Classification of inventories article. What are inventories, methods of their accounting and planning

Introduction 3

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of accounting for inventories 6

1.1 The concept, classification and tasks of accounting for inventories 6

1.2 Normative regulation of accounting and tax accounting of inventories 13

1.3 Comparative characteristics of inventory accounting in Russia and abroad 23

Chapter 2. Organization of accounting for the receipt of inventories 33

2.1 Documentation and accounting of receipt of inventories 33

2.2 Organization of synthetic accounting for the receipt of inventories 45

Chapter 3. Organization of use and disposal in tax and accounting of inventories 56

3.1 Using MPZ 56

3.2 Implementation of MPZ 64

Conclusion 69

List of references 78

Introduction

Materials form the basis of finished products, and are also used in the performance of work and the provision of services. They are classified as single-use working capital and are part of the organization's inventories. Materials, as a rule, are entirely consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of manufactured products. In addition, as materials, labor means with a service life of up to 1 year are taken into account.

According to the method of use and purpose in the production process, raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, purchased semi-finished products and components, spare parts, containers used for packaging and transporting products (goods), and other materials are distinguished.

The main tasks of accounting for inventories are: control over the safety of material resources, compliance of warehouse stocks with standards, over the implementation of plans for the supply of materials; identification of actual costs associated with the procurement of materials; control over compliance with production consumption standards; correct distribution of the cost of materials used in production by calculation objects; rational assessment of inventories.

In the cost structure, a significant share is made up of material costs. When performing work, material resources are used, which form the basis of products. The article "Materials" includes the costs of materials, structures, parts used in the performance of work, as well as fuel, electricity, steam, water, etc.

In modern conditions, the role of accounting in the field of inventories is increasing. This explains the choice of the topic of the thesis research. The purpose of this thesis is to study the accounting of inventories at OAO Baltika-Don. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved in the work:

the essence, approaches to the assessment and classification of inventories are determined;

disclosed the regulatory framework for accounting for inventories;

a comparative characteristic of accounting for inventories in Russia and abroad was carried out;

the approaches to the organization of accounting of inventories at OAO Baltika-Don have been characterized;

on the basis of the study, conclusions were formulated and proposals were developed to improve the accounting and tax accounting of inventories at OAO Baltika-Don.

OAO Baltika Brewing Company (hereinafter referred to as the "Company") is an open joint stock company established in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation and registered on July 21, 1992. The Company has ten subsidiaries and four branches (hereinafter the Company together with these companies and branches is referred to as the "Group").

The main activity of the Group is the production and sale of beer and mineral water.

As at 31 December 2006 Baltic Beverages Holding AB owned and controlled 90.63% of the Company's ordinary shares and 25.65% of the Company's preferred shares. The remaining ordinary and preferred shares are in free float.

The year 2006 became a turning point in the history of Baltika. On March 7, the overwhelming majority of shareholders of OAO Baltika Brewing Company spoke in favor of merging the company with the brewing companies Vena, Pikra and Yarpivo.

The merger of companies has become a unique project for Russia in terms of specifics, complexity and timing. The procedure was carried out in strict accordance with Russian legislation and with full respect for the interests of the shareholders of all four companies. Thanks to the clear coordination of the actions of shareholders, management and all employees of the Baltika, VENA, Pikra, Yarpivo companies, as well as an open information policy, the project was implemented in strict accordance with international corporate law.

Since 2007, Baltika, VIENNA, Pikra, Yarpivo have existed as a single legal entity.

The concept of "the economic phenomenon of Baltika" is being strengthened in the mass consciousness. There are few examples in world history when a separate company became the industry leader in such a short time. Today, Baltika can be called the national pride of Russia.

Thus, the object of this thesis research is OAO Baltika-Don, the subject is accounting and tax accounting of inventories.

The thesis is written on 90 pages and consists of an introduction, three chapters, divided into paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix.

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of accounting for inventories

1.1 The concept, classification and tasks of accounting for inventories

In accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01 dated 06/09/2001), the concept of inventories (IPZ) is used in the system of regulatory accounting regulation in the Russian Federation - this is part of the property used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services for sale; held for sale; used for the management needs of the organization.

Thus, the inventory includes the following groups of current assets:

a) materials - part of the inventory that is entirely consumed in the production process and fully transfers its value to the cost of the products produced (work performed, services rendered);

b) IHP - part of the organization's MPZ, used as a means
labor for no more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;

c) finished products - a part of the organization's inventory, intended for sale, which is the final result of the production process, completed by processing (assembly), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established by law;

d) goods - a part of the organization's inventory, acquired or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale or resale without additional processing.

Classification of inventories (IPZ)

1. By the nature of possession of inventory.

In accordance with the nature of ownership, inventories are divided into values ​​that belong to the organization by the right of ownership (as well as the right of economic management or operational management) and not belonging to it by such right.

To inventory items owned by the organization includes manufactured, purchased, or otherwise received valuables that are in stock and in production. These values ​​also include:

Received valuables that are on the way, if the organization, in accordance with the supply agreement, has transferred the ownership of them;

Valuables belonging to the organization, given to other organizations for processing, as well as for sale, including on a commission basis, before the transfer of ownership of them to the buyer; Values ​​belonging to the organization, taken into account in the pledge, both located in the warehouse of the organization, and transferred for storage to the pledgee. Inventory assets not owned by the organization by the right of ownership and other similar right, but under the terms of the contract held by her, are accounted for separately by their types - off the balance sheet. These include:

valuables accepted for safekeeping in case of refusal to pay suppliers' invoices in accordance with the established procedure; as well as prohibited for spending until the payment of suppliers' invoices;

valuables accepted for processing without payment of their cost;

values ​​accepted from suppliers for sale on a commission basis (consignment).

2. By the order of use of inventory items.
In accordance with this factor, values ​​are divided into:

values ​​used in production: raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, fuel, building structures and parts, spare parts and assemblies, tires, seeds and feed, mineral fertilizers, pesticides, biological products and medicines; containers intended for the implementation of the technological process of production; and other similar values. In the future, these types of inventory items will be called materials;

values ​​intended for sale - finished products and goods;

values ​​used as means of labor - inventory and household supplies;

values ​​that, after their installation, will function as part of fixed assets.

3. Depending on the role in the processes of production of products, performance of work and provision of services, materials are subdivided
to the following groups:

raw materials and basic materials;

auxiliary materials;

• spare parts;

  container and container materials;

  purchased semi-finished products;

  returnable production waste;

  Other materials.

Raw materials and basic materials constitute the material (material) base of the manufactured products or are necessary components of its manufacture. Raw materials are the products of agriculture and the extractive industry (coal, ores, grain, etc.), and materials are products of the manufacturing industry (fabric, sugar, flour, etc.).

Auxiliary materials are consumed for economic needs of technological purposes, to facilitate the production process. Auxiliary materials are used to influence raw materials and basic materials in order to impart certain consumer properties to products.

Fuel intended for the operation of vehicles, technological needs of production, energy generation and heating of buildings. There are several types of fuel: petroleum products (oil, diesel fuel, gasoline), solid fuels (coal, firewood), gaseous fuels.

Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn parts of machines, equipment and vehicles.

Container and container materials - items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (bags, boxes and boxes), as well as materials and parts intended for the manufacture of containers and their repair (parts for assembling boxes, barrel riveting, hoop iron, etc.).

Purchased semi-finished products- these are products of third-party organizations that are consumed in the production cycle of this organization, require costs for further processing or assembly, and are included in the material basis of the manufactured products. An example of purchased semi-finished products is computer boards, building structures.

Returnable production waste- these are the remains of raw materials and materials (sawdust, shavings, etc.) formed during the production process and have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the raw materials and raw materials.

Other materials- irreparable marriage, as well as material assets received from the disposal of fixed assets and ICP (scrap metal, salvage, worn tires), which cannot be used in this organization as part of materials, fuel or spare parts.

In addition, materials are classified according to their technical properties and are divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes, etc.

The indicated classifications of inventories are used to build synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as to compile a statistical report on the balances, receipts and consumption of raw materials and materials in production and operational activities (form No. 1-SN).

Within each of the listed groups, material values ​​are divided into types, varieties, brands, sizes. Each name, grade, size of materials is assigned a short numerical designation (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called the nomenclature-price tag. The nomenclature-price tag also indicates a fixed accounting price and a unit of measure for materials 1.

When used in computer accounting, the content of the nomenclature-price tag can be significantly expanded by introducing into it indicators of the stock rate, numbers of synthetic accounts and sub-accounts, and some other constant signs.

The coding of the nomenclature-price tag is usually carried out according to a mixed order-serial system, using seven to eight-digit codes. The first two characters indicate a synthetic account, the third - a sub-account, one or two of the following characters indicate a group of materials, the rest - various signs of a material characteristic.

The information contained in the nomenclatures-price tags refers to conditionally constant; it is written to machine media and reused to obtain the necessary output data.

Inventory is a part of the property: a) used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services intended for sale (raw materials and basic materials, purchased semi-finished products, etc.); b) intended for sale (finished products and goods); c) used for the management needs of the organization (auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts) 2 .

The main part of inventories is used as objects of labor in the production process. They are wholly consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of production.

Depending on the role played by various inventories in the production process, they are divided into the following groups: raw materials and basic materials. Auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, waste (returnable), fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts. Raw materials and basic materials - the objects of labor from which the product is made and form the material (material) basis of the product, auxiliary materials - are used to influence raw materials and basic materials, give the product certain consumer properties, or to maintain and care for tools and facilitate the process production 3 .

Purchased semi-finished products - raw materials and materials that have passed certain stages of processing, but are not yet finished products. In the manufacture of products, they play the same role as the main materials, that is, they constitute its material basis.

Returnable production waste - the remains of raw materials and materials formed in the process of their processing into finished products, which have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the original raw materials and materials.

From the group of auxiliary materials, fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts are separately distinguished due to the peculiarity of their use.

Fuel is divided into technological (for technological purposes), motor (fuel) and household (for heating).

Containers and packaging materials - items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (bags, boxes, boxes). Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn parts of machines and equipment.

In addition, materials are classified according to their technical properties and are divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes. The indicated classifications of inventories are used to build synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as to compile a statistical report on balances, receipts and expenditures of materials.

The following synthetic accounts are used to account for inventories:

10 "Materials";

11 "Animals for cultivation and fattening";

15 "Procurement and purchase of materials";

16 "Deviations in the cost of materials" 4 ;

Off-balance accounts 002 “Inventory accepted for safekeeping” and 003 “Materials accepted for processing”.

The following sub-accounts can be opened for account 10 "Materials":

"Raw materials and materials";

"Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts";

"Fuel";

"Container and container materials";

"Spare parts";

"Other materials";

"Materials transferred for processing to the side";

"Construction Materials".

In small enterprises, all inventories can be accounted for on one synthetic account 10 "Materials".

Within each of the listed groups, material values ​​are divided into types, varieties, brands, sizes. Each name, variety, size is assigned a short numerical designation (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called the nomenclature-price tag. The nomenclature-price tag also indicates a fixed accounting price and a unit of measure for materials. When used in 1C accounting, the content of the price tag nomenclature can be significantly expanded by introducing into it indicators of the stock rate, numbers of synthetic accounts and sub-accounts, and some other permanent signs. The coding of the nomenclature-price tag is usually carried out according to a mixed order-serial system, using seven-eight-digit codes. The first two characters indicate a synthetic account, the third - a sub-account, one or two of the following characters indicate a group of materials, the rest - various signs, characteristics of the material. Material values ​​are reflected in synthetic accounts at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) 5 .

1.2 Normative regulation of accounting and tax accounting of inventories

The rules for the formation in the accounting of an organization of information on inventories (hereinafter referred to as the Inventory) are established by the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories 6" PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 N 44n (hereinafter - PBU 5 /01). For the purposes of accounting for inventories, organizations use another document - the Guidelines for accounting for inventories, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n 7 (hereinafter - Guidelines N 119n).

PBU 5/01 refers to the organization's MPZ:

Raw materials, materials and other assets used in the production of products for a period not exceeding 12 months;

Assets held for sale (goods, finished products);

Assets used for the management needs of an entity for a period not exceeding 12 months.

Inventory can be received by a production organization in various ways: purchased for a fee from suppliers, manufactured on its own, contributed as a contribution to the authorized capital, received under contracts providing for payment in non-monetary funds, in addition, the organization can receive materials free of charge.

Stocks are accepted for accounting at actual cost, the definition of which depends precisely on the way they enter the organization.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except as specified in the legislation of the Russian Federation) (clause 6 PBU 5/01).

The actual acquisition costs are formed by:

Of the amounts paid under the contract to the supplier (seller);

Amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

customs duties;

Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

Remuneration of the intermediary organization through which the inventories were acquired;

The costs of procurement and delivery of stocks to the place of their use, including insurance costs: in particular, the costs of procurement and delivery of inventory; costs for the maintenance of the procurement and storage unit of the organization; payment for transport services for the delivery of stocks to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); interest on borrowed funds accrued prior to the accounting of inventories, if they are involved in the acquisition of these reserves;

The cost of bringing the inventory to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes. These costs include the expenses of the organization for processing, sorting, packaging and improving the technical characteristics of the received stocks, not related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;

Other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventory.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of purchasing an inventory, except when they are directly related to such an acquisition.

When forming the actual cost of the inventory, it is necessary to pay attention to the accounting of interest if materials are purchased at the expense of borrowed funds. It is necessary to determine where the amount of accrued interest should be attributed: to an increase in the cost of inventories or to other expenses.

It all depends on the type of loan or loan. If an organization takes borrowed funds specifically for the acquisition of inventories (targeted), then when calculating interest for the use of borrowed funds, it should be guided by clause 15 of PBU 15/01 8: the costs of servicing these loans and credits are attributed by the borrowing organization to an increase in receivables, formed in connection with the advance payment and (or) the issuance of advances and deposits for the purposes listed above. Upon receipt of inventories and other valuables by the borrower's organization, performance of work and provision of services, further accrual of interest and other expenses related to servicing the loans and credits received are reflected in accounting in the general manner - with the allocation of costs to other expenses of the organization - borrower.

To show the procedure for reflecting these operations in the accounting of the organization, the working chart of accounts provides that the following sub-accounts are opened for the balance sheet account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors":

1 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors for goods (works, services)";

2 "Advances issued";

3 "Loan interest".

The following entries are made in the organization's books:

Debit 51 "Settlement accounts" Credit 66 "Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings" received a loan for the purchase of MPZ;

Debit 60, subaccount 2 Credit 51 advance payment for materials;

Debit 60, subaccount 3 Credit 66 the amount of interest accrued to the bank for the period prior to the acceptance of materials for accounting.

After accounting for the inventory, interest is accrued in the usual manner:

Debit 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 2 "Other expenses" Credit 66 accrued interest on the loan.

Similar requirements for targeted borrowings are established in PBU 5/01.

In the event that the borrowed funds are not earmarked, the amounts of accrued interest in accordance with clause 11 of the Accounting Regulations "Organization Expenses 9" PBU 10/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 33n, are reflected in accounting included in other expenses.

When drawing up loan or credit agreements, you should not indicate the acquisition of inventories as a goal, that is, do not give loans and credits a target character. If, however, this cannot be avoided when concluding an agreement, the cost of acquiring an inventory in the accounting and tax accounting of the organization will be different, since in tax accounting the amount of accrued interest is taken into account as part of non-operating expenses.

Consequently, in accounting, the purchase price of inventories includes all the actual costs of the organization directly related to their acquisition, with the exception of VAT and other reimbursable taxes.

Paragraph 10 of Art. 2 of the Federal Law of December 8, 2003 N 164-FZ "On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities 10", which entered into force on June 18, 2004, stipulates that the import of goods is the importation of goods into the customs territory of the Russian Federation without the obligation to re-export .

The goods that are the subject of foreign trade activity are understood as:

Movable property;

Aircraft, sea vessels, inland navigation and mixed navigation vessels and space objects classified as immovable property;

Electrical energy and other types of energy.

The definition of movable and immovable things is contained in Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation 11 (hereinafter referred to as the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In addition to goods directly, movable property can include: equipment, raw materials, materials, components, etc.

State regulation of the import of goods includes:

Import licensing;

Establishment of the procedure for determining the customs value of imported goods;

Customs control when importing goods into the customs territory of the Russian Federation;

Tax regulation.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.06.2005 N 364 "On approval of regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods and on the formation and maintenance of a federal bank of issued licenses 12" approved the Regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods. According to the Regulation, import licensing is carried out in the following cases:

Introduction of temporary quantitative restrictions on the export or import of certain types of goods;

Implementation of the licensing procedure for the export and (or) import of certain types of goods that may adversely affect the security of the state, the life or health of citizens, the property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, the environment, the life or health of animals and plants;

Granting the exclusive right to export and (or) import certain types of goods;

Fulfillment by the Russian Federation of international obligations.

According to this Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the following types of licenses can be issued to the importer:

A one-time license issued on the basis of an agreement (contract), the subject of which is the import of a certain type of product in a certain quantity, the validity of which cannot exceed 1 year from the date of its issue;

General license issued on the basis of a decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, allowing the import of a certain type of product in a certain quantity, the validity of which also does not exceed 1 year from the date of its issue;

An exclusive license that grants the applicant the exclusive right to import a particular type of product, as defined by the relevant federal law.

To obtain a license, the applicant must submit to the licensing authority an application for a license, a copy of the agreement (in the case of obtaining a one-time license), a copy of the certificate of registration with the tax authority, and other documents stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

International contracts for the sale of goods are governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which was signed in Vienna on April 11, 1980 (hereinafter referred to as the Convention). The seller is obliged to deliver the goods, transfer the documents related to it and the ownership of the goods in accordance with the requirements of the contract and the Convention (Article 30 of the Convention).

The buyer is obliged to pay the price for the goods and accept the delivery of the goods in accordance with the requirements of the contract and the Convention (Article 53 of the Convention).

A foreign trade operation is formalized by a contract. The main element of the contract is the contract value of the goods, which is the price of the transaction, according to which the purchase price of imported goods is formed. The contract is the basis for issuing an import transaction passport.

The primary documents reflecting the import of goods include:

Concluded foreign economic contract;

Foreign seller account;

Transport, forwarding, insurance documents (international auto, air, railway waybills, baggage receipts, bill of lading, insurance policies and certificates and other documents);

A customs declaration confirming that the goods have crossed the customs border of the Russian Federation;

Certificates of payment of duties, fees;

Warehouse documentation (waybills, acceptance certificates confirming the actual receipt of goods at the importer's warehouse);

technical documentation.

By virtue of the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Assets and Liabilities Denominated in Foreign Currency" PBU 3/2006 13, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 27, 2006 N 154n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 3/2006), the date of the transaction in foreign currency the day when the organization acquires the right under the legislation of the Russian Federation or the agreement to accept for accounting assets and liabilities that are the result of this operation is recognized.

At the time of the transfer of ownership of the goods purchased under a foreign trade contract, the importing organization has an obligation to reflect this product in accounting. In general, the right of ownership of the acquirer arises from the moment the goods are transferred. The transfer of the bill of lading is equivalent to the transfer, since the receipt of this document gives the right to dispose of the goods.

The seller and the buyer may stipulate in the contract any moment of transfer of ownership of the goods, for example, shipment of goods to the carrier, payment for imported goods, execution of a customs declaration, and the specified moment may not coincide with the moment of transfer of the risk of accidental loss of goods. Such situations should be avoided, because if the ownership of the goods passes to the importer on the date of registration of the customs declaration, and the risk of accidental loss - at the time of delivery of the goods to the carrier and the goods die in transit or are damaged, the buyer will be obliged to pay the supplier the cost of the goods. This is stated in Art. 66 of the Convention: loss of or damage to the goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not release him from the obligation to pay the price of the goods, unless the loss or damage was caused by an act or omission of the seller.

In international practice, the moment of transfer of ownership is usually associated with the transfer of the risk of accidental loss or damage to goods from the seller to the buyer, but if the parties, when concluding a foreign trade contract, did not provide for the moment of transfer of ownership in it, it can be established using the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms " Incoterms", which are advisory in nature. These rules relate to the order of delivery of goods, their insurance, payment of transportation costs, and other issues, but the main thing is that they regulate the transfer of risks of accidental loss of goods from the seller to the buyer.

The correct definition of the moment of transfer of ownership when importing goods will help to avoid errors in recording the contract value of goods, exchange differences arising from changes in exchange rates against the ruble, transportation costs, etc. on the accounting accounts.

A production organization can also receive an MPZ from the owner of the organization as a contribution to the authorized capital. Consider how the actual cost of inventories is determined if they enter the organization in this way.

By virtue of clause 8 of PBU 5/01, the actual cost of inventories contributed to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is calculated based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The receipt of inventories in the accounting of the formed organization is reflected in the entries:

Debit 75 "Settlements with the founders", sub-account 1 "Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital" Credit 80 "Authorized capital" reflects the debt of the founders for the formation of the authorized capital;

Debit 10, 41 "Goods" Credit 75, sub-account 1 "Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital" - the receipt of materials (goods) is reflected in the assessment agreed by the founders of the organization.

Modern business entities in the Russian Federation are mainly represented by limited liability companies and joint-stock companies of a closed or open type. Based on this, when making a contribution to the authorized capital by non-monetary means, business entities must comply with the requirements imposed by law on organizations of the appropriate organizational and legal form.

The activities of joint-stock companies are currently regulated by the Federal Law of December 26, 1995 N 208-FZ "On Joint-Stock Companies 14" (hereinafter - Federal Law N 208-FZ), and limited liability companies - by Federal Law of February 8, 1998 N 14-FZ "On Limited Liability Companies 15" (hereinafter - Federal Law N 14-FZ).

So, for example, the monetary valuation of property contributed as payment for shares during the establishment of a company is made by agreement between the founders (clause 3, article 34 of Federal Law N 208-FZ). To determine the market value, which is contributed to the authorized capital by non-monetary means, a monetary appraiser must be involved. The value of the monetary valuation of property made by the founders and the board of directors (supervisory board) of the company cannot be higher than the value of the valuation made by an independent appraiser.

Federal Law N 14-FZ puts forward a similar requirement. So, in paragraph 2 of Art. 15 of this Federal Law contains a provision that the monetary value of non-monetary contributions to the authorized capital of the company is approved by the decision of the general meeting of the company's participants, and the decision must be taken unanimously.

With regard to limited liability companies, the law also requires an independent appraiser who evaluates the non-monetary contribution. True, unlike joint-stock companies, an independent appraiser's appraisal is mandatory only if the nominal value of the share of the participant contributing property is more than 200 times the minimum wage.

1.3 Comparative characteristics of inventory accounting in Russia and abroad

Inventory accounting is regulated by IFRS 2 "Inventories", according to which inventories include:

goods for resale,

raw materials and materials for production purposes,

finished products

unfinished production.

In the case of services, inventory represents the cost of services that have not yet been billed to the customer. In Russia, the inventory accounting procedure is set out in PBU 5/01 “Inventory Accounting”.

International Accounting Standard 2, Inventories, is effective for financial statements on or after January 1, 1995, and replaces International Accounting Standard 2, Valuation and Presentation of Inventories, based on the “Context of Past Cost Costs”.

The purpose of this standard is to prescribe forms of accounting for inventories in a historical costing system. The main issue in inventory accounting is to determine the cost that should be recognized as an asset and remain so until the corresponding sales revenue is recognized. This standard provides practical guidance in determining cost and subsequently recognizing it as an expense, including any write-down to net realizable value. It is also a guide to applying the cost formulas that are used to determine inventory costs.

In accordance with paragraphs 8 and 9 of IFRS 2, the cost of acquiring inventories includes “the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently reimbursed to the company by the tax authorities), transportation, freight forwarding and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods , materials and services.

Inventory processing costs include costs that are directly attributable to units of output, such as direct labor costs.

They also include the systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that occur in the processing of raw materials into finished products.

Fixed production overheads are those indirect production costs that remain relatively constant regardless of the volume of production, such as depreciation and maintenance of buildings and equipment and administrative and management expenses.

Variable production overheads are those indirect production costs that are directly or almost directly dependent on changes in output, such as indirect raw materials and indirect labor. sixteen

PBU 5/01 should be guided by all organizations that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and budgetary institutions), including non-profit organizations.

The issues of accounting and evaluation in the financial statements of raw materials, materials, finished products, goods and work in progress are also considered in the Regulation on Accounting and Accounting in the Russian Federation and other regulatory acts on accounting.

In the third section of PBU 5/01, the procedure for assessing inventories entering the organization is considered.

In accordance with clause 5 of the Regulations, “inventory is accepted for accounting at actual cost”. The value of the cost of inventory depends on the method of their receipt.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs of acquisition, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except as provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The approaches of Russian legislation to the formation of the actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee (created by an organization) generally comply with the requirements of international standards: the cost of inventories includes costs directly related to their acquisition or manufacture. At the same time, attention should be paid to the following.

According to PBU 5/01, “actual costs for the acquisition of inventories include: interest accrued before accounting for inventories on borrowed funds, if they are involved in the acquisition of these inventories” (clause 6).

Under IFRS, inventories must be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value, which is "the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less costs to complete and costs to sell".

The cost of inventories includes all costs of production, processing and other costs incurred to deliver, place inventory and bring it into the desired condition. PBU 5/01 does not include processing costs incurred when processing materials into finished products as part of the cost of inventories.

The following costs are not included in the prime cost, but are taken into account as an expense in the period of their occurrence: excess losses of raw materials, labor costs and other non-production costs; storage costs for finished products; general administrative expenses; selling expenses.

In Russian accounting, these costs are taken into account as part of the cost, which leads to its increase, which in turn affects pricing.

Inventory valuation upon decommissioning is carried out using one of the following methods:

FIFO method (first in, first out)

weighted average cost method;

specific identification method.

For all stocks with the same purpose, the same valuation method is used.

According to PBU 5/01, along with the above, the "LIFO" method is used, which is prohibited in world practice, because. in the face of rising prices, it allows you to underestimate reserves and profits, which is contrary to the principle of prudence.

In some cases, inventory is sold at a price below cost. In this case, the cost of inventories must be reduced to net realizable value by creating an allowance for impairment of inventories.

A review of the net realizable value of all inventories should be made in each reporting period. In the event of an increase in the selling price of finished products, the cost of which was previously reduced and which continues to be in stock, the cost of these products is restored at the expense of the reserve. The new carrying amount will be the lower of cost of production and net realizable value.

The write-down of inventories to net realizable value is recognized as an expense. The cost of inventories is expensed in the period in which the corresponding revenue from the sale of inventories is recognized. Inventory, the cost of which is included in the cost of other assets, is recognized as an expense over the useful life of the asset.

Inventories make up a significant portion of a firm's assets. In addition, the income from investing in inventory should be higher than the income from investing in more liquid assets (cash, securities). From this proceed when investing money in inventory.

Until recently, it was believed that the more inventory an enterprise had, the better. This is true when the enterprise has problems with material and technical supply, in conditions when it is necessary to create significant safety stocks. However, in modern conditions, the deficit problem is much less important, enterprises can make a wide variety of investments.

In International Standards, the main accounting issues for inventories are reflected in IFRS 2 "Inventories".

IFRS 2 defines inventories as assets:

held for sale in the normal course of business;

In the process of production for such sale; or

In the form of raw materials or materials intended for use in a manufacturing process or in the provision of services.

According to the standard, inventories are classified as follows:

1. Goods, land and other property purchased and held for resale;

2. Finished products released by the company;

3. Work in progress produced by a company and including raw materials and materials intended for further use in the production process.

In pursuance of the Accounting Reform Program, Order No. 44n of June 9, 2001 of the Ministry of Finance of Russia approved a new Accounting Regulation “Accounting for Inventories” PBU 5/01, which comes into force starting with the 2002 financial statements. This Regulation will replace PBU 5/98 “Accounting for inventories”, which has been in force since 1999.

According to paragraph 2 of PBU 5/01, which comes into force starting from the financial statements of 2002, the following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories:

Used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);

intended for sale;

Used for the management needs of the organization.

Under IFRS 2, the cost of inventories must include all acquisition costs, processing costs and other costs incurred to bring inventories to their present location and condition.

Financial reporting in the Russian Federation should gradually approach IFRS. However, it can be recognized as conforming to international standards if it meets all the requirements of IFRS and interpretations. The procedure for accounting for inventories in international practice is regulated by IFRS 2 “Inventories”, and in domestic accounting PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”. PBU 5/01 prescribes to evaluate inventories at actual cost. Inventories that are morally obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality or their current market value, the sale price has decreased, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year, less a reserve for the decline in the value of material assets. According to the Russian accounting standard, inventories can be valued by:

1) average cost;

2) the cost of each unit;

3) the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO).

As for international practice, only two methods are provided there:

1) FIFO (basic accounting procedure);

2) Weighted average (basic accounting procedure).

In the conditions of a market economy and the promotion of the Russian Federation to the world market, the gradual approximation of the Russian accounting standard to IFRS is inevitable, but at the moment this is only a distant prospect, since the Russian economy, Russian accounting are not yet ready for the transition (since in Russia there is a subordination of accounting information on specific rules and requirements of tax legislation).

Thus, the differences between Russian and international standards in accounting for inventories can be expressed as follows:

PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" prescribes to evaluate the inventory at the actual cost. And at the end of the reporting year, inventories that are morally obsolete or whose current market value has decreased should be accounted for less a reserve for the decline in the value of material assets. However, it is not clear how inventories should be valued if the current market value of which was below the actual cost in one reporting period, and increased above the actual cost in the next reporting period.

In accordance with IFRS 2 Inventories, inventories must be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value (ie less costs to sell). This approach is not provided for in PBU 5/01.

As you know, when writing off inventories, several methods can be used. At the same time, in addition to the write-off of inventories using the FIFO method or the average cost method allowed in IFRS, RAS also has a method based on the cost of each unit.

In accordance with IFRS, the cost of inventories does not include prepaid expenses, while RAS allows this;

Biological assets are accounted for in accordance with IAS 41 Agriculture. Russian Accounting Standards suggest that inventories may include certain biological assets, such as young animals;

In contrast to IFRS, in RAS “other work in progress” can be valued: at actual cost, which includes only costs directly related to the production of these items; according to the actual or standard (planned) production cost; by direct cost items; at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, that is, excluding the cost of staff salaries and other expenses. In IFRS, work in progress is valued in the same way as other inventories;

The procedure for determining the actual cost in RAS differs from the procedure established by IFRS in that the methods for allocating production overheads to the cost of inventories are described in the relevant industry regulations or instructions. In many cases, overhead costs are included in the cost of inventory even if they cannot be directly attributed to the manufacturing process. For example, all costs for the maintenance of procurement and storage units of the organization are included in the cost of stocks;

There is no guidance in RAS as to whether a provision should be created for the impairment of value (depreciation) of work in progress. According to IFRS, this reserve must be created.

Thus, when reporting for IFRS purposes based on Russian accounting data, a number of significant adjustments to the value of inventory balances at the end of the period and inventories written off to cost may be required.

Chapter 2. Organization of accounting for the receipt of inventories

2.1 Documentation and accounting of receipt of inventories

Inventory reserves (IPZ) - part of the property:

used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;

held for sale;

used for the management needs of the Company.

The main document regulating the procedure for accounting for materials is the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01). At the JSC Baltika-Don enterprise, accounting of inventories is carried out in the 1C-Enterprise software package. The following assets are accepted as inventories: used as raw materials, materials in the production of products intended for the performance of work and the provision of services; used for administrative purposes.

Inventories at OAO Baltika-Don are reflected in the financial statements as separate items in accordance with their classification (distribution by type), based on the method of use in the production of products, works, services and other activities of the Company.

At the end of the reporting year, inventories are reflected in the balance sheet at a cost determined on the basis of the methods used for estimating inventories established by the accounting policy of the enterprise.

Inventories for which the current market value has decreased, or which have become morally obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality, may be reflected in the balance sheet of Baltika-Don OJSC at the end of the reporting year, less a reserve for the decline in the value of material assets. The reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets is formed at the expense of the Company's financial results by the amount of the difference between the current market value and the actual cost of the inventory.

As a unit of accounting for inventories, the nomenclature number developed by Baltika-Don OJSC in the context of their names and (or) homogeneous groups (types) is accepted.

Operations for the procurement and acquisition of material resources, their movement in the temporary storage warehouse at OAO Baltika-Don are recorded using account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials”. The balance of account 15 at the end of the month shows the value of material assets paid but not credited to the central material warehouse (materials in transit), or the value of material assets for which customs procedures have not been completed as of the reporting date (remains of materials in a temporary storage warehouse).

Transportation and procurement costs for the acquisition of material resources at OAO Baltika-Don are reflected on account 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials”. The monthly allocation of these costs to the costs of production and circulation is carried out according to the method of average percentage.

Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The actual cost of materials purchased for a fee is the sum of the actual costs of OAO Baltika-Don for the purchase, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual costs of purchasing inventories are determined (reduced or increased) taking into account the sum differences between the ruble valuation of accounts payable for the purchase of materials denominated in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) as of the date of acceptance for accounting and its ruble valuation as of the maturity date that arose before acceptance MPZ for accounting. The sum differences that have arisen after the acceptance of the inventory for accounting are credited to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

The actual cost of materials received by Baltika-Don OJSC free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting (in the amount that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets ).

The actual cost of materials purchased in exchange for other property (other than cash) is determined based on the value of the property being exchanged, at the normal selling price of similar assets.

The release of inventories into production is carried out at the cost of each unit. The norms for writing off material values ​​are controlled by the planning department and endorsed by the chief engineer and head of the planning department.

The following synthetic accounts are used to account for inventories: 10 "Materials", to which the following sub-accounts are opened: 10/1 "Raw materials", 10/3 "Fuel", 10/5 "Spare parts", 10/9 " Inventory and household supplies. Within each of these groups, material values ​​are divided into types. Each type is assigned a short numerical value (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called the nomenclature price tag. It also specifies the fixed discount price and the unit of measure. The coding of the nomenclature price tag is carried out according to a mixed order-serial system using seven-digit codes. The first two characters indicate a synthetic account, the third - a sub-account, one next character means a group of materials, the rest - various signs, characteristics of the enterprise.

Primary documents for the receipt and consumption of inventories are the basis for organizing material accounting. Directly according to primary documents, preliminary, current and subsequent control over the movement, safety and rational use of material resources is carried out.

Primary documents on the movement of materials are carefully drawn up, they must contain the signatures of the persons who performed the transactions and the codes of the relevant accounting objects. Control over compliance with the rules for registering the movement of material resources is entrusted to the chief accountant and heads of the relevant departments (logistics engineer, heads of production sites, head of the warehouse).

When materials are released into production or otherwise disposed of by OAO Baltika-Don, they are assessed using the average cost of materials method, in accordance with paragraph 3 PBU 5/01 “Inventory Accounting”.

Special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment are written off as expenses in accordance with the norms approved by the President of Baltika-Don OJSC.

Accounting for semi-finished products of own production is carried out separately on account 21. The cost of semi-finished products is estimated at direct costs for their production. The transfer of semi-finished products for further processing is reflected by writing off their value to account 30 “Costs of the main production”, sales to the side - to account 90 “Sales”.

Accounting for current production costs, both direct and indirect, is carried out by product varieties on the corresponding analytical accounts of account 30 "Costs of the main production" at the place of their occurrence, while the distribution of indirect costs is carried out in proportion to the production volumes of product varieties.

At the end of the month, the average cost method calculates the production costs of products manufactured this month, reduced by the amount of returnable waste sold during the month (at the price of their possible sale), and written off to account 20 "Main production - WIP" to sub-accounts of work in progress and to sub-account 2009 "Costs for finished products". The cost of costs from sub-account 2009 is debited to account 43 "Finished products", respectively, the final balance of account 20 reflects the value of the balance of work in progress.

Work in progress is valued under the following items:

material costs (raw materials and auxiliary materials);

piecework wages and contributions to the UST for workers and employees of the main production units;

energy costs - in the share related to production shops, where work in progress is formed;

depreciation - in the share related to production shops, where work in progress is formed (according to a special calculation).

Containers are accounted for on account 10 “Materials” on two subaccounts: on subaccount 101 “Raw materials and materials”, containers are taken into account: glass bottles similar to the procedure for accounting for other types of materials, on subaccount 102 “Collateral packaging”, collateral containers (polyethylene boxes, pallets) (accounting) value established by the enterprise based on market conditions.

When forming pledge (account) prices for containers, the difference between the actual) costs of its acquisition (excluding VAT) and pledge (account) prices is charged to account 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials”. Monthly distribution of these deviations is carried out according to the method of average percentage upon disposal, write-off of the sale of containers.

Goods - a part of inventories of JSC "Baltika-Don", purchased or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale or resale without additional processing, are accounted for on account 41 "Goods".

Goods purchased by OAO Baltika-Don for sale are valued at the cost of their acquisition. The cost of goods also includes sum differences between the ruble valuation of accounts payable denominated in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) as of the date of acceptance for accounting and its ruble valuation as of the date of payment. The costs of procurement and delivery of goods to the central warehouse, incurred before they are transferred for sale, are included in distribution costs.

When sold at retail, goods are valued at the sale (retail) price. To summarize information on trade margins (discounts, discounts) for goods in retail trade, account 42 “Trade margin” is used.

When selling in bulk, the average cost of goods sold is taken into account.

Finished products (FP) - part of the inventories of Baltika-Don OJSC, intended for sale, being the final result of the production process, completed by processing (picking), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established by legislation;

Finished products manufactured by OAO Baltika-Don are valued at the actual production cost, excluding collateral, on account 43 “Finished Products”.

As part of the finished product, the costs of all the main production units that directly produce beer and other main products are capitalized.

Costs of other production units:

for departments whose expenses are not redistributed are considered to be the expenses of the period;

for divisions, the costs of which are redistributed, are included in the cost of finished products in the proportion that falls on the main production divisions.

The cost of manufactured finished products is calculated in the local databases of factories, then transferred to a centralized database, in which the cost calculation of the production of GPs, write-offs of GPs for sale, as well as the formation of postings for the write-off of GPs is carried out.

Control over the implementation of the logistics plan under the contracts, the timeliness of receipt and posting of materials is carried out by the planning and economic department. To this end, the department maintains records (machinograms) of operational accounting for the implementation of supply contracts. They note the fulfillment of the terms of the supply agreement for the range of materials, their quantity, price, terms of shipment.

The accounting department exercises control over the organization of this operational accounting.

The materials received by the organization are documented in accounting documents in the following order.

Together with the shipment of products, the supplier sends the organization settlement and other accompanying documents - a payment request (in two copies: one directly to the buyer, the other through the bank), waybills. Settlement and other documents related to the receipt of materials are received by the accounting department, where the correctness of their execution is checked, after which they are transferred to the logistics engineer3.

In the planning and economic department, according to incoming documents, they check the compliance of the volume, assortment, delivery time, prices, quality of materials with contractual conditions. As a result of such a check, a note is made on the settlement or other document itself about full or partial acceptance (consent to payment). In addition, the planning and economic department monitors the receipt of goods and their search. For this purpose, the Planning and Economic Department maintains a Register of Incoming Goods, which indicates: registration number, date of entry, name of the supplier, date and number of the transport document, number, date and amount of the invoice, type of cargo, number and date of the receipt order or act on acceptance of a request for the search for cargo. In the notes, a note is made about the payment of the invoice or the refusal of acceptance.

Verified payment requests from the planning and economic department are transferred to the accounting department, and the receipts of transport organizations are transferred to the logistics engineer for receiving and delivering materials.

The logistics engineer receives the arrived materials at the station in terms of the number of places and weight. If he finds signs that cast doubt on the safety of the cargo, he may require the transport organization to check the cargo. In the event of a shortage of seats or weight, damage to containers, damage to materials, a commercial act is drawn up, which serves as the basis for filing claims against the transport organization or supplier.

To receive materials from the warehouse of non-resident suppliers, the logistics engineer is issued an order and a power of attorney, which indicate the list of materials to be received. When accepting materials, the logistics engineer performs not only quantitative, but also qualitative acceptance. The logistic engineer delivers the accepted goods to the warehouse of the enterprise and hands them over to the warehouse manager, who checks the compliance of the quantity and quality of the material with the supplier's invoice data. The materials accepted by the storekeeper are issued by receipt orders. The receipt order is signed by the warehouse manager and the logistics engineer. Material values ​​come in the appropriate units of measurement (weight, volume, numerical).

If materials are received in one unit and consumed in another, then they are taken into account simultaneously in two units of measure.

If there are no discrepancies between the supplier's data and the actual data, it is allowed to capitalize materials without issuing a receipt order. In this case, a stamp is affixed to the documentation of the receipt and expenditure of the supplier's inventories, the prints of which contain the main details of the receipt order. The number of primary documents is thus reduced.

In cases where the quantity and quality of the materials arrived at the warehouse do not correspond to the data of the supplier's invoice, the commission accepts the materials and draws up an act of acceptance of the materials, which serves as the basis for filing a claim with the supplier. The act is also drawn up upon acceptance of materials received by the enterprise without a supplier invoice (non-invoiced deliveries).

Transportation of materials is carried out by road, then the consignment note is used as the primary document, which is drawn up by the consignor in four copies: the first of them serves as the basis for writing off materials from the consignor; the second - for posting materials by the recipient; the third one is for settlements with a motor transport organization and is an attachment to the invoice for payment for the transportation of valuables; the fourth is the basis for accounting for transport work and is attached to the waybill. The bill of lading is used as a receipt document for the buyer if there is no discrepancy between the amount of goods received and the invoice data. In the presence of such a discrepancy, the acceptance of materials is formalized by an act of acceptance of materials.

The arrival of materials of own manufacture, production waste to the warehouse is drawn up with single- or multi-line requirements-invoices, which are issued by production sites in two copies: the first is the basis for writing off materials from the production site, the second is sent to the warehouse and is used as an incoming document. Materials received from the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures are accounted for on the basis of an act on the capitalization of material assets received during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures.

Acquisition of materials by accountable persons is carried out in trade organizations, from other organizations for cash. A document confirming the cost of the purchased materials is a commodity invoice or an act-certificate drawn up by an accountable person, in which he sets out the content of the business transaction, indicating the date, place of purchase, name and quantity of materials and price, as well as data from the passport of the seller of the goods. The act (certificate) is attached to the advance report of the accountable person.

Materials are released from the warehouse of the organization for production consumption, household needs, to the side, for processing and in the order of the sale of surplus and illiquid stocks. To ensure control over the expenditure of materials and its proper documentation, organizations carry out appropriate organizational measures. An important condition for monitoring the rational use of materials is their rationing and release on the basis of established limits. The limits are calculated by the planning and economic department on the basis of data on the volume of output and the rate of consumption of materials per unit of output. All services of the enterprise have a list of officials who are granted the right to sign documents for the receipt and release of materials from the warehouse, as well as issue permission to export them from the enterprise. Released materials are precisely weighed, measured and counted. To account for the movement of materials within the enterprise, single-line or multi-line invoice requirements are used. Invoices are made by the financially responsible persons of the site that sells the valuables, in two copies, one of which remains in place with the recipient's receipt, and the second with the receipt of the person selling the valuables is transferred to the recipient of the valuables. The release of materials to third-party organizations or farms of their organization located outside it is drawn up with waybills for the release of materials to the side, which are issued by the planning department in two copies on the basis of orders, contracts and other documents: the first copy remains in the warehouse and is the basis for analytical and synthetic accounting of materials, the second is transferred to the recipient of materials. If the materials are issued with subsequent payment, then the first copy also serves for the accounting department to issue settlement and payment documents. When transporting materials by road, a consignment note is used instead of a consignment note.

To account for the movement of materials, primary accounting documentation is used that meets the requirements of the Basic Provisions for Accounting for Materials and is adapted for automated processing.

The following unified forms are used to document transactions: a power of attorney (form No. M-2) is used to formalize the right of a person to act as an organization's trustee upon receipt of material assets released by the supplier under an agreement, account. The power of attorney is issued in one copy in accordance with the Instruction of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR dated January 14, 1967 No. 17 "On the procedure for issuing powers of attorney for receiving inventory items and dispensing them by proxy." The issued power of attorney is issued to the recipient of valuables against receipt. The power of attorney is valid for 15 days. Sample form of a power of attorney; receipt order (form No. M-4) is used to account for materials received from suppliers. The receipt order in one copy is drawn up by the accountant on the day the materials are received at the warehouse. A receipt order is issued for the actually received amount of valuables. A sample of a standard form of a credit order; the requirement-invoice (form No. M-11) is used to account for the movement of material assets within the organization between structural divisions. The waybill is drawn up by the financially responsible person of the structural unit that delivers material assets in two copies: one serves as the basis for debiting valuables to the delivering warehouse, and the second for the receiving warehouse for posting valuables. The waybill is signed by the financially responsible persons of the deliverer and recipient, and then handed over to the accounting department to account for the movement of materials. A sample of the standard form of the requirement-consignment note; invoice for the release of materials to the party (form No. M-15) is used to account for the release of material assets to the farms of its organization located outside its territory, or to third parties on the basis of contracts and other documents. The waybill is issued by the employee of the structural unit in duplicate on the basis of contracts and other relevant documents and upon presentation by the recipient of a power of attorney to receive valuables. The first copy is transferred to the warehouse as a basis for the release of materials, the second - to the recipient of the materials. A sample standard form of an invoice for the release of materials to the side; material accounting card (form No. M-17) is used to record the movement of materials in the warehouse for each grade, size. The card is filled in for each item number. The warehouse manager keeps the card. Entries in the card are made on the basis of primary receipts and expenditures on the day of the operation.

2.2 Organization of synthetic accounting for the receipt of inventories

Synthetic accounting of inventories is carried out on a synthetic account 10 "Materials". On synthetic accounts, accounting for material assets is carried out at accounting prices. Upon receipt of materials, material accounts 10 “Materials” are debited:

account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - for the cost of materials received at suppliers' prices with all mark-ups of marketing and supply organizations and transportation and procurement costs included in the suppliers' accounts, including payment of interest for the purchase on credit provided by the supplier;

account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" - for the cost of services paid by checks to transport (railway and water) organizations;

account 23 "Auxiliary production" - for the costs of delivering materials by own transport and for the actual cost of materials of own production;

Incoming materials that are not accompanied by payment documents from suppliers (non-invoiced deliveries) are credited according to the act of acceptance of materials drawn up in the warehouse. Posting of non-invoiced deliveries is carried out at accounting prices or at the prices of the contract or previous deliveries. If no payment request is received by the end of the month, the acceptance estimate for the specified deliveries is retained. The following month, upon receipt of a payment request, the value of uninvoiced deliveries in the acceptance estimate is reversed and a new entry is made for the actual amounts indicated in the documents of the suppliers.

The cost of accepted and paid materials that were not received by the organization during the reporting period (materials on the way), at the end of the month, is reflected in the debit of accounts 10 “Materials” and the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (without posting valuables to the warehouse). At the beginning of the next month, these amounts are reversed and, upon receipt of valuables, make up the usual accounting entry for them.

When accepting materials from suppliers, surpluses or shortages of the actually received amount of materials may be identified in comparison with the documentary data drawn up by the act. The surplus comes under the act and is valued at the accounting prices of the organization or at selling prices. The purchasing department then reports the surplus to the supplier and asks for a payment request for the value of the surplus.

Materials released into production and for other needs are written off from the credit of material accounts to the debit of the corresponding accounts of production costs and to other accounts within a month at fixed accounting prices. In this case, the following accounting entry is made:

Debit account 20 "Main production" (materials released to the main production);

Debit of account 23 "Auxiliary productions" (materials released to auxiliary productions);

Debit of other accounts, depending on the direction of expenditure of materials (25, 26, etc.);

Credit of account 10 "Materials" or other accounts for accounting materials.

The cost of materials at fixed accounting prices is distributed between various production cost accounts on the basis of a material distribution sheet, which is compiled according to the data of primary documents on the consumption of materials.

After a month, the difference between the actual cost of the materials used and their cost at fixed accounting prices is determined. The difference is written off to the same cost accounts to which materials were written off at fixed accounting prices (accounts 20, 23, 25, 26). Moreover, if the actual cost is higher than the fixed accounting price, then the difference between them is written off by an additional accounting entry, while the opposite difference (which is possible when using the planned cost of materials as a fixed accounting price) is written off using the “red reversal” method, that is, negative numbers.

Deviations of the actual cost of materials from their value at fixed accounting prices are distributed between the materials used and remaining in the warehouse in proportion to the cost of materials at fixed accounting prices. For this purpose, the percentage of deviations of the actual cost of materials from the fixed accounting price is determined, and the found ratio is multiplied by the cost of the supplied and remaining materials at fixed accounting prices.

The percentage of deviations of the actual cost of materials from the fixed accounting price (X) is determined by the following formula:

X \u003d (O n + O p) × 100 / UC n + UC n (2.1)

Where O n is the deviation of the actual cost of materials from their cost at fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;

O p - deviation of the actual cost of materials from their cost at fixed accounting prices for the materials received per month;

UC n - the cost of materials in fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;

UC n - the cost of materials received during the month at fixed accounting prices.

It is allowed to determine the actual cost of material resources written off for production in addition to the average cost using the FIFO method. When using this method, it becomes necessary to evaluate each batch of consumables, which is quite difficult to implement, given the current level of mechanization and automation of accounting. It is more expedient to determine the cost of consumed materials when they are evaluated using the FIFO method by calculation. In this case, within a month, the materials are written off for production at accounting prices. At the end of the month, the cost of the materials used is determined using the FIFO method, the deviation of the calculated cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices is found, and the identified deviation is written off to the appropriate accounts in proportion to the cost of previously written off materials at accounting prices.

When used in 1C accounting, incoming documents are grouped into bundles and, after checking and checking the codes, they are handed over to the VU, where, on the basis of the documents, they develop a machinogram-sheet of receipt of materials to the warehouse. The statement reflects the cost of purchased materials at accounting prices and the actual cost with a breakdown of its components for each payment requirement of suppliers. On the basis of the statements of receipt of materials, a summary statement is compiled for calculating transport and procurement costs or deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices and calculate the coefficient of deviations of the actual cost from the cost at accounting prices.

According to the expenditure documents and the previously indicated summary sheet, a machinegram is compiled-sheet of the consumption of materials for the corresponding accounts. In it, for each type of materials used, for various cost codes, their cost at accounting prices, the coefficient of deviations and the amount of deviations attributable to the materials used are reflected.

To obtain generalized data on inventories accounts for each of them, machinegrams are compiled - turnover sheets; their data is reconciled with the general turnover sheet for synthetic accounts and subaccounts and, after reconciliation, is transferred to the machine diagram - the General Ledger.

According to the accounting policy of the enterprise, synthetic accounting of inventories is kept on account 10 “Materials” using sub-accounts 10/1 “Raw materials and materials”, the presence and movement of: raw materials and materials, auxiliary materials; 10/3 "Fuel" takes into account the presence and movement of petroleum products (diesel fuel, kerosene, gasoline, fuels and lubricants) intended for the operation of vehicles, 10/5 "Spare parts" takes into account the presence and movement of spare parts purchased for the needs of the main activity, intended for the production, repairs, replacement of worn parts of vehicles, 10/9 "Inventory and household supplies". In the accounting of the enterprise, special tools are accounted for on a separate sub-account 10/9. The initial cost of special tools is determined based on the amount that the company spent on its purchase (clause 2 of article 254 and clause 1 of article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, as well as clause 6 of PBU 5/01 and clause 8 of PBU 6/01) . When transferring special tools into operation, the following wiring is done:

Debit 10/10 sub-account "Special tool in operation"

Credit 10/11 sub-account "Special tool in stock"

Then the cost of special tools is debited to account 20 "Main production".

Upon receipt of materials, account 10 "Materials" is debited and credited:

account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - for the cost of materials received at accounting prices;

account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" for the cost of services;

account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" - for the cost of materials paid from accountable amounts;

account 23 "Auxiliary production";

account 20 "Main production".

The materials released for production are debited from the credit of account 10 (subaccounts 10/1, 10/3, 10/5, 10/9) to the debit of the corresponding accounts of production costs within a month at fixed accounting prices. This creates the following accounting entry:

Debit account 20 "Main production"; Debit account 23 "Auxiliary production"; Debit account 26 "General expenses";

Account credit 10 "Materials".

The supplier's payment documents accepted for acceptance, and primarily the invoice, are registered in the Purchase Book. This accounting register is used in the future to draw up a VAT calculation in order to determine it, which is presented for deduction in the prescribed manner. Each invoice is recorded in the purchase book as they are received in chronological order. If there is a partial payment by the buyer, then in the indicated register an entry is made for each payment amount, indicating the details of the previously received invoice for this delivery. Against each principal repayment amount, a note “partial payment” is made. Invoices are stored in the appropriate ledger. Since the JSC "Baltika-Don" enterprise uses the program "1C: Accounting (7.7)", all information necessary for registering invoices of suppliers (number and date of preparation and receipt, name of suppliers, date of posting of inventories and their payments, including VAT, as well as the cost of purchases taxed at different VAT rates) are formed on the basis of the input document “Receipt of inventory items”. All transactions related to the receipt and payment of these valuables in the future are subject to registration in the Purchase Book in chronological order. For this purpose, in a typical configuration, a computer document "Record of the Purchase Book" is used, which includes the main details of the invoice and prepared in the "input based on" mode. In the case of partial payment for the acquired inventories, the supplier's invoice is registered in the specified accounting register for each paid amount.

In the journal-order No. 6, opened for a month, synthetic accounting of transactions with suppliers is carried out, as well as analytical accounting in terms of settlements with them in the form of acceptance. First, the balances of outstanding debts to suppliers are recorded, which are carried over from the previous reporting period. In the reporting month, entries in this accounting register are made on the basis of invoices presented by suppliers and documents confirming the acceptance of goods at the warehouse. For each invoice in the order journal No. 6, a separate line is assigned, according to which the registration number, basic details and amounts accepted for payment, offset amounts are recorded. Amounts accepted for payment are shown in detail for each element of the invoice, which is the purchase price of the purchased materials. Separately, the amounts of the shortage identified during acceptance and the amount of claims for grade, completeness are shown.

In the process of procurement of inventories, there may be situations when they arrive at the enterprise without accompanying documents (non-invoiced deliveries). The surplus identified during the acceptance of goods is also considered as uninvoiced deliveries and is shown on a separate line of the journal-warrant No. 6.

For uninvoiced deliveries, on the basis of data from the warehouse receipt documents, a record is made separately for each delivery with the letter “H” indicated in the “Invoice number” column. Capitalization occurs at the contractual value with this supplier, at the book price or the price of the previous delivery. Upon receipt of the invoice, the above entry is reversed and a regular entry is made. Amounts on accounts for which the cargo was not received in the reporting period are transferred to the journal-order No. 6 of the next month in the column “Balance at the beginning of the month for unarrived cargo” for each delivery separately. The amount of acceptance, as already reflected in the previous reporting period, is not reflected in this order journal. Cargo received in the reporting month, which was listed as en route at the beginning of the month, is reversed in the column “For unarrived cargo” on the line where the balance was shown. The specified balance at the end of the month is adjusted by regular or reversal entries, taking into account changes in the current month. Turnovers on the credit of account 60 for the reporting month include both the amounts for the received inventories and the amounts for such stocks remaining in transit.

The acquisition of materials through accountable persons is reflected in the order journal No. 7 by the entry:

Debit of accounts 10 "Materials";

19 "Value Added Tax on Acquired Values"

Sub-account 3 “VAT on acquired inventories.

Credit of account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons".

When the organization makes an advance payment for the expected receipt of materials, an accounting entry is made in the order journal No. 2 based on the bank statement:

Debit account 60/2 Credit account 51

After receiving the specified values, the previously made advance payment is accepted for offset as a reduction in accounts payable to suppliers:

Debit account 60/1 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors on accepted accounts"

Loan 60/2 "Settlements on advances issued."

The remaining amount must be repaid in the usual manner.

Claims made by suppliers upon receipt of received materials, regardless of their nature (shortages in transit, non-compliance with the terms of the contract), do not release the buyer from obligations to suppliers until the date of dispute resolution and are reflected in the accounting entry:

Debit account 76/2 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors on prepayments"

credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".

The sale of materials and other types of inventories to the side is reflected in account 91 “Other income and expenses”, which is intended for the formation of information on other income and expenses associated with the sale and other write-off of inventories.

The debit of this account reflects the costs associated with the sale and other write-offs of materials, including sales costs. The credit of the account reflects receipts for sold material assets.

The process of sale and other write-off of inventories is reflected in the accounts as follows: the carrying amount of materials sold or written off:

Credit 10 "Materials".

In accounting, the proceeds from the sale of materials are included in operating income, in accordance with the requirement of paragraph 7 of the accounting regulation "Income of the organization" (PBU 9/99).

This is done by wiring:

Debit 62 Credit 91 sub-account "other income" (reflects income from the sale of materials).

Income tax is calculated by excluding value added tax and sales tax from revenue. In this case, the following wiring is done:

Debit 91 subaccount "VAT on materials sold" Credit 68 subaccount "Calculations for VAT" (VAT accrued on materials sold)

Debit 91 sub-account "Sales tax on materials sold" Credit 68 sub-account "Sales tax calculations" (sales tax accrued).

In case of gratuitous transfer of various kinds of stocks to other organizations in the order of donation, entries in the accounts are made as follows:

For the amount of inventory transfer at book value -

Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"

Credit 10 "Materials";

For the amount of VAT

Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"

Credit 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees", sub-account "Calculations on VAT";

The result of the gratuitous transfer of inventories on a monthly basis -

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"

Credit 91 "Other income and expenses".

The financial result revealed on account 91 "Other income and expenses" in the reporting period is written off to account 99 "Profit and loss". A feature of maintaining account 91 is that entries on sub-accounts 1 "Other income" and 2 "Other expenses" are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit turnover on subaccount 2 “Other expenses” and the credit turnover on subaccount 1 “Other income”, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined, which is reflected in subaccount 9 “Balance of other income and expenses. This balance is written off on a monthly basis to account 99 “Profit and Loss”.

Account 91 “Other income and expenses” is debited for the amount of profit, subaccount 9 “Balance of other income and expenses” and account 99 “Profit and losses” is credited. For the amount of the identified loss from the sale. Write-offs of inventories are recorded in the accounts in return correspondence.

Account 91 “Other income and expenses” does not have a balance as of the reporting date, and analytical accounting for this account is maintained for each financial transaction with the identification of its financial result.

Chapter 3. Organization of use and disposal in tax and accounting of inventories

3.1 Use of MPZ

When materials are released into production and otherwise disposed of, their assessment is carried out using the average cost of materials method, in accordance with paragraph 3 of PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”.

Special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment are written off as expenses in accordance with the standards approved by the President of the Company.

As inventory items and household supplies, tools and workwear are transferred from the warehouse to operation, their cost is written off as expenses at a time. In order to control the safety, off-balance accounting was provided at the places of use of inventory items and household supplies, tools and overalls. Write-off of tools, inventory, overalls and household supplies from off-balance sheet accounting is carried out as it fails, breaks down and wears out.

The main direction of spending materials is their transfer to production. When organizing tax accounting for material costs in general and the consumption of materials in particular, it should be borne in mind that some of these costs are direct, and some are indirect.

Direct costs include:

material costs: for the purchase of raw materials and (or) materials used in the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services) and (or) forming their basis or being a necessary component in the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services); for the purchase of component parts to be assembled and (or) semi-finished products to be subjected to additional processing by the taxpayer.

Indirect expenses include all other amounts of expenses, with the exception of non-operating expenses incurred by the taxpayer during the reporting (tax) period.

At the same time, the amount of indirect expenses for production and sale, carried out in the reporting (tax) period, is fully related to the expenses of the current reporting (tax) period, taking into account the requirements provided for by separate articles of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

The amount of direct expenses incurred in the reporting (tax) period also refers to the expenses of the current reporting (tax) period, with the exception of the amounts of direct expenses allocated to the balance of work in progress, finished products in stock and shipped, but not sold in the reporting (tax) period production period.

The cost of commodity and material assets included in material expenses is determined based on the prices of their acquisition (excluding the amounts of taxes deductible or included in expenses in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), including commissions paid to intermediary organizations, import customs duties and fees, transportation costs and other costs associated with the acquisition of inventory.

If the cost of returnable packaging accepted from the supplier with inventory items is included in the price of these assets, the cost of returnable packaging at the price of its possible use or sale is excluded from the total cost of their purchase. The cost of non-returnable containers and packaging accepted from the supplier with inventory items is included in the amount of expenses for their purchase. The classification of containers as returnable or non-returnable is determined by the terms of the agreement (contract) for the purchase of inventory items.

If the taxpayer uses products of his own production as raw materials, spare parts, components, semi-finished products and other material expenses, as well as if the taxpayer includes the results of works or services of his own production as part of material expenses, an assessment of these products, results of works or services own production is based on the assessment of finished products (works, services) in accordance with Article 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (taking into account the distribution of direct costs).

The listed norms are important when posting inventories. If the assessment of materials when they were accepted for accounting was made correctly, then they are written off to reduce the tax base for income tax at accounting prices.

So, during the month of September, the following materials were written off:

in the main production - in the amount of 200 thousand rubles;

in auxiliary production - in the amount of 20 thousand rubles;

written off materials for production needs (shop expenses) - in the amount of 3 thousand rubles;

written off materials for management needs - in the amount of 5 thousand rubles;

tools were transferred to the main production - in the amount of 10 thousand rubles;

component parts were transferred to production - in the amount of 12 thousand rubles.

The following entries were made in accounting:

debit of account 20 credit of account 10 - 40 thousand rubles;

debit of account 23 "Auxiliary production" credit of account 10 - 20 thousand rubles;

debit of account 25 "General production expenses" credit of account 10 - 3 thousand rubles;

debit of account 26 "General business expenses" credit of account 10 - 5 thousand rubles;

debit of account 20 credit of account 10 - 10 thousand rubles;

debit account 20 credit account 10 - 12 thousand rubles.

The amount of material expenses of the current month is reduced by the value of the balance of inventory items transferred to production, but not used in production at the end of the month. The assessment of such commodity - material assets should correspond to their assessment at write-off.

In the event that the presence of such balances is systematic, it is advisable to develop a form of an auxiliary accounting statement, which includes data on the amounts of the value of such balances. The quantity and value of residues can be determined both directly through recalculation, and through the development and approval of carry-over standards. In the latter case, it is advisable to conduct periodic checks of the actual presence of material residues in order to clarify the standards.

For example: the organization has approved the standards for carry-over materials in the workplace:

workplace N 1 - 5 percent;

workplace N 2 - 7 percent.

During September, the following materials were transferred to production:

for workplace N 1 - in the amount of 8 thousand rubles;

for workplace N 2 - in the amount of 10 thousand rubles.

In the analytical registers of tax accounting and in the tax base, these expenses are entered with a "-" sign - they increase the tax base.

In addition, the amount of material costs is reduced by the cost of returnable waste. Recyclable waste is understood as the remains of raw materials (materials), semi-finished products, heat carriers and other types of material resources formed in the process of production of goods (performance of works, provision of services), which have partially lost the consumer qualities of the original resources (chemical or physical properties) and, therefore, are used with increased costs (lower output) or not used for its intended purpose.

The recyclable waste does not include the remains of commodity and material assets, which, in accordance with the technological process, are transferred to other units as full-fledged raw materials (materials) for the production of other types of goods (works, services), as well as by-products (related) products resulting from implementation of the technological process.

Returnable waste is assessed in the following order:

1) at a reduced price of the original material resource (at the price of possible use), if these wastes can be used for the main or auxiliary production, but with increased costs (lower output of finished products);

2) at the selling price, if these wastes are sold to a third party.

Of course, in the event that the production technology involves the formation of recyclable waste (but not technological losses), it is necessary to use the appropriate primary accounting document - an accounting statement. In this case, the approach to determining the quantity and cost of returned materials can be the same as to determining the unused balance of materials. The difference is that returnables can be valued in two ways - depending on the direction of further use.

For example, when carrying out activities, returnable materials are generated in the following sizes (the data of the previous example are also used):

At workplace N 1 - 0.5 percent of the cost of used materials - at a reduced price of the original resource and 1.5 percent - at market value.

Materials spent during the month in the amount of 7600 rubles.

At the workplace N 2 - 1 percent of the cost of materials used at market value.

Materials spent during the month in the amount of 9300 rubles.

Some types of losses also belong to material expenses: losses from shortage and (or) damage during storage and transportation of commodity and material assets within the limits of natural loss, approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation; technological losses during production and (or) transportation.

To account for such expenses, a separate accounting statement is required. Since the write-off acts are drawn up, as a rule, at workplace No. 4, then the certificate, in our opinion, should be drawn up there as well.

During the inventory, a shortage of materials in the amount of 1 thousand rubles was revealed. The total cost of materials in this group is 100 thousand rubles, the rate of natural loss is 0.7 thousand rubles. The amount of shortage in the amount exceeding the rate of natural loss, attributed to the perpetrators.

The following entries were made in accounting:

debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" credit of account 10 - 1000 rubles;

debit account 20 credit account 94 - 700 rubles;

debit of account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations", sub-account "Calculations for compensation for material damage" credit of account 94 - 300 rubles.

Unlike shortages and damage to inventories, the amount of technological losses cannot be attributed to settlements with guilty persons or organizations.

When organizing tax accounting for material expenses, it is taken into account that the Tax Code of the Russian Federation allows the use of the following methods for assessing raw materials and materials:

method of valuation by the cost of a unit of reserves;

valuation method at the average cost;

First Acquisition Cost Method (FIFO).

The chosen method is enshrined in the accounting policy adopted by the organization for tax purposes.

5. Other expenses.

Materials can be used in the implementation of almost all types of other expenses. The general principles of tax accounting are similar. Therefore, as examples, we will give options for reflecting the most common types of other expenses in tax accounting.

So, in September, the following materials were released:

for fire safety - in the amount of 2 thousand rubles.

security - in the amount of 3 thousand rubles.

to ensure normal working conditions - 10 thousand rubles;

for safety measures - in the amount of 12 thousand rubles;

Also, a common type of other expenses is the write-off in established cases of shortages of inventories identified during inventories and inspections. We emphasize that in order for the amounts of shortages to be accepted for tax accounting, the fact of the absence of guilty persons must be documented by the authorized state authority.

So, during the inventory, a shortage was revealed in warehouse N 1 of basic materials in the amount of 10 thousand rubles, auxiliary materials - in the amount of 3 thousand rubles; in warehouse N 2 - basic materials - in the amount of 5 thousand rubles; fuel - in the amount of 15 thousand rubles. In accordance with the certificate of the department of internal affairs on the shortage in warehouse No. 1, a criminal case was initiated against unauthorized persons who committed burglary. The certificate confirmed the absence of guilt of the employees of the organization, and due to the absence of those responsible, the criminal case was terminated.

Part of the cost of materials transferred to production belongs to the category of direct materials and is subject to distribution in the manner prescribed by Article 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. This article establishes the procedure for evaluating the balances of work in progress, the balances of finished products. Let us recall the main provisions of this order.

Work in progress (hereinafter referred to as WIP) for tax purposes is understood as products (works, services) of partial readiness, that is, those that have not passed all the processing (manufacturing) operations provided for by the technological process. WIP includes works and services completed but not accepted by the customer. WIP also includes the remains of unfulfilled production orders and the remains of semi-finished products of own production. Materials and semi-finished products in production are classified as WIP, provided that they have already been processed.

The estimate of WIP balances at the end of the current month is made by the taxpayer on the basis of data from primary accounting documents on the movement and balances (in quantitative terms) of raw materials and materials, finished products by workshops (production facilities and other production units of the taxpayer) and tax accounting data on the amount carried out in the current month of direct expenses.

For taxpayers whose production is associated with the processing and processing of raw materials, the amount of direct costs is allocated to the balance of WIP in a share corresponding to the share of such balances in the feedstock (in quantitative terms), minus technological losses. At the same time, for the purposes of this chapter, raw material is understood as a material used in production as a material basis, which, as a result of sequential technological processing (processing), turns into finished products.

For taxpayers whose production is related to the performance of works (rendering of services), the amount of direct expenses is distributed to the balances of WIP in proportion to the share of incomplete (or completed, but not accepted at the end of the current month) orders for the performance of work (rendering of services) in the total volume of work performed during months of orders for the performance of work (provision of services).

For other taxpayers, the amount of direct costs is distributed to the balance of WIP in proportion to the share of direct costs in the planned (standard, estimated) cost of production.

The amount of work in progress at the end of the current month is included in the material costs of the next month. At the end of the tax period, the balance of work in progress at the end of the tax period is included in the expenses of the next tax period in the manner and on the terms provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

For an accurate distribution of direct costs between the volumes of WIP, finished products and products shipped but not sold, on the one hand, and sales volumes, on the other, it is advisable to develop an auxiliary form of reference - calculation.

3.2 Implementation of the MPZ

The JSC Baltika-Don enterprise calculates taxable income on an accrual basis. Taxable income from the sale of materials is equal to the difference between the turnover between the sub-accounts "Operating income from sales of materials", "VAT on materials sold" and "Sales tax on materials sold" of account 91. The amount of this income must be reflected in line 040 of Appendix 1 to sheet 2 Income tax returns. And the calculation of this amount is made out of an accounting statement.

A permanent inventory commission has been formed at the enterprise, consisting of: chief engineer Ivantsov G.G., chief accountant Kosaeva O.G., logistics engineer Stets N.V., the commission conducts scheduled inventories (annually), during which the actual availability of material assets in the main warehouse. The commission reflects the results of the inventory in a special statement. It contains information about damaged property, as well as about valuables, the number of which does not correspond to the accounting prices.

Damaged property is deducted from the balance. For damaged inventory items, acts of damage, scrap are drawn up. On the basis of which the write-off takes place.

Violation of storage conditions, natural disasters, other emergencies can lead to property damage. In case of damage to material assets as a result of violations of the conditions of storage and operation, write-off is made to account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”. Damage to property may be within the limits of natural loss, and may exceed such norms. Currently, only the norms of natural wastage for food products have been established. Losses within these limits are included in the cost. If damage to property exceeded the norms of natural loss or a shortage of property is found, then the guilty persons must compensate for the shortage. This is established in paragraph 3 of Article 12 of the Law "On Accounting". If the employee bears full financial responsibility, then he is obliged to cover all the damage caused. If the employee denies his guilt, it is necessary to file a lawsuit, but you can do without it, if the amount of damage does not exceed the average monthly salary of the employee, then you can recover the damage by order of the manager.

Write-off from the balance of damaged valuables is considered non-productive use of valuables. Therefore, the amount of VAT must be restored and paid to the budget. In order to calculate this amount, it is necessary to multiply the cost of damaged property by a rate of 20 or 10% (since property is reflected in accounting without VAT).

Debit 94 Credit 10 - reflects the cost of damaged materials

Debit 94 Credit 68 - the amount of value added tax on damaged materials, previously accepted for tax deduction, has been restored.

If the property is stolen, the administration of the enterprise applies to the investigative and judicial authorities, which establish who is to blame for this and how much to recover from the guilty person. As a rule, the court decides to recover damages in the amount of the market value of the stolen property. But usually this value is more than the one at which the stolen property is listed in the accounting records. From here, additional income appears in the organization, which is reflected in account 98 “Deferred income”. As the guilty person repays the debt, this difference is included in non-operating income and taken into account when taxing profits. Since the stolen property will no longer participate in the production activities of the enterprise, it is necessary to restore the amount of VAT on these values.

Debit 94 Credit 68 sub-account "VAT calculations".

The procedure for accounting for VAT on inventories depends on the purpose of the production resources used (for production needs, non-production needs, for sale, gratuitous transfer), the industry affiliation of the organization and a number of other features.

In the settlement documents of suppliers for the received production stocks, the amount of VAT is separately allocated.

The amount of VAT is accepted for offset with the budget under the following conditions:

material assets acquired for production activities;

the specified values ​​are capitalized;

settlements with suppliers;

there is a supplier invoice;

the invoice is registered in the Purchase Book.

The amount of VAT is reflected in the debit of account 19 "Value Added Tax", in sub-accounts "Value Added Tax on Acquired Inventory", from the credit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" .

Depending on the direction of consumption of inventories, the amount of VAT recorded on sub-accounts 19/3 is subject to offset against VAT payments to the budget (when material resources are used for production needs).

VAT amounts on material values ​​(works, services) purchased for production needs from retail organizations are not accepted for offset from the buyer and are not allocated by calculation.

In cases where the VAT amount is not allocated in the primary accounting documents confirming the cost of the acquired material resources (works, services), VAT is not calculated in the settlement documents. That is why the cost of such acquired material resources (works, services), including the estimated VAT on them, is credited to the accounts of material resources (10, etc.) for the entire amount of the invoice, with subsequent write-off to production and distribution costs. In accordance with the established VAT accounting procedure, VAT amounts subject to reimbursement (deduction) after the actual payment by the supplier for material resources are written off from the credit of account 19 (sub-accounts 3 "VAT on acquired material resources") to the debit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".

The amount of VAT on material resources used in the manufacture of products and transactions exempt from VAT is debited to the accounts of production costs (accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production").

The amount of VAT on inventories acquired for non-production purposes is not accepted for reimbursement from the budget, but is closed by the following entry:

Debit 29 "Service of production and economy"

Loan 19/3 "VAT on acquired material resources".

The amount exceeding the established maximum amount of cash settlement for acquired valuables is not subject to reimbursement from the budget:

Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"

Credit 19/3 "VAT on acquired material resources" - Income tax.

On production stocks received free of charge from other organizations, the recipient organization increases taxable profit by the value of the received valuables, but not lower than the book value of the transferring organization. The balance sheet value of valuables is indicated in the transfer documents.

Conclusion

A significant part of the working capital of the enterprise is inventories (IPZ), an objective assessment of which affects the reliability of accounting information as a whole.

As you know, in Russian accounting, variance is practiced in the assessment of inventories, the choice of which is usually made depending on the types of reserves, the company's affiliation with the industry, the specifics of their use in the industry, the interests of owners and administration as the main users of financial statements compiled on the basis of the application of one or a different way of estimating reserves.

So, a relatively rare way to assess the inventory in Russian accounting is to estimate at the cost of each unit. This valuation method is used mainly when it is impossible to replace the inventory in the usual way with each other or when using special types of materials, such as precious metals, precious stones, etc., each unit of which has its own specific price.

If the priority task for the organization is to reduce the volume of accounting work, then the implementation of this goal is most consistent with the use of the method of estimating the inventory at the average cost.

To maximize the amount of dividends, it is advisable to use the method of estimating the inventory at first receipt prices (FIFO), which allows you to maximize the value of the financial results of an economic entity.

When choosing as a priority goal to optimize taxation or reduce the tax burden of an economic entity, it is advisable to use the method of estimating inventory at the cost of the latest receipts (LIFO). It is no coincidence that this valuation method, which allows, on the one hand, to minimize the amount of profit, and on the other hand, to create hidden reserves to a certain extent, has now been canceled in accounting under IFRS.

The LIFO method has also been canceled in Russian accounting since 01/01/2008 in accordance with the amendments made to RAS 5/01. However, the possibility of using this valuation method is currently retained for the purpose of profit taxation.

The considered methods for estimating stocks from the standpoint of their impact on the organization's profits are based on the assumption that the actual cost of a unit of stocks tends to increase. At the same time, in a market economy, it is possible to reduce prices in general and the cost of purchased reserves in particular, or depreciate the value of assets, which is not sufficiently considered in modern scientific literature.

The main reasons for the impairment of inventories are:

1) obsolescence of certain types of MPZ;

2) loss of the original quality of material assets (full or partial);

3) a decrease in the current market value or the cost of selling material assets.

The depreciation of inventories in the indicated situations (one or more) actualizes the problem of adjusting the value of inventories and reflecting their objective assessment in accounting and reporting, the occurrence of which is due to the following features of domestic accounting.

The first feature is related to the Russian accounting rule, according to which the actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change. Therefore, a change in the value of inventories under these conditions should not be reflected in the inventory accounts, which include accounts 10 "Materials", 41 "Goods", 43 "Finished products". As a consequence, the inventory value adjustment should not affect the inventory valuation on the ledger accounts.

The second feature is due to the operation in Russian accounting of the principle of valuation at the lowest of the market and historical values, the basis of which is the principle of prudence or conservatism, recognized as one of the fundamental principles in Russian accounting and accounting under IFRS. The principle of lowest valuation in relation to accounting for reserves requires that these groups of assets be reflected in the financial statements at market value if the market value at the end of the reporting period is lower than the historical value. The mention of historical valuation in this context is due to the fact that the possibility of using all the indicated methods of valuing reserves (by batches of receipt, by average cost, by cost of each unit) is realized in domestic accounting within the framework of the concept of valuation by historical cost.

Adjustment of the reserve estimate taking into account the specified requirements is possible by creating a reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets. This reserve, in accordance with PBU 5/01, is created at the expense of the financial results of the organization (other expenses) for the amount of the difference between the current market value and the actual cost of the inventory, if the latter estimate is higher than the current market value.

In accordance with the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories, a reserve for the decline in material assets is created for each unit of inventories for which impairment has occurred due to the reasons indicated above. At the same time, in Russian accounting, it is allowed to create a reserve for certain types (groups) of similar and related material assets. However, as some authors emphasize, the division of raw materials and materials into main and auxiliary ones, as well as by operational and geographical segments, etc. cannot be treated as material groups for the purpose of creating a reserve.

The level of the current market value of inventories is determined on the basis of information available to the organization before the date of signing the financial statements. When calculating the current market value of inventories, the following factors should be taken into account:

1) a change in price or actual cost associated directly with events after the reporting date, confirming the economic conditions that existed on January 1 of the year following the reporting year in which the organization conducted its activities;

2) appointment of MPZ;

3) the ratio of the level of actual cost and the current market value of finished products at the reporting date, a comparative analysis of which is necessary in order to create a reserve for materials used for the production of finished products, only if the actual cost of these types of finished products at the reporting date is higher their market value.

The need to take into account the first two factors is noted in many editions of educational and scientific literature. While the last factor is taken into account when creating a reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets, it is noted only by individual authors, in particular A.A. Efremova.

This aspect is an essential point in accounting for the depreciation of material assets, since the recognition of the impairment of inventories and the formation of a reserve for a decrease in the value of material assets without taking into account the latter circumstance may be economically unreasonable.

According to the author, when adjusting the value of material assets, it is also necessary to take into account the peculiarities of accounting for work in progress (products of partial completion, semi-finished products of own production, completed works and services, but not accepted by the customer), which are accounted in most cases as part of work in progress (WIP), which in in accordance with the terms of IFRS, it is included in inventories. However, the rules for assessing and accounting for work in progress in Russian accounting have certain differences both from the general rules for accounting for inventories recommended by PBU 5/01, and for many positions of their accounting under IFRS.

As you know, for accounting purposes, an organization can evaluate WIP according to one of the following valuation methods:

According to the standard (planned) production cost;

According to the amount of actual direct costs;

At the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products.

Since 01/01/2002, tax legislation requires all organizations to evaluate WIP in tax accounting in accordance with Ch. 25 "Income Tax" of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which recognizes only the assessment of the amount of direct costs. In tax accounting, an organization, therefore, can only value WIP using the direct cost method, while in accounting this is only one of the possible valuation methods.

At first glance, the method of assessing WIP in tax accounting by direct costs is beneficial to the taxpayer. This applies primarily to enterprises in the manufacturing industries, which can write off a number of costs in tax accounting and reduce taxable profits. While these costs under the accounting method at full cost would be included in the WIP cost (for example, production services of third parties, payment for electricity, fuel, water, heat, expenses of auxiliary production, etc.). However, the use of this method of estimating WIP in tax accounting is associated with a number of problems.

The first problem is related to the fact that production organizations must evaluate direct costs for tax purposes not according to accounting data, but by a special calculation based on the balance of movement of raw materials in natural units. This means that for small-scale production enterprises and firms with a wide range of raw materials and finished products, the accounting technique will become much more complicated. As a result, the income tax savings associated with the use of the WIP valuation method at partial (partial) cost may not be comparable with the additional costs of the organization for accounting and software installation.

In accounting, it is possible for an organization to refuse the costly method of accounting, justified by the principle of rationality in accounting, the recognition of which in domestic accounting is reflected in PBU 1/98 "Accounting Policy of the Organization". However, valuation of WIP at direct costs for income tax purposes is mandatory, so an entity cannot use valuation of WIP at full cost for tax purposes.

The second problem is due to the fact that at enterprises with a very long production cycle it is not always profitable to write off a large amount of costs at the initial stage of production. If the main part of the costs was written off last year, as a result of which a loss was received, and the proceeds were received in the current year, the profit of the current year for the purpose of tax accounting can be reduced by the losses of previous years, but not more than 30%. The remaining amount of the loss can only be written off in subsequent years.

The third problem is related to the possibility of using various methods in the evaluation of WIP in accounting and tax accounting when applying methods for estimating raw materials by batches of receipt. For example, if, in accordance with the accounting policy, to assess the cost of raw materials when they are written off to production, the organization uses the FIFO method in accounting, and the LIFO method in tax accounting, the use of which, unlike accounting, as emphasized earlier, is currently possible for the purpose profit taxation.

At the same time, organizations have the right to combine accounting and tax accounting of work in progress by applying the WIP assessment methods in accounting, provided for in Art. 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. However, the method of estimating WIP at direct costs based on the use of the method of accounting for WIP at reduced cost in accounting requires a significant restructuring of the accounting process. Therefore, many Russian enterprises maintain separate records of WIP for the purpose of accounting and tax accounting.

The problems outlined for assessing WIP in the accounting and tax accounting of domestic enterprises allow us to conclude that adjusting its value by creating reserves for a decrease in the cost of material assets is inexpedient and difficult to implement in the practical activities of business entities.

Finished products that have passed all the stages (phases, redistributions) provided for by the technological process are evaluated in Russian accounting according to one of the following evaluation methods:

According to the actual production cost;

According to the standard (planned) cost;

Reduced actual cost.

The creation of a reserve for the balance of finished products in warehouses is possible when the enterprise applies the indicated methods of valuation, with the exception of the last valuation, since the cost indicators for this valuation do not include the share of fixed production costs and are therefore incomparable with the indicators of their valuation at current market value.

The first step in accounting for the depreciation of material assets when an organization makes a decision on accounting for reserves for the decrease in the value of material assets is to conduct a comparative analysis of the market value of inventories for certain groups (types) of inventories with their book value.

The reserve is not formed for those groups (types) of reserves for which the level of market value exceeds the estimate at book value, and, therefore, accounting entries for the creation of a reserve for the decrease in the value of these groups (types) of reserves are not made.

The second stage of the accounting process is the formation of reserves when the excess of the book value by groups (types) of reserves over their market value is revealed.

The third stage of the accounting process is the determination of the total amount of reserves for the depreciation of material assets as the sum of the created reserves for all groups (types) of reserves.

The fourth stage of the accounting process consists in writing off the accrued amounts of reserves, carried out during the reporting period, as the inventory is released into production (sale).

The write-off of the amount of the reserve with the simultaneous execution of an accounting entry for the debit of account 14 and the credit of account 91 is also possible if next year there is an increase in the market value of stocks, for the decrease in the value of which a reserve was created in the reporting year.

Thus, the stated accounting methodology provides for the reflection in account 91 of a potential or possible loss from a decrease in the valuation of reserves with simultaneous reflection of a decrease in the valuation of reserves by the amount of the created reserve for their impairment.

When compiling the balance sheet, the assessment of the inventory balances reflected in the accounts for accounting for materials and finished products is reduced by the corresponding amounts of the balance of account 14. However, this procedure is carried out without drawing up accounting entries.

Analytical accounting on account 14 "Reserves for the decline in the value of material assets" is carried out for each type of material assets, the decrease in the value of which is subject to adjustment by reservation.

The specified aspects of accounting for the depreciation of the value of material assets must be observed by all business entities when organizing inventory accounting for the purpose of accounting, however, the amount of the created reserve in accordance with the requirements of tax legislation does not reduce taxable profit.

Therefore, accounting for reserves for depreciation of material assets means for business entities a significant increase in the volume of accounting work, due, on the one hand, to the need for analytical accounting on account 14, and on the other hand, the occurrence of differences between accounting and tax accounting data and the need to record them in accordance with requirements of PBU 18/02.

As a result, many Russian enterprises prefer accounting for inventories without adjusting their value for the amount of impairment. As a result, the assessment of the assets of the balance sheet of such enterprises in terms of reflecting the inventory may be unrealistic, i.e. overvalued compared to the current market valuation of these values. This situation indicates that the financial statements were prepared without observing one of the fundamental principles of accounting - the principle of prudence (conservatism).

The increase in the volume of accounting work and the need to take into account the differences that have arisen in the accounting and tax accounting of inventories should not serve as an excuse for not accounting for the impairment of inventories and, therefore, from observing the principle of prudence in accounting in general and the principle of the lowest estimate in accounting for inventories in particular.

Thus, the refinement of the methodology for accounting for depreciation of inventories in modern domestic accounting consists in highlighting the stages of accounting procedures in accounting for depreciation of inventories; factors affecting the specifics of this accounting; the consequences of accounting for depreciation of inventories through the formation and accounting of reserves for the decrease in the value of material assets.

List of used literature

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Tax Code of the Russian Federation (part one) dated July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law dated May 17, 2007 No. 84-FZ) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 148 - 149, 08/06/1998.

Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part Two) dated August 05, 2000 No. 117-FZ (as amended by Federal Law No. 332-FZ dated December 4, 2007) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 08/07/2000, No. 32, art. 3340.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 08.12.2003 No. 164-FZ “On the Basics of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities” (as amended by the Federal Law of 02.02.2006 No. 19-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 15.12.2003, No. 50, Art. 4850.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 208-FZ of December 26, 1995 “On Joint-Stock Companies” (as amended by Federal Law No. 318-FZ of December 1, 2007) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 248, 12/29/1995.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 14-FZ of February 8, 1998 “On Limited Liability Companies” (as amended by Federal Law No. 231-FZ of December 18, 2006) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, February 16, 1998, No. 7, Art. 785.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 129-FZ of November 21, 1996 “On Accounting” (as amended by Federal Law No. 183-FZ of November 3, 2006) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, November 25, 1996, No. 48, art. 5369.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.06.2005 No. 364 “On approval of the Regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods and on the formation and maintenance of the Federal Bank of Issued Licenses” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 126, 06/15/2005.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 02.12.20000 No. 914 “On approval of the rules for maintaining registers of received and issued invoices, books of purchases and books of sales when calculating value added tax” (as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 11.05.2006 No. 283 ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 12/11/2000, No. 50, art. 4896.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for inventories” PBU 5/01” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 03.26.2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 140, 07/25/2001.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2001 No. 119n “On approval of methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 36, 02.27.2002.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 02.08.2001 No. 60n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for Loans and Credits and the Costs of Their Servicing” (PBU 15/01)” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 27.11.2006 No. 155n) // Financial newspaper, No. 38, 2001.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.051999 No. 33n “On Approval of the Regulation on Accounting “Expenses of the Organization” PBU 10/99” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 11.27.2006 No. 156n) // Bulletin of Normative Acts of Federal Executive Authorities, No. 26, 06/28/1999.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 27, 2006 No. 154n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for Assets and Liabilities Denominated in Foreign Currency” (PBU 3/2006)” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2007 No. 147n) // Russian newspaper, No. 25, 02/07/2007.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.1999 No. 32n “On approval of the Regulations on accounting “Income of the organization” PBU 9/99” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 11.27.2006 No. 156n) // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities , No. 26, 06/28/1999.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2006 No. 136n “On approval of the form of the tax declaration for value added tax and the procedure for filling it out” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 21, 2007 No. 113n) // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive bodies , No. 2, 08.01.2007.

Letter of the Federal Tax Service dated February 11, 2005 No. 03-1-02 / 194 / [email protected]"On value added tax" // SPS "Consultant Plus" - the document was not officially published.

IFRS No. 2 "Inventories" paragraph 10

Akilova E.V. Evaluation of inventories in the accounting of organizations // Modern accounting, 2007, No. 9.

Aksenenko A.F. Normative method of accounting in industry: Theory, practice and development prospects. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2005. - 224 p.

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Astakhov V.P. Accounting Theory - Rostov-on-Don, 2001

Bakaev A.S. Accounting: Textbook. - M.: Accounting, 2006. - 312 p.

Bakaev A.S. Chart of accounts of accounting and instructions for its application. Moscow: IPB-Binfa, 2001

Bezrukikh P.S. Accounting. M.: 2002

Bezrukikh P.S. Accounting and calculation of the cost of production. - M.: Finance, 2006. - 320 p.

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Kerimov V.E., Minina E.V. Management accounting and problems of cost classification // Marketing in Russia and abroad - 2007. - No. 1 - P. 15 - 18.

Kim L.I. Accounting management accounting. Lecture notes. Cheboksary: ​​"Salika", 2004.-147 p.

Classification of production costs by elements // Consultant - 2006 - No. 24.- P. 12.

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Kondrakov N.P. Accounting. M.: Infra-M, 2002

Kurbangaleeva O.A. Changes in the accounting of inventories // Advisor to an accountant, 2007, No. 6.

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Novichenko N.N. Accounting and costing of products in the most important industries. Moscow: Economics, 2006.- 210 p.

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Posherstnik E.B., Posherstnik N.V. Composition and cost accounting in modern conditions. Moscow, Saint Petersburg. Publishing Trade House "Gerda" 2006.- 210 p.

Rebrishchev I.N. Theoretical aspects of accounting and evaluation of inventories // All for an accountant, 2007, No. 13.

Terekhova V.A. On individual changes in the accounting of inventories // All for an accountant, 2007, No. 14.

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1 Rich I.N. Accounting. - Rostov-n / D: Phoenix, 2007.

2 Astakhov V.P. Accounting Theory - Rostov-on-Don, 2001

3 Kondrakov N.P. Accounting. M.: Infra-M, 2002

4 Bakaev A.S. Chart of accounts of accounting and instructions for its application. Moscow: IPB-Binfa, 2001

5 Bezrukikh P.S. Accounting. M.: 2002

6 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for inventories” PBU 5/01” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 03.26.2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 140, 07/25/2001.

7 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2001 No. 119n “On Approval of Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 36, 27.02.2002 .

8 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 02.08.2001 No. 60n “On Approval of the Regulation on Accounting “Accounting for Loans and Credits and Costs of Their Servicing” (PBU 15/01)” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 27.11.2006 No. 155n ) // Financial newspaper, No. 38, 2001.

9 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.051999 No. 33n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Organization Expenses” PBU 10/99” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 11.27.2006 No. 156n) // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities, No. 26, 06/28/1999.

10 Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 08.12.2003 No. 164-FZ “On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity” (as amended by Federal Law of 02.02.2006 No. 19-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 15.12.2003, No. 50, Art. . 4850.

11 Civil Code of the Russian Federation of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law of December 6, 2007 No. 333-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 05.12.1994, No. 32, art. 3301.

12 Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.06.2005 No. 364 “On approval of the Regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods and on the formation and maintenance of the Federal Bank of Issued Licenses” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 126, 15.06.2005.

financially production reservesCoursework >> Accounting and audit

Accounting accounting « Accounting financially-production reserves"(PBU 5/01) at accounting financially-production reserves allowed to be used as a unit of accounting accounting financially-production reserves not...

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... financially-production reserves 1. Concept, classification and evaluation financially-production reserves In accordance with PBU 5/01 "Regulations on accounting financially-production reserves" in accounting accounting as financially-production ...

Accounting financially-production reserves (11)

Abstract >> Accounting and audit

... FINANCIALLY-PRODUCTION RESERVES 1.1. concept financially-production reserves The procedure for organizing accounting accounting financially-production reserves determined on the basis of the Regulation on Accounting accounting « Accounting financially-production ...

Each organization is faced with such a concept as inventories. This is the name of the part of the property that is used in the form of raw materials and materials in the production of certain products, performance of work or provision of services. At the same time, only those assets that are used for less than one year are included in the inventory.

Groups of current assets:

• materials - part of the inventory consumed in the production process and transferring its value to the price of finished products, works or services;
• goods - part of the inventory, intended for sale, which is purchased from individuals and legal entities;
• finished products - part of the inventory, intended for sale and being the final result of the production process and having all the necessary characteristics.

Inventories may be owned by the organization or simply stored (used) on a contractual basis.

They can enter the organization by acquisition, gratuitous receipt, production by the organization itself or by contribution to its authorized capital.

MPZ classification

Depending on the functions that the assets in question perform, they are divided into several main groups.

The groups are as follows:

• raw materials and basic materials - form the material basis of products, include the objects of labor from which products are made;
• auxiliary materials - are used to influence raw materials and basic materials to give the manufactured goods certain properties and characteristics, or for the care and maintenance of labor tools;
• purchased semi-finished products - are raw materials and materials that have undergone certain processing, but are not finished products; together with the basic materials form the material basis of the product;
• fuel - is divided into several types: technological is used for technological purposes, motor - for refueling, household - for heating;
• containers and packaging materials - used for packaging, moving and storing materials and finished products;
• spare parts - used to repair and replace worn parts of equipment and machines.

In addition to the listed groups, returnable production wastes are distinguished into a separate group - the remains of materials that were formed during the production process, and raw materials that have partially lost their properties. Within each group, the materials are additionally divided into types, brands, grades and other characteristics.

It should be noted that the division of materials into basic (basic) and auxiliary is conditional, and often depends on the amount of materials used in the production process.

Inventory accounting tasks

The classification of inventories considered by us is used for systematic and analytical accounting of values, for controlling their balances, the receipt and consumption of raw materials. Most often, item numbers are chosen as the accounting unit for inventories, which are developed by organizations in the context of asset names or their homogeneous groups.

Inventory accounting solves several important tasks at once, which include:

• control of the safety of the organization's assets in the places of their storage and at all stages of processing;
• control of compliance of warehouse stocks of the organization with standards;
• documentation of all operations performed on the movement of the MPZ;
• implementation of approved plans for the supply of materials;
• monitoring compliance with production consumption standards;
• calculation of actual costs incurred by the organization in connection with the procurement and acquisition of inventory;
• correct and correct distribution of the cost of material assets expended by the organization in the production process, according to the objects of calculation;
• identification of excess materials and unused raw materials for their implementation;
• performance of timely settlements with suppliers of inventories;
• control of materials in transit and non-invoiced deliveries.

Valuation of inventories

Most often, inventories are accepted for accounting at their actual cost, which is calculated based on the organization's actual costs for the production or purchase of inventories, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes.

Actual costs may include:

• amounts paid to suppliers in accordance with contracts;
• amounts paid to third-party firms and organizations for the provision of information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
• customs duties, non-refundable taxes;
• remuneration that is paid to third-party organizations with the help of which the acquisition of inventory is carried out;
• fare;
• insurance and other expenses.

Actual expenses do not include general business and other similar expenses, except for situations when they are associated with the acquisition of inventories. Assets can be valued at their average cost, at the cost of each inventory unit, or at the cost of the first/last purchases.

Inventory accounting in warehouses and in accounting

In order to provide the production process with appropriate material values, many organizations create special warehouses that store basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts and other necessary resources. In addition, MPZs are usually arranged by purchase lots and sections, and within them - by groups, types and varieties. All this ensures their quick acceptance, release and control of the actual availability.

The movement and balance of material assets is kept in special cards for the inventory of materials (or in books of grade accounting).

A separate card is created for each item number, so accounting is kept only in kind.

The cards are opened by accounting staff, who indicate in them warehouse numbers, names of materials, their brands and grades, sizes, units of measurement, item numbers, accounting prices and limits. After that, the cards are transferred to the warehouses, where the responsible employees, on the basis of primary documents, fill in the data on the receipt, expenditure and balance of the inventory.

Inventory accounting can be performed in one of the following ways:

• in the first method, cards are opened for each type of inventory at the time of their receipt and expenditure, while accounting for materials is kept both in kind and in monetary terms; at the end of the month, based on the data of all completed cards, quantitative-sum turnover sheets are compiled;
• in the second method, all incoming and outgoing documentation is grouped by item numbers and at the end of the month is summarized in turnover sheets compiled in physical and monetary terms.

The second method is less time-consuming, however, even when using it, the accounting process remains cumbersome: after all, often hundreds, and sometimes thousands of item numbers are entered into the turnover sheet.

Inventory planning

The relevance of planning the material and production assets of organizations is due to the fact that a delay in purchases can lead to disruption of production processes, an increase in overhead costs and other unpleasant consequences. Purchases made ahead of schedule can also cause certain problems, for example, increase the load on working capital and storage facilities.

Determining the need for inventory allows you to prevent overproduction and unnecessary financial costs. In addition, planning makes it possible to form a cash flow budget (income and expenses of the organization).

When calculating the requirements for materials, it is advisable to divide them into the following groups:

• a group of stocks of current storage (includes an updated part of stocks regularly and evenly used during the production process);
• seasonal inventory group (includes materials associated with seasonal fluctuations in the production process, for example, the supply of forest materials in the autumn and spring periods);
• special purpose stock group (includes materials related to the specifics of the activity).

To determine the volume of required orders, you need to know how many similar materials were used in previous periods and how many materials are needed.

To do this, you need to know how much time is needed to fulfill orders and what is the annual volume of demand (consumption).

Proper planning should maximize the use of storage space, minimize storage costs and optimize reorder conditions.

Inventories are various material elements of production that are used as objects of labor in the production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of production.

The main tasks of inventory accounting are to control the safety of valuables, the compliance of warehouse stocks with standards, the implementation of plans for the supply of materials, compliance with production consumption standards; identification of actual costs associated with the procurement of materials; correct distribution of the cost of materials used in the production of costing objects.

Accounting for inventories is carried out in the manner established by the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n, Regulation on accounting "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01), as well as the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts for Accounting for the Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n.

According to PBU 5/01, inventories are defined as a part of the property intended for use in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services, used to manage the organization; intended for sale.

Finished goods are defined as the part of inventories held for sale. It is the final product of the production process: its processing and assembly is completed, technical and quality characteristics comply with the terms of the contract and the requirements of the standards established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Goods - a part of inventories acquired from outside and intended for sale (resale) without additional processing.

Thus, PBU 5/01 regulates almost completely the accounting of current tangible assets, combining them with the concept of inventories.

Inventories become available for sale to third parties after they have been processed or otherwise used in the production process and in the management of the organization. As a rule, such material values ​​can be used only once.

Inventories can be conditionally combined into six main classification groups:

• 1) raw materials and materials - to account for raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, purchased components of semi-finished products, containers and packaging materials, fertilizers, medicines, other material assets, including materials transferred for processing by third parties;
• 2) fuel - to account for solid fuels, petroleum products, lubricants, gaseous fuels in containers, other types of energy materials;
• 3) spare parts - to account for parts, assemblies and assemblies used to repair all types of machines, equipment and devices, including the exchange fund of assemblies and assemblies at specialized repair enterprises, automobile rubber and other valuables;
• 4) inventory and household supplies - to account for material objects of reusable use, which, on the grounds of materiality, are inappropriate to be taken into account as part of the organization's fixed assets: small tools and inventory, overalls, small furniture and household supplies, low-value office equipment, etc.;
• 5) containers and packaging materials - items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (boxes, boxes, bags, etc.);
• 6) building materials - materials used in the process of construction and installation works (brick, cement, sand, paints, etc.).
• 7) returnable materials (waste) of production - these are the remains of raw materials and materials formed in the process of their processing into finished products, which have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the original raw materials.

The accounting unit of inventories is chosen by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these reserves, as well as proper control over their presence and movement. Depending on the nature of inventories, the procedure for their acquisition and use, a unit of inventories may be an item number, a batch, a homogeneous group, etc.

According to the methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost. The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs of acquisition, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except as otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

PBU 5/01 determines that the actual costs for the purchase of materials include:

• - amounts paid, in accordance with the contract, to the supplier, seller of valuables;
• - amounts paid by organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
• - customs duties and other similar payments;
• - non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventories;
• - remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;
• - costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use: for payment for transport services; for insurance; for the maintenance of procurement and storage personnel of the organization; interest on commercial loans.

These costs include, in particular, the costs of procurement and delivery of inventories, the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization, the costs of transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories, established by the agreement, the cost of paying interest on supplier loans (commercial credit), etc. expenses. Organizations may also include the cost of paying interest on borrowed funds as part of these costs, if they are associated with the acquisition of inventories and were made before the date of posting inventories in the warehouses of the organization;

Other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The actual cost may include the costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes (the cost of operations to refine and improve the technical characteristics of inventories not related to the production of products, performance of work, provision of services).

Inventories are reflected in the accounts in monetary terms, which becomes more complicated with the development of market relations. Market prices are subject to fluctuations, they “float”, change, therefore, the cost of inventories also changes, which affects the value of cost and profit indicators in the current assessment.

Evaluation of inventories can be carried out: at the actual cost of purchase, which is determined as a weighted average; at purchase prices; at accounting prices with the determination of the deviations of the latter from the actual cost of purchases; at market prices prevailing at the reporting date. In domestic accounting, estimates are mainly used at actual cost, which reflects the real costs of the enterprise for the acquisition of inventories.

The accounting methodology makes it possible to apply various methods for assessing material assets and reflect in the balance sheet the losses of the enterprise caused by changes in market prices for available inventories.

The actual procurement cost of material assets entering the enterprise consists of the invoice value paid to the supplier upon purchase and transportation and procurement costs. Transport and procurement costs vary depending on the size of the consignment, the geography of suppliers, the type of transport used, the method of loading and other factors. The invoice value of material assets also changes. Therefore, in practice, the actual procurement cost is determined as a weighted average (WPC) for all incoming batches, taking into account the actual conditions of supply for the reporting period according to the formula:

SPS \u003d (Co + Cs) / (Ko + Ks),

Where: Co - the actual cost of the balance of material resources at the beginning of the month;

Cz - the actual cost of material resources procured in the reporting month;

Ko - the amount of material resources at the beginning of the month;

Kz - the amount of material resources harvested per month.

The definition of "purchase prices" is ambiguous. These can be negotiated prices with discounts and surcharges. Purchase prices include invoice prices, which are determined by agreement with the inclusion of the cost of various additional services, transportation costs.

Accounting prices are used to facilitate and simplify the technical procedure for assessing material assets. For each type of inventories registered in the price list nomenclature, the accounting price is calculated for the current assessment of their movement. The actual cost of material assets as of the reporting date is determined at accounting prices adjusted for the percentage of deviation of the actual costs of their procurement and acquisition from the value of these assets at accounting prices.

Accounting prices should be reviewed periodically to ensure that they reflect the true value of inventories whenever possible. In the context of inflation, accounting prices should be reviewed several times a year. In all cases, such revisions must be carried out on the 1st day of the next month or quarter.

To determine the actual cost of material assets when they are transferred to production, it is necessary to determine the deviation of the actual cost from their value at accounting prices. This variance is shown for the individual material stock groups. The only exceptions are expensive and especially scarce materials used in a limited range; in this case, it is necessary to keep records of deviations for certain types of stocks, attributing them directly to the cost of production.

The amounts of deviations are determined by groups (types) of inventories by comparing the actual cost of inventories received during the month and their balance at the beginning of the month with their value at discount prices.

To calculate the actual cost of materials released from the warehouse into production, determine the average percentage of deviations. The absolute sum of the deviations is then calculated.

The average percentage of deviations is calculated by the formula:

H cf. \u003d (O o + T o.): (O o + T o.) x 100%,

О о - opening balance of deviations

That. - current receipt of deviations

O z - opening balance of stocks

T s - current receipt of stocks

The absolute sum of deviations is found by the formula:

AB \u003d H cf x W pr,

З pr. - the cost of stocks released into production at discount prices.

FIFO is a method of valuing material assets at their original cost. Under it, the rule is applied: the first batch for income - the first for consumption, ie. the consumption of material assets is estimated at the cost of their acquisition in a certain sequence: first, the cost of material assets is written off as an expense at the price of the first purchased batch, then the second, third, etc. The order of evaluation does not depend on the actual sequence of expenditure of received materials.

LIFO - a method of valuation at replacement cost (current prices) according to the rule: "the last batch for income - the first for expenditure", i.e. material assets issued from the warehouse are valued at the cost of the last purchase, then the previous one, etc., although the actual movement in the warehouse may be different.

Methods for evaluating materials can be used in organizations subject to two restrictions:

• 1) the chosen method is fixed in the accounting policy and is valid throughout the reporting (financial) year;
• 2) the method must be the same for a group (type) of materials (spare parts, fuel, etc.).

The cost of used material assets and the value of the balance, estimated by different methods, differ, which follows from the order in which purchase prices for different lots of material assets are included in the calculation. The valuation of material assets using the FIFO and LIFO methods requires the organization of analytical accounting not only by types of material assets, but also by batches of receipt, if the purchase prices for them change. This complicates the accounting and increases its complexity.

The study of the calculation technique using these two methods allows us to conclude that the assessment of material assets can be carried out without batch accounting, if we apply the balance method for estimating the materials used according to the formula

P \u003d H + P - K

where P is the cost of spent material assets;

H, K - the cost of the initial and final balance of material assets;

P - the cost of received material assets.

When accounting records are accepted for inventories contributed to the authorized (share) capital of an organization, the actual cost of the assets received is determined based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Thus, Federal Law No. 208-FZ of December 26, 1995 "On Joint Stock Companies" and Federal Law No. 14-FZ of February 8, 1998 "On Limited Liability Companies" established that if the amount of the contribution to the authorized capital exceeds 200 minimum wages, then the monetary inventory valuation must be confirmed by an independent appraiser.

Inventories received by the organization free of charge are valued at the date of their entry at market value.

Materials received in the process of liquidation of fixed assets or repairs are recorded at their possible sale price - market value.

Materials identified during their inventory as unaccounted for are reflected in accounting at market value.

Inventories - part of the property:

• used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services intended for sale;
• used for the management needs of the enterprise (organization).

Finished products- a part of the organization's inventories intended for sale, which is the end result of the production process, finished processing (complete set), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established by law.

Products- part of the organization's inventory, acquired or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale or resale without additional processing.

Classification of inventories

In accordance with Accounting Regulation No. 5/01 "Accounting for inventories", depending on the role played by inventory items in the production process, they are divided into the following groups: raw materials, purchased semi-finished products, returnable waste, fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts, low-value and wearing items.

Raw materials and basic materials- the objects of labor from which the product is made and which form the material and material basis of the product.

Auxiliary materials they are used to influence raw materials and basic materials, to give the product certain consumer properties, or to maintain and care for tools.

Note that the division of materials into main and auxiliary is conditional and often depends on the amount of material used for the production of various types of products.

Purchased semi-finished products- raw materials and materials that have passed certain stages of processing, which are not yet finished products. They play an important role in the manufacture of products, and together with the main materials form its material basis.

Returnable production waste- the remains of raw materials and materials formed in the process of their processing into finished products or partially lost their consumer properties of raw materials and raw materials.

It should be noted that from the group of auxiliary materials, fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts are separately distinguished due to the peculiarity of their use. Fuel is divided into technological (for technological purposes), motor (fuel) and household (for heating).

Containers and packaging materials- items used for packaging, transportation, and storage of materials and finished products.

Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn-out parts of machines and equipment.

Such a classification of inventory items is used to build a systematic and analytical accounting of material assets, as well as to compile a statistical report on balances, receipts and consumption of raw materials and materials in production activities.

As a unit of accounting for inventories, an item number is selected, developed by the organization in the context of their names and (or) homogeneous groups (types).

The main tasks of accounting for inventory items are: control over the safety of valuables in places of their storage and at all stages of processing; compliance of warehouse stocks with standards; correct and timely documentation of all operations on the movement of inventory items; implementation of plans for the supply of materials; compliance with the norms of industrial consumption; identification of actual costs associated with the procurement and acquisition of valuables; correct distribution of the cost of material assets spent in production by calculation objects; systematic control over the identification of surplus and unused materials, their implementation; timely settlements with suppliers of material assets; control over materials in transit, non-invoiced deliveries.

Valuation of inventories

Commodity-material values ​​are accepted to the actual cost.

The actual cost of inventory items purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual costs for the acquisition of inventory items can be:

• amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);
• amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
• customs duties and other payments;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory items;
• remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;
• costs for the procurement and delivery of material assets to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, the costs of procurement and delivery of material assets, the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization, the costs of transport services for the delivery of material assets to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of stocks established by the contract, the costs on payment of interest on supplier loans (commercial credit), etc. costs;
• other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs for the acquisition of inventory items, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventory items.

The costs of bringing inventory items to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes include the costs of the organization to refine and improve the technical characteristics of the received stocks that are not related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services.

The actual cost of material assets in their manufacture by the organization is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these stocks.

The actual cost of inventory items contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of material assets received by the organization free of charge is determined taking into account their market value as of the date of posting.

The actual cost of material assets acquired in exchange for other property (except cash) is determined taking into account the value of the property being exchanged, at which it was reflected in the balance sheet of this organization.

Material values ​​that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are accepted for accounting on off-balance accounts in the assessment provided for in the contract.

Valuation of material assets, the value of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, is made in rubles by converting foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, effective on the date of acceptance of material assets for accounting by the organization under the contract.

Valuation of material assets written off for production is allowed to be carried out by one of the following methods:

• at an average cost;
• at the cost of each unit;
• at the cost of the first purchases in time (FIFO method);
• at the cost of the latest purchases (LIFO method).

The first method of assessing material assets at an average cost is traditional for domestic accounting practice. During the reporting month, material assets are written off for production, as a rule, for accounting purposes, and at the end of the month, the corresponding share of deviations of the actual cost of material assets from their value at accounting prices is written off.

We determine the coefficient of deviations 3250: 60250 = 0.054.

Calculation of deviations from prices for a group of material assets (in rubles) Table 6.1.

The deviation of the actual cost from the book value of the expended material costs will be 45600 * 0.054 = 2462 rubles.

The actual cost of material assets spent per month will be 45600 * 2462 = 48062 rubles.

Assessment method at the cost of each unit should be used for the most valuable materials. It can be precious stones and precious metals. In addition, this method is also used to estimate stocks that cannot replace each other.

At FIFO method apply the rule: the first batch for income - the first batch for expenditure. This means that regardless of which batch is put into production, the material assets are first written off at the price (cost) of the first purchase batch, then at the price of the second batch, and so on in order of priority until the total consumption of material assets for the month is received.

At LIFO method apply a different rule - the last batch for income - the first for consumption: in this case, material assets are first written off at the cost of the last batch, and then at the cost of the previous one, and so on. An example of estimating the consumption of material assets using the FIFO and LIFO methods is given in Table. 6.2.

Evaluation of materials using FIFO and LIFO methods. Table 6.2.

The name of indicators	Number of units	Price per unit, rub.	Amount, rub.
Materials received: first batch second batch third party
Total received per month Monthly expense in FIFO valuation first batch second batch third party
Total per month According to the LIFO method: first batch second batch third party
Total per month according to the FIFO method by the LIFO method

The method of valuation of material values ​​at the weighted average cost price will be considered below. It should be noted that the cost of used material assets and the cost of their remains, estimated by various methods, differ, which follows from the sequence in which purchase prices for different batches of material resources are included in the calculation.

Inventory valuation method at weighted average cost(according to Table 6.2).

The cost of inventory, taking into account the balance at the beginning of the month and receipts for the month (300 + 480 + 480 + 1000) = 2260 rubles.

The cost of a unit of inventory 2260: 145 = 15.5862 = 15 rubles. 59 kop.

Refers to the cost of production (works, services) 15.59 * 135 = 2104.65 = 2140 rubles. 65 kop.

The balance of stocks at the end of the month 2260 - 2104.65 = 155.35 rubles.

The cost of a unit of inventory is 155.35: 10 = 15.5863 = 15 rubles. 59 kop.

Note that the use of valuation of material assets by the FIFO and LIFO methods requires the organization to account for material resources not only by type of materials, but also by batches of receipt, if purchase prices change. This significantly complicates the accounting and increases its complexity.

The studied calculation techniques for these methods allow us to conclude that the assessment of material assets can be made without batch accounting, if we apply the balance method for evaluating spent material assets according to the formula:

P \u003d O n + P - O k,

• where P is the cost of spent material assets;
• About n and About to - the cost of the initial and final balances of material assets;

P - the cost of the received material resources. When using the FIFO method, the value of the balance of material assets at the beginning of the month amounted to 300 rubles. (25 * 12) = 300 rubles, and at the end of the month - 10 rubles. * 20 \u003d 200 rubles, and the cost of the materials used is 2060 rubles. (780 + 480 + 800) = 2060. According to the LIFO method, the cost of spent inventory items amounted to 2020 rubles. (1000 + 480 + 540).

It is advisable to use the FIFO method when compiling a balance sheet, since the cost of material resources at the end of the reporting period is closest to current prices and more realistically represents the assets of the enterprise.

Documentation of operations for the movement of inventories

All business transactions carried out by the organization must be documented by supporting documents. These documents serve as primary accounting documents on the basis of which accounting is maintained.

Primary documents on the movement of material assets must be carefully drawn up, be sure to contain the signatures of the persons who performed the transactions, as well as traces of the relevant accounting objects. It should be noted that control over compliance with the rules for registering the movement of values ​​is entrusted to the chief accountant and heads of structural divisions of the enterprise.

Upon receipt of material assets from suppliers, the warehouse manager checks the correspondence of their actual quantity to the data of the supplier's accompanying documents. If there are no discrepancies, then a receipt order (f. No. M-I) is issued for the entire amount of received material assets. This document is compiled by the warehouse manager on the day the valuables are received in one copy.

If, upon acceptance of material assets from suppliers, a discrepancy with the data of the accompanying documents is established (shortage, surplus or regrading is detected), or there is an uninvoiced delivery (receipt of inventory items without the supplier's accompanying documents), the warehouse manager, together with the supplier's representative (for example, a freight forwarder ) or a disinterested organization draws up an act of acceptance of materials according to f. No. M-71 in two copies. This act is both an incoming document and the basis for clarifying settlements with the supplier. In this case, the second copy of this act is transferred (sent) to the supplier.

Material assets can come to the enterprise (organization) from accountable persons. In this case, the accountable person transfers material assets purchased for cash in stores, markets, from the population, etc. to the warehouse manager, who reflects their acquisition, writes out receipt orders in the generally established order.

When compiling an advance report on the amounts spent on the acquisition of material assets, it should be accompanied by supporting documents confirming the purchase: invoices and checks of stores, receipts of credit orders, as well as acts (certificates) if purchases are made in the markets or from the population.

When moving material assets from one structural unit (warehouse, workshop, site) to another warehouse of this enterprise, an invoice is drawn up for the internal movement of materials (form No. M-11). This invoice is issued on the basis of the order of the supply department.

Similarly to the above, the delivery to the warehouse of material assets manufactured or processed by auxiliary or subsidiary structural units (workshops, sections) is reflected.

Release of material assets should be carried out on the basis of established limits. Any excess release of material assets for the production and replacement of materials should be documented as an extract of the requirement.

The consumption of material assets released for production and other needs is drawn up daily with limit-fence cards, which are issued by the planning department of the enterprise or the supply department in two copies for one or more types of material assets, and, as a rule, for a period of one month. One copy of this document is handed over to the recipient, the other - to the warehouse. The storekeeper writes down the number of released inventory items in both copies of the card and signs on the recipient's receipt card, and the representative of the recipient's shop signs for the receipt of value on the card located in the warehouse.

The release of materials to the side and the passage of inventory items is issued by an invoice (form No. M-15), issued by an employee of a structural unit in two copies upon presentation by the recipient of material assets of a power of attorney to receive valuables, filled in in the prescribed manner.

Accounting for material assets in warehouses and in accounting

In order to provide the production program with appropriate material assets, enterprises and organizations create specialized warehouses for storing basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts, low-value and wearing items and other material resources.

It is also advisable to arrange material assets by batches of purchases, which can greatly facilitate the use of the LIFO and FIFO methods. In warehouses (pantries), inventory items are placed by sections, and inside them - by groups, type and grade, size of vestibules, boxes, on shelves, racks, which ensures their quick acceptance, release and control over the compliance of the actual availability with the established stock standards (limit).

Accounting for the movement and the balance of material assets are kept in the inventory cards of materials. A separate card is opened for each item number, therefore, accounting is called grade accounting and is carried out only in kind.

The cards are opened in the accounting department or computer installation and the warehouse number, material name, brand, grade, profile, size, unit of measure, item number, discount price and limit are recorded in it. Then the cards are transferred to the warehouse, and the storekeeper fills in the data on the receipt, consumption and balance of materials. Keeping records of material assets is also allowed in the books of grade accounting, which contain the same details as the cards of the warehouse workshop.

The storekeeper makes an entry in the cards on the basis of primary accounting documents (receipt orders, claims, invoices, etc.) on the day of the transaction. After each entry, the balance of material assets is displayed.

All primary documents on the movement of material values ​​from warehouses and structural divisions of the enterprise are received by the accounting department, where, after appropriate control, they are formed into bundles and transferred to the computer installation. It is at this stage of the accounting process that accounting employees are required to exercise proper control over the legality, expediency and correctness of documenting operations on the movement of inventory items. After verification, primary documents are subject to taxation (multiplication of the quantity of materials by the price).

There are several options for accounting for material assets in warehouse accounting cards, in which accounting operations are recorded on the basis of primary documents.

With the first option in the accounting department, a card is opened for each type and grade for the receipt and consumption of materials. These cards differ from warehouse accounting cards only in that they record materials not only in kind, but also in monetary terms. At the end of the month, according to the total data of all cards, varietal quantitative-sum turnover sheets of analytical accounting are compiled and compared with the turnovers and balances on the corresponding synthetic accounts and the data of warehouse accounting cards.

With the second option all incoming and outgoing documents are grouped by item numbers and at the end of the month, the final data on the receipt and expenditure of each type of inventory items calculated according to the documents are recorded in the turnover sheets compiled in kind and in monetary terms for each warehouse separately for the corresponding synthetic accounts and sub-accounts .

This option significantly reduces the complexity of accounting, since there is no need to maintain analytical accounting cards. However, even in this case, accounting remains cumbersome, since hundreds, and sometimes thousands, of item numbers of inventory items have to be recorded in the turnover sheet.

More progressive is the operational-accounting or balance method of accounting for materials, in which the accounting department does not duplicate warehouse varietal accounting either in separate analytical accounting cards or in turnover sheets, but uses warehouse accounting cards of materials maintained in warehouses as analytical accounting registers. Every day or at other specified times, the accounting officer checks the correctness of the entries made by the storekeeper in the warehouse accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards themselves. At the end of the month, the warehouse manager, and in some cases accounting staff, transfers quantitative data on the balances on the 1st day of the month for each item number of materials from the warehouse accounting card to the record of balances of materials in the warehouse (without turnover, income and expense). After checking the sighting by the accounting employee, the statement of balances is transferred to the accounting department, where the balances of inventory items are fixed at fixed accounting prices and their results are displayed for individual accounting groups of materials and for the warehouse as a whole.

The balance method of accounting for material assets is one of the most effective, especially in the conditions of manual processing of accounting data and small machine processing of accounting data.

Synthetic accounting of inventories

The following synthetic accounts are used to account for inventories: 10 "Materials", 11 "Animals for cultivation and fattening", 14 "Revaluation of material assets", 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials", 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets", and also off-balance accounts: 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping", 003 "Materials accepted for processing", 004 "Goods accepted for commission".

The chart of accounts for accounting for the presence and movement of all types of material assets is intended to account 10 "Materials", in the development of which each enterprise should open sub-accounts, as well as analytical accounts necessary to detail the presence and movement of various types and groups of inventory items .

Material assets on account 10 "Materials" are accounted for at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) or at accounting prices.

The new Chart of Accounts uses two options for accounting for the acquisition and procurement of inventories.

First option it is stipulated that the material assets received by the enterprise are reflected in the debit of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", etc. In this case, inventory items are credited regardless of when they arrived - before or after receipt of settlement documents.

Payment of material assets is reflected in the debit of accounts 60, 76 and others from the credit of accounts for accounting for funds. The cost of paid inventory items remaining on the reporting date in transit at the end of the reporting period should be reflected in the debit of account 10 and the credit of the account of settlements with suppliers and contractors without posting these valuables to the warehouse. At the beginning of the next month, these amounts are reflected in the current accounting as receivables under the account for accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors.

Second option involves the use of two more synthetic accounts to account for the procurement and acquisition of material assets: 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials."

In this case, on the basis of the received accepted settlement documents of suppliers in the system accounting, an accounting entry is made on the debit of account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" and the credit of accounts 60, 76, 71 and others for their invoice value, regardless of when the material assets were received on enterprise - before or after the receipt of settlement documents of suppliers.

Lending to material assets actually received by the enterprise is reflected in the debit of account 10 and the credit of account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" at accounting prices. In this case, the difference between the value of the material assets actually received at the warehouse of the enterprise at accounting prices and the actual cost of their acquisition is written off to the debit of account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials" from the credit of account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" if the accounting price is less than the actual one, or in the debit of the procurement and purchase of materials account from the credit of the account for deviations in the cost of materials, if the accounting price is greater than the actual cost of procurement.

The debit balance of the account for the procurement and purchase of materials reflects the material assets that are in transit, both already paid and not paid, but only payable according to accepted settlement documents. In this case, the deviations accumulated on account 16 "Deviations in the cost of materials" are written off to the debit of accounts for accounting for production costs in proportion to the cost of materials used at accounting prices. After a month, the difference between the actual cost of the spent material assets and their cost at fixed accounting prices is determined. The difference is written off to the same cost accounts to which materials were written off at fixed accounting prices (accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, etc.). If the actual cost is higher than the fixed accounting price, the difference between them is written off by an additional accounting entry, while the opposite difference (which is possible when using the planned cost of material assets as a fixed accounting price) is written off using the "red reversal" method,
i.e. negative numbers.

The deviation of the actual cost of inventory items from the cost at fixed accounting prices is distributed between the material assets used and remaining in the warehouse in proportion to the cost of material assets at fixed accounting prices.

For this purpose, the percentage of deviations of the actual cost of material assets from the fixed accounting price is determined, and the result is multiplied by the cost of the released and remaining material assets at fixed accounting prices.

The percentage of deviations of the actual cost of material assets from the fixed accounting price (x) is calculated by the formula

• where He- deviation of the actual cost of material assets from the cost at fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;
• O p- deviation of the actual cost of materials for the received materials for the month;
• U tsn- the cost of material assets in fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;
• cpu- the cost of inventory items received during the month at fixed accounting prices.

Note that when determining the actual cost of material resources, it is allowed to write off for production in addition to the average cost using the FIFO and LIFO methods.

When using these methods, it becomes necessary to evaluate each batch of consumable values, which is quite difficult to implement, given the level of modern accounting automation.

It is advisable to determine the cost of spent material assets when they are evaluated using the FIFO and LIFO methods by calculation.

In this case, within a month, material assets are written off for production at discount prices. At the end of the month, the cost of spent material assets is determined using the FIFO and LIFO method. They find the deviation of the calculated cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices and write off the identified deviation to the appropriate accounts in proportion to the cost of previously written off material assets at accounting prices.

Upon receipt of material assets, material accounts 10 "Materials" are debited, and credited:

• account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - for the cost of materials received at suppliers' prices with all mark-ups of marketing and supply organizations and transportation and procurement costs included in suppliers' invoices, taking into account the payment of interest for the purchase on credit provided by suppliers;
• account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" - for the cost of services paid by checks to transport organizations;
• account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" - for the cost of inventory items paid from accountable amounts;
• account 23 "Auxiliary production" - for the costs of delivering material assets by own transport and for the actual cost of material assets of own production;
• account 20 "Main production" - for the cost of returnable waste and other accounts.

Inventories released into production and for other needs are debited from the credit of material accounts to the debit of the corresponding accounts of production costs and to other accounts within a month at fixed accounting prices. At the same time, accounting entries are supplied:

debit of account 20 "Main production"

on the cost of material assets released to the main production;

• debit account 23 "Auxiliary production"; debit of other accounts, depending on the direction of expenses of inventory items (25 "General production expenses", 26 "General expenses", etc.);
• credit of account 10 "Materials" or other accounts for accounting for material assets.

When selling material assets to the side, the following accounting entries are made:

• debit of account 91-2 "Other expenses", credit of account 10 "Materials"

on the cost of materials at accounting prices;

• debit of account 91-2 "Other expenses", credit of account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials"

the difference between the actual cost of materials;

• debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and credit of account 91-1 "Other income"

on the selling price of materials;

• debit of account 91-2 "Other expenses", credit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees"

for the amount of VAT on realized inventory items.

• The financial result of the sale of material assets is written off from account 91 "Other income and expenses" to account 99 "Profit and loss".

Inventory of inventories

The current legislation establishes that in order to ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities, during which their presence, condition and assessment are checked and documented.

The procedure and terms for conducting an inventory are determined by the head of the organization, with the exception of cases when an inventory is mandatory.

An inventory is required:

• when transferring property for rent, redemption, sale, as well as when transforming a state or municipal unitary enterprise;
• before preparing annual financial statements;
• when changing financially responsible persons;
• upon detection of facts of theft, abuse or damage to property;
• in the event of a natural disaster, fire or other emergencies caused by extreme conditions, during the reorganization or liquidation of an organization, in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The main objectives of the inventory are to identify the actual presence of property; comparison of the actual availability of property with accounting data; verification of the completeness of the reflection in the accounting of liabilities.

Enterprises and organizations are given the right to independently determine the number of inventories in the reporting year, the date of their conduct, the list of property checked during each of them, except for cases when an inventory is mandatory.

An inventory of inventory items is carried out at least once a year before the preparation of financial statements, but not earlier than October 1 of the reporting year. Inventory of material assets is carried out by inventory working commissions with the obligatory participation of materially responsible persons. The composition of the inventory commission should include representatives of the administration of the organization, employees of the accounting service, as well as other specialists.

When conducting an inventory, remember that:

• all inventory items of the organization are subject to inventory, regardless of their location;
• the actual availability of property in safekeeping, leased, received for processing from other organizations must be subject to verification;
• an inventory of property is carried out at its location and by financially responsible persons in whose custody these valuables are located;
• the actual availability of property should be checked only with the obligatory participation of financially responsible persons;
• the results of the inventory should be reflected in the accounting and reporting of the month in which it is completed.

The presence of property during the inventory is determined by its mandatory calculation, weighing, measurement. The actual results are recorded in the inventory records. The entry is made for each individual item of material assets, indicating the nomenclature number, type, group, article, batch, grade in units of count, mass or measure, while taking into account the specific features of individual types of material assets.

Separate inventories are compiled for materials that are in transit, in safekeeping in warehouses of other enterprises, damaged, unnecessary, illiquid, and also not received or released during the inventory.

Inventory lists are signed by all members of the commission and financially responsible persons who confirm that all material values ​​​​are checked in their presence and they have no claims against the members of the commission.

The data of the inventory records are used to compile collation statements, in which the actual data of the inventories are compared with the accounting data. If shortages or surpluses are identified, financially responsible persons must give them appropriate explanations. The inventory commission establishes the nature, causes, and also the perpetrators of the identified discrepancies or damage to material assets and determines the procedure for regulating differences and compensation for damage.

The discrepancies between the actual availability of property and accounting data identified during the inventory are reflected in the accounting accounts in the following order:

• the surplus of material assets is accounted for at market value on the date of the inventory, and the corresponding amount is credited to the financial results of a commercial organization either by increasing income from a non-profit organization, or by increasing financing (funds) from a budgetary organization. Regardless of the reasons for the occurrence, all shortages of material assets at their actual cost are written off from the credit of material accounts to the debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables". After clarifying all the circumstances of the occurrence of shortages or damage to material assets, the head of the enterprise decides on the procedure for writing them off from account 94;
• the shortage of property and its damage within the limits of the norms of natural loss is attributed to the costs of production or circulation (expenses), in excess of the norms - at the expense of the guilty persons. If the perpetrators are not identified or the court refused to recover damages from them, then the losses from the shortage of property and its damage are written off to the financial results of a commercial organization either by increasing expenses for a non-profit organization or reducing financing (funds) from an extra-budgetary organization.

Material and production stocks (IPZ)- in a broad sense, these are objects of labor that materially form the basis of the manufactured product and are included in the cost of products, works and services in full after preliminary processing in one production cycle.

In certain industries, such as meat, their share in the cost of production reaches 95%. However, there are material values ​​(varnishes, paints, solvents, etc.) that only change their shape in the production process, giving a more perfect look to the manufactured products. Others, on the contrary, contribute to a clearer formulation of the production process itself, but are not part of the products, work performed or services rendered. These include molds, tools, etc., which form a large group of inventories - inventory and household supplies. Finally, there are such material values ​​(spare parts) that are directly included in the products without undergoing any processing.

Beginning with the financial statements for 2002, assets held for sale, including finished products and goods, must also be included in the inventory for accounting purposes. This list is supplemented by assets in material form used for the management needs of the organization (paper, calculators and other devices with a useful life of up to 12 months after the reporting date). Finally, starting with the financial statements for 2003, special-purpose funds have been included in the inventory.

Such an approach to the composition of the mineral reserves requires the development and application of additional analytical procedures that ensure a clear accounting of these reserves in the process of monitoring their presence, movement and safety.

The developed appropriate analytical procedures should be an integral part of various organizational and administrative documents of the company (instructions, internal rules, etc.), which ensure the creation of normal conditions for proper accounting and internal control over the use of inventory.

Due to the fact that the range of inventories recorded in a number of organizations reaches several thousand items, their accounting is quite complex and time-consuming. Of particular difficulty is the operational accounting and control over the use of materials in production. In their implementation, an important role is played by the classification of MPZ, which is carried out according to the following criteria.

• 1. Economic content. The following groups are distinguished, allowing to determine the place of these stocks in the production process:
  • raw materials and basic materials;
  • auxiliary materials;
  • purchased semi-finished products;
  • components;
  • returnable waste;
  • fuel;
  • container and container materials;
  • inventory and household supplies;
  • special purpose tools.

The most significant group is raw materials and basic materials.

Raw material represents the original product, not subjected to primary processing. It includes agricultural products (milk, sunflower seeds, sugar beets, etc.) and products of extractive industries (ore, coal, gas, etc.).

Basic materials - products of the manufacturing industry obtained in the process of processing raw materials (metal, sunflower oil, sugar, etc.).

Semi-finished products purchased or own production (cast iron, yarn, etc.) - these are also materials that have undergone certain processing, but have not yet been embodied in finished products. Their share in the composition of inventories is determined by the level of specialization and cooperation of production.

Auxiliary materials serve to impart certain qualities to a new product (paints in mechanical engineering, varnishes in the furniture industry, etc.). They can be used to ensure normal conditions for the production process (heating, lighting), maintenance and maintenance of production equipment (lubricants and cleaning materials), etc. In different industries, depending on the role performed and the consumption, the same materials are considered as basic or as auxiliary. For example, leather is the main material in the shoe industry, and auxiliary in the production of toys. At the same time, in some branches of the chemical industry, such a division of materials is generally conditional.

returnable waste, - materials left after use, which have completely or partially lost their original consumer qualities (rags of fabrics in the clothing industry, metal scraps in mechanical engineering, etc.).

Fuel as a type of inventories is used for technological purposes as a motive energy or for household needs. It does not matter in what form it is consumed: solid, liquid or gaseous.

Containers and packaging materials they have nothing to do with the production process of manufacturing products, but, contributing to the safety of materials during storage and transportation, they provide higher quality characteristics of raw materials and materials during their use, as well as finished products when they are sold.

Spare parts designed to repair and replace worn-out components and parts of the active part of fixed assets - machinery and equipment.

Inventory , tools, household supplies, like spare parts, they are rather considered not as objects, but as means of labor. This determines the features of not only the organization of their accounting in the process of procurement and putting on the balance sheet, but also the repayment of the initial cost.

Special Purpose Tools include a large list of current assets related to the inventory. Their list consists of special tools, various kinds of special devices, special equipment and special clothing. Moreover, if some of them (not counting special clothing) are mainly typical for use in organizations of the machine-building complex, then special clothing has an industry-wide character.

• 2. Physical and chemical composition - solid (coal, metal), liquid (paint, fuel), gaseous (gas), soft (fabric, leather, rubber).
• 3. Technical content. The technical classification of inventories is based on their nomenclature - a systematized list of material assets developed by the enterprise, based on industry specifics and the established practice of accounting for them. It provides for groups within which individual names of materials are indicated by grades, grades, sizes, under a certain code (cipher) and in the corresponding unit of measurement.

Schematically considered classification of MPZ is shown in fig. 5.1.

The code of a specific name of materials is its item number. It is assigned when this material is accepted for accounting and consists of seven or eight digits: the first two are a synthetic account, the third is a sub-account, the next one or two are a group of materials. The remaining two or three digits reveal additional features, characteristics of this type of material. For example, item number 10101122 means: 10 - synthetic account "Materials" sub-account 1 "Raw materials", 01 - group "ferrous metals", 12 - "round steel", 2 - diameter 2 mm. Item numbers are indicated in all primary documents for the receipt and consumption of materials. Coding creates the basis for automating material accounting.

If the price per unit is indicated in the nomenclature, then such classifiers are called the nomenclature-price tag.

The importance of inventories in the formation of current production costs, their high liquidity and other distinctive features (large range, natural decline, etc.) impose strict requirements on the content of accounting policies in the process of their use, and ultimately on financial statements.

Rice. 5.1.

At a minimum, the accounting policy should contain the following information:

• assessment methods used;
• possible consequences of changes in applied methods;
• the impact of individual situations (in the event that the actual cost of purchased inventories exceeds the price of a possible sale or a decrease in sales prices, obsolescence, etc.) on the financial results of the organization;
• value of pledged assets.

Evaluation of acquired inventories is carried out by methods

fixed accounting prices and actual cost.

Solid accounting chain may include the supplier's contract price, consisting of the selling price, taking into account a certain level of profitability. Further procurement costs depend on the type of free (from tal. franco - free). With the subsequent noun "free" means at what stage of the procurement of the inventory, the supplier assumes a certain part of the costs of their transportation or loading. Therefore, the buyer is exempted from their reimbursement, since they are already taken into account in the average amount in the contractual delivery price.

There are several types of franco. So, on the terms of "ex-stock supplier" the costs of loading, transporting and unloading materials from the supplier to the consumer are borne by the latter. This takes place in cases where he takes out the goods from the supplier with his own transport or compensates for the costs of the transport organization. At the same time, when the contract provides for the purchase of materials on the terms of "free station (pier, port) of departure", the costs of delivering the goods to the point of departure are borne by the supplier and, therefore, they are included in the average amount in the price of the contract. All other costs are borne by the consumer.

With such an organization of current accounting for procurement, average purchase prices are used as fixed accounting prices.

The use of purchase or discount prices is allowed for non-invoiced deliveries, i.e. receipt of inventories from the supplier before the presentation of the settlement document for payment. The posting of inventories at the specified prices is reflected in the accounting without allocation of the amount of VAT. It will be taken into account only when the buyer receives the settlement documents. After that, a reversal entry is made for the cost of previously received material assets. Then a new entry is made corresponding to the amounts of the invoice presented for payment, including VAT. This procedure is performed at the end of the month.

Materials not received by the end of the month, the cost of which the buyer paid and, therefore, the ownership of which passed to him, are considered in accounting as material assets in transit. They are accepted for accounting in order to reflect in the balance sheet the entire set of material resources to which the right of ownership of the enterprise applies. In the next reporting month, if the materials are received, they are credited to the actual quantity, i.e. in the same manner as in the case of uninvoiced deliveries.

Transportation and procurement and other acquisition costs are accounted for by the consumer on one analytical account of the same name. Thus, accounting for transportation and procurement costs in accordance with the accounting policy of the organization can be carried out directly on accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 10 "Materials".

An approximate nomenclature of transport and procurement costs includes the following items:

• transportation costs (in the amount of tariffs for the transportation of materials by individual modes of transport):
• charges of supply organizations (remunerations to intermediary organizations, as well as markups and allowances set by suppliers to the price of supplied materials):
• customs payments (indirect taxes on imported inventory);
• payment for the storage of materials in the form of payment for the costs of maintaining special procurement offices, warehouses and agencies in the places of their procurement;
• travel expenses of employees associated with the preparation and purchase of materials;
• packaging costs paid by the organization in excess of the cost of purchased materials from suppliers;
• shortage and damage of materials in transit within the norms of natural loss delivered by the transport of the purchasing organization;
• maintenance of the procurement and storage apparatus (expenses for the remuneration of employees of this apparatus, including the amount of insurance premiums);
• other expenses included in the actual cost of procured materials.

The addition of transportation and procurement costs to the cost of materials at fixed (contractual) prices forms the actual cost of prepared materials.

If the consumer has chosen the planned cost of materials as a variant of the accounting policy as a fixed accounting price, then the receipt of stocks in the current accounting is reflected in each analytical account at the cost indicated above, reflecting the difference ("+" - overspending or "-" - savings) between the planned and the actual cost on the analytical account "Deviations of the actual cost from the planned".

The use of fixed accounting prices simplifies the current accounting of the movement of inventories. This is especially important for medium and large enterprises with a large range of materials and a real time lag in the movement of these stocks from their documentation. At the same time, the requirements of a market economy, especially in the process of its formation, make it problematic to use fixed accounting prices.

In the most general form, the formation of the actual cost of purchased reserves is:

• 1) from the contractual, exchange or free selling price indicated in the invoice, minus the stipulated discounts. This is the invoice value of the supplier, taking into account various margins (surcharges), commission paid to intermediary firms, the cost of commodity exchange services, customs duties:
• 2) the cost of the freight, including the cost of insurance, loading and unloading on "recessions, the cost of business trips for workers for the direct procurement of materials, as well as shortages of materials along the way within the limits of natural loss;
• 3) various tariffs and taxes (except for VAT and other refundable taxes).

The invoice value of inventories is a determining part of the actual cost in the process of their purchase. In the future, it increases by the amount of various information and consulting services, customs duties and fees, commission fees to intermediary organizations, as well as non-refundable taxes. The actual cost also includes the costs of procurement and delivery of materials, the maintenance of the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization, transportation costs (if they are not included in the price of the contract), the costs of paying interest on a commercial loan provided by suppliers, and other costs.

Material values ​​received free of charge from other organizations are taken into account in the actual assessment that forms the market price.

Inventories acquired in the course of a barter transaction, as of the date of entry into account, are taken into account taking into account the value of the exchanged property, for which it was reflected in the balance sheet of this organization.

Morally obsolete inventories from January 1, 2002 should be reflected in the balance sheet minus the reserve and the decrease in their value.

Materials that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are accounted for off the balance sheet in the assessment provided for in the contract.

In the event that inventory items are purchased in foreign currency, they are valued in rubles by converting this currency at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia in force on the date of acceptance of these items on the balance sheet under the contract

The loss for those inventory items, for which the price during the reporting year decreased and turned out to be less than the purchase (procurement) price, or which became morally obsolete or partially lost their original physical and chemical properties, are included in the financial results of the enterprise.

If the organization applies fixed accounting prices, then in the process of writing off materials for production and other purposes, it becomes necessary to bring them to the actual cost. This procedure is implemented by drawing up at the end of the month a special calculation of the amount of deviations related to the cost of the materials used. First, the percentage of deviations is calculated by referring the amount of transportation costs or the amount of deviations ("+" - overspending, "-" - savings) at the beginning of the reporting period, taking into account receipts for this period to the contract price (planned cost for the same periods). The interest calculated in this way is multiplied by the amount of materials used at the agreed price or planned cost in the reporting period.

Inflationary processes do not allow the organization to consider the method of estimating inventories at fixed accounting prices as the determining option for accounting policy.

When releasing inventories into production and in other cases of their disposal, the following methods of their assessment are recommended:

• at the cost of each unit (specific identification method);
• at average cost (average cost), more often on the weighted average (weighted average cost) ,
• at the cost of the first time acquisition of inventories - FIFO method (first in – first out).

During the reporting year, for each group (type) of inventories, one of the above methods of assessment can be applied as an element of the accounting policy.

The application of the method at the cost of each unit takes place for those inventories that have strictly defined individual characteristics (precious metals, precious stones, etc.).

The characteristics of other recommended methods for estimating inventories in the current account are given in Table. 5.1. As you can see, the final balance of materials, calculated in fixed accounting prices, does not differ from their total, obtained using the weighted average cost method. This coincidence is not purely mechanical. Rather, it reflects a general trend inherent in these methods, which are least of all focused on the flexibility that is characteristic of other methods of evaluation.

FIFO method (first receipt - first issue) when writing off materials, it is focused on the price of the first purchase. In the generally accepted understanding, its use is preferable in a situation where prices fall by the end of the reporting period and it is more appropriate for the consumer to include materials in the first chain, which is higher, in the cost of production. Consequently, the initial higher costs of their preparation are passed on to the consumer, and in the balance sheet, the reserves are taken into account in the assessment as of the date of its compilation, which confirms one of the defining principles of a market economy, the principle of the reality of the assessment of certain types of property. The FIFO method is applicable at enterprises of any organizational and legal form, since it is based on accounting for the movement of inventories, and not their physical movement in physical terms by the timing of receipt.

EXAMPLE 5.1

The organization has adopted the weighted average cost method. In the reporting period, two batches of materials of the same name were received, but at different prices (Table 5.2). Within a month, one batch is fully sent to production. The second batch arrived after the vacation in the production of the first batch.

Table 5.1

Inventory valuation methods

	Indicators	Valuation at fixed discount prices			Valuation methods at the actual cost of procurement
					weighted average cost method			FIFO method
		quantity, kg	price, rub	amount, rub.	quantity, kg	price, rub.	amount, rub.	quantity, kg	price, rub.	amount, rub.
	Account price of materials
	Remaining materials for the month started
	Deviations from accounting prices
	Received materials in the first decade
	Deviations from accounting prices
						(140 + 210):25 = = 14
	Received materials in the second decade
	Deviations from accounting prices
	Actual weighted average cost					(350 + 260):45 = = 13,55
	Received materials in the third decade
	Deviations from accounting prices
	Actual weighted average cost					(610 + 300):70 = = 13
	Cost per month, total
	including
	Deviations from accounting prices
	Consumption of materials, taking into account deviations (660 + 55)
	Remaining materials at the end of the month
	Deviations from accounting prices**
	Remaining materials at actual cost

Notes:

* 180 rub. × 8.33% = 15 rubles; 8.33% - x (rub.);

• 100% - 660 rubles;
• 660 rub. × 8.33% = 580 kg

** 180 rub. × 8.33% = 15 rubles. or

• 20 + 30 + 20 - 55 \u003d 15 rubles; 8.33% - X (rub.);
• 100% - 660 rubles.

Table 5.2

The movement of batches of materials in the organization

The write-off of materials at their cost as of March 20 will be reflected in the accounting in the amount of 5,000 rubles. In the event that the expense is estimated at the weighted average cost per month, the amount of material consumption directed to production will be 5250 rubles. ((10,500: 100) × 50).

When using the FIFO method, the amount of expense will be the same as when writing off materials at cost, - 5000 rubles. ((5000: 50) × 50).

In countries with developed market economies, when writing off materials, it is also used NIFO method , according to which the costs include the cost of not the last purchase, but the cost following the date of the last purchase. In other words, with this method, the next batch for receipt is attributed first to the cost of manufactured products. So, if the price for a unit of a specific material on the date of the last purchase was 12 rubles, and on the date of its release into production it rose to 14 rubles on the market, then the material will be included in the cost of manufactured products at a price of 14 rubles. for a unit.

Each of the considered methods of assessing the MPZ has its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of method is determined by the influence on the balance sheet currency (based on the principle of its reality), the statement of financial results (in terms of the formation of financial results), tax payments (primarily income tax) and decisions made by the administration (in terms of development strategy). In this regard, when determining the accounting policy, along with the choice of the appropriate method for estimating the inventory, it is no less, if not more important, to take into account the consequences of changes in individual valuation methods.

For small enterprises, the method of valuation by average (weighted average) cost is more preferable, according to which each unit (type, group) of inventory, written off for production or listed in the balance, is valued at the cost obtained, as already noted, by dividing the sum of the balance and income by their number. Thus, it is recognized that the simplicity of calculation in a small enterprise is considered as the main advantage.

The use of computer technology with a large range and receipt of inventories from different suppliers and at different prices can significantly reduce the complexity of calculating their cost when released into production.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that when applying the same method for estimating the write-off of such inventories, a different end result can be obtained if the initial basis for the calculation was a structural unit or the enterprise as a whole. This approach is important to consider for the purposes of financial and management accounting. The need for such a division exists in medium and large enterprises, where stocks are distributed over several warehouses and their accounting is kept for the whole enterprise. For the purposes of financial accounting, it is advisable to write off the cost for each structural unit presented as an independent legal entity and maintaining separate accounting records.

Inventory accounting tasks are:

• complete and timely calculation of the actual cost of procured materials;
• control over their safety;
• proper documentation of operations on the movement of material assets,
• providing the administration and structural divisions of the enterprise with the necessary information in real time in order to determine the moment of issuing orders for the purchase of the most favorable size of the purchased lot of inventory items;
• preliminary, current and subsequent control over their acquisition and use in the context of structural units, types of products manufactured, work performed or services provided, over compliance with applicable norms and standards;
• identification of stale and unused inventory items;
• clear organization of storage and weighing facilities;
• proper control over the work of officials (forwarders, warehouse managers, etc.) related to the acquisition, acceptance and release of materials. With these persons, the administration must conclude agreements on full liability;
• finding various ways to involve in the economic circulation slow-moving and stale inventory items or their sale. In accordance with the current legislation, these values ​​should be taken into account at market prices.

In countries with developed market economies, none of these tasks is a priority. For them, the main purpose of accounting for such stocks is the most accurate calculation of profit. Thus, it is recognized that accounting for inventories should be subordinated to the achievement of the ultimate goal of the enterprise.