The amount of suspended solids in water. Analysis and treatment of wastewater from suspended solids
Live journal
Facebook
TwitterSuspended solids present in natural waters consist of particles of clay, sand, silt, suspended organic and inorganic substances, plankton and various microorganisms. Suspended substances enter open water bodies along with melt or rainwater, as a result of erosion of river channels, with sewage. In large bodies of water, the turbidity of the water increases near the coast due to agitation of sediment in strong winds. Suspended particles reduce the transparency of water, thereby reducing the penetration of light into it, which in turn reduces the photosynthesis of aquatic plants and aeration of the aquatic environment. Suspended substances affect the temperature and composition of the dissolved components of surface water, they contribute to siltation of the bottom in areas with a low flow rate, and have an adverse effect on the vital activity of aquatic organisms. Various pollutants can be adsorbed on suspended particles; Settling to the bottom, they can become a source of secondary water pollution.
The course of these processes can be represented by a diagram. It is assumed that almost complete mineralization of the organic substances contained in the water occurs after 20 days. But the process is most intense in the first 5 days, and therefore this parameter is considered an indicator of water pollution by organic substances.
Please note that the degree of oxidation of substances contained in water depends on a number of factors, including: properties of the oxidizing agent, concentration, temperature, duration of action, pH of the solution, etc. To compare results and ensure repeatability, testing should be conducted under strictly defined conditions.
The concentration of suspended particles is related to seasonal factors and flow patterns, depending on the rocks that form the channel, as well as on anthropogenic factors such as agriculture, mining, etc.
The concentration of suspended solids in surface watercourses can reach significant values \u200b\u200b- up to 3000-10000 mg / dm 3, the usual content of 100-1500 mg / dm 3.
Acidity is the ability of water to neutralize strong alkalis or potassium carbonates added to it. The factors causing this are mainly compounds from the atmosphere, soil, reagents added during its processing, and pollutants entering the water. Include water-soluble carbon dioxide, mineral and organic acids, and salt hydrolysis products. At pH below 4, 6, Mineral acidity and water are corrosive to metals and concrete. This type of acidity is very rare in clear surface waters.
In these waters, there is a balance between the concentrations of carbonates and bicarbonates, which cause alkalinity and acidity, causing carbon dioxide. Then the existence of a carbon balance is discussed. Which may be disturbed by the addition of acidic impurities. Their size can be determined, for example, by potentiometric titration.
In accordance with the requirements for the composition and properties of water of water bodies at drinking and cultural facilities, the content of suspended solids as a result of wastewater discharge should not increase, respectively, by more than 0.25 mg / dm 3 and 0.75 mg / dm 3.
Determination of the concentration of dissolved substances
The method for measuring the mass concentration of dissolved substances is based on evaporating to dryness 5-1000 cm 3 of filtered water sample in a pre-calcined and suspended porcelain cup, drying the dry residue for 3 hours at a temperature of 105 ° C and weighing it on an analytical balance. The mass of solids should be in the range of 50-500 mg, otherwise a larger volume of water is taken for analysis.
Turbidity of the water is an optical property consisting of the dispersing and absorbing parts of the spectrum of visible radiation from solid particles present in water or wastewater. Turbidity should be determined on the day of collection. In the case of longer storage, the sample can be stored in a dark place for 24 hours. Thoroughly mix the turbidity of the sample. Turbidity transparency - transparency.
It is used in the so-called field. Total salinity of water is the amount of water dissolved in water. the so-called. The mineralization process is called the complete dissolution of the substance into simple solid inorganic compounds, usually by thorough oxidation or evaporation.
Solids mass orsolute concentration characterizes the total mineral content in water; usually expressed in mg / dm 3 (up to 1000 mg / dm 3) and ‰ (ppm or thousandth with a salinity of more than 1000 mg / dm 3). MAC - not more than 1000 mg / dm 3.
Water with a high salt content negatively affects plant and animal organisms, production technology and product quality, causes scale formation on boiler walls, corrosion, soil salinization.
As a result of this process, hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus and nitrogen are completely removed from the sample, which evaporate in the form of water vapor and the corresponding gaseous oxides, and the remainder is the oxides and salts of other elements present in the analyte. The laboratory-determined indicator of water and wastewater pollution by organic substances of natural and man-made origin. Includes all carbon compounds dissolved and suspended in water. Organic carbon is most often associated with burning organic matter in an oxygen or air stream.
Hardness of water
Hardness of water - this is a combination of water properties due to the presence of multiply charged cations in it, primarily Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ cations. Distinguish between general, temporary and permanent water hardness.
The total hardness consists of the hydrocarbonate (temporary or disposable) and non-carbonate (permanent) water hardness. The first is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates in water, the second is due to the presence of water-soluble sulfates, chlorides, silicates, nitrates and hydrogen phosphates of these metals. Quantitatively, the total hardness of water is expressed by the total number of millimoles of equivalents of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions contained in 1 liter of water (mmol equiv / dm 3). To determine the hardness of water, the titrimetric (complexometric) method is used.
The resulting carbon dioxide is analyzed using infrared spectrophotometry or titrimetric using potassium dichromate. The test is subjected to unfiltered samples. Electrolytic conductivity, otherwise known as solution conductivity, is a measure of the ionic content that is a charge carrier. It determines the degree of mineralization and, therefore, water pollution.
This scale is based on the activity of hydronium ions in aqueous solutions. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the activity of hydronium ions, expressed in moles per cubic decimeter. A transparent acidic reaction of water is observed in meters during the "acid rains" and in cases of water pollution by acid wastewater. High pH values \u200b\u200bare most often the result of water pollution by alkaline wastewater and are found in unhealthy waters when excessive algae growth leads to an increase in photosynthesis.
Under natural conditions, calcium and magnesium ions enter the water as a result of the interaction of dissolved carbon dioxide with carbonate minerals and other processes of dissolution and chemical weathering of rocks. The source of these ions are also microbiological processes occurring in soils on the catchment area, in bottom sediments, as well as sewage from various enterprises.
Water flowing through a quartz substrate is characterized by an acid reaction, and flowing through a calcareous substrate is alkaline. The hardness of water is due to the calcium and magnesium ions contained in it and contained in it, as well as iron, aluminum, manganese and heavy metals. Water is dominated by calcium and magnesium cations; therefore, the hardness of calcium and magnesium is differentiated. These cations are mainly accompanied by carbonate and bicarbonate anions. We are dealing with the so-called. carbonate hardness - transitional.
Bicarbonate hardness is easily eliminated by boiling water, and therefore it is called temporary rigidity: calcium and magnesium bicarbonates during boiling turn into calcium and magnesium carbonates and settle on the vessel walls in the form of scale
Ca (HCO 3) 2 CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O,
Mg (HCO 3) 2 MgCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
In addition to carbonate and bicarbonate anions, sulfate and chloride anions are present in water, which cause the so-called. Non-carbonate hardness is constant. The sum of carbonate and non-carbonate hardness is the total hardness of water. When the total hardness is greater than the total alkalinity, a hardness equal to the total alkalinity is called carbonate hardness, and the hardness by total alkalinity is called non-carbon hardness. In cases where the water hardness is equal to or less than the total alkalinity, the total hardness consists only of carbonate hardness, and the value of non-carbon hardness is zero.
Hydrocarbonate hardness can be eliminated by adding slaked lime
Ca (HCO 3) 2 + Ca (OH) 2 2 CaCO 3 + 2H 2 O
Mg (HCO 3) 2 + 2Ca (OH) 2 Mg (OH) 2 + 2CaCO 3 + 2H 2 O.
Constant rigidity eliminate boiling fails. In this case, sodium carbonate or sodium phosphate is added to the water to remove Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions. In this case, reactions will occur:
The most common methods for determining hardness are: - computational, - dative. Water oxidation is a property of the reduction of potassium permanganate by oxidation of water-soluble organic compounds. Oxidation is the number of milligrams of oxygen consumed by a test sample heated in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes. with a solution of potassium permanganate in an acidic environment.
Water content - the ability of water to neutralize acids to a specific pH. It is called hydrochloric and carbonate, mainly carbonate and hydroxide of calcium and magnesium, in the case of waters with a pH above 8. Depending on the pH range, the general alkalinity and basicity of phenolphthalein are released. There is also a separation depending on the type of compound that gives water the main reaction: the basicity of carbon, the basicity of bicarbonate and hydroxide. The speed of water and wastewater is determined in the following ways: - titration to indicators, - potentiometric titration.
CaCl 2 + Na 2 CO 3 CaCO 3 + 2NaCl,
Bezuglaya E.Yu., Smirnova I.V.
Nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere
Ozone and other secondary substances
Health effects of air pollution
Instead of a conclusion
1.3.2 Changes in concentrations of harmful substances
Probably most readers of the Mazovian website have already noticed a map of Warsaw on the right side. The time of its official premiere is under the tree. Warsaw residents are poorly informed about the environment. At the level of air pollution in the city there are no electronic signs, as well as current information on the website of the city hall or major press services.
Air Quality Assessment System
Lives in many European cities with air conditioning, which are located at major crossroads - in Seville. Internet remains. The data presented in our application were obtained in the Air Quality Assessment System carried out by the Voivodeship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Warsaw.
1.3.2.1 Suspended Substances
A substance, commonly referred to as "suspended solids" (BB), includes many different components. It includes dust, ash, soot, smoke, sulfates, nitrates and other solid components. Explosives are formed as a result of the combustion of all types of fuel and during production processes. Depending on the composition of the emissions, they can be both highly toxic and almost harmless. They can be of both anthropogenic and natural origin, for example, formed as a result of soil erosion. In the emission data, all these substances are classified as solid.
Unfortunately, only half of them are automatic stations from which data are collected every hour. Manual data is downloaded only once a month. Vocals are urban stations located in the midst of concentration. This means that the measured values \u200b\u200brecorded at these stations approximately correspond to the average air quality at representative stations of the station. Independence is a station that monitors the effect of communication on pollutant levels.
Measurements of concentrations at this station are typical for roads with the same traffic intensity and the nature of buildings in Warsaw. Independence and st. Substances that are controlled externally affect human health. They remain in the atmosphere for several hours. Depending on the conditions of its formation, foams suspended in the air with particles of smoke, soot, ash, inorganic compounds and metals can be built. It is produced mainly by burning solid and liquid fuels.
Suspended particles vary in size, composition and nature of formation. Air particles of suspended solids of large and small sizes, including small particles called PM, are a complex combination of organic and inorganic substances. Small particles are divided into PM 10 and PM 2.5 depending on their size. Coarse particles usually contain soil materials, dust from roads, and industrial emissions. Fine particles contain more acids, as well as sulfates.
It affects the blood vessels, which contributes to an increase in the number of arrhythmias and heart attacks. The greatest threat to human dust is their two properties. Therefore, they can penetrate the respiratory system and blood vessels, causing an increased risk of disease and general weakness of the system.
Our application is designed to easily monitor current levels of dust in the air. This allows you to make the most of your decisions. This gives you the opportunity to make an informed choice of where and how you want to spend time, calculating the potential positive or negative consequences of your decisions.
Under the influence of meteorological conditions, all components of the atmosphere are mixed, impurities are transported and dispersed over large distances from the city, washed away by precipitation and precipitated in fog. The atmosphere, as the habitat of various substances, is not chemically inert. This is especially important to emphasize. Various chemical processes, photochemical reactions caused by the influx of solar energy and changes in air temperature continuously occur in it. Some substances combine with others, creating new secondary substances, which also decompose into primary emission products or produce new substances. The reactions occurring in atmospheric air are many. Hundreds of reactions are listed in works on this subject, but this does not give a complete picture. The air basin, like a huge reactor, continuously produces some substances and returns others. It is important to know that the pollution components currently being studied on the network are only a small fraction of what is in the atmosphere and produced in it.
Those who are sensitive to air pollution when planning outdoor activities should pay attention to the current level of these pollutants. Thus, you can avoid an unconscious effect on your own health, which is better to take than preventative treatment.
Put the application on your site
Administrators of other websites also want to place a link on the map on their own website. Each organism, mono - or multicellular, needs a functioning transport system for proper operation. These are substances that must be delivered to the cells so that they can live, and substances that are produced in the cells and must be removed outside the body. Nutrients and building materials are transported to collection and use sites, while unnecessary and harmful metabolites are transported to treatment or excretion sites.
To date, in Russia, measurements of RM concentrations have not been carried out and the MPC values \u200b\u200bhave not been established for them. Their probable concentrations can be estimated from the ratios between suspended solids called TSP and small PM particles obtained in different countries.
In the United States, based on the results of observations, a completely clear relationship was established between the average and maximum concentrations of TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5, which made it possible to establish standards for these substances (table 1.2). The ratio of the standards of all these substances for the year to the standard for the day do not differ much from each other.
Transportation is provided by body fluids. Small particles are transported in dissolved form, for example, amino acids, monosaccharides in animals, disaccharides Disaccharides disaccharides - a group of sugars classified as oligosaccharides. Read the Biological Dictionary in plants, and molecules that are insoluble in water and large sizes move in the form of suspensions, such as fats. Transport The transport element of the national economy is called communication. Moving cargo and people. Animals in many parts of the world are the main means of transportation.
From this table it can be seen that when setting the standards it was assumed that PM 10 accounted for a third of suspended solids, and PM 2.5 - 20%. The following values \u200b\u200bare called in the works of European scientists: RM is 0.6-0.7 TSP. We will talk about this in more detail in Chapter 3.
* MPC.s., ** MPCm.r.
Suspended particles when entering the human respiratory system lead to a violation of the respiratory system and blood circulation. Inhaled solids affect both the respiratory tract and other organs directly due to the toxic effects of the various components contained in the particles. People with chronic lung disorders, with cardiovascular disease, with asthma, frequent colds, the elderly and children are especially sensitive to the effects of fine suspended particles with a diameter of less than 10 microns (PM 10). Especially dangerous is the combination of high concentrations of explosives and sulfur dioxide.
More Geographic dictionary of substances taken from the environment, first found at large distances between the remote organs that collect them, and the organs that use them. At the site of the molecule, the substance must be transferred to the target cell. Similarly, but in the opposite direction, metabolites occur - they exit the cell and are sent to excretory organs. There are two types of transport: intracellular and intercellular.
In particular, it intrudes into a cell through a cell membrane. water, gases and organic substances. The distribution of these substances throughout the cell allows you to continuously move the movement of organisms to move or change the position of parts of the body or cells. There are several types of movements. More Biological dictionary of cytoplasm. With the cytoplasm, all organelles suspended in it move, facilitating the metabolism between them. An important role is played by the Golgi apparatus and its bubbles.
The documents of the European Economic Community repeatedly indicate the importance of organizing observations of PM concentrations. The basis for this is studies proving their effect on the increase in mortality among the population due to increased concentrations of PM, as well as evidence that PM contains many harmful components.
Measurements of PM or measurements of suspended substances cannot destroy the effect of these substances on the human body. You can only find out the levels of air pollution by these substances. Sufficiently clear ratios between PM and suspended solids allow us to calculate the damage they create. Measurements of PM concentrations are necessary primarily for manufacturers of these new devices for the network. Therefore, it may be sufficient to study changes in the concentration of suspended solids.
The trend in the concentration of suspended solids (Figure 1.6), obtained from many years of information collected in the Yearbooks, clearly shows the decrease in concentration that occurs during 1990-2006. Two periods can be distinguished. The first lasted until 1999 and was associated with the reduction of individual industries and the closure of enterprises during the period of perestroika, which was confirmed by the tendency to lower concentrations of suspended solids. The second, after 1999, was manifested by a sharper decrease in the concentration of suspended solids until the end of the period under review.
Data on emissions of solid substances from industrial enterprises also indicate a systematic decrease in their amount, confirming the data of an observational network on the trend of a decrease in annual average concentrations of impurities.
The number of cities where the average annual concentration of suspended solids exceeds 1 MPC (Figure 1.7) has decreased by only 12% over ten years, and there are now 65 such cities in the country. The number of cities in which the maximum concentration of this impurity exceeded the MPC by 10 times, almost unchanged.
The average concentrations of suspended solids in cities of different populations differ quite significantly. The highest concentrations are observed in large cities with a population of more than 250 thousand inhabitants (Figure 1.8).
There is a clear relationship between the average for the year and the maximum concentration of explosives (Figure 1.9).