New diseases as a consequence of environmental problems. Environmentally dependent diseases, methods of their diagnosis

Throughout the life of a person, there are quite a few interesting and exciting events that have a direct impact on the life of many generations. For a long time, man has sought to create more comfortable conditions for his existence, was in search of the source of all diseases, disasters and other problems annoying the planet. The life expectancy of ancient people was no more than 20-25 years, gradually this period increased and reached 30-40 years, people got the hope that after 100-200 years they will be able to live for 100 or more years and at the same time not get sick and completely do not grow old. Indeed, the developments of modern medicine allow this dream to come true, but one very capricious and righteous force will not allow - nature.

Man, in his impulse to transform everything and everyone, completely forgot about nature - an invincible force that gave birth not only to all living things, but also to man himself. Huge industrial giants, whose chimneys emit innumerable amounts of smoke, poisoning the atmosphere, billions of cars, mountains of garbage that accumulate around large cities, waste that lurks at the bottom of the seas and deep crevices - all this has a detrimental effect on health. Having been born completely healthy and strong, the child begins to get sick after a while and may even die. According to the sad statistics, about 50 million people die in the world every year due to poor ecology, most of them are children under school age.

Let's list some diseases associated with poor environmental conditions:

1. Cancer. The main disease of the new century is not AIDS at all or other rapidly spreading diseases, such a disease is cancer - a small tumor, which is extremely rare to detect in a timely manner. A cancerous tumor appears in any part of the body, affecting the brain and spinal cord, internal organs, eyesight, chest and so on. It is impossible to prevent the appearance of the disease, as well as to reliably predict who will develop it. Thus, all of humanity is at risk.
2. Diseases accompanied by diarrhea, leading to dehydration and severe painful death. Oddly enough, in a world where sanitation is a priority for all others, there is just a huge number of countries where people have absolutely no understanding of hygiene, the need to wash hands, fruits and vegetables, and wash things. And this is connected, first of all, with the upbringing of a whole separate world, which prefers to get sick and die, rather than learn something new. The cause of these diseases is the same - poisoned air, water and soil, intensively watered with pesticides for the speedy growth of plants. About 3 million people on the planet die from these diseases every year.
3. Respiratory infections. The main cause of respiratory diseases, that is, those that are transmitted by airborne droplets, is a polluted atmosphere. That is why residents of large cities so often get sick with flu, pneumonia, and other diseases. It is estimated that pneumonia alone kills 3.5 million children per year.
4. Tuberculosis. Having appeared with the advent of machines, this pulmonary disease still remains incurable, although more than one hundred years have passed since its detection. Large masses of people working and living in the same room are most susceptible to infection, therefore every 5th resident of the city is in the infected zone. Statistics show that more than 3 million people die from tuberculosis caused by lack of clean air every year.

Every year, new clichés of viruses and diseases appear in the world, the number of forests and fields, uncultivated and untouched areas of nature, is decreasing, tuberculosis affects not only some specific people, very soon this disease will affect the entire Earth. The tree planting activities are nothing compared to how many trees are cut down in a day. A young tree will take several years to grow, during which time it will be affected by drought, strong winds, storms and hurricanes. It is likely that out of hundreds of planted seedlings, only a few will reach the state of mature trees, while during this time thousands and thousands of trees will die.

Never before has a world armed to the teeth with weapons and medicines been so close to destruction as it is now. It is worth thinking about why people live high in the mountains for more than a hundred years without getting sick. Probably their secret is not in a special diet, but in remoteness from machines and technological innovations, which are gradually shortening a person's days.

Svetlana Kosareva "Poor ecology and diseases of the modern world" specially for the Eco-life website.

Biologists and economists have recently begun to use a new term - ecosystem services, which refers to the many ways in which nature supports human activities. Forests filter our drinking water, birds and bees pollinate crops, and both "services" are of high economic and biological value.

If we do not understand the laws of the natural ecosystem and do not take care of it, then the system will cease to provide the "service" we need and even begin to haunt us in forms that we still have very little idea about. An example is the model of the emergence of new infectious diseases, in which most epidemics - AIDS, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, West Nile fever, acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Lyme disease, and hundreds of others that have happened in recent decades - did not happen by themselves.

As it turns out, the disease is largely environmentally related. 60% of human infectious diseases are zoonotic, that is, they originate from animals. And more than two-thirds of them originate in the wild.

Several teams of veterinarians and environmentalists, together with medical scientists and epidemiologists, are making global efforts to understand the “ecology of disease”. Their work is part of a project called Predict, which is funded by the USA Agency for International Development. Experts are trying to understand how, based on knowledge about man-made changes in the landscape, for example, the construction of a new farm or road, it is possible to predict where diseases new to mankind will penetrate to us, and how to detect them in time, that is, before they had time spread. Researchers take samples of blood, saliva and other biomaterials from animals of those species that carry the greatest threat of the spread of infection in order to compile a kind of catalog of viruses: having it, it will be possible to quickly identify a virus in case of human infection. Experts are looking for ways to manage forests, their fauna and domestic animals that would prevent diseases from escaping from forests and growing them into new pandemics.

It's not just about health, it's about economics. The World Bank has calculated that a fierce flu epidemic, for example, could cost the global economy $ 3 trillion.

The problem is exacerbated by the unsatisfactory conditions of livestock in poor countries: this factor can significantly increase the threat of the spread of infections transmitted by wild animals. Recently, the International Livestock Research Institute published information that more than 2 million people die each year from diseases transmitted to humans from wild and domestic animals.

The Nipah virus in South Africa and the closely related Hendra virus in Australia (both of the Henipah genus) are the most relevant examples of how ecosystem disruption can lead to the spread of disease. The source of these viruses is flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus), also known as fruit bats. They eat very sloppy and this is an important factor in the transmission scenario. Reminding in their appearance to Dracula, tightly wrapped in a webbed cloak, they often hang upside down and eat the fruits: they chew the pulp, and spit out the juice and seeds.

Flying foxes and Henipah viruses arose together millions of years ago and underwent joint evolution, as a result of which the host organism rarely becomes seriously ill under the influence of a virus, except perhaps the volatile equivalent of our cold. When the virus breaks through to species that are not its traditional symbiote, something similar to a horror movie scenario can happen, as happened in rural Malaysia in 1999. Apparently, the flying fox dropped a piece of the chewed pulp of the fruit into the pigsty located in the forest. The pigs contracted the virus, amplified it, after which it switched to humans. Its lethal power was amazing: of the 276 people infected in Malaysia, 106 died, and many of the survivors were left disabled for life, suffering from neurological complications. There is no vaccine or cure for Henipah infection. Since the first outbreak of the disease, 12 more have occurred in South Asia, although on a smaller scale.

In Australia, where 4 people and several dozen horses died from the Hendra virus, the scenario was different: the expansion of the suburbs led to the fact that infected bats, which have always inhabited exclusively forests, chose yards and pastures. If Henipah viruses have evolved to a readiness to be transmitted through casual contact, then one has to worry about whether he can leave the jungle and spread first throughout Asia and then around the world. “Nipah is seeping and we are seeing small clusters of cases so far, but it’s only a matter of time: sooner or later there will be a strain that can spread very effectively among humans,” says Jonathan Epstein, veterinarian with EcoHealth Alliance, New -York organization that studies environmental causes of disease.

Newly emerging infectious diseases are new types of pathogens, or old ones, but mutated, as happens every year with the flu. For example, humans acquired AIDS from chimpanzees in the 1920s, when African wild game hunters killed and consumed them.

Throughout history, the disease has emerged from forests and wildlife, making its way to human populations: plague and malaria are just two examples of such infections. Over the past 50 years, however, the number of re-emerging diseases, according to experts, has quadrupled, mainly due to the deeper penetration of humans into wildlife, especially in infectious "hot spots" of the planet, most of which are located in tropical regions. ... Thanks to the possibilities of modern air transport and the stable demand for wild animals, the likelihood of a large-scale outbreak of any infectious disease in large settlements is quite high.

The key to predicting and preventing a future pandemic, experts say, is understanding the so-called "protective effect" of nature, not disturbed by human intervention. For example, it follows from scientific analysis that in the Amazon, the deforestation of only 4% of forests has led to an increase in the incidence of malaria by 50%, because mosquitoes that transmit the infection reproduce much more actively when sunlight and water are combined, that is, in conditions created in areas of deforestation ... Making ill-considered actions in relation to forests, a person opens a Pandora's box - and this kind of cause and effect is studied by a newly created team of specialists.

Health experts are starting to incorporate environmental factors into their public health models. Australia, for example, is launching an ambitious multi-million dollar project to study the ecology of the Hendra virus and bats.

However, the introduction of human civilization into the tropical landscape is not the only factor contributing to the emergence of new infectious diseases. West Nile virus came to the United States from Africa, but has spread thanks to the fact that one of its favorite hosts is the robin, which thrives in America, in the land of meadows and agricultural fields. Disease-spreading mosquitoes find robins especially attractive. “The impact of the virus on public health in the United States is so significant because it uses species that get along well with humans,” says Marm Kilpatrick, a biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Because of its leading role in the spread of this disease, the robin is called the "super-carrier".

The scourge of America's east coast, Lyme disease, is also largely a product of human interference with the environment, namely the shrinking and fragmentation of extensive woodlands. The human invasion frightened off natural predators - wolves, foxes, owls and hawks. This has led to a fivefold increase in the number of white-footed hamsters, which are an excellent reservoir for Lyme bacteria, possibly because they have very weak immune systems. In addition, they take very poor care of their fur. Opossums and gray squirrels comb out 90% of the tick larvae that spread the virus, while hamsters kill only 50%. “In this way, hamsters produce a huge number of infected pupae,” says Richard Ostfeld, a specialist in Lyme disease.

“When our actions in the ecosystem - for example, breaking a single forest area into pieces and plowing the vacated territory into farmland - damage the diversity of biological species, we get rid of those species that have a protective function,” says Dr. Ostfeld. “There are several species that are reservoirs of infection, and quite a few that are not. By our intervention, we encourage those who act as reservoirs to reproduce. "

Dr. Ostfeld observed the emergence of two infectious diseases carried by ticks: piroplasmosis (babesiosis) and anaplasmosis - and he was the first to raise the alarm about the possibility of their spread.

The best way to prevent new outbreaks of disease, experts say, is a global program, which they called “One Health Initiative”, which includes the work of more than 600 scientists and other professionals, and promotes the idea that human, animal and ecosystem health are inextricably linked , and when planning certain innovations affecting nature, they must be approached as a whole.

“This doesn’t mean leaving virgin forests untouched and keeping people out,” explains Simon Anthony, a molecular virologist at the Center for Infection and Immunity Research at Columbia University. “But you need to figure out how to do it without damage. If we can find the mechanism that triggers the onset of the disease, we will be able to make changes in the environment without negative consequences. "

This is a task of immense scale and complexity. According to experts, today science has studied approximately 1% of all viruses that live in the wild. Another complicating factor is that wildlife immunology is just beginning to develop as a science. Raina K. Plowright, a disease ecology biologist at Pennsylvania State University, found that outbreaks of Hendra virus in flying foxes in rural areas are rare, and much more in urban and suburban animals. She hypothesizes that urbanized bats become sedentary and less exposed to the virus than wild ones, and therefore more easily fall ill. This means that an increasing number of flying foxes - whether as a result of poor nutrition, loss of their natural environment or for other reasons - become infected themselves and bring the virus into the yard to humans.

The fate of a future pandemic may depend on the work of the Forecast project. EcoHels and its partners, the University of California Davis, the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Smithsonian Institute for Global Prediction in Virology, are studying viruses infecting tropical wildlife and are compiling a virus catalog. The focus is on primates, rats and bats, which are the most likely candidates for disease vectors that affect humans.

Project Prognoz researchers are observing sites where deadly viruses are an established fact, and a man breaks into a forest area, as is happening along a new highway linking the Atlantic coast to the coast The Pacific across the Andes to Brazil and Peru. “By mapping the site of an invasion of a forest, you can predict where the next outbreak of the disease may occur,” says Dr. Dazak, President of EcoHels: “We go to villages bordering forests, we go to places where mines have just been dug, where roads are being built. We talk to people living in these areas and explain to them that their activities are very risky. "

You may also need to talk to traditional game hunters and those who build farms in areas that are natural bats. In Bangladesh, where the Nipah virus has led to outbreaks of the disease several times, it was established that flying foxes visited the collector containers of date juice that people drank. The containers were covered with bamboo mats (costing 8 cents apiece) and the source of the disease was eliminated.

EcoHels specialists also organized baggage scanning at airports in order to check imported exotic animals, which with a high probability can carry viruses that are deadly to humans. EcoHels has a special PetWatch program designed to warn those who like to keep at home exotic pets brought to market from wild forests in infectious hot spots of the planet.

Dr. Epstein, a veterinarian at EcoHels, believes that the knowledge we have gained about the ecology of disease over the past few years allows us to worry a little less about the future. “For the first time in history, we are taking coordinated action from 20 countries around the world to develop a system of timely warnings about the potential threat of outbreaks of zoonotic infections,” he says.

Jim ROBBINS

Environmentally related diseases - these are diseases for which the state of the environment contributes to their prevalence, the characteristics of their course, but is the only and main cause of their occurrence.

Environmentally related diseases - This is a stronger term refers to a narrow range of diseases, the cause of which is clearly associated with the environment.

Ecotoxicology deals with the identification of the spectrum of anthropogenic chemicals that affect human health, their standardization and identification of the maximum permissible concentration.

The main sources of toxicants entering the environment:

1.Natural toxicants: wind dust, volcanic eruptions, sea salt.

2.anthropogenic, associated with vehicles, industrial production, landfills, sewage.

The concentration of toxicants in the human body stimulates the mutagenic effect, i.e. change at the genetic level. The main toxicants causing the mutation are pesticides - these are organic chemical compounds arising from the interaction of chemical fertilizers with soil microorganisms, these are genetically modified products, foreign chemicals. They adversely affect digestion and assimilation of nutrients, lower the body's immune defense forces.

Carcinogenic substancesAre chemical compounds that can cause malignant and benign formations in the body when exposed to it.

Lead: damages the liver, kidneys, causes chronic illness brain, mental retardation.

Chronic mercury poisoning: damage to the central and autonomic nervous system, liver, excretory organs, kidneys, and digestive organs.

Cadmium: a disease of bone tissue, fragility and fragility of bones, has carcinogenic properties and stimulates the development of all forms of cancer and acute respiratory diseases.

Phenol: Irritating to mucous membranes, chronic phenol poisoning destroys the kidneys and liver. Sources to the premises: construction and finishing materials, furniture from chipboard.

Formaldehyde (a preservative in various foods): Carcinogenic; Severely irritating to eyes, throat, skin, respiratory tract and lungs.

Ecopathology - causes a violation of the pigmentation process, skin rashes, deterioration of health.

Xenobiotics - these are chemical compounds that are synthesized by the person himself and have strong toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.

Chronic fatigue syndrome: sleep disorder, depression, rapid mood swings.

Electromagnetic fields cause a violation of the central nervous system, cardiovascular. The endocrine and immune systems can induce the growth of cancer cells.

Ionizing radiation cause radiation sickness, radiation dermatitis, malignant tumors, leukemia, hereditary diseases.

Anthroecological fatigue - this is the stress of all systems of the body, aimed at restoring the disturbed homeostasis caused by the factors of the human-changed environment.

Biological types of pollution - these are pathogenic micro-organisms, viruses, helminths, protozoa, they can be found in the atmosphere, water, soil, in the body of other living organisms. The peculiarity of natural focal diseases is that their pathogens exist in nature within a certain territory, without connection with people or pets (plague, typhus, tick-borne inciphalitis, malaria)

High-power sounds and noises affect the auditory apparatus, nerve centers, can cause pain and shock.

Iatrogenic diseases - these are mental disorders that arise as a result of dioptological errors of medical workers (these are incorrect statements or actions). The treatment coincides with the treatment of neurosis.

Videoecology - This is the area of \u200b\u200bknowledge about the relationship of a person with the visible environment.

Sections: Geography, Ecology

Lesson topic: Environmental diseases.

Lesson objectives:

• To give a concept of global environmental pollution, the impact on human health of heavy metals, radiation, biphenyls and emerging environmental diseases. Show ways to solve the problem of global environmental pollution. Give the concept of environmental safety of the population.
• Continue developing the skills to prepare messages, analyze, compare, draw conclusions.
• Fostering a respect for health and nature.

Equipment:photos, slides, tables.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

a) Announcement of the topic of the lesson. ( application ... Slide 1)
b) Familiarization with the lesson plan. ( application ... Slide 2)

II. Presentation of new material

1. Global environmental pollution.

Teacher:At the beginning of the XXI century, mankind has fully felt the global ecological crisis, which clearly indicates the anthropogenic pollution of our planet. The most dangerous environmental pollutants include many inorganic and organic substances: radionuclides, heavy metals (such as mercury, cadmium, lead, zinc), radioactive metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Their constant exposure causes serious disturbances in the activity of the basic vital functions of the body. Probably, man crossed the permissible ecological limits of influence on all components of the biosphere, which ultimately endangered the existence of modern civilization. We can say that a person has come to a limit that cannot be crossed under any circumstances. One careless step and humanity will "fall" into the abyss. One rash move, and humanity can disappear from the face of the earth.
(application ... Slide 3)
Global environmental pollution has occurred mainly for two reasons:
1) The steady growth of the world's population.
2) A sharp increase in the consumption of various energy sources during the scientific and technological revolution.

Consider the first case: ( application ... Slide 4)

So, if the population in 1900 was 1.7 billion people, then by the end of the twentieth century it reached 6.2 billion people. 1950 - the share of the urban population - 29%, 2000 - 47.5%. Urbanization in Russia - 73%.
(application ... Slide 5) 145 million people are born in the world every year. 3 people appear every second. Every minute there are 175 people. Every hour - 10.5 thousand people. Every day - 250 thousand people.

(application ... Slide 5) The largest urban agglomerations are: Tokyo - 26.4 million people. Mexico City - 17 million New York - 16.6 million Moscow - 13.4 million people

Urbanization has also affected Russia, where the share of the urban population is about 73%. In large cities, the situation with environmental pollution has become threatening (especially from emissions from vehicles, radioactive contamination due to accidents at nuclear power plants).

(application ... Slide 6) A city with a population of 1 million people per day consumes 2,000 tons of food, 625,000 tons of water, thousands of tons of coal, oil, gas and their products.
In one day, a millionth city throws out 500,000 tons of wastewater, 2,000 tons of garbage and hundreds of tons of gaseous substances. All cities in the world annually emit into the environment up to 3 billion tons of solid industrial and domestic waste and about 1 billion tons of various aerosols, over 500 cubic meters. km, industrial and domestic wastewater. (Write in a notebook)

Teacher.Let's consider the second case.
Since the middle of the 19th century, as a result of the industrial and then scientific and technological revolution, mankind has increased the consumption of fossil fuels tenfold. With the advent of new means of transportation (steam locomotives, steamships, cars, diesel engines) and the development of heat power, the rates of consumption of oil and natural gas have increased significantly.
(application ... Slide 7)
Over the past 50 years, the consumption of fossil fuels in the world has increased: coal 2 times, oil 8 times, gas 12 times. So, if the consumption of oil in the world in 1910 amounted to 22 million tons, then in 1998 it reached 3.5 billion tons.
The basis for the socio-economic development of modern civilization is mainly the production of energy, which relies mainly on fossil fuels.
On the one hand, oil and gas have become the foundation of the well-being of many countries, and on the other hand, they have become a powerful source of global pollution of our planet. More than 9 billion are burned every year in the world. tons of equivalent fuel, which leads to the release of more than 20 mln. tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and more than 700 million tons of various compounds. Currently, about 2 billion tons of petroleum products are burned in cars.
In Russia, the total amount of pollutant emissions from all types of transport is about 17 million tons per year, more than 80% of all emissions are from vehicles. In addition to carbon monoxide, emissions from cars contain heavy metals, which are released into the air and soil.
Generally, about 84% of carbon monoxide (CO) is emitted into the environment from vehicles. Carbon monoxide interferes with the absorption of oxygen by the blood, which weakens a person's thinking abilities, slows down reflexes, and can cause loss of consciousness and death.
Teacher.Let's move on to the next question.

2. The impact of heavy metals on the human body

A significant amount of heavy metals enters the air and soil, not only from vehicle emissions, but also from the abrasion of brake pads and wear of car tires. A particular danger from these emissions is that they contain soot, which contributes to the deep penetration of heavy metals into the human body. In addition to vehicles, sources of heavy metals in the environment are metallurgical enterprises, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, as well as the production of fertilizers and cement.
All heavy metals can be divided into three hazard classes: we write them down in a notebook. ( application ... Slide 8)

Class I - arsenic, cadmium, mercury, beryllium, selenium, lead, zinc, as well as all radioactive metals;
Class II - cobalt, chromium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, antimony;
III class - vanadium, barium, tungsten, manganese, strontium.

Consequences of exposure to heavy metals on human health

The elements	Effects of exposure to elements	Sources
	Elevated concentrations
	Nervous disorders (minamata disease). Dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, changes in chromosomes.	Contamination of soil, surface and ground waters.
	Skin cancers, intonation, peripheral neuritis.	Soil pollution. Pickled grain.
	The destruction of bone tissue, a delay in protein synthesis in the blood, a violation of the nervous system and kidneys.	Contaminated soils, surface and underground waters.
	Organic tissue changes, bone breakdown, hepatitis	Contamination of soil, surface and ground waters.
	Liver cirrhosis, renal dysfunction, proteinuria.	Soil pollution.

Conclusions on the table are made by the student. ( application ... Slide 10)

Conclusions:Heavy metals are very dangerous; they have the ability to accumulate in living organisms, increasing their concentration along the food chain, which, ultimately, poses a great danger to humans. Highly toxic and radioactive metals entering the human body cause the so-called environmental diseases.

3. Environmental diseasesIs our next question.

Teacher:Guys, you prepared material on this issue, now we will hear you. In the course of the message, you must fill in the table.

Environmental diseases.(application ... Slide 11)

First student message. ( application ... Slides 12, 13, 14 (Photo of Japan views)

In 1953, over a hundred residents of the Minamata town in southern Japan fell ill with a strange disease.
Their vision and hearing rapidly deteriorated, coordination of movements was upset, convulsions and convulsions cramped their muscles, speech was disturbed, and serious mental abnormalities appeared.
The most severe cases ended in complete blindness, paralysis, insanity, death ... A total of 50 people died in Minamata. Not only people suffered from this disease, but also domestic animals - half of the cats died in three years. They began to find out the cause of the disease, it turned out that all the victims ate sea fish caught off the coast, where industrial waste from the enterprises of the Tiso chemical concern was dumped.
containing mercury (minamata disease). ( application ... Slide 15)
Minamata disease - a disease of humans and animals caused by mercury compounds. It has been established that some aquatic microorganisms are capable of converting mercury into highly toxic methylmercury, which increases its concentration along food chains and accumulates in significant quantities in the organisms of predatory fish.
Mercury enters the human body with fish products, in which the mercury content may exceed the norm. Thus, such fish can contain 50 mg / kg of mercury; moreover, when such fish is eaten, it causes mercury poisoning when the raw fish contains 10 mg / kg.
The disease manifests itself in the form of nerve disorders, headache, paralysis, weakness, loss of vision and can even lead to death.

Second student's message. ( application ... Slide 16 - photo about Japan, slide 17 - itai-itai disease).

Itai-tai disease -human poisoning caused by eating rice containing cadmium compounds. This disease has been known since 1955, when wastewater concern "Mitsui" containing cadmium got into the irrigation system of rice fields. Cadmium poisoning can cause apathy in people, kidney damage, softening of the bones and even death.
In the human body, cadmium is mainly accumulated in the kidneys and liver, and its damaging effect occurs when the concentration of this chemical element in the kidneys reaches 200 μg / g. Signs of this disease are recorded in many regions of the world, a significant amount of cadmium compounds enter the environment. The sources are: combustion of fossil fuels at thermal power plants, gas emissions from industrial enterprises, the production of mineral fertilizers, dyes, catalysts, etc. Assimilation - the absorption of water-food cadmium is at the level of 5%, and of air up to 80%. For this reason, the content of cadmium in the body of residents of large cities with their polluted atmosphere can be ten times higher than that of residents of rural areas. Typical "cadmium" diseases of the townspeople include: hypertension, coronary heart disease, renal failure. For smokers (tobacco strongly accumulates cadmium salts from the soil) or those employed in production using cadmium, lung cancer is added to lung cancer, and for
non-smokers - bronchitis, pharyngitis and other respiratory diseases.

Third student's message. ( application ... Slide 18 - photo about Japan, slide 19 - Yusho disease).

Yusho disease -poisoning of people with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - known since 1968. In Japan, at a rice oil refining plant, befinyls from refrigeration units were added to the product. The poisoned oil then went on sale as food and animal feed. First, about 100 thousand chickens died, and soon the first symptoms of poisoning appeared. This was reflected in a change in skin color, in particular, darkening of the skin in children born to mothers who have suffered from PCB poisoning. Later, severe damage to internal organs (liver, kidneys, spleen) and the development of malignant tumors were discovered.
The use of certain types of PCBs in agriculture and health in some countries for the control of vectors of infectious diseases has led to their accumulation in many types of agricultural products, such as rice, cotton, vegetables.
Some PCBs are released into the environment from incinerators, posing a health hazard to urban residents. Therefore, in many countries, the use of PCBs is limited or only used in closed systems.

Student message 4. ( application ... Slides 20-21 - photos about Altai)

Yellow children disease - the disease appeared as a result of the destruction of intercontinental ballistic missiles, which led to the release of toxic components of rocket fuel into the environment: UDMH (unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine or gentil) - the main component of rocket fuel, as well as nitrogen tetroxide (both belong to the first hazard class). These compounds are very toxic, enter the human body through the skin, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract. As a result, children began to be born with
severe signs of jaundice. The incidence of newborns has increased 2-3 times. The number of newborns with lesions of the central nervous system has increased. Infant mortality has increased. Due to the release of these substances, skin "burns" appeared - pustular diseases that can appear after swimming in local rivers, going to the forest, direct contact of naked body parts with the soil, etc. ( application ... Slide 23 - yellow children disease).

Student message 5. ( application ... Slide 23 - drawing of the Chernobyl accident).

"Chernobyl disease"(application ... Slide 24 - "Chernobyl disease")

April 26, 1986there was an explosion at the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The release of radionuclides was 77 kg. (Hiroshima - 740 gr.). 9 million people were affected. The contaminated area was 160 thousand km. The composition of radioactive fallout included about 30 radionuclides such as: krypton - 85, iodine - 131, cesium - 317, plutonium - 239. The most dangerous of them was iodine - 131, with a short half-life. This element enters the human body through the respiratory tract, concentrating in the thyroid gland. The local population showed symptoms of "Chernobyl disease": headache, dry mouth, swollen lymph nodes, cancer of the larynx and thyroid gland. Also, in the areas affected by the Chernobyl accident, the incidence of the cardiovascular system has increased, outbreaks of various infections have become more frequent, and the birth rate has significantly decreased. The frequency of mutations among children increased 2.5 times, anomalies were found in every fifth newborn, about a third of children were born with mental disorders. Traces of the Chernobyl "event"
in the genetic apparatus of mankind, according to doctors, will disappear only after 40 generations.

(application ... Slide 25)

Teacher. How can you reduce the impact of industrial pollution on the environment?

(application ... Slide 26)

1. Use of treatment facilities
2. Non-traditional energy sources.
3. Replacement of old technologies with new ones.
4. Rational organization of traffic.
5. Prevention of accidents at nuclear power plants and other industrial enterprises.

Teacher.Let's move on to the last question.

4. Environmental safety of the population

Teacher.The issue of environmental safety of the population worries each of us. What is environmental safety? We watch the slide, write out the definition and basic laws. ( application ... Slide 27)

The ecological safety of the population is the state of protection of the vital ecological interests of a person and, first of all, his rights to a favorable environment.

Human health now also depends on the state of the environment. "You have to pay for everything" is one of the laws of Barry Commoner. And we pay with our health for the environmental problems we have created. In recent years, in many countries, due to the increase in the number of environmentally related diseases, they began to attach particular importance to legal issues of environmental protection. In our country, important federal environmental laws have been adopted: "On environmental protection" (1991), Water Code of the Russian Federation (1995), "On radiation safety of the population" (1996), "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" (1999). The "Concept of the RF transition to sustainable development" was developed in 1996. International cooperation is of great importance in solving environmental problems.

Conclusion (application ... Slide 28)

Nature was and always will be stronger than man. It is eternal and endless. If we leave everything as it is, then soon after only 20-50 years, the Earth will respond to humanity with an irresistible blow to destruction!

Reflection(application ... Slides 29, 30 - funny drawings).

III. Securing the material

(application ... Slides 31–35). Checking the filling of the table "Environmental diseases".

IV. Homework

Learn the material in the table .

Literature:

1. Vovk G.A. Ecology. Textbook for students of 10 cells . educational institutions.
Blagoveshchensk: BSPU Publishing House, 2000.
2. Vronsky V.A. Environmental diseases. Magazine “Geography in School No. 3, 2003.
3. V.I. Korobkin, L.V. PeredelskyEcology. Rostov n-D: publishing house "Phoenix", 2001.
4. Kuznetsov V.N. Ecology of Russia. Reader. M: JSC "MDS", 1996.
5. L.L. Rozanov Geoecology. Study guide 10-11 cl. Elective courses. Bustard, 2005.

A special group of diseases, which were called environmental diseases (not to be confused with endemic ones), have recently been discovered. They are caused by substances alien to organisms - xenobiotics (from the Greek. Xenos - alien and bios - life), among which especially negative influence render heavy metal ions (Cadmium, lead, Mercury, etc.) And some binary compounds of non-metals (sulfur (IU) oxide SO2 and nitrogen (IU) oxide NO2).

Metallic mercury and its vapors, which are highly toxic chemicals, are among the most common "metallic" environmental pollutants. Emissions into the water are especially dangerous, because as a result of the activity of microorganisms inhabiting the bottom, a highly toxic compound, soluble in water, is formed, which causes Minamata disease. (Note! If a mercury thermometer breaks in your house, you should carefully collect all the balls of mercury on a piece of paper, and fill the cracks and unevenness of the floor with sulfur powder. Sulfur easily reacts with mercury, forming a harmless compound HgS.)

Cadmium, its compounds and vapors also belong to acutely toxic substances that are easily absorbed into the bloodstream, affect the central nervous system, liver and kidneys, and disrupt metabolism. Chronic poisoning in small doses (itai-itai disease) leads to anemia and bone destruction. Symptoms of acute poisoning with cadmium salts are accompanied by sudden vomiting and convulsions.

Lead and its compounds are also very toxic. Once in the human body, they accumulate (from accumulation lat - accumulation) in the bones, causing their destruction, and the atoms of this element can accumulate in the renal tubules, causing impairment of the excretory function. Lead compounds are widely used in the production of dyes, paints, pesticides, glass products, and also as an additive to gasoline to increase the octane number, and therefore poisoning with this element occurs more often. Since car emissions contain lead compounds, they have now simply covered the entire earth's surface, even reaching Antarctica, where there have never been cars.

Perhaps the most famous outbreak of environmental disease in our country was in the late 80s pp. XX century a case in the city of Chernivtsi, when outwardly healthy children of 2 -3 years of age suddenly began to lose hair and overnight they simply went bald. The cause of this disease, which is called intoxication apletion, was quickly established - poisoning with salts Thalia - a very dangerous xenobiotic. However, it is still unclear where this chemical element came from in such an amount. It should be said that all over the world, and in Ukraine in particular, outbreaks of diseases unknown to medicine, caused by the action of various unnatural substances on the body, quite often occur.

What is acid rain... Various oxides of sulfur and nitrogen are powerful environmental pollutants, which are emitted into the atmosphere mainly during the combustion of coal. Substances are dangerous not only because they can cause allergies and asthma, but also because of acid rain. Reacting with atmospheric water (often under the influence of solar radiation), sulfur oxides are converted into solutions of acids - sulfite (SO2 + Н20 \u003d H2SO3), sulfuric (SO3 + Н20 \u003d H2SO4), and nitrogen oxides - nitrogenous and nitric (2N02 - h Н20 \u003d HN03 - h HN02) acids. Then, along with snow or rain, they fall to the ground. Acid rain destroys forests and crops, destroys life in water bodies, increasing their acidity to such a level that plants and animals die in them.

Thus, in the production process and to obtain energy, a huge amount of waste substances (soot, phosphorus, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, etc.) are released into the air and water.

Sulfur, various compounds of metallic elements, etc.), the mass of which in just a year on Earth is millions of tons. Living beings have never encountered most of these compounds, and therefore they cannot utilize them - use them for their needs. Whereas their accumulation inevitably leads to the gradual destruction of the natural environment and is detrimental to all living things. Since modern civilization cannot do without the production of more and more cars, airplanes, tankers, the construction of factories, residential neighborhoods and just cottages, and the transition to environmentally friendly production of matter and energy is still nothing more than a project for the future, there is a need to quota production waste , limiting their free release. For this, each country is given a quota, according to which it can pollute the environment for a certain number of tons of emissions per year. But this idea, which, of course, is only a half-measure, does not find real support in the governments of the most developed countries, since in this case a sharp drop in production is expected.