Brick masonry method. Well masonry Well masonry of brick walls with insulation

Brick masonry is one of the most common types of construction, which involves the construction of an outer wall structure in three layers. Naturally, this kind of work dictates its own adjustments, for example, it is made to perform a longitudinal row. Moreover, transverse jumpers serve as a connecting element, forming wells as a result. Thanks to the use of well masonry, it is possible to significantly save on the main building material - brick - by more than 15%, if compared with conventional brickwork. Although different types of well masonry have their own differences and features, which affect the solidity and stability of the outer wall surface and its thickness.

Types of well masonry

There are a huge number of different types of well masonry, which will differ in thickness (strength) and the method of erecting the outer wall. So, the most common options are:

1. The well masonry will make it possible to make the wall thickness of half a brick, and the dressing - through one in three rows.
2. Laying one and a half bricks implies dressing in a continuous row, forming a wall of greater thickness - 1.5 bricks.
3. Brickwork in 2 or 2.5 is the most reliable. Indeed, in this case, the thickness of the outer wall significantly increases, and the dressing is performed continuously.
4. Modified well masonry is considered the most modern. In this case, the dressing is replaced by lightweight concrete, which, for all that, acts as additional insulation. At the same time, through one, three rows from the walls it is necessary to release brick pokes. It is they who will allow to connect the resulting newly built structure, acting as anchors.

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How to fill the well masonry?

Important! In the process of choosing a filler for well masonry, you should pay attention to the fact that the material is not too bulky.

After all, it is necessary to eliminate the sitting on the foundation and to lighten the burden of the new design as much as possible. And in order to reduce thermal insulation, it is necessary to use raw materials that have low thermal conductivity.

Those building materials that are not threatened by biological destruction are used only as a dry backfill. And organic matter, for example, wood sawdust, is like lightweight concrete with the addition of knitting cement, limestone, gypsum and clay elements.

• slag;
• expanded clay;
• crushed stone;
• sand preferably rocks;
• sawdust of various tree species;
• crumb foam concrete;
• ecowool;
• granulated polystyrene foam;
• vermiculite;
• a variety of insulating materials from slabs are sure to come in handy as a filler for well masonry.

In the process of using aggregates, in addition to lightweight concrete, you may encounter a general shrinkage of the foundation. To avoid such a moment, it is worth producing horizontal diaphragms, which are performed using a reinforced cement-sand joint or bonded rows. The latter should be done every 50 cm in height.

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Standard well masonry is carried out by creating two brick walls at a distance of no more than 34 cm, the connection of which is made due to dressing. In this case, the dressing has a thickness of 1/4 brick.

To begin with, in the transverse direction, it is necessary to lay out brickwork in two rows on the surface of the waterproofing foundation.

A distinctive feature of such masonry is that each brick is recommended to be laid as close as possible to the next one in order to eliminate the possibility of cracks.

Important! Wire-based ties are often used as a masonry connector.

To complete the longitudinal wall, it is worth using spoon rows. They are appropriate in the process of laying the second row of both external and internal versts. The transverse rows are characterized by the use of pokes. And to connect the longitudinal and transverse rows, it is appropriate to use dressing through one row. As for filling the well with insulating material, it must be done only after the completion of the laying of the fifth row, not earlier.

Since the main disadvantage of brickwork is the low strength of the outer wall, it is necessary to smooth out the overall impression a little. To do this, it is advisable to lay corners with three rows of diaphragms. Indeed, in this case, the wall is continuous in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe corner.

In the process of backfilling the insulation, it is worth paying attention to the fact that it must be carefully compacted to obtain a thickness of no more than 15 cm. At the same time, a special solution is poured every 50 cm to avoid the negative impact of an external aggressive environment on the insulation layer. Although at the same time it turns out to increase the strength characteristics of the outer brick wall under construction.

An increase in the level of strength indicators can be achieved by placing horizontal diaphragms at the level of future doors and windows.

If construction takes place in autumn and winter, then the relative humidity of the environment is at a high level, and therefore the brick is saturated with it very much. As a result, its thermal resistance drops significantly.

At the same time, even the method of construction (building walls) will not help change the situation. Therefore, in the process of performing well masonry, it is worth making a special ventilation opening, which is located between the front brickwork and the insulation. Due to this, the brick will be able to dry faster and release moisture. The final moment on the organized movement of air masses through the ventilation openings is the creation of vertical seams.

To further attach the heat-insulating plates to the load-bearing wall, special dowels and mounting adhesive can be used. In order for the adhesion of the glue to be as strong as possible, experts recommend that the entire surface be pre-treated with a primer.

And finally, it is necessary to apply roll insulation and aging.

How to build a warm house and at the same time save on building materials? For this, there is a well masonry of brick walls. Energy efficiency is one of the most important qualities of modern buildings. It is very difficult to achieve it with a simple thickening of the walls. To do this, even in temperate latitudes, the brickwork of the walls must be at least 2 m wide.

It is not difficult to imagine how costly this option is. Therefore, a compromise brickwork technology was developed, which ensures the presence of an additional heat-insulating layer in the brick wall system.

This technology assumes that the brickwork of the outer walls is made in a “lightweight” version with the formation of internal “wells” filled with insulation. Thanks to this method, the thermal insulation characteristics of walls, a brick pediment, and internal partitions are significantly increased. A variety of materials are used as heaters - loose (sawdust, slag), slab (polystyrene, mineral wool), "light" varieties of concrete (polystyrene concrete, expanded clay concrete and others). To ensure the required level of strength, parallel walls are fastened together by horizontal and vertical jumpers in brick walls.

The cost-effectiveness of this method has led to its popularity. But, following well technology, it is necessary to take into account some nuances. For example, performing this kind of brickwork in winter conditions, in conditions of high humidity, you may encounter a decrease in the level of thermal insulation of the wall. Therefore, a ventilation gap of at least 10 mm thick must be provided between the thermal insulation layer and the brickwork.

Advantages and disadvantages

The device of masonry walls using the well method has its advantages, including the following:

• a decrease in thermal conductivity during the construction of less thick brick walls;
• no need for additional wall insulation;
• less load on the foundation of the building while reducing the total mass of partitions;
• more economical use of materials, cheaper construction costs;
• reduction of construction time.

However, this technology also has its drawbacks, including:

• a decrease in the degree of structural strength due to the heterogeneity of the wall;
• the risk of condensation inside the insulation material in winter due to the temperature difference outside and inside the room.

To eliminate these risks, it will be necessary to calculate and mount horizontal and vertical diaphragms, as well as cover the internal surfaces of the “wells” with a vapor barrier material.

Varieties of well-type masonry

Existing well types of brickwork differ in the following indicators:

• total wall thickness;
• thickness of external partitions;
• the dimensions of the "wells" (the distance between the walls);
• type of insulation material;
• material and method of mounting diaphragms.

In construction practice, the following standards are known:

• total wall thickness - 33-62 cm (depending on the design, dimensions of the "well" and the thickness of both walls);
• wall thickness options - a quarter of a brick, half a brick (only for spoon rows), a full 1 brick (when combining bonder rows with spoon rows);
• options for the width of the "wells" - half a brick, three quarters of a brick, a whole 1 brick, one and a half bricks.

It should be noted here that most often both the outer and inner walls are laid out in half a brick. Sometimes exceptions to this rule are allowed: for example, the outer wall is built in half a brick, and the inner wall is built in a whole brick.

Execution technology

The specified installation technology is more complex than the standard version of brickwork. However, it is not so difficult that anyone can master it. The main thing that needs to be ensured in this case is an accurate calculation of the volume of the brick and the selection of jumpers.

1. Well installation begins with the arrangement of the base of the wall. It, in particular, includes 2 solid brick rows. The stones are laid with dressing for horizontal waterproofing of the foundation.
2. After the base is built, two parallel walls begin to be laid out from it, as well as vertical diaphragms (partitions that connect the parallel walls). In some cases, instead of diaphragms, special pins made of metal fittings (6-8 mm in diameter) are mounted. At the same time, the corners can be laid out in various configurations - parallel walls of the same thickness, with a thickened outer wall, with continuous laying.
3. After laying 5-6 rows of bricks, the “wells” created in this way are filled with insulating material. If plate insulation (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene) is used, it is fixed with mounting glue (foam), if bulk material is used, it must be well tamped.
4. Next comes the turn of horizontal brick diaphragms. Apertures are 1-3 horizontal rows of bricks thick. With a diaphragm one brick thick, a greater degree of thermal insulation is provided, with a thickness of three bricks, the thermal insulation is less, but the degree of strength is higher. To reinforce the brickwork, sometimes a reinforcing metal mesh is laid at the bottom of the horizontal diaphragms. In some cases, vertically arranged brick diaphragms cover the space of the "well" not completely, but only half. At the same time, the strengthening of brick walls suffers somewhat, but the coefficient of thermal insulation increases.

It is worth paying attention to the fact that the brickwork near the openings is continuous. Under the windows, horizontal diaphragms are made at least two bricks thick.

Instead of a conclusion

The technology of brickwork in the form of a well requires the performer to accurately count building materials and scrupulously follow the installation rules. If all the requirements for such masonry are met, the walls of the building will not only be warm, but will also be much cheaper.

Thermal insulation materials in Russia have been used not so long ago, therefore, even a few can boast of a 10-20-year practice of successful wall insulation. At the same time, expanded polystyrenes, mineral wools and polyurethane foams became the most popular on the market. But their popularity is caused, rather, not by the quality of these materials, but by huge marketing budgets. An ordinary consumer does not even think about such problems as:

• wetting of mineral wool, leading to a significant drop in efficiency,


• blocking moisture with extruded polystyrene foam, leading to the appearance of fungi and mold.

But even if we discard these shortcomings, questions of environmental friendliness, durability and fire safety remain.

Unfortunately, environmentally friendly heaters are also not without drawbacks. For example, foam glass or ecowool in manhole masonry can lead to the same problems with the facade as polystyrene. The thing is that the facade material in the layered wall is torn off from the inner warm wall with a heater (heat-insulating material). As a result, in cold weather, the facade material gets wet in the rain and does not have time to dry. And it is the cycles of freezing and thawing that greatly affect the durability, for which the amount of moisture in the material is of great importance. After all, moisture expands when frozen and leads to deformation.

And since the facade material is torn off from the warm wall, then, unlike a homogeneous wall, thermal inertia and heat transmission by the wall no longer help the outer layer not to freeze through. As a result, the facade layer goes through more freeze/thaw cycles, collapsing much faster. Moreover, the number of transitions through 0 degrees can increase by 10 or even more times.

The professionals say this:

S.A. Galunov:
"... Further, what I would like to say is that the Russian climate is very different from the European one. Accordingly, the brick, which is used as a cladding in these structures, is intensively moistened not only due to steam transfer, but also mainly due to external atmospheric influences. And since this brick is not heated by internal heat, it has a number of freeze-thaw cycles, which is actually very difficult to calculate.If we focus on the fact that structures begin to collapse in the 3rd or 5th year, then during the year they pass somewhere on the order of 15-20 freeze-thaw cycles, and quite serious ...

V.G. Gagarin:
“...However, in recent years, at the facilities built using the technology of layered masonry, collapses of brick cladding fragments of various areas began to occur. According to statistics, over the past five years in Moscow and the Moscow region, more than 420 failures of facade systems of this kind were recorded. In some cases, accidents were caused by errors made at the design stage. Basically, the reasons for the development of destructive processes in the outer part of the masonry were gross violations of the installation technology.
According to the results of the survey, which was carried out as part of the implementation of the city program for the repair of facades of frame-monolithic residential buildings built using this technology, 36 objects are currently in emergency condition. And, apparently, this is not the limit. Experts believe that in the next 5-6 years the number of "problem" houses may increase dramatically. During 2008 alone, 4 cases of brick falling out of the face layer were recorded in the capital.
The increasing practice of failures of wall systems in the form of well masonry cast doubt on the possibility of their further use in mass construction .... "
(http://old.stroi.mos.ru/nauka/d26dr10866m8.html
Articles from scientific publications
Journal "Construction Technologies" №1, 2009 06/22/2009
Layered masonry in frame-monolithic housing construction)

Of course, after reading such opinions, I want to recall the old brick fences and unheated utility rooms in half a brick. Another thing is whether you can still find such a brick.

But the question of whether to use well masonry remains open. But of course this applies only to such walls, in which the thermal resistance of the walls leads to the fact that the temperature on the outer surface drops below zero. Or the surface layer materials must withstand hundreds of freeze/thaw cycles to last long enough.

Of course, you can make the wall homogeneous. And here again we face a dilemma. If it is a solid brick, then sound insulation and thermal inertia will be at a good level. But in order to ensure high-level thermal conductivity, a wall that is too thick and a foundation that is too massive will be required. You can make a wall of foam concrete, aerated concrete, gas silicate thinner, but each of these materials has its own drawbacks.

What material would you like to build a house from?

One of the ways to insulate during the construction of a house is the well masonry of brick walls. The technique consists in erecting the inner and outer parts of the structure, between which a well is left for filling with heat-insulating materials. This method allows you to save on the insulation of the room and reduce the pressure on the foundation of the building.

Characteristic

Advantages

Before starting construction work, it is necessary to choose the right building materials in order to avoid disturbing the thermal insulation of the room.

The well masonry is erected in such a way that the half-brick opening between the two parts of the wall is filled with thermal insulation material. Brick structures are interconnected by reinforcing pins with curved ends. The use of masonry with insulation has the following advantages:

• brick saving up to 18% in comparison with conventional masonry;
• reducing the weight and volume of the structure;
• lack of condensate in the cavity of the well;
• the ability to use an economical material on the front side of the wall, such as silicate or ceramic bricks;
• fire resistance;
• aesthetics of the look.

Flaws

Ventilation gaps prevent condensation between the layers of the walls.

Well brickwork has many advantages, but if you do not take into account some of the nuances, you can get the following undesirable effects:

• Reduced uniformity and structural strength. To prevent this shortcoming, it is necessary to calculate where and in what quantity to place horizontal and vertical diaphragms, which will ensure the strengthening of the structure.
• The formation of condensate inside the well in winter. To avoid this effect, the inside of the well must be overlaid with a vapor barrier layer. At the same time, ventilation gaps are made with a size of at least 10 cm. In the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe upper and lower rows, vertical seams are cleaned, which ensures air convection for the structure.
• Destruction of insulation when exposed to high temperatures in summer. The use of special heat-resistant insulation materials will prevent thermal insulation damage.

Where is it used?

There is a widespread use of well masonry in the construction of such structures:

• exterior walls of a residential building;
• multi-storey buildings;
• ancillary buildings.

This construction method is not related to the arrangement of wells.

This method of laying a wall should not be confused with construction, when a brick sewer well or well is made. In this case, the lining of the pit is made from the inside with a continuous row of bricks to the top. A water hatch is made to pump out excess water. In addition, during the construction of the well, a hole is left to bring out the water pipes. An alternative to brickwork are concrete well rings.

Consumption of materials

Well masonry made of bricks can significantly reduce the amount of bricks in comparison with a solid structure. The calculation of the necessary funds is carried out by the bricklayer who will perform the work. For construction you will need the following materials:

• Brick. Most often, ceramic is used, as it is moisture resistant. The calculation of the required amount is done on the basis of the consumption rates of building materials.
• Solution. It consists of sand, cement and water or a special adhesive mixture.
• Backfill. Bulk materials such as slag, expanded clay, sawdust can be used as a heater.
• Thermal insulation materials. Special building materials such as glass wool, mineral wool and expanded polystyrene provide reliable thermal insulation of the room.
• Means for reinforcement. Reinforcing meshes, steel wire or rebar bent at the edges can be used.

How to do?

Lightweight construction

If the building is not intended for habitation, then the void between the layers of the wall is filled with concrete.

The laying of wells in this type of work is carried out in two rows, between which a cavity is formed in the form of a well. After 2-5 rows, the design is fixed with a bond row. If the wall length is more than 1.5 m, then reinforcement is made with steel wire. A feature of this design is that the voids are filled with a concrete solution to the very top. This type of wall is most often used for non-residential premises that do not need to retain heat. The filling of wells is carried out in stages based on the rate of solidification of the solution.