles are placed between large stones. There is no need to be afraid that the masonry will get dirty with the solution, after the solution hardens, it can be easily removed with a brush.
• The next row is laid like the second. A retaining wall of four or more rows must be reinforced with mesh or made thicker.
• After the wall is laid out, it must be left for a day. After that, using a drill, into which a wire brush is inserted, clean the stone and seams.

The process of laying a retaining wall made of rubble stone:

Rubble stone plinth

Rubble stone is very convenient to veneer the base. Such a plinth looks very beautiful, especially when it is lined with stones of various sizes.

Designers advise taking a stone of a contrasting color with the wall of the house or a similar shade.

An example of facing the basement of a wooden house with rubble stone

It is preferable to use a stone foundation in an area rich in this material due to the natural characteristics of the soil. The fact is that stone is one of the cheapest materials for construction, but its delivery can be quite expensive.

This is what the finished stone foundation looks like

For the construction of foundations, rubble stone is mainly used, which can even be found under one's feet. In this case, do-it-yourself foundation construction will cost mere pennies.

As a foundation for a house, the easiest way is to make a trench of rubble. Such a foundation is suitable, of course, not for any type of soil and not for any structure, but it is quite applicable for a wooden house, garage or bath. In addition, you should not use such a support in case of large floods or increased soil flowability.

Work order

The manufacture of such a base is carried out manually, without the use of special equipment, it is possible to perform work even alone:

Summing up all of the above, if you have planned the construction of a structure in an area with a high content of stones and dense soil (and most often the presence of stone inclusions guarantees sufficient soil hardness), then a crushed stone trench is your option.

Stone foundation

In the case when you are unlucky, and there are not enough stones on the territory for construction, and the soil has complex characteristics, the most rational option would be to build from imported rubble stone.

You can buy this material from suppliers of building materials, and it will cost you the cheaper, the closer your region is to development.

When using this foundation, there are more opportunities for construction, so in addition, it is possible to erect larger buildings that have a solid weight.

Natural stone foundation option

Moreover, this is a prerequisite, since the building presses the foundation to the ground with its weight, due to which the latter ceases to “walk” under the influence of soil deformations.

Features of the construction of a rubble foundation

The technology for manufacturing a foundation from buta suggests a more thorough approach to its construction:

A rubble stone foundation can be used on a wide variety of soils, with the exception of heavily heaving ones. This type of base is resistant to moisture, therefore it is used in areas with a high risk of flooding.

It is possible to make a strip-column foundation from buta, however, the last two types are extremely labor-intensive due to the need to select suitable stones for laying.

Other types of stone foundation

Brick foundations can also be attributed to stone foundations, but the use of this material is unprofitable due to its high cost.

One of the stone foundations

Although if you have the opportunity to purchase high-quality material at a low price, the application is quite justified.

In addition, you can give the foundation the appearance of a stone foundation with the help of a plinth cladding. In this case, you will receive not only an attractive appearance of the structure, but also give rigidity to the structure as a whole, and also provide additional protection for the foundation.

For this, you can use more expensive materials such as marble or granite, but a more affordable option with a budget price has gained the most popularity. In this case, a rubble stone is used, followed by processing with a special composition.

Another option for making an imaginary stone foundation is the use of natural stone slabs. The finishing technology of these two types of facing material differs due to the different weight of raw materials.

The original foundation of red natural stone

Lining the plinth with a rubble

Before proceeding with the decoration of the building with any decorative material, it is necessary to wait until the house settles, this also applies to facing with rubble stone. For old houses, the main preparation for finishing is the removal of the old coating and a thorough grouting of the surface.

If necessary, at this stage, additional insulation of the basement can be performed:

• A layer of plaster is applied to the base to level the surface and wait for it to dry completely;
• After that, it makes sense to prime the surface in 2-3 layers to strengthen the finishing material. The best option would be to apply an antiseptic primer against mold and fungi, this will extend the life of the finish;
• On top of the primed plaster, sheets of insulation are fixed to special dowels, which is also treated with a special primer;
• A reinforcing mesh is let through the insulation, which will be the basis for attaching a decorative element;
• If there is no special need for a heater, the surface is covered only with concrete contact with a large fraction.

Rubble stone laying technology

First of all, it is better to select stones that are suitable in size, shape and color, later this will save you from sorting in the process.

In principle, natural stone cladding is very similar to laying conventional tiles, adjusted for non-standard stone shapes.

After applying such a cladding, only a professional builder will guess that the foundation is not made of stone.

At the initial stage of the construction of any building structure, it is necessary to choose the type.

Many developers do not even assume that the base can be built from natural stone.

It is a reliable and environmentally friendly material. The material has the wrong geometry.

In view of this structure, it is believed that in order to work with it, it is necessary to have high dexterity and skill.

In fact, to build a stone foundation with your own hands, special training is not required.

It is enough to study the rules for the construction of such a foundation. Necessary tools and materials.

Before starting construction, crushed stone of a fine fraction should be purchased. In the future, they will be filled with voids. You will also need sand and cement.

They will form a "cushion" for the future concrete base. The rubble material must have sufficient strength and water resistance.

To carry out waterproofing, you should purchase roofing material. Foundation works will be carried out using:

• Containers with the necessary volume for the preparation of a concrete solution;
• Several shovels;
• Trowels;
• Building level;
• Roulettes and plumb;
• Hammer, chisel and heavy sledgehammer.

Preparatory work

Do-it-yourself stone foundation should be laid at a depth exceeding the level to which the soil freezes.

Before starting to dig trenches, it is necessary to mark the construction site in accordance with a previously prepared project.

When excavating, it should be borne in mind that the dimensions of the trenches must exceed the design values. In the process of excavation, shedding of the soil may occur.

In order to prevent this, primitive formwork is made. As a material for it, sheets of metal or wooden boards can be used.

Arrangement of a sand cushion

A “sand pillow” is poured into the dug trenches. It should consist of several layers of sand. Each layer must be carefully compacted and moistened.

A waterproofing coating is laid on the upper surface of the "pillow". It includes several layers of roofing material. Sheets must be laid "overlapped".

Thus, the concrete coating is protected from moisture loss during the hardening stage.

If you have not previously encountered the installation of such structures, it is better to use a tape structure, which includes rubble stone.

Do not make a pillar bookmark yourself. When using the second option, it will be necessary to balance the monolithic base and calculate the optimal threshold points.

Rules for laying natural stone

Do-it-yourself stone foundation should be built using natural cobblestones, which have flat horizontal surfaces.

Of these, a support will be formed, on which the foundation and the structure itself will shrink. Stones with a similar geometry are pressed into the sandy layer.

They shouldn't swing. Laying must be done along the trench. Situations may arise when cobblestones with the required geometry are not available.

Then, with the help of a chisel and a hammer, you will have to correct “natural defects”. When a cobblestone is pressed into the sand layer, small openings and depressions may form.

Watch the video for detailed instructions:

To remove them, you will have to tamper again. But in this case, a fine filler (crushed stone or pebbles) is used.

The space between the stones is filled with fine-grained gravel. Further, these zones are processed using a sledgehammer.

The operation continues until the surface is completely flat. And only then is the initial layer poured with cement mortar.

Security measures

It should be borne in mind that, having decided to use a natural cobblestone for the construction of a foundation, you assume full responsibility for the reliability of the future structure.

At the same time, it is necessary to be based on existing safety standards in the construction of such facilities.

For example, if the first layer of the foundation base does not have the required height, there is a danger that the concrete structure may deform.

The height of the first layer, after the initial pouring of the concrete solution, should not be less than 40 cm.

The laying and pouring of subsequent layers of the rubble base must be carried out based on the algorithm described above. Sutures should be re-tied periodically.

It is no different from brickwork. The installation of natural stone is carried out directly on the cement mortar.

If the foundation has a significant height, additional stabilization of the structure will be required. To do this, you can use a strong wire or reinforcing bars.

Usually, the last rows of the foundation structure are reinforced. During the laying process, the moving mass of natural material should be regularly shaken and rammed.

Professional builders have long used a certain algorithm of work in the construction of the foundation. It speeds up and optimizes construction operations:

• If there are gentle slopes in the trenches that will be used when pouring the foundation structure, they can be used to create a working platform into which concrete and stone will be supplied;
• If there are steep slopes, wooden scaffolding can be installed;
• In shallow trenches, containers are placed in which the cement-sand mortar will be located. Between them there will be a natural stone;
• By preparing places for communication holes and ventilation in advance, you will reduce the time for constructing the foundation;
• Before pouring begins, you should calculate how much building materials will be needed.

The use of bases, which include rubble stone, has found wide application in the construction of individual buildings.

This was influenced by their high bearing capacity and long service life. Not a small role also belongs to the flawless appearance of natural material.

Choosing the right foundation is an even more important and responsible task than building the house itself. After all, the durability of the entire building will depend on the strength, stability and reliability of the foundation. That is why we will dwell in detail on what types of foundations are, in what cases they are used and on what soils.

To choose the right foundation for your home, you need to consider a number of factors.:

• The structure and condition of the soil on the site. Which foundation to choose is largely determined by the initial conditions of the site. There are heaving soils that, when freezing or other changes in atmospheric conditions, can move and expand, squeezing out the structure. Heaving soils include clay, sandy loam, loam, peat bogs. There are also non-rocky soils that can serve as a fairly solid foundation for the foundation. These are sand, gravel and rocks.

• Groundwater level. If water is close, it can have a very negative effect on many types of foundations.
• House weight, material from which the walls will be built.
• Features of the architecture of the house: the presence of a basement or basement.
• Landscape Features: flat or sloping terrain.

An important nuance is also the financial component. Usually, at least 25% of the cost of building the entire house is spent on the construction of a reliable foundation. And this is quite justified, given how important the strength and durability of the base is. It is strongly not recommended to save on materials for the foundation, in the future this can lead to bad consequences.

So, below are the most common types of foundations for houses, cottages, baths, garages, extensions and other structures.

Strip foundation

The most common type of foundation at the moment is the strip foundation. It is a tape that runs under all load-bearing walls. In addition to the fact that the foundation tape is located around the entire perimeter of the house, it can also be under the internal walls or important heavy elements, such as columns.

By the type of materials used, the strip foundation can be:

• Rubble.
• Concrete.
• Butoconcrete
• Reinforced concrete.
• Brick.

Also he can be monolithic or prefabricated. For example, a foundation made of prefabricated concrete or reinforced concrete blocks is used if the construction of a house is planned to be completed in a short time in the summer months before the onset of a rainy autumn or winter. In this case, there is no need to wait until the concrete gains strength. The foundation of ready-made blocks can immediately after the arrangement serve as the basis for the construction of walls.

But I would also like to note that a non-monolithic strip foundation has less strength, since the joints of concrete blocks are a weak point. Water can seep into them, the joints do not withstand bending stresses well, even in the case of mesh reinforcement, so it is likely that the foundation will break at the junction of the blocks.

Monolithic foundation equipped with formwork. Rubble and rubble concrete foundations are made in regions where rubble is a local cheap common material. The width of the rubble foundation is usually 0.6 m if the masonry is from torn rubble, and 0.5 m if the masonry is from rubble slab. The laying of rubble foundations is carried out on a concrete mortar with the obligatory dressing of vertical joints with the help of a reinforcing mesh.

Monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete foundations are the most common. Their width may be less than that of rubble, from 35 to 50 cm, depending on the thickness of the walls of the building and the bearing capacity of the soil. Usually the width of the foundation is taken 20% more than the width of the wall.

Strip foundation can serve as the basis for such buildings:

• Brick house (made of red or silicate brick).
• Reinforced concrete house of medium gravity.
• Stone house.
• Log house.
• Aerated concrete house.
• Block buildings.
• Garages, bathhouses, outbuildings, fences, etc.

Advantages of strip foundation:

• The possibility of arranging a basement or basement.
• Withstands quite heavy loads from heavy 2-3-storey buildings.
• It is possible to equip heavy floors of concrete slabs.
• Relative ease of construction, all work can be done independently.

The disadvantages of the strip foundation include the cost of materials: cement, crushed stone, sand and reinforcement. But the end result is worth it.

There are two options for strip foundations according to the depth of laying: shallow and buried.

The depth of laying a shallow foundation usually does not exceed 50 - 60 cm. It can be equipped on soils that can serve as a solid foundation. These are sand, crushed stone soil and rocks that are not subject to heaving.

It is also important to know the level of groundwater. If it is below the freezing level of the soil, then it is also possible to equip a shallow foundation on clay soil and loam.

A shallow strip foundation is perfect as a base for light frame structures, garages, outbuildings, fences, wooden houses. Although for a one-story brick house it is also possible to make a non-buried base.

The technology for arranging a shallow foundation can be described as follows:

• Digs a trench 70 - 80 cm deep and 50 - 60 cm wide.
• The bottom of the trench is rammed.
• A layer of crushed stone 30 cm is poured on the bottom and rammed, and then a layer of sand 10 cm and also rammed.
• A formwork is installed inside the trench, the top of which should rise 30 - 50 cm above ground level.
• The walls of the future foundation must be protected from the influence of water, therefore, a waterproofing material is attached to the bottom of the trench and to the walls of the formwork - roofing material, stekloizol or any other rolled material.

• Inside the formwork, a reinforcing cage made of a rod 8 mm thick is placed.
• Concrete is poured on top.
• The concrete is compacted with a vibrator.

Do not neglect the crushed stone layer, as it serves as a kind of shock absorber. A well-prepared cushion of crushed stone and sand will eliminate the appearance of local subsidence.

Important! This foundation option is not suitable if the site is uneven and has elevation changes, as well as for heavy stone buildings.

Brick shallow strip foundation is an ordinary brickwork made of baked bricks, which does not absorb moisture. It can be equipped for wooden houses, outbuildings, garages and other light structures.

The depth of the so-called deep foundation is below the freezing level of the soil. In different regions, this depth is different and varies from 70 cm to 1.5 m or more. It can be equipped on any solid soil, if the level of groundwater is below the freezing level of the soil.

A recessed strip foundation can be made on such soils:

• Sand.
• Clay.
• Loam.
• Sandy loam.
• Rocky soil.

You can not make a strip foundation if:

• Groundwater is high. The foundation will freeze and collapse.
• Large elevation changes.
• Waterlogged soil. Although there is an exception here. If the peat layer is not too large, up to 1 m, then in this case it is removed to the full depth to a solid litter base.
• Loose unstable soil.
• The soil freezes too deep. It is inappropriate to spend money on building such a deep foundation. For example, if the freezing depth exceeds 2 m, it makes sense to choose a different type of foundation.

On insufficiently strong soils, you can make the tape wider and deeper. But this is only if the soil is of medium fluidity and there is still solid soil at the bottom of the trench.

The technology of erecting a buried strip foundation is no different from arranging a shallow foundation. The only difference is the depth of the trench and the fact that the material consumption is much greater: more reinforcement and more concrete will be required. Also, in the walls of the foundation, technological holes for pipelines and air vents are provided.

The buried foundation is strong enough to withstand heavy stone structures: brick, concrete, etc. That is why it is so popular among the inhabitants of our country.

Column foundations are used in cases where the arrangement of a heavier strip foundation is impractical. For example, if the building is light and the load on the base is less than the standard. The columnar foundation consists of pillars with a step of 2.5 - 3 m, located along the entire perimeter of the building under the bearing walls and under the internal piers and at the intersections of the walls. On top of the pillars, a grillage is necessarily made, which can be made of concrete, timber or channels.

The pillars themselves can be concrete, rubble, rubble concrete, brick and wood. The depth of the pillars is usually taken equal to the depth of soil freezing.

Pillar foundations can be used under:

• Wooden houses.
• Frame and panel houses.
• Outbuildings.
• Light houses made of aerated concrete.

Important! A columnar base is not suitable if you plan to make a basement, basement or garage in the house. But this is ideal if the site has a slope. Then the pillars are deepened to dense soil.

Also note that a columnar foundation can be used in cases where the laying of a strip foundation is not economically feasible. For example, if the depth of soil freezing is 4 - 5 m. In such cases, a columnar base with a reinforced concrete grillage is equipped.

wooden poles are used for the construction of foundations extremely rarely, as they are short-lived. Before installing them in the well, the wood is treated with various waterproofing materials and anti-mold impregnations. After treatment, wooden poles can last a maximum of 30 years. Usually, a wooden base is equipped for light wooden structures, such as baths, sheds, gazebos.

The technology for erecting a columnar foundation can be described as follows:

• Wells are drilled under the pillars to the required depth plus 20 - 30 cm. The diameter of the well is 25 cm.
• A layer of crushed stone 20 cm and a layer of sand 10 cm are covered at the bottom.
• After that, a roofing material rolled into a roll is lowered into the well, which will serve as both a formwork and waterproofing for the pillars. Also sometimes blanks are used in the form of steel or asbestos-cement pipes. The upper edge of such formwork should rise above the ground by at least 30 cm.
• Inside the well, a reinforcing cage is lowered from a rod of 10 - 12 mm for vertical carriers and 6 mm for horizontal ones. The reinforcement should rise above the formwork by 20 - 30 cm, if it is planned to perform a reinforced concrete grillage.
• Then concrete is poured into the wells and compacted with a vibrator.

On top of the pillars, you can equip a grillage made of concrete, wooden beams or steel channels. In the technology of arranging a columnar foundation, it is extremely important to ensure that the upper faces of the pillars are horizontal so that they form a flat plane.

The dimensions of the columnar foundation depend on the material from which they are made. For brick, the width of the pillars should be 50 - 55 cm. For reinforced concrete, 25 cm is enough. Wooden logs are taken 25 - 28 cm in diameter. When arranging a rubble-concrete columnar foundation, a width of 50 - 60 cm is taken.

A variety of columnar foundations, or rather a combined type of foundations, is a columnar-strip foundation using TISE technology. It is also called a pile-grillage or pile-column foundation.

Recently, this type of foundation has gained widespread popularity, it is equipped even for heavy stone houses in regions with cold winters and deep freezing of the soil. How durable they are, only time will tell. In the meantime, they are recommended to be used in cases where the arrangement of a strip foundation is too costly.

The essence of the column-strip foundation is that the pillars fall below the freezing depth of the soil, and a grillage in the form of a strip foundation is arranged in the upper layer of the soil.

The correct foundation according to TISE technology is built as follows:

• The upper fertile soil is removed, then a trench is dug as for a strip foundation 50 cm deep.

• At a distance of 1.5 - 2 m from each other, wells with a diameter of 25 cm are drilled for pillars. Depth 1.5 m or equal to the depth of soil freezing in the region. Pillars must be located at all corners of the building and at the junction of walls.
• At the bottom of each well, an expanded heel with a diameter of 40 cm is made.
• The heel is poured with a concrete solution.
• Then, a formwork in the form of a roll of roofing material or an asbestos pipe is lowered into the well.

• A reinforcing frame is inserted inside, its upper edge should rise above the ground to the entire height of the future foundation.
• Along the perimeter of the trenches, a wooden formwork is equipped, in which technological holes for pipes and communications are provided.
• A reinforcing frame is inserted inside and connected to the frame protruding from the wells.
• After all the reinforcement elements are interconnected, you can begin to pour the concrete solution.

• First, the pillars are poured and the concrete is carefully compacted with deep vibrators.
• Then the tape is poured without interruption and the concrete is also compacted.

After pouring, concrete gains strength within 28 - 30 days. After this time, construction can continue.

Column-strip foundation is not recommended to be equipped in swampy areas, on peat bogs. During operation, the concrete pillars are likely to break off from the foundation tape or the entire support is skewed. But if the soil is dense, this type of foundation can save a lot of money.

If there is weak, easily compressible soil on the site, then a pile foundation is equipped. Also, if it is impractical to reach solid soils of a natural base under peat bogs due to their large laying depth - 4 - 6 m, a pile foundation is hammered in as a foundation for the building.

Among other things, pile foundations are allowed to be equipped for buildings on solid ground, if it is economically justified.

According to the method of transfer and distribution of loads on the ground, two types of piles are distinguished:

• Hanging piles do not reach the hard ground of the natural base. They seem to hang in a light compressible rock and transfer loads to it over their entire vertical surface. Usually their end is a screw thread that holds well in the ground.
• standing piles or pile-risers pass through weak soils to a solid foundation and rest on it with their ends.

According to the method of arrangement, screw piles are divided into driven and stuffed. Driven piles“driven” into the ground with the help of special heavy equipment, simultaneously with driving the pile, the soil around it is compacted, which ensures greater reliability.

Stuffed piles equip on the construction site using the same technology as the pillars for the columnar foundation.

Piles can be concrete, reinforced concrete, metal and wood.

The screw foundation is usually made of steel piles with a threaded end, they are screwed into light soil. A grillage is arranged from above, the material of which depends on the severity of the structure and the material of the walls. For a wooden house, a grillage in the form of a mortgage beam is enough.

Pile and pile-screw foundations can be built on peat soils, in cases where the site has a strong slope, on quicksand, swamps, subsiding soils. An indicator for the use of piles as a support is low strength, porosity and excessive soil moisture in the area.

Slab foundation for the house

A solid or slab foundation is a slab under the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building. It is equipped in cases where the load from the building is significant, and the base soil is weak and unable to withstand it. For example, if a site on a drained swamp, soft porous peat is not able to support the weight of the house, it will shrink, move under its weight. If you equip a strip foundation, it is likely that it will simply tear or warp, part of the house may fail.

The slab foundation is good in that it will move and "travel" along with the base soil. The house will remain intact.

The technology for arranging a slab foundation can be described as follows:

• A pit is dug over the entire area of ​​the building. The depth of the pit depends on whether it is planned to make a basement and a basement. Consider the option without a basement. In this case, the depth of the pit should be 50 cm.
• The bottom of the pit is carefully compacted.
• Then a layer of crushed stone 20 cm is poured, rammed.
• Then a layer of sand 10 cm and also rammed.
• A layer of waterproofing material is spread on top, the edges of which lead to the walls of the pit.
• Equip the formwork around the perimeter of the pit. The height is usually no more than 20 cm above the ground.
• Inside the pit, a reinforcing frame made of a 12-16 mm rod is equipped. It takes a lot of material to make it.

• The reinforcement cage should be located in the thickness of the concrete, so 3 cm high toilet seats are placed under it.
• Concrete is being poured. Necessarily without breaks, so a mixer with ready-made concrete is ordered for the site.
• Concrete is compacted with vibrators.

Slab foundations are sometimes referred to as floating foundations because they are able to move with the ground. They can be equipped on such grounds: clay, subsiding soils, swampy terrain, quicksand, peat soils, heaving soils. On solid foundations, a slab foundation is unprofitable.

In conclusion, I would like to make a few recommendations. If the site has high groundwater, it is better to equip a slab foundation, tape shallow or pile. If the water level is so high that even an unburied foundation is likely to get wet, then it is necessary to perform high-quality drainage around the house and divert the water to a gutter or well. It is highly undesirable for the reinforced concrete foundation to get wet. Dry soil is considered if the groundwater level is below the freezing level of the soil. As a rule, in such cases, you can equip any foundation.