How to make a heating system. Choosing a heating scheme for a private house

Organizing heating in the house is a difficult and expensive task. With proper skills, costs can be significantly reduced by independently creating a heating circuit. Of course, in the case of gas, you will have to spend money on the bureaucratic part and specialists, but if you have chosen a different type of fuel, you can do the entire cycle from design to launch yourself.

At first glance, the choice of a heating scheme for a private house depends on its characteristics, the larger the house, the more complex the system will be. However, there are a number of misconceptions about the profitability of certain schemes.

Single pipe system

And the most common of those myths is about the one-pipe heating scheme. The coolant is sent to the radiators and back through a single pipe and many people believe that this is ideal for a small house, as it is cheaper to maintain than other variations. But it's not.

In view of the fact that all the batteries are connected to the same pipe, the efficiency drops significantly, and the radiator at the end of the chain differs significantly in temperature from those at the beginning. This leads to a forced increase in boiler power and, as a result, to an increase in fuel consumption.

Nevertheless, this scheme remains popular due to the cheapness of the installation itself. A small number of structural elements saves on materials, and in small rooms, temperature losses at the extreme points of the circuit are not so important, they are leveled by natural air circulation.

Therefore, for small houses and garages, this option is most preferable. For those who make a heating system with their own hands, this scheme will be attractive for simple installation.

Two-pipe system

In a two-pipe heating scheme, the coolant is supplied and removed from the battery through different pipes. This is more costly in terms of materials, but this small drawback is more than compensated by the uniform distribution of heat throughout the rooms and the wide possibilities of temperature regulation in individual rooms using thermostats and control devices.

In private homes, such a scheme is most often used with a lower wiring. For the most part, this is due to aesthetic reasons - the pipes can be partially hidden from view, and if prudently brought from the floor even at the stage of building a house, the heating will be almost invisible.

This circumstance makes us close our eyes to the need for a circulation pump to maintain pressure, and to manually bleed air from the pipes. In addition, bottom-connected batteries are much easier to install and maintain.

Ideal for heating a two-story house would be a scheme with an upper wiring. It differs from the previous one in that the coolant is distributed through pipes from the very top of the circuit - from an expansion tank installed on the top floor or attic.

This not only eliminates the need to additionally bleed air (it is removed through the tank), but also provides a more uniform heating of the home.

The disadvantages include something for which many people sacrifice efficiency in favor of aesthetics - in order to hide pipes, you will have to sacrifice a useful amount of space, and in some cases this cannot be done at all. If the number of floors is high, a circulation pump may also be required.

There is also the most modern and at the same time the most expensive type of two-pipe scheme - the beam (collector). With this approach, each radiator is independent of the others, which provides ample scope for local temperature control.

This method makes it possible to connect underfloor heating. However, the need to supply pipes to each battery by means of supply and exhaust manifolds significantly increases the cost of such systems, which is their main drawback. Otherwise, many experts call such schemes the best.

Which scheme to choose

The first thing you need to decide what is more important to you - efficiency, cheapness, or beauty in the interior of the house.

The single-pipe version will quite cope with the heating of a small and medium-sized house, but if the number of heating elements is 5-6 or more, the last batteries will simply be cold.

But special skills are not required - anyone can handle it, armed with photo reports of installing heating schemes, and it will be inexpensive.

If the dimensions of the premises force a significantly larger number of heaters in the chain, then your option is a two-pipe scheme, you just need to dwell on the wiring method. Not only cosmetic effects depend on it, but also the type of contour - closed or open.

The latter implies the presence of an expansion tank and is used for the gravity flow of the coolant, imposing restrictions on the height of heated houses.

With a closed circuit, a special pump is required, which will provide circulation, and at the same time increase operating costs, this must also be taken into account.

For those whose finances do not sing romances, and comfort is above all, the best solution would be beam wiring.

Installation costs are significant, most likely you cannot do without the services of specialists, but the result will exceed all expectations - your home will receive a universal heating system with wide customization and modification options.

So, by connecting underfloor heating and additional radiators to the system, you can use all the elements of the circuit, at least each one individually, by connecting control devices to maintain different set temperatures in individual rooms and much more, which will provide the highest level of comfort.

Photo of heating schemes

Living in your home on earth provides a number of advantages, including the possibility of installing a heating system that operates offline. Properly selected and installed heating distribution in a private house allows you to organize fast, uniform heating of all rooms. Control of fuel consumption, calculated according to weather conditions, reduces heating costs.

In practice, several proven heating schemes are used, which differ in the type of circulation of the coolant (most often water), as well as in the method of wiring the main pipes. In most residential buildings, a single-pipe, two-pipe, beam or "Leningrad" heating system is being installed. Each wiring diagram for heating a private house has its own characteristics, which are paid attention to when designing engineering communications.

Ways of water circulation in heating systems

The movement of fluid along a closed circuit (contours) can occur in a natural or forced mode. The water heated by the heating boiler rushes to the batteries. This part of the heating circuit is called the forward stroke (current). Once in the batteries, the coolant cools down and is sent back to the boiler for heating. This interval of the closed route is called reverse (current). To accelerate the circulation of the coolant along the circuit, special circulation pumps are used, cut into the pipeline on the "return". Models of heating boilers are produced, the design of which provides for the presence of such a pump.

Natural circulation of the coolant

The movement of water in the system goes by gravity. This is possible due to the physical effect that occurs when the density of water changes. Hot water has a lower density. The liquid going in the reverse direction has a high density, and therefore easily displaces the water that has already heated up in the boiler. The hot coolant rushes up the riser, and then is distributed along horizontal lines, drawn at a slight slope of no more than 3-5 degrees. The presence of a slope and allows the movement of fluid through the pipes by gravity.

The heating scheme, based on the natural circulation of the coolant, is the simplest, and therefore it is easy to implement in practice. In addition, in this case, no other communications are required. However, this option is suitable only for private houses of a small area, since the length of the circuit is limited to 30 meters. The disadvantages include the need to install pipes of larger diameter, as well as low pressure in the system.

Scheme of an autonomous heating system for a house with natural circulation of water (coolant). The pipeline is laid at a slope of no more than 5 degrees

Forced coolant circulation

In autonomous heating (coolant) in a closed circuit, a circulation pump is mandatory, which provides an accelerated flow of heated water to the batteries, and cooled water to the heater. The movement of water is possible due to the pressure difference that occurs between the direct and reverse flow of the coolant.

When installing this system, it is not required to observe the slope of the pipeline. This is an advantage, but a significant drawback lies in the energy dependence of such a heating system. Therefore, in the event of a power outage in a private house, there must be a generator (mini-power plant) that will ensure the functioning of the heating system in an emergency.

Scheme of the organization of the heating system of the house, in which the circulation of the coolant is provided by a circulation pump cut into the return current pipeline

A scheme with forced circulation of water as a heat carrier can be used when installing heating in a house of any size. In this case, a pump of suitable power is selected and its uninterrupted power supply is ensured.

Single pipe wiring diagram

In a heating system of this type, the heated coolant flows sequentially through all radiators, while giving off part of the thermal energy to the devices. This scheme is preferred to choose if a small budget is allocated for the installation of a space heating system. After all, for laying you will need a minimum number of pipes, as well as related consumables.

It is impossible not to point out a number of shortcomings characteristic of a single-pipe heating system with an upper wiring, namely:

• the inability to implement separate regulation of the level of heat transfer for each individual radiator;
• decrease in the amount of heat given off by the batteries into the room as they move away from the heating boiler.

"" the heating circuit is designed to solve the problem of independent adjustment of the heat transfer level of each individual battery. In a single-pipe system, water flows through all installed radiators in series. Installing shut-off valves for each battery and installing a bypass (bypass pipe) allows the coolant to circulate when a heater is cut off.

The single-pipe wiring of the Leningradka heating system makes it possible to turn off individual radiators using shut-off valves, while the movement of the coolant continues through the bypass pipe

Options for a two-pipe system

The main difference between heating a private house is the connection of each battery to the mains of both direct and reverse current, which doubles the consumption of pipes. But the owner of the house has the opportunity to regulate the level of heat transfer of each individual heater. As a result, it is possible to provide a different temperature microclimate in the rooms.

When installing a vertical two-pipe heating system, the lower, as well as the upper, heating wiring diagram from the boiler is applicable. Now in more detail about each of them.

Vertical system with bottom wiring

Set it up like this:

• From the heating boiler, a supply main pipeline is launched along the floor of the lower floor of the house or through the basement.
• Further, risers are launched from the main pipe, which ensure that the coolant enters the batteries.
• A return current pipe departs from each battery, which takes the cooled coolant back to the boiler.

When designing the lower wiring of an autonomous heating system, the need for constant removal of air from the pipeline is taken into account. This requirement is met by installing an air pipe, as well as installing an expansion tank, using Mayevsky taps on all radiators located on the top floor of the house.

Scheme of a two-pipe autonomous water heating system for a house with a lower wiring. The coolant will rise up the vertical risers from the central pipe

Vertical system with top wiring

In this scheme, the coolant from the boiler is supplied to the attic through the main pipeline or under the very ceiling of the upper floor. Then the water (coolant) goes down through several risers, passes through all the batteries, and returns back to the heating boiler through the main pipeline.

To periodically remove air bubbles in this system, install. This version of the heating device is much more effective than the previous method with lower piping, since higher pressure is created in the risers and radiators.

Scheme of a two-pipe autonomous heating system for a house with an upper wiring. The coolant moves up the central riser, and then goes down, passing through all installed radiators

Horizontal heating system - three main types

The device of a horizontal two-pipe autonomous heating system with forced circulation is the most common option for heating a private house. In this case, one of three schemes is used:

• Dead end circuit (A). The advantage is the low consumption of pipes. The disadvantage lies in the large length of the circulation circuit of the radiator farthest from the boiler. This greatly complicates the adjustment of the system.
• Scheme with associated water advancement (B). Due to the equal length of all circulation circuits, it is easier to adjust the system. When implementing, a large number of pipes will be required, which increase the cost of work, and also spoil the interior of the house with their appearance.
• Scheme with collector (beam) distribution (B). Since each radiator is connected separately to the central manifold, it is very easy to ensure uniform distribution of all rooms. In practice, the installation of heating according to this scheme is the most expensive due to the high consumption of materials. Pipes are hidden in a concrete screed, which at times increases the attractiveness of the interior. The beam (collector) scheme for distributing heating on the floor is becoming increasingly popular among individual developers.

This is how it looks like:

Three schemes for installing a horizontal two-pipe autonomous heating system, which are most often used in the construction of low-rise buildings and private cottages

Which wiring diagram for heating circuits is better

It is impossible to say unequivocally about the superiority of any one wiring scheme over others - it all depends on the number of floors, the presence of basements and the roof structure. One of the most common cases is a one-story house with a steep hip or gable roof. Regardless of whether there is a basement under the building, the best option is to arrange heating according to a two-pipe scheme with vertical risers. In this case, the wiring can be both lower and upper. The latter is preferable to use if the boiler is mounted on the ground floor, which is typical for buildings that do not have a basement.

Now consider the previous example of a house, but replace the steep roof with a flat one. The wiring is best done in a horizontal way, placing the boiler in the basement. By the way, statistics show that for one-story buildings, a flat roof is used relatively rarely, while almost all of them are equipped with basements.

For two-story and multi-story buildings, both single-pipe and two-pipe heating circuits with vertical risers are allowed. In this case, you can use the top or bottom wiring. Only horizontal installation of supply branches is not allowed. In general, almost any option, regardless of the type and design of the roof.

When choosing a typical wiring diagram, it is necessary to take into account many factors, ranging from the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house to the materials used in its construction. It is better to resolve such issues with specialists in order to eliminate the possibility of error. After all, we are talking about heating the house, the main condition for comfortable living in private housing.

It's no secret that warmth and comfort in every home is provided by a high-quality heating system. Residents of apartment buildings who rely entirely on public service workers do not deal much with this issue. The heat in their apartments is mainly provided by centralized heating. The heating system in a private house is often mounted by hand. Today, several methods and schemes for heating houses are used, but the most popular is the water heating system.

Heating in private homes is an expensive procedure. The cost of an autonomous heating system, in addition to the cost of materials and installation, is affected by the type of fuel that will be used to heat the room. Fuel consumption for heating in a private house is determined by the material and design of its walls, the total volume of the room and the mode of operation of the house.

Types of fuel for heating systems

Gas is one of the easiest and cheapest options. Heating a house with gas, subject to high-quality installation of the entire heating system, allows you to automate all heating processes.

Solid fuel today is used only where it is not possible to install an electric or gas boiler.

Firewood, coal, coke, pellets are traditional solid fuels. They are used when there is no gas pipeline in the settlement. The disadvantage of this method of heating in a private house is the impossibility or complexity of automating the technological process (stove heating). You can use a solid fuel boiler, which will increase the time between fuel fillings from 7 hours (normal boiler) to 5 days (pellet boiler).
The most expensive type of energy carrier, but also the most convenient in urban conditions, is electricity. This is an environmentally friendly type of fuel for equipping a do-it-yourself heating system for private houses. The electric boiler is quite easy to operate. When using electricity, it is not necessary to equip and maintain a chimney, supply and ventilation ducts and a furnace.
Liquid fuels (for example, diesel or heating oil) are used in areas where there is no gas pipeline, forest, peat and coal deposits. A liquid fuel boiler is economical and has a high efficiency (up to 89%).

The essence of heating in a private house with your own hands

Heating, installed by hand, is based on the goal of warming its inhabitants.

For the operation of each heating system, an energy source is needed, which is converted into heat using a boiler.

The heating cycle consists in the fact that the heat heats the coolant, which circulates in the heating circuit closed to the boiler. Thus, it enters through pipes to the end devices for heating the house (radiators, batteries, underfloor heating, heating coils of boilers). Having given them heat, the coolant cools down and returns to the boiler through the return pipe, where it heats up again.
Very often, circulation pumps are connected to the heating systems of private houses, which forcibly move the coolant. To solve the issue of hot water supply, the system may include boilers for heating water.

Proper installation of the circulation pump is the key to the good operation of the entire heating system.

To install a heating system in your home, you will need the following materials and devices:

• pipes;
• boiler;
• expansion tank;
• heating devices;
• boiler;
• circulation pump or several pumps;
• fitting;
• Ball Valves;
• machine for welding polypropylene pipes.

Types of heating appliances and pipes

Pig-iron sectional radiators are distinguished by their durability and the ability to work at high pressure in the heating network (up to 16 atm). The disadvantages include bulkiness, clumsiness and the possibility of depressurization of the joints between the sections. The heat transfer power is quite low.
Bimetal sectional radiators consist of light alloy sections with integrated stainless steel channels. They are durable, practical and neat. Their working pressure is increased to 25 atm.

Aluminum radiators have high thermal conductivity.

Aluminum sectional radiators consist of light-alloy sections without reinforcement of channels with steel. Operating pressure in the heating network up to 16 At.
Steel panel radiators are non-separable welding structures with a decorative coating that have a high heat transfer. The disadvantage is the low working pressure (up to 10 atm). For this reason, the range of their application is narrowing. For example, steel panel radiators cannot be used in high-rise buildings on the lower floors.
Convectors are heat carrier pipes with applied fins. They are designed for the same pressure as the base pipes.
Pipelines for supplying coolant to heating devices can be made of polymeric materials, steel water and gas pipes and copper pipes. It should be noted that steel pipes cannot be used for concealed connections to radiators. During installation, it is not allowed to connect copper pipes with aluminum sectional radiators.
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The heating system of private houses using a coolant is of two types: with natural circulation and with forced circulation.

Description of the heating scheme with natural circulation

The operation of the heating system with natural circulation is based on the natural movement of the coolant through the pipes, which, giving off the accumulated heat, heats the room. The coolant moves due to the difference in its density in the heated and cold states, as well as the relative position of the heating radiators and the boiler.

A supply riser goes up from the boiler, through which the hot coolant is supplied to the upper distribution pipeline (collector). Then it goes down the risers to the heaters (batteries), passes through them, giving off heat. At the bottom, the cooled coolant is collected in the return pipe and returned to the boiler. The expansion tank is located above the supply riser. It serves to receive additional volume, which the coolant acquires when heated and air is removed. If we make such a heating system with our own hands, some recommendations should be taken into account:

• you need to install a boiler with a power reserve;
• it is desirable to carry out thermal insulation of the supply riser to improve the circulation of the coolant;
• the heating boiler is easier to locate in the basement or in the pit, which will also improve circulation;
• for the riser, distribution pipeline and return pipes, large diameter pipes must be used and it is imperative to install them with a slope in the direction of the coolant;
• to improve the aesthetic appearance of the heating system, an expansion tank and a distribution manifold can be placed in the attic, having previously insulated them;
• the heating system will last longer if the coolant is not drained from it for the summer.

The heating system of private houses with natural circulation is easy to maintain and non-volatile, but it is not suitable for heating houses with a large area, it does not have a high enough efficiency, and open piping looks unaesthetic.

Description of the heating scheme with forced circulation

A do-it-yourself forced circulation heating system is used provided that the temperature difference at the inlet and outlet does not provide sufficient efficiency to the coolant. Such a heating system is based on the action of a circulation pump, which forcibly moves the coolant in the right direction and overcomes the resistance in the pipes without heat loss. Thanks to this device, it is possible to heat houses with a large number of rooms, different heights, with an extensive network of pipes and radiators. The advantages of this heating system include the possibility of independent temperature control in each room and the use of smaller diameter pipes during installation, which will save money. Disadvantages - the energy dependence of the pump on electricity and the production of little noise during operation.
Recommendations for installing a system with forced circulation:

• expansion tank and circulation pump are connected to the return pipeline;
• wiring pipes of smaller diameter will reduce the volume of circulating fluid and installation costs;
• the boiler must be modern with automatic temperature control.

The forced circulation heating system of private houses is very efficient, as the rooms heat up quickly. Systems with natural circulation can be easily converted, you need to install an expansion tank and a circulation pump in the return line.
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The heating system - both with natural and forced circulation - is single-pipe (horizontal and vertical) and two-pipe (horizontal, vertical with top wiring and vertical with bottom wiring).

Single pipe heating systems

Scheme of a single-pipe heating system with lower wiring and U-shaped risers: 1 - supply line, 2 - heater, 3 - three-way valve, 4 - air outlet, 5 - control valve, 6 - return line.

A do-it-yourself single-pipe horizontal heating system is often used for houses of short length and with a total area of ​​​​up to 100 sq.m. It is the simplest and most economical. Installation features are that one pipe is laid along the perimeter of the house. Heating elements and other components crash into it in the right places. The coolant from the main riser, being distributed between the horizontal risers, passes sequentially through all the radiators. Then it cools and returns through the return pipe to the boiler.
A single-pipe horizontal system can be with trailing sections. Each heating element is equipped with a valve to remove air. The temperature of the radiators is regulated by special valves. It is mounted at the beginning of the system for each floor of the house.
When using vertical single-pipe systems, the coolant first enters the upper floor and is distributed in the radiators that are located there. Further along the supply risers, it gradually enters the heating devices in the lower floors of the house. Such a scheme has a drawback - this is an uneven heating of the heating elements on the lower and upper floors.

Two-pipe heating systems

Two-pipe vertical water heating system with top wiring: 1 - supply line, 2 - supply riser, 3 - return line riser, 4 - control valve.

In a two-pipe heating system, two pipes are mounted - supply and return. Accordingly, the heating elements crash into both pipes. Such a home heating system provides more uniform heating of the radiators.
Two-pipe horizontal systems are dead-end, direct-flow and collector. They are used in one-story houses with a free layout with a minimum number of partitions.
Do-it-yourself installation of a dead-end heating system implies that the direct and return coolant will move in opposite directions. In this system, the length of the circulation rings is different, which depends on the distance between the heating element and the boiler. The closer the radiators are to the main riser, the better they will warm up.
To solve this problem, it is necessary to design the heating of a private house in such a way as to reduce the length of the mains; instead of one long circuit, make two or more short circuits with the same hydraulic resistance. As a result, the sum of the hydraulic resistances of all circuits should correspond (or be slightly less) to the value of the circulation pressure.

Two-pipe vertical water heating system with bottom wiring: 1 - supply line, 2 - supply riser, 3 - return line riser, 4 - taps at appliances, 5 - heaters, 6 - air outlet, 7 - return line.

When using direct-flow systems, the directions of the direct and return coolant coincide. Since the circulation rings have the same length, the heating of the coolant will be uniform in all radiators. Since the installation of this system requires additional pipe consumption, it is used when it is impossible to link the circulation rings in a dead-end heating system.
The collector heating system of the house implies an individual connection of each radiator from the collector, which contributes to uniform heating of the heating elements. Pipes are hidden in the floor structure, and collectors are installed in the center of the house in wall niches or placed in collector cabinets. In order to be able to disconnect some radiators from circulation, it is possible to supply each outlet of the collector with its own shutoff valves (ball valves).
A necessary condition for the normal operation of the system is the use of a circulation pump, which will reduce the temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet. The system will become simpler, more compact and more efficient. The disadvantage of the collector heating method is the large length of the pipes.
Features of the installation of heating of private houses with upper wiring are that the main pipelines are located above the radiators (under the ceiling of the upper floor or in the attic). The expansion tank is also installed in the attic. The heat carrier circulates upwards from the heating boiler with the help of a pump and flows through the risers to the heating elements. Having given off heat, it enters the return pipeline, which is installed above the floor of the lower floor or in the basement.
Do-it-yourself lower wiring has a number of features: the supply and return pipelines are mounted in the floor or above the floor of the lower floor; the coolant enters each radiator independently; mandatory installation of valves on the upper radiators to bleed air from the system.
Its advantages are good system regulation, the ability to turn off each radiator, the possibility of gradually putting the system into operation as the building is being built, the absence of risers and a supply pipe on the top floor.
The comfortable living of its inhabitants depends on a high-quality project and installation of a heating system with their own hands. It is necessary to take into account the fact that too high and too low room temperatures are equally unpleasant. Now an important role for interior design is played by the type of heating elements and the presence of visible sections of heating pipes.
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Before installing a heating system with your own hands, consult with professionals in this matter. Carefully thought-out home heating, a properly selected boiler and heating appliances will ensure a comfortable stay in your home in any weather.

Without well-equipped heating, comfortable living in a private house is out of the question. Therefore, if the house is planned to be used for year-round living, the issue of arranging heating should be given special attention. The work in question can be done in several different ways. The differences between them are only in the form of the energy carrier used and some structural elements. The most popular and profitable option for a private house is gas individual heating.

Existing systems can be classified according to the type of energy carrier, due to which space heating is carried out. Most often, electric, steam and water systems are used, less often - air and open fire systems. The last option is classic fireplaces, traditional Russian stoves and other similar units.

However, it is impossible to consider this kind of heating systems as the main and full-fledged source of heating - an open flame is unable to provide uniform heating.

When choosing a suitable heating system, you need to take into account the specifics of a particular case. Each type of heating has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, single-pipe systems have lower efficiency when compared to their two-pipe counterparts.

The process of arranging a private heating system is divided into two large stages. First you need to perform all the necessary calculations, and then install the appropriate equipment.

Calculations need to be given special attention. It is important to determine the optimal characteristics of the boiler, the required number of radiators and the required amount of materials.

When calculating the boiler, the statement is traditionally taken as true, according to which 1 kW of power is enough to heat an area of ​​10 m2. However, this is an approximate calculation, which is far from being correct in all situations. It is better to use a simple formula, according to which to determine the required power, it is necessary to multiply the value of the heat loss coefficient of the building by the volume of the heated space and by the largest temperature difference inside the building and outside it.

To determine the appropriate heat loss coefficient, you need to know what material the house is built from. So, if the main building material is boards, a coefficient in the range of 3..4 is used for calculations. For brick houses (1 layer), this coefficient will be in the range of 2-3, in the case of a "two-layer" brick - 1-2, and for a well-insulated building - 0.6-1.

These indicators should not be taken as absolutely true either. They may vary depending on the quality of the thermal insulation of the building.

For example, if the main building material is a half-beam, but at the same time high-quality internal and external thermal insulation is made, the building can be considered perfectly insulated.

The volume is found according to the elementary school formula: the length of the room is multiplied by its height and by the width. It is enough to simply sum up the volumes of all heated rooms.

As a result, it remains only to deal with such a parameter as the temperature difference. To do this, determine the highest indicator for your home (for example, it will be 25 degrees), and check the reference information for the lowest winter temperature for your region (for example, use a value equal to -35 degrees). Subtract the second value from the first value, and you get a figure of 60 degrees.

Further calculation will not present any difficulty. For example, the volume of the heated room is 100 m3, and the value of the coefficient is 1.5. In this case, after multiplying the numbers in accordance with the formula, it turns out that the boiler must have a power of 9000 W, i.e. 9 kW.

This is not a 100% correct calculation. Professionals take into account many other factors, however, with the independent arrangement of heating a private house, you can get by with the above formulas.

According to average values, about 90-100 W of heating boiler power is needed to heat 1 m2 of room area.

In most cases, 1 element of the heating battery delivers about 150 W of thermal power.

Knowing these values, you can easily determine how many elements you need to heat a particular room.

To obtain more accurate results, you can use the formula, according to which, first, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heated room is divided by the amount of heat given off by one battery cell, and then the resulting value is multiplied by 100.

It is strongly recommended to perform a competent calculation of the materials used to equip a private heating system. By spending a little time on this, you can save tangible amounts of money by avoiding the purchase of unnecessary material.

Remember that you need to add some margin to all the obtained values, usually 10-15%.

Direct calculation is not difficult. To carry it out, you need to first prepare a diagram of the future heating system. On it, mark the locations of the main nodes, and then, according to the scheme, calculate the number of fittings, pipes and other elements used in the arrangement of the heating system.

The order of installation of an individual heating system

Work on the independent arrangement of individual heating requires a number of different devices. Prepare them in advance so as not to be distracted by the search for missing materials in the future.

Heating connection set

1. Ring wrenches.

2. Powerful electric drill or hammer drill.

3. Electric screwdriver.

4. Hammer.

5. Pipes and fittings.

6. Stopcocks.

7. Clamps and screws for their fastening.

8. Hooks for mounting radiators and anchor bolts for fixing these hooks.

9. Special fasteners. Needed in cases where it is planned to install batteries made of aluminum or steel.

10. Regulators and all kinds of sensors. Installed if necessary.

11. Heating boiler safety group.

12. A container capable of performing the functions of an expansion tank, if there is a need to install it.

If a gas boiler becomes the basis of the heating system, remember that it is forbidden to install and connect such units on your own.

To do this, you need to contact the gas service and wait until the authorized specialists perform the necessary installation work. You will be engaged in laying pipes and installing radiators.

Individual heating can be laid in accordance with a variety of schemes. When choosing a specific option, you need to focus on the features of the boiler. Modern units are equipped with a fairly wide range of different components, which you must definitely pay attention to when doing work.

The installation of a gas boiler, as already noted, should be carried out by professionals from the relevant service.

After the installation of the main heating unit is completed, the batteries are installed. Traditionally, they are placed under window openings.

To attach the batteries to the wall, special hooks are used. Modern fasteners are a plate with two hooks. This option is very convenient to use. Anchor bolts are used to fix the plate.

Batteries are necessarily equipped with Mayevsky cranes, with the help of which excess air will be removed from the system. In the presence of an automatic air vent, the installation of the mentioned taps is not necessary.

The question of replacing stove heating with a more modern one, sooner or later, has to be decided by the owner of a private house. It is clear that the task for a non-professional is very difficult, but doable. There are many specific subtleties in this work, which are known only to professionals in their field - designers and installers of heating systems. Not possible without their help. But if the owner of a private house has a desire to make heating with his own hands, he may well do some of the work on his own. And entrust the responsible stages of work to professionals.

This article will give an idea to the novice home master about what cycle of work to be done.

Heating options

First you have to choose a heating system. And there are plenty to choose from - there are several of them and differ among themselves according to the type of coolant:

• Water heating system;
• Steam heating system;
• Air heating system;
• Electric heating system.

Let's consider each of them separately.

Water heating

It works on the principle of a closed loop of pipes in which hot water is located. The central element in this system is the boiler, where water is heated and distributed through pipes throughout the system (). Installed water heating radiators, through which the coolant passes, heat up and warm the rooms. The cooled water enters the boiler again and the process is repeated again.

All heating boilers fit into a similar scheme, but the most popular are economical gas boilers.

Important! Gas boilers require regular checks and adjustments by the gas company.

Steam heating

Steam from heated water acts as a heat carrier. In the boiler, water is heated to a state of boiling and already in the form of steam it diverges along the highways to the radiators. Cooling, the steam turns back into water and goes back through the pipes to the heating boiler.

There are two types of steam systems:

• open;
• Closed.

In the first case, the system has a storage tank for condensate. And in the second, the condensate formed after cooling is returned to the boiler through pipes of increased diameter.

Steam heating is mainly used in industrial premises in large industries where steam is needed for their own needs. For home use, steam heating has not become widespread due to the large areas for accommodating boiler equipment. And the steam boiler itself is quite difficult to operate, and because of the high steam temperature of 115 ° it is also dangerous.

air heating

In a finished residential building, deploying equipment with your own hands to organize air heating is almost impossible. Only at the stage of building a new house is it possible to install the entire system (). And this is despite the fact that the principle of operation of such a system is quite simple.

A heat generator located at the lowest point of a steam heating system, such as a basement, heats the air. And already heated, it diverges through the air ducts through the premises of the house and exits through the grilles under the ceiling of the rooms. Warm air displaces cold air into the return ducts laid up to the heat generator. That is, a closed cycle of work is obtained.

To improve performance, a fan is included in the heating system, which increases the air pressure in the air duct.

An example of air heating operation is shown in Fig:

The heat generator can operate autonomously on diesel fuel or kerosene. Gas can also be used - both natural from the main gas pipeline and bottled.

To equip a private house with this type of heating, it is necessary to carry out design work. Specialists will calculate: what material the air ducts will be made of (metal, plastic or textile), what size and build the correct topology of the heating network of the entire building.

Electric heating

Provided that there is a constant power supply, electric converters, suspended infrared heaters, and an electrical “warm floor” system will help maintain heat in the house.

Such a system does an excellent job of heating the house, but high electricity bills make you think about the economy of this method of heating.

But if you put it as a spare, in addition to the main one (for example, a gas boiler), then this method of heating is quite in demand.

Mounted heating electric convectors have one feature - uneven heating of the room space. The lower zone at floor level is cold, and the upper zone under the ceiling is warm.

The electrical system of the "warm floor" will help to correct the situation:

Elements of the heating system

The entire electrical heating system in a house can be compared to a human circulatory system. The heart is a cauldron, from which heat diverges through the veins (pipes) to the heating elements throughout the house.

This is, after all, a figurative representation. In fact, there are many more elements that ensure the efficient operation of the entire electric heating system - from pipe connectors to expansion tanks.

Electric heating can be organized in different ways:

1. Forced circulation of water;
2. Natural water circulation.

A pump is included in the forced circulation system. But there is a small minus - the pump requires electricity to operate. If it is turned off, the entire heating system will stop working.

Systems with natural circulation, in terms of independence from electricity, are more convenient. The circulation of water occurs due to the fact that at the outlet of the heating boiler and the inlet, the water temperature is different. But in this case, pipes with different diameters are selected, and it is difficult to adjust it. The advantage is that such a system does not depend on electricity.

Systems are also divided into open and closed.

In open electrical systems, an expansion tank is placed to relieve excess pressure. As a rule, this is the highest point of the system. To relieve pressure in closed systems, a closed-type membrane tank is installed. It is small, airtight and can be mounted anywhere in the electrical system, thus avoiding the formation of air pockets.

Calculation of the system and selection of boiler power

Of course, managers in the store can also pick up equipment. But there are two ways in which this can be done quite independently with your own hands.
A simple approximate method is used by equipment sellers: the area of ​​\u200b\u200bone room is multiplied by 100 watts. Summing up the values ​​obtained for all rooms, the required power of the heating devices is obtained.

1. If only one 1 wall goes outside, the area is multiplied by 100 W;
2. For a corner room, the measured area is multiplied by 120 W;
3. If there are 2 exterior walls and two windows, the area of ​​the room is multiplied by 130W.

For a more accurate calculation, the formula is used:

W cat. \u003d (S * W sp.): 10
Where,

• S is the area of ​​the room;
• W beats - specific power of the heater used per 10 m² of room area.

W beat is selected depending on the region.

For example, if the area of ​​​​all heated premises is 100 m², with a specific power for the Moscow region of 1.2 kW, then the power for the boiler is obtained: W \u003d (100x1.2) / 10 \u003d 12 kilowatts.

Heat consumption for ventilation

The inflow of fresh air is very important for a comfortable stay in the house. And therefore, when choosing a heating boiler, it is important to take into account the heat consumption for ventilation. Fresh indoor air is undoubtedly needed, but no less important is the speed with which cold air flows inside the house. And the lower the speed of fresh air flows, the more comfortable living conditions become.

Building codes specifically stipulate the presence of exhaust ventilation in the premises:

• baths;
• toilet;
• Kitchens.

And the inflow of fresh air should be provided by vents in the window and supply valves in the living rooms (Fig.):

Thus, the supply air is divided into three zones:

1. Air inflow.
2. Air flow.
3. Air extracts.

When organizing any heating system, it is necessary to take into account the heat consumption not only for heating the house, but also for its ventilation. If the work is carried out according to the project, then it must include a calculation for heat loss due to the entry of cold air masses into the room.

Only after calculating the nominal air exchange in the house, it is possible to draw conclusions about the final heat demand for both heating the house and its ventilation.

Before choosing and buying a boiler for a heating system, You need to decide for yourself several parameters:

1. Most importantly, purchase exactly the type of boiler that will effectively heat the whole house;
2. Choose a heating boiler that will constantly work on the selected type of fuel;
3. And the last thing - the boiler will work only for space heating or also heat water for everyday needs.

For reference! If the boiler works mainly for heating - single-circuit, and if it also gives hot water - double-circuit.

Solid fuel boilers

It makes sense to opt for solid fuel heating boilers either if there is no way to connect to gas in the region or there is fairly inexpensive coal or firewood.

You can also install a solid fuel boiler with your own hands on solid fuel as a backup source of heat. The cost of such boilers is relatively low, but the heating system will not work without:

• expansion tank;
• Security groups;
• More reliable pipes and radiators.

This is due to the fact that boilers of this type operate at higher temperatures.

Such boilers are very reliable under a number of conditions:

1. The fuel for the boiler must match both in quality and moisture content.
2. Mandatory daily cleaning of the solid fuel boiler.

gas boilers

The most popular, with the possibility of connecting to gas mains, are gas boilers (). Its main advantage - with all its simplicity, is also ease of use. Most modern models of gas boilers are also equipped with a thermostat. And this is very convenient - you choose the desired temperature for the house, and the device will automatically maintain comfortable heat throughout the house.

At prices, gas heating boilers have a wide range to choose from.

The price is affected by:

• Manufacturer;
• Power;
• Boiler type.

But a big plus in boilers of this type is that they already come with a circulation pump and an expansion tank.

And the material from which the pipes and radiators of gas heating are made is completely different and much cheaper than, for example, for solid fuel boilers (coal, etc.).

Electric boilers

This is the most expensive way to heat a house ().

But! Electric heating boilers have some advantages:

1. Large choice of power - from 2 to 40 kW;
2. Stability in work;
3. Do not pollute the atmosphere in the house;
4. Very easy to use;
5. Built-in circulation pump;
6. Supplied with expansion tank and temperature sensor;
7. Differ in reliability in work;
8. Inexpensive repair and maintenance.

At prices, electric boilers are comparable to gas ones.

Oil boilers

Most consumers are unaware that traditional liquid fuel heating boilers are now able to work not only on diesel fuel, but also:

• Kerosene;
• Light grades of oil;
• Waste oils (including synthetic origin);
• Fuel oil.

It is enough to change the burners for the desired type of fuel.

For reference! On sale there are universal liquid fuel boilers without burners. The consumer has the opportunity to choose a burner for diesel fuel or for gas independently.

But when using liquid fuel heating boilers, a number of features must be taken into account:

1. Compared to gas boilers, fuel costs will increase significantly.
2. Equipment acquisition and installation costs are higher than other types of heating.
3. On the site near the house, it is necessary to leave a place for the installation of a large-sized tank for storing fuel supplies.
4. In order to prevent the specific smell of diesel fuel and the noise from the operation of burners in the living quarters of the house, it is better to install heating equipment in a separate building.
5. Since the burner needs the operation of automation and pumps powered by electricity, to organize uninterrupted operation, provide for the installation of a backup generator.
6. For the stable operation of oil-fired boilers, only good quality fuel is required.

For convenience, the table combines the estimated characteristics of heating boilers for different types of fuel:

Heating system diagrams

The water heating system can be organized into two types:

• Single-circuit;
• Dual circuit.

And according to the principle of movement of the system, there are:

1. Single pipe;
2. Two-pipe;
3. Collector;
4. Leningradskaya.

Single pipe

A single-pipe heating system is mounted in series - one radiator after another. From the scheme, a significant drawback of this system is immediately noticeable. The coolant, passing from one radiator to another, begins to cool. With a less intensive circulation of water in distant radiators, it not only gives up the entire remainder of the temperature to the metal, but also slowly enters the return line.

Thus, if the number of radiators for heating is too large, then the last radiator may be generally cold.

In addition, such a heating system is not practical to repair. To repair one radiator, you have to stop all heating in a private house.

Conclusion! In single-pipe heating systems, it is impossible to extend the circuit indefinitely.

Two-pipe

In a two-pipe heating system, maintenance is much easier. Hot water is supplied to the radiator through one line of the pipeline, and through another pipe (waste water) it flows back into the boiler. Radiators in this circuit are connected in parallel.

For ease of operation and repair, each pipe is mounted with a shut-off valve. Here, too, the water at the last radiator in the system will be colder, but much hotter than in a single-pipe system.

Collector

The figure shows that the supply and return system for each heating radiator is organized independently of each other. A significant plus in such a system is the ability to coordinate the temperature in any room separately. It is also very convenient to repair any section of the pipeline and each radiator separately.

To date, all experts have recognized the collector heating system as the most progressive.

But there are also disadvantages:

• Requires the installation of a manifold cabinet;
• Sensitive for the estimate, the consumption of pipes during the installation of the heating system.

Leningradskaya

A more advanced, single-pipe system, which, combined with ease of installation and low cost, is still very popular.

Despite the fact that the Leningrad heating system began to be introduced many years ago, it is now successfully used in the construction of multi-storey buildings. Such a system has the main feature - simplicity. For the device of such a system, you can have a minimum of knowledge and get by with a minimum amount of materials than in two-pipe systems. In addition, in such a system it is possible to control each radiator in the system.

System installation

After the choice of the heating system has been made, the most correct step is to contact the design office. Having a project of work and drawings in hand, you can purchase and store the necessary materials, control and management devices, and components.

Installation begins with the choice of the installation location of the heating boiler. If combustion products are emitted during the operation of the boilers, the best solution would be to build a separate boiler room. It is possible to place a boiler room in the basement, subject to the arrangement of good ventilation and sound insulation.

The boiler itself is installed at such a distance from the walls that it always has free access for maintenance.

The floor and wall covering near the heating boiler must be made of refractory materials. Equipped with a chimney system from the boiler to the street.

The following steps for the installation of the heating system will be carried out according to the project:

• Installation of a circulation pump;
• Distribution collector node;
• Measuring instruments;
• Devices of manual or automatic adjustment.

After completion of the installation of the boiler, they proceed to work on the installation of main pipelines, according to the selected heating scheme, to the places where radiators will be installed. In residential buildings, it will be necessary to make passages for pipelines in walls and partitions. Based on the selected material, the pipes are interconnected by previously prepared elements.

Installation work is completed with the installation of radiators. Usually, the following conditions are observed during installation:

1. Distance from the floor - 12 cm;
2. The distance from the walls is up to 5 cm.

Shutoff valves, temperature sensors and other adjusting elements are installed on the pipes at the inlet and outlet of the radiators.

Completes installation work - pressure testing of the entire system.

Boiler connection

Connecting the installed boiler to the heating system according to the following scheme:

1. The pipe system laid around the house is connected to the outlets on the boiler.
2. As a rule, shut-off valves are installed at the joints that cut off from the common system.
3. For the operation of electrical appliances, wires and a ground loop are connected.
4. Installation of safety valves, temperature controllers and other devices (installed before installing shut-off valves).
5. For gas heating boilers - connection to the gas pipeline.
6. Filling the heating system with water.
7. Pressure testing of the system. At the same time, leaks in the system are detected and eliminated.
8. Depressurization in the pipes to the working one.

Important! When starting the gas boiler for the first time, the presence of a representative of the gas company is mandatory.

The modern building materials market offers a large selection of pipes from a variety of materials for the installation of a heating system.

Of course, with sufficient welding skills, you can opt for the usual steel pipes. But why doom yourself in advance to a guaranteed repair of the system due to the fact that the pipes will be subject to corrosion?

If there is a desire to use either copper or stainless pipes, then it can only be approved if the owner is not limited in financial resources and is not afraid of certain installation difficulties. Such pipes are the most expensive, but they are not afraid of high pressure and high temperature.

The most inexpensive option is polypropylene pipes. But it must be taken into account that the joints with the fittings are carried out by soldering, and if the heating of the connection is insufficient, this place will definitely leak. And when overheated, it is possible to overlap the internal section with molten material.

Recently, polyethylene or metal-plastic pipes are very popular. Installation is quite simple, provided that the joints are made on pressed fittings. They can be laid under the fill floors when installing the "warm floor" system.

With a large selection of modern radiators, opting for traditional cast iron ones is at least not rational (). Due to low thermal conductivity, they have lost their former popularity.

Aluminum radiators

In addition to high heat dissipation, aluminum radiators are very light.

Due to the fact that they have a variety of center distances (350-500mm), the installation of the heating system is greatly facilitated. Aluminum radiators have a number of advantages that distinguish them from other heating devices:

• High heat dissipation;
• Lightweight design;
• High working pressure (18 atm.);
• Beautiful design.

Bimetal radiators

Systems of this type combine the advantages of both sectional (made of aluminum alloys) and tubular (made of steel):

• Increased strength (up to 40 atmospheres);
• Long service life (up to 20 years);
• Beautiful design;
• High level of heat transfer.

Steel panel radiators

The main advantage of steel radiators is their quick response to changes in coolant temperature.

They heat up instantly and cool down just as quickly. Such properties significantly affect energy saving.

A large area of ​​stamped steel panels has a positive effect on high heat transfer, and the presence of a finned surface increases the area of ​​​​the heater. Such qualities increase the comfort and efficiency of heating.

Selection by power and methods of connecting radiators

The decision to replace the entire heating system was finally made. The main elements of the system have been selected, it remains to solve the question - how much power can the radiators themselves produce?

It is this indicator that is actually the most important in determining the properties of the heating system.
Take, for example, a room with an area of ​​10 m² with a ceiling height of 3 m. The volume of the room, respectively, is 10x3 = 30 m³.

But this indicator does not fully describe the characteristics of the radiator. It is known from the regulations that a heating radiator with an output power of at least 40 watts is required to heat 1m³ of a room.

The result is: 30x40 \u003d 1200 watts.

For insurance, you can add 15-20%. This is exactly the amount of heat needed to heat such a room. As you can see, the calculations are quite simple and you can do them yourself before going to the store.

When we figured out the power of the radiator, it remains to choose a way to connect it to the main, which is carried out in several ways, as in the figure:

Lateral connection of heating batteries is used when mounting to risers. If the main pipes are laid under the floor covering or at floor level - diagonal.

It can be seen from the figure that these two connection methods allow the most productive use of the entire surface of the battery.

Finds its supporters and the lower versatile way to connect. It can be seen from the figure that with such a direction of hot water it is impossible to effectively heat the entire space of the radiator.

Errors during installation

Shortcomings and errors in installation work are not uncommon. Their description is a topic for a separate article, but the most common ones can be distinguished:

• Illiterate selection of a heat source;
• Admitted shortcomings in the boiler circuit;
• Incorrectly selected heating system;
• Careless attitude of installers.

Choosing a boiler with insufficient power is the most common mistake.

The desire to save on the cost of the boiler, but at the same time power not only the heating system, but also organize the supply of hot water, will lead to the fact that the heat generator will not be able to provide the house with enough heat.

All elements and devices in the boiler piping must be installed according to their functional properties. For example, inserting a pump is recommended precisely on the return lines of pipelines and do not forget to take into account the horizontal position of the pump shaft.

With an incorrectly selected heating system, there is a risk of additional alterations. So if you “hang” more than five radiators on a single-pipe system, most often the rest will not heat at all.

Do-it-yourself installation flaws can be cited as examples of poor-quality slopes, unwelded connections, or the installation of improperly selected shut-off valves.

For example, if you confuse the installation locations of the valves on the pipes in front of the inlet (ordinary faucet) and at the outlet of the radiator (water supply control valve). It also happens that the installation of pipes in the floor occurs without mandatory insulation so that the water does not cool down on the way to the radiator. I had to change the heating system at the dacha - old cast-iron batteries and a Soviet boiler, for which details cannot be found even during the day with fire. But when they found out the cost of services for the replacement and modernization of thermal communications, they were in great shock. In the end, we decided to do everything on our own - albeit not so quickly, but you can save a good penny. Fortunately, we found this article, where all stages of work are described in great detail and with examples, many photos explaining. I especially liked the section “Errors during installation” - we learned a lot of useful things from the category of “what not to do”, otherwise we would have spent more time, nerves and money on redoing.

Thanks to the author for the detailed article. It can be safely used as a scientific guide for self-assembly of the heating system in your home. Thanks also for the many suggestions. They will help, especially for beginners. And I’ll add on my own that, in my opinion, the best option from the proposed ones is the installation of a gas boiler. After all, judge for yourself: it is relatively cheap, familiar and practical. However, the author or anyone else may disagree with me. I'm looking forward to other people's opinions on this.

Two years ago we just did heating in the house. In order not to be dependent on the stove, otherwise this cinder and smoke bother you, to be honest. We installed water heating with specialists. Pretty practical and power is not lost, not sprayed. The water is simply heated by the boiler and it diverges through pipes that are placed around the house, such as a battery. And they are already heating the house. Personally for us, this method seemed the simplest and most optimal.

A question arose with the replacement of heating in a private house, they decided to throw out the Soviet batteries and the boiler and replace it with a new one. Prices of course horror, fight in a terrible way. So I started searching the net for how to do everything right, since I came across you and got information on installing and installing the system. Everything is detailed and easy to understand. After reading it, it became more profitable for me to do it myself than to overpay 10 times more expensive for some smart guy who can do it just like me.