Concrete floor in the house. Interfloor ceilings in a private house

When building a house, any developer faces the question of choosing an interfloor overlap. The most common are three types of floors - wooden, monolithic reinforced concrete and prefabricated reinforced concrete, mounted from flat hollow core slabs. It is about this type of overlap, as the most popular and practical for low-rise construction, that will be discussed in this material. From this about interfloor ceilings in a private house you will learn:

• What is the difference between hollow-core floor slabs (PC) and floor slabs made by formless molding (PB).
• How to properly lay floors.
• How to avoid installation errors.
• How to store floor slabs.

How to choose a hollow core slab

At first glance, hollow core slabs may seem to differ only in length, thickness and width. But specifications hollow core slabs are much wider and are described in detail in GOST 9561-91.

Hollow core slab, private house.

Hollow interfloor slabs differ from each other by the method of reinforcement. Moreover, reinforcement (depending on the type of slabs) can be performed using prestressed reinforcement or without prestressed reinforcement. Most often, ceilings with prestressed working reinforcement are used.

When choosing floor slabs, you should pay attention to such an important point as allowable amount sides on which to lean. . Usually you can only support on two short sides, but some types of plates allow support on three and four sides.

• PB. Provides support on two sides;
• 1pc. Thickness - 220 mm. The diameter of the round voids is 159 mm. Allows support only on two sides;
• 1PKT. Having similar dimensions, it allows support on three sides;
• 1PKK. Can be leaned on four sides.

Also, floor slabs differ from each other by the method of manufacture. Often there is a dispute about what to prefer - PC or PB.

Andrey164 FORUMHOUSE user

It's time to block the basement of the building with floor slabs, but I just can’t decide what to choose - PC or PB, PB has a better surface finish than PC, but I heard that PBs are used only in monolithic-frame houses and country houses, and the end such a plate cannot be loaded with a wall.

Sasha1983 FORUMHOUSE user

The main difference between the plates lies in the technology of their manufacture.

PC (thickness from 160 to 260 mm and a typical bearing capacity of 800 kg / sq.m.) is cast in the formwork. Panels of the PB brand (thickness from 160 mm to 330 mm and typical load capacity from 800 kg/sq.m.) are produced by the formless continuous casting method (this makes it possible to obtain a smoother and even surface than PC panels). PB is also called extruder.

PB, due to the prestressing of the compressed and stretched zones (reinforcement prestressing is done at any length of the plate), are less susceptible to cracking than PC. PC with a length of up to 4.2 meters can be produced without prestressed reinforcement and have a greater free deflection than PB.

At the request of the customer, PB can be cut to individual given dimensions(from 1.8 to 9 meters, etc.). They can also be cut lengthwise and into separate longitudinal elements, as well as bevel cuts at an angle of 30-90 degrees, without losing its load-bearing capacity. This greatly simplifies the layout of such floor slabs at the construction site and provides greater freedom to the designer, because. the dimensions of the building box and load-bearing walls are not tied to the standard PC dimensions.

When choosing interfloor PC slabs (more than 4.2 meters long), it is important to remember this feature - they are prestressed with special stops at the ends of the slab. If you cut off the end of the PC, then the stop (cut off together with the end of the PC and vertical reinforcement) will not work. Accordingly, the working reinforcement will cling to concrete only with its lateral surface. This will significantly reduce the bearing capacity of the slab.

Despite the higher quality smooth surface, good geometry, lower weight and high load-bearing capacity, this point should be taken into account when choosing a PB. Hollow holes in the PC (depending on the width of the slab, with a diameter of 114 to 203 mm) allow you to easily punch a hole in it for sewer riser, with a diameter of 100 mm. While the size of the hollow hole in the PB is 60 mm. Therefore, in order to punch a through hole in a PB brand panel (so as not to damage the reinforcement), you should check with the manufacturer in advance how best to do this.

Floor slabs for a private house: installation features

The PB (unlike the PC) does not have mounting loops (or you have to pay extra for their installation), which can complicate their loading, unloading and installation.

It is not recommended to use the "folk" method of installing the PB, when the mounting hooks cling to the end of the hollow hole. In this case, there is a high probability that the hook will pull out of the hole due to the destruction of the end of the plate, or the hook will simply slip off. This will cause the plate to fall. Also, at your own peril and risk, you can apply a method in which a crowbar is inserted into the hollow holes of the PB (two crowbars on one side of the plate) and hooks cling to them.

Installation of PB plates is allowed only with the use of soft chocks or a special traverse.

ProgC FORUMHOUSE user

To pull the chalk out from under the slab, laying it down, leave a gap of 2 cm to the adjacent slab. Then we shift the already laid slab with a crowbar to the next one.

Max_im FORUMHOUSE user

Personal experience: I laid slabs at my construction site using this method. The gap was 3 cm. The slabs were laid on a cement-sand mixture 2 cm thick. The mixture acted as a lubricant, and the slabs were easily moved with a crowbar to the distance I needed.

Also, when installing floor slabs, it is necessary to observe the calculated values ​​​​of the minimum support depth of the slab. The following numbers can be used as a guide:

• brick wall, minimum support depth is 8 cm, maximum support depth is 16 cm;
• reinforced concrete - 7 cm, maximum support depth - 12 cm;
• gas and foam concrete blocks - at least 10-12 cm, optimal support depth - 15 cm;
• steel structures - 7 cm.

It is not recommended to support the floor slab more than 20 cm, because with an increase in the depth of support, it begins to “work” like a pinched beam. When laying floor panels on walls built from gas and foam concrete blocks, it is necessary to install a reinforced concrete armored belt, which is described in detail in the article:. Read also our article, which details,. We wish you to successfully apply the acquired knowledge on your construction sites!

Before starting the installation of the plates, it is recommended to seal the ends of the hollow holes. The voids are sealed so that water does not get inside the panel. It also increases the strength at the ends of the slabs (this applies to a greater extent to PC than to PB) in case of bearing partitions resting on them. The voids can be sealed by inserting a half brick into them and “throwing” the gap with a layer of concrete. Usually voids are sealed to a depth of at least 12-15 cm.

If water does get inside the plates, it must be removed. To do this, in the panel, in the "void", a hole is drilled from below through which water can flow out. This is especially important to do if the floors have already been laid, and the house went into the winter without a roof. Water in frost can freeze inside the hollow hole (because there is nowhere for it to flow out) and break the slab.

Sergey Perm FORUMHOUSE user

I had slabs laid on the ceiling for a whole year. I specially drilled holes in the "voids" with a perforator, a lot of water leaked out. Each channel must be drilled.

Before laying the floor slabs, it is necessary to select a truck crane of the required load capacity. It is important to take into account the accessibility of access roads, the maximum possible outreach of the crane and the permissible weight of the load. And also calculate the possibility of laying floor panels not from one point, but from two sides of the house.

zumpf FORUMHOUSE user

The surface on which the floor slab is laid must be flat and free of debris. Before laying the panel, a cement mixture is “spread out”, the so-called. mortar "bed", 2 cm thick. This will ensure its reliable adhesion to the walls or armored belt. Also, before installing the panels and before applying the mortar to the wall, you can lay a reinforcing bar with a diameter of 10-12 mm.

A similar method will allow you to strictly control the verticality of mixing of all plates during their laying (since the panel will no longer fall below the rod). The rod will not allow her to completely squeeze out the cement mortar from under her and lie down “dry”. It is not allowed to put the plates "steps". Depending on the length of the plates, the divergence of the ends should not exceed 8-12 mm.

A serious mistake during laying is the overlapping of two spans with one slab at once, i.e. it rests on three walls. Because of this, loads unforeseen by the reinforcement scheme appear in it, and under certain, unfavorable circumstances, it can crack.

If such a layout cannot be avoided, to relieve tension, on the upper surface of the panels, just above the middle partition (wall), a cut is made with a grinder.

Another point that should be focused on is how to block the flight of stairs between the floor slabs, if there is nothing to support them on. In this case, two channels can be run parallel to the plates, and one can be placed across, along the edge of the opening, to tie the reinforcing cage in the form of a mesh with a cell of 20 cm and a bar diameter of 8 mm, etc. Put the formwork and pour the monolithic section. It is not necessary to tie the channel to the floor slabs. In this case, they rest on two short sides and are not subjected to loads from the support node of the flight of stairs.

How to properly store floor slabs on the site

Ideally, if the panels were brought to the site, they should be installed immediately. If for some reason this is not possible, the question arises: how to properly store them.

For storage of plates, it is necessary to prepare in advance a solid and flat area. You can't just lay them on the ground. In this case, the lower plate can rest on the ground, and, due to the uneven load, it will break under the weight of the upper plates.

Products should be stacked in a stack of no more than 8-10 pieces. Moreover, gaskets are placed under the bottom row (from a beam of 200x200 mm, etc.), and all subsequent rows are placed through gaskets - an inch board 25 mm thick. Gaskets should be located no further than 30-45 cm from the ends of the plates, and they should be set strictly vertically one above the other. This will ensure an even redistribution of the load.

, and read about e. The video reveals everything

Building a house with your own hands is always a very laborious and difficult process. One of the crucial moments is the correct choice of the ceiling. There are several options for how to make a ceiling in a private house. It is necessary to take into account all the features of structures of different types.

ceiling requirement

• The ceiling overlap serves to separate the floors of the room and separates the rooms from the attic. The load on these structures is significant, so the high strength of the structure is very important.
• The material should contribute to the preservation of heat in the room and block sound vibrations.
• The ceiling covering must comply with fire safety conditions.

Note! The coating must necessarily have sufficient rigidity so that deflections do not occur under any loads.

What is the ceiling

In order to start making a ceiling slab with your own hands, you need to study what ceiling slabs can be and understand their advantages and installation methods.

Ceilings are:

• interfloor,
• attic,
• basement,
• basement.

The ceiling can be beamed, while using beams of different materials, and beamless - built using slabs and solid panels.

Slab floors

Such a ceiling covering is practically not used for private houses due to the large weight of the material. Plates are mainly used in the construction of large high-rise buildings or industrial buildings.

Sometimes tiled ceilings are used in the construction of brick private houses. It is distinguished by a number of significant positive qualities: a long service life, the ability to achieve a perfectly even coating, structural strength and fire resistance.

Are used different kind slabs: hollow or solid. Hollow products, which have less weight and increase the level of sound and heat insulation, are more often used in the construction of ceilings for private houses.

Slab ceiling can be monolithic and prefabricated. Prefabricated slabs differ in the connection method: some are connected with wire, others - welded - are connected by welding.

The disadvantage of using solid panels is their significant size and weight. Their installation requires the help of special equipment.

Note! Such slabs have a certain size, and it is necessary to build a room for it, or order individual production of slabs of the desired size.

Wood floor installation

In individual construction, most often they use a ceiling made using wooden beams. A wooden bar for flooring in a private house is used because it has a number of advantages:

• such a ceiling does not weigh down the structure,
• there is no need to use special equipment,
• has durability and environmental friendliness,
• material cost is moderate.

The only significant drawback of wooden beam ceilings is the limitation of the span width when overlapping, up to a maximum of 6 meters.

Note! When using a chimney in a private house, the beams are installed in such a way that there is no intersection with the pipe, a distance of 40 cm must be observed.

In the manufacture of beams, deciduous and coniferous varieties of trees are used. The wood should be sufficiently well dried and checked for rot or cracks. Rejected beams cannot be used in construction.

Installation order

• Before use, the wood must be treated with an antiseptic to avoid further damage from the fungus. The ends of the beams are tarred and wrapped several times with roofing material.
• A nest is preliminarily prepared for the beam, a prerequisite is that the end of the beam must be bevelled. To align the beams along the plane, boards of different thicknesses are used. The void that inevitably remains in the nest is filled with mounting foam.
• Next, a roll is created from the bars, which serve as the basis for the future ceiling. Usually, for cranial bars, pine timber is used, pre-treated with an antiseptic. Floor boards are laid perpendicular to them, which are also treated with an antiseptic.
• After that, a layer is constructed that provides sound and heat insulation. For these purposes, different materials can be used: sand, expanded clay, slag, sawdust can be used. The use of mineral wool is ideal, it has the ability to breathe and is light in weight. Before laying the thermal insulation, a layer of vapor barrier film is laid.

Due to the fact that wooden interfloor ceilings do not have a large mass, they allow you to save on the construction of a foundation of increased power.

In order to properly perform the ceiling, you need to study all the nuances of this process, you can watch the video.

With the correct performance of the work, it is possible to ensure high indicators of the strength of the structure, comfortable conditions for heat and sound insulation.

metal cover

When building a ceiling with metal beams, one should take into account low heat and sound insulation, as well as the possibility of corrosive changes at high air humidity.

The advantages of such an overlap are in the high strength and durability of the structure, in the possibility of overlapping over a larger span area.

For the ceiling you will need:

• metal beams,
• reinforced concrete slabs, lightweight concrete or wood,
• plaster mesh,
• waterproofing material,
• plaster,
• plank flooring.

Concrete floor

With the help of reinforced concrete beams, it is very rare to make a ceiling in private houses. This is due to the very high weight of the material. For such work, special equipment is needed, you can’t manage it with your own hands.

With such beams it is possible to block spans of 3-7.5 meters, between the beams the empty space is filled with concrete or hollow blocks.

Ceilings between floors of a private house must provide the required bearing capacity, have sufficient rigidity, have a high degree of fire resistance, retain heat and provide good sound insulation. When designing floors, the weight of objects and devices that will be in the room above and for which the floor between floors will serve as a floor is taken into account.

If the attic and basement floors need to be insulated, since they separate rooms with different temperatures, then it will be enough to lay soundproofing material on the floors between floors in a private house.

Depending on the material from which the walls of a private house are made, the floors between floors are divided into:

There is also a formwork overlap, that is, the formwork is first constructed, a reinforcing mesh is laid into it, and as a result, concrete is poured. In the opinion of the author of the article, this type of overlap is not very effective and laborious, therefore, it will not be considered. Although if anyone is interested in the Internet there are enough articles on this topic and at the end of the article there will be a video on this topic.

Overlapping floors with reinforced concrete slabs are used when the walls of the house are made of or brick. Reinforced concrete slabs are a structure made of concrete and reinforcing steel, which runs along the slab in the form of a stretched string. Given this, it is impossible to saw the plates in pieces, as the reinforcement will lose its properties, which will lead to a weakening of the strength of the entire structure.

Ceiling floors with reinforced concrete slabs

To lighten the weight, the slabs are made with voids inside a cylindrical or rectangular shape, which is why they are also called “voids”. During installation, reinforced concrete slabs are laid on the walls of the house with a transverse part, but not with lateral faces. Before laying the slab in place, a solution is laid out, which is pressed against the slab. The squeezed out excess solution is immediately removed so that it does not subsequently harden and cause additional work to clean it up.

Reinforced concrete hollow core slabs

The use of reinforced concrete slabs ensures quick installation of the ceiling, is not subject to fire, does not require additional sound insulation, vapor barrier and retains heat between floors. But at the same time, it is an expensive pleasure that costs a lot of money to buy stoves and rent a truck crane. In addition, it is not suitable for private houses from and houses whose walls are lined with blocks. And one more thing: the dimensions of the house along the perimeter and internal partitions need to be “customized” to the size of the plates, and this is not always convenient.

Unlike floor slabs, wooden beam floors require additional insulation, must have sufficient strength to hold the objects of the upper floor, and soundproofing. However, despite this, the tree is an ecological material, exudes substances that are beneficial to human health, have a relatively small weight, and if all the rules and regulations of operation are observed, it can last a long time. To this we must add the absence of heavy construction equipment during the installation of floors.

Wooden beam floors

The highest quality overlap is obtained using well-dried cylindrical coniferous wood. According to experienced builders, a rectangular beam can sag over time, violating the integrity of the entire floor. Why is this happening? The thing is that a rectangular beam is made of a material close to the core of a tree, which is inferior in strength to the outer edges.

Beam structure diagram

Wooden beams are laid on load-bearing walls with a distance between them (beams) from 0.5 to 1.0 m, but the size of the beam itself should be at least 1/3 of the span width and 1/16 of the same span parameter. The most problematic place during the installation of beams are the ends, which are embedded in the outer walls, where, due to the temperature difference, condensation forms, which adversely affects the condition of the wood: the tree can rot and destroy the entire ceiling. To prevent this from happening, the ends of the beams are wrapped in roofing material or treated with a special anti-rotting agent.

Before overlapping the floor, the beams are treated with an antiseptic so that the material does not rot and pests do not start in it

The laying of the beams should be done using the lighthouse method, that is, first the extreme beams are installed, and then the intermediate ones. The entire installation process is controlled by a level in order to prevent any error, and a template is used to evenly distribute the bars (step). If it becomes necessary to level the beams, wood waste is used, but always tarred. Outside, the walls of the beams should not reach the edge of the wall by 3–5 cm: subsequently, this space is filled with mounting foam, which avoids the harmful effects of precipitation on the ends of the beams.

It should be remembered that the beams located near the chimneys must be insulated with non-combustible materials, such as asbestos sheets.

Metal beams between floors

Ceilings between floors in a private house using metal beams (channel, I-beam, ordinary rail, big size etc.) is used extremely rarely, although they are more durable and have small dimensions.

Interfloor ceilings from metal beams

However, with the help of metal beams, large spans of up to six meters or more can be covered. In addition, metal beams are devoid of any combustibility, but at the same time unsuitable for use in places with high humidity, and also have low thermal insulation properties and conduct sound well.

Frequently ribbed prefabricated monolithic ceilings

Often-ribbed prefabricated-monolithic floors are a rather complex structure, consisting of a reinforcing belt (crown), floor beams, dividing ribs, hollow blocks and a layer of concrete several centimeters thick.

Precast-monolithic (frequently ribbed) reinforced concrete floors

The crown is an obligatory element of the ceiling, passing through all the walls of the house and entering them to a depth of 10-12 cm; the height of the reinforcing belt is 25–28 cm.

Floor beams are located in 50–60 cm increments and serve as the basis for hollow blocks, which perform only the function of filling the space and do not carry any power load, unlike dividing ribs that stiffen the floor.

Monolithic overlap

A layer of concrete, which is also called structural, fills the voids between the hollow blocks, forming, together with the reinforcement of the beams, the bearing load of the entire floor.

The advantage of often ribbed slabs is that their construction does not require formwork and the use of heavy construction equipment in the form of a truck crane. The technology is quite advanced, but almost never used by private developers.

Ceilings are special structures that separate floors. They can be made from various materials and be of a wide variety of types. Custom construction is becoming more and more popular. A large number of urban residents dream of getting out of their apartments and becoming the owner of a spacious house. In order for the construction to be of high quality and reliable, it is necessary to consider the types and features of the overlap.

The device of overlappings in a private house

The ceiling structure has various variations, but there are rules that work in relation to each option: the ceiling must be rigid, reliable and be adapted to the intended load.

Overlapping is a structure, the purpose of which is the separation of adjacent zones in height. We can say that this is a ceiling space that separates the living area from the roof area and the basement. The main requirement is assigned to this design - strength, due to the fact that bulky objects will be installed on it and the inhabitants of the house will move. There are certain construction parameters for floors: for the upper, attic floor, the load weight should not be more than one hundred kilograms per square meter, as for the floor between floors, it must withstand a load of up to two hundred kilograms per square meter. The second, no less important condition put forward for overlapping is rigidity. It should not "play" from loads and bend.

You should also think about soundproofing when building such a ceiling yourself. This can be achieved by sealing cracks and gaps at the junction. Those structures that will differentiate residential and non-residential areas require the use of an additional layer of heat-insulating materials.

Do-it-yourself ceilings in a private house

In a private dwelling there can be a variety of floors, which can be grouped as follows:

• basement - share non-residential unheated premises;
• basement - in fact the floor of the first floor;
• attic - serve to protect residential premises from high and low temperatures of the attic;
• attic - divide structures in height.

The main requirements for floors were listed above: strength, rigidity and high level soundproofing. In addition, the following features can be noted:

• fire resistance - in the event of a fire, it is necessary to have a margin of time for evacuation;
• heat-saving qualities - it is necessary to lay a vapor barrier, as a barrier to the formation of condensate;
• waterproofing is a necessary condition, provided that the overlap borders on non-residential premises;
• resistance to fungus and mold.

The structures that are erected are of two types: prefabricated and monolithic. Or another name for structures - beam and beamless. The beam version consists of a lag and filler, and the beamless version consists of tile or panel components.

Installation of ceiling in a private house

Before erecting a ceiling in your own house with your own hands, you should treat the wood with a special solution that will prevent the development of microorganisms and mold. Provided that the beams will be inserted into concrete walls or stone, the edges of the tree should be carefully wrapped in roofing material. The so-called nest is prepared in advance, where the beam will be inserted. It should have a bevelled edge. After installation, the nest with the beam is filled with mounting foam.

In a private house, the construction of a ceiling involves the manufacture of rolling. These are the bars that are necessary for the future ceiling covering.

The issue of sound and thermal insulation deserves special attention. Two goals can be achieved at once with such materials: sand, slag, expanded clay, foam plastic, mineral wool, sawdust. Not all of the materials listed are ideal, as they "do not breathe." Mineral wool is considered the best material, as an option that perfectly passes air through itself.

On the reel, waterproofing materials are first placed, after which there is a layer of thermal insulation.

Floor options in wooden houses

There are such types of overlaps:

• wooden;
• reinforced concrete;
• metal.

But in modern designs there are such overlap options:

• beamless;
• coffered;
• prefabricated monolithic;
• aerated concrete.

For some flooring options, it is necessary to use horizontal logs, others require factory floor slabs, which are laid using special lifting equipment. Monolithic ceilings are poured in place. Prefabricated monolithic structures - a combination of a concrete monolith with beam supports. Caisson floors in their own homes are almost never used.

Beam ceilings in a private house

In beam structures, the basic foundation is beams that are installed at an equidistant distance. Filling materials are placed on them. It can be wood, reinforced concrete or metal.

In your own private dwelling, floors made of wooden material are most often used, it is used for:

• interfloor ceilings - when the span is five meters;
• attic floors - when the surface size is more than six meters, as for metal beams, they have no restrictions and can be used with arbitrary span widths.

At the heart of the wooden floor, light tree species are used. The construction of the beam ceiling includes the following elements:

• beams;
• rolling;
• gender;
• insulation.

The main advantage of using a wooden floor is the fact that it is mounted quickly and easily, without the use of special tools. Construction equipment is not needed, and the coating itself is inexpensive and light.

The disadvantages of wood flooring are that wood is a fire hazard, is attacked by microorganisms and is prone to mold.

Do-it-yourself interfloor ceilings in a private building: monolithic, reinforced concrete and aerated concrete

Monolithic floors have a large number of advantages: a flat surface that does not have joints and seams. For the construction of such ceilings do not need special equipment. The procedure for pouring floors is complex and requires skills. To carry out such a procedure, it is necessary to prepare such tools and things:

• high quality cement;
• gravel or slag;
• sand;
• fittings made of high-quality metal;
• reinforcing mesh;
• wooden boards;
• formwork supports.

First, vertical supports are set up, plywood or similar material is laid on top for pouring the mortar. It is necessary to make formwork and pour concrete. Due to its complexity and labor intensity, this option is almost never used in multi-storey private buildings.

Reinforced concrete slabs are another option for flooring. These are factory materials nine meters long. Support for them are load-bearing walls. Correct installation is very important to avoid distortion. Plates are of two types:

• hollow;
• flat voidless.

The slabs are laid on a liquid mortar that adheres well to the slab. The gaps must be carefully sealed, and then the entire surface should be sealed with a screed.

If private ownership is low-rise and is made of a gas block, a structure made of aerated concrete is considered a convenient and high-quality way of overlapping. They can be ordered according to the required size directly at the enterprise. When mounted together, the blocks are linked using special connectors or clamps. To transport the material, you need to hire a car. As a result, the idea will be expensive, in addition to paying for the material ordered by size, it is necessary to pay for transportation, unloading, lifting and installation. It is cheaper to install the floor with your own hands during the construction of the building.

Metal ceiling in a private house

Undoubtedly, metal beams are a more durable material and can serve without the restrictions and problems that arise with wooden structures. Due to the strength of the material, you can save space by making the minimum thickness overlap. But with all the attractiveness and advantages, metal floors are used infrequently. The most commonly used wooden version.

The gaps between the beams are filled with concrete mortar or wooden shields. The final weight of the structure will be as follows: a square meter of overlap will have a weight of about four hundred kilograms.

Metal beams can cover spans of considerable size. The advantage of such structures is their fire resistance, immunity to microorganisms, mold, termites.

The disadvantages of this kind of structure is that areas in contact with moisture are subject to corrosion. To avoid this, problem areas are wrapped with felt.

Most often, a rolling profile is used for such structures. During installation, reinforced concrete slabs are laid between the beams, and they are covered with a layer of slag or reinforced concrete material on top.

For this type of overlap use:

• metal corners;
• reinforced concrete slabs;
• plaster mesh;
• materials for waterproofing;
• plank flooring.

A noticeable disadvantage of this option is the need to use special equipment.

What to make a ceiling in a private house

After analyzing all the possible options for manufacturing floors in a private home, it can be argued that a wooden floor is rightfully considered one of the most optimal for a private building. The basis of this design is only wood: load-bearing beams and floor boards. A solid bar or board goes into the load-bearing beams. The material is affordable and can be applied to any walls: aerated concrete, brick or timber. Most home craftsmen use this particular material.

Speaking of wooden floors, the main characteristics of such a design should be highlighted:

• cost - the price of a tree is affordable;
• durability - depends on the quality of service and conditions of use, as a rule, it is from thirty to fifty years;
• manufacturing complexity - is considered an average degree of complexity, but does not require special equipment;
• fire safety - one of the most flammable materials, but the degree of risk can be reduced by treating the wood surface with flame retardants;
• weight - the design is considered light, the approximate weight of one square meter is forty kilograms;
• maintenance - it is necessary to use protective compounds: from microorganisms, mold, fungus.

Among the positive aspects of a wooden floor are:

• profitability - the price is much less than other overlap options;
• light weight - light weight compared to metal;
• no need for finishing;
• ease of installation - no equipment or special knowledge is needed for self-installation;
• universality - the ability to use such a design for a building made of any material;
• the ability to hide the insulation - thermal insulation is hidden behind the sheathing boards.

But wood flooring also has its downsides. Let's dwell on them:

• creak - after some time of operation, the wooden structure will begin to creak;
• high fire hazard - wooden materials are susceptible to combustion, quickly ignite and support the process;
• the need for additional maintenance - in order for the structure to serve the maximum amount of time, it is necessary to treat it with protective agents and mixtures;
• low mechanical strength - the material is susceptible to impact and can be partially deformed;
• complexity in the construction of large spans - it is impossible to apply this design on surfaces of more than five meters.

If you have any questions about installing the ceiling in a private house with your own hands, you can watch the video at the end of the article. There you will find answers to all questions on the topic of overlapping in a private house.

For a stone house with two or more floors, the device for the ceiling of the first floor (it is the floor of the next level) of monolithic reinforced concrete is inherent. It could be floor slabs. By the way, most often they are laid. However, if a crane access is difficult at the construction site or the finished house has a complex configuration that cannot be covered with slabs without gaps, a monolithic ceiling is poured with one's own hands. The work is carried out strictly in accordance with established norms and standards, otherwise the monolith may not withstand the load exerted on it from above.

How to properly fill a monolithic floor and calculate its bearing capacity, we analyze in the material below.

Important: pouring a monolith as a ceiling can be carried out not only according to indications, but also if the master finds this method appropriate for a particular house.

The advantages of a monolith over the installation of concrete slabs

Do-it-yourself ceiling slab pouring technology has a number of advantages over laying standard factory reinforced concrete slabs. The main positive aspects of the monolith are:

• The entire floor has a smooth and uniform structure without seams, joints and joints, which allows the most even distribution of the load on the flooded slab, the walls of the house and its foundation;
• All bay windows and balconies can be poured directly under the existing design data, without the need to look for a floor slab of the desired size and configuration;
• And in the interior of the first floor, columns can be used, which will make the design of the room richer and more original.

Important: there is no need to use sophisticated construction equipment to pour the monolith. All work can be done by hand, understanding the installation technology.

Calculation of the load on the slab and its parameters

Important: according to SNIP SNiP 52-01-2003 "Concrete and reinforced concrete structures", SNiP 3.03.01-87 and GOST R 52086-2003 for a private house, a standard monolithic floor slab should have a thickness of 180-200 mm. This is the average of a solid monolithic space of the second floor floor or first level ceiling.

It is extremely necessary to perform floor slab calculations in order not to subsequently overload the available space with additional partitions on the second floor or reinforcing the floor finish. As a result of exceeding the load on the ceiling, it can simply burst and collapse.

In order to correctly calculate the parameters of the floor structure with the recommended bearing capacity, it is better to entrust the work to a professional. As a last resort, you can use online calculator, in which all data on the materials used for the monolith and its parameters are entered:

• The length and width of the floor of the second floor;
• ceiling height;
• Brand of concrete used;
• Load per 1m2 of floor (taken as an estimated value of 450-500 kg/m2).

Important: the cross section of the reinforcement bar should be maximum in the central part of the floor slab. Since closer to the supporting walls, the load on deflection and tension is reduced to almost zero.

To calculate the thickness of the overlap (that is, its height), you must use a ratio of 1:30. Here 1 means the height of the monolith, and 30 is the span from one outer wall to the other. For example, if the house has a span length of 8 m, then 800:30 = 26.6 cm. Accordingly, for a span length of 6 m, the ceiling height will be 20 cm.

Work performance technology

To fill a monolithic ceiling with your own hands, you need to prepare the following tools and raw materials:

• Formwork boards and plywood sheets (preferably glossy so that the concrete adheres minimally to the wood when it dries);
• Supports for a monolith at the rate of 1 piece / 1 m2 of floor slab;
• Rods for knitting a reinforcing mesh with a section of 8-12 mm;
• Plastic clamps-stands for fittings;
• Concrete grade M-350 and higher (it is better to order ready-made in the required volume);
• Rebar bending tool.

Formwork installation

In order for the monolithic floor slab to have a uniform surface from the ceiling side of the first floor, concrete must be poured into the prepared formwork, which is also called the deck. We note right away that you can rent and install a professional deck made of plastic and metal, complete with telescopic supports in the right amount, or you can make a wooden floor with your own hands.

Important: if you mount the formwork yourself, then you should take boards with a thickness of 25-35 mm. At the same time, they are knocked down end-to-end so that there are no gaps. Plywood must be at least 20 mm thick.

Formwork installation works are performed in the following order:

• First, the supports are installed in increments of 1 meter from each other. At the same time, the support poles can recede from the walls by 20 cm. Both telescopic poles, which can be adjusted in height, and a beam with a cross section of 80-150 mm can be used as supports. Note that telescopic supports are preferable, since they are able to withstand a lot of weight and not deform at the same time, as sometimes happens with a beam. The cost of one support will cost about $ 2-3.
• All installed supports are connected by longitudinal beams - crossbars. The formwork will rest on them. Crossbars can be made from a channel or an I-beam.
• On top of the crossbars, a horizontal formwork is arranged, the edges of which must fit exactly with the walls so that there are no gaps.

Important: the height of the supports must be adjusted so that the top edge of the plywood sheets fits exactly with the top edges of the perimeter walls of the house.

• Now mount the vertical sides of the formwork. They should protrude 15 cm from the inner edge of the walls. The height of the vertical formwork must correspond to the design height of the slab.

Important: all verticals and horizontals of the formwork are checked with a level.

Reinforcement installation

To enhance the strength of the cast monolith, it must be reinforced. You will have to tie two grids of steel bars with a cross section of 10-12 mi. Nets are knitted with cells of 20x20 cm. It should be borne in mind that, most likely, the length of one whole rod may not be enough for the length of the net. And so you have to finish the fittings. Here the rods are joined with a viscous overlap of 40 cm.

Important: reinforcement must only be knitted with steel wire. Welding is prohibited, since steel melting reduces its strength and technical characteristics.

• The connected reinforcement (two meshes) are interconnected by longitudinal rods in such a way that the mesh is covered with mortar by 2-3 cm from the lower and upper edges of the concrete.
• The fittings are installed on special props for this.
• It is also worth remembering that the mesh rods should go on the walls of the house by 15 cm (for brickwork) and 25 cm (for foam and aerated concrete masonry).
• The end ends of the rods should not touch the walls of the vertical formwork.
• And in order to calculate the distance between the two grids, it is necessary to subtract the indents from the upper and lower edges from the total height of the slab (20 cm + 20 cm = 40 cm), as well as 4 thicknesses of the rod used.
• Longitudinal clamps between the grids are knitted in increments of 1 m and only in a checkerboard pattern.
• It is also worth installing end clamps. They are mounted on the ends of the grid in increments of 40 cm to enhance the supporting ability of the plate on the walls of the house.
• Additionally, a connector is installed for both grids. It allows you to evenly distribute the load on the plate over the entire thickness. The connector is fixed in increments of 40 cm at the places where the plate rests on the wall, and at a distance of 70 cm from the walls of the house already in increments of 20 cm.

Important: for installation in the ceiling of technological openings, it is necessary to install all the necessary boxes and sleeves in advance.

Pouring solution

It is necessary to pour the concrete mixture continuously immediately to a given thickness. To do this, it is better to purchase ready-made concrete in a construction mixer, and not use homemade (homemade). Since the solution, kneaded and poured in stages, will not give the desired strength to the overlap.

The solution poured into the formwork must be compacted with a construction vibrator, but trying not to touch the reinforcement so as not to displace it. The finished monolithic floor slab will dry for about a month. During this time, it is necessary to additionally moisten the concrete, especially in the first week (but subject to hot, dry weather). It is at this time that it is better to cover the monolith with a film in order to prevent its sudden drying and cracking.

Important: do-it-yourself overlapping of the first floor will cost about 55 USD / m2 of a monolithic slab. The price includes all building materials and bulk materials, as well as the rental of a construction mixer and the purchase of a ready-made solution.