Romanian population, territory, climate, nature. Romania map in Russian
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TwitterHolidays in Romania compared to many EU countries is considered not very expensive. Prices for most services, goods and food are 50% lower than in Western Europe.
In every city, purchases can be made in huge supermarkets, markets, as well as in numerous small private shops, where the owner himself often stands behind the counter.
Among Romanian souvenirs, the most popular among tourists are:
- handmade leather products;
- silver jewelry;
- embroidery;
- clay and porcelain products;
- colorful warm blankets;
- wool sweaters;
- silk blouses and dresses;
- all kinds of "Dracula" souvenirs (from mugs and T-shirts to aspen stakes).
Credit cards are accepted in all major hotels, restaurants, gas stations and supermarkets, but you should always have cash with you.
Transport
Traveling in Romania, you can use road, rail, river and air transport.
The quality of roads in Romania has improved significantly in recent years. In mountainous areas, the quality of coverage is slightly worse than on the flat territory of the country, which is primarily due to heavy rainfall in the Carpathians, so certain sections of mountain roads are constantly being repaired. For travel on national roads, you must pay a road tax - rovignette.
Romania has a large rail network, but this mode of transport is not very popular with tourists and the public due to the limited speed of movement (the average speed of trains is approximately 43 km/h). Most of the trains are outdated, with little comfort.
River transport is represented by ferries carrying passengers and cargo across the Danube. There is also (as a type of ecological tourism) travel by boat or small ship on the Danube.
Those who value time spent on the road should use air transport. There are 17 airports in Romania, including 5 international ones. Air transportation in the country is well developed. From Bucharest you can get to all the largest cities in the country. On the most popular destinations, planes fly 4-5 times a day. This type of transport is very popular with local residents. Aircraft in excellent condition, with polite qualified personnel.
Urban public transport is well organized in all large and medium-sized cities in Romania (cost 1–2 lei, or 25–50 euro cents). Recently, double-decker buses have appeared in Bucharest, plying along the tourist route inside the city. The capital also has the only metro in the country. Taxis are metered. If they are not available, then the cost of the trip should be agreed in advance (most taxi drivers have basic knowledge of English).
Connection
Phone calls abroad can be made both from specialized payphones (they work with cards that can be purchased at printed matter kiosks), from telephone calls at post offices, and from hotel rooms, but this will be 10–20% more expensive.
Mobile communication in Romania is provided by 4 GSM operators - Connex Vodafon, Orange, Cosmte and DigiMobil - and one CDMA operator - Zapp. Today, the coverage area includes almost the entire territory of the country, with the exception of remote, hard-to-reach mountainous areas. Orange and Vodafone are leaders in terms of coverage, occupying 98-99% of the area of Romania.
Access to Internet resources is provided in Romania by more than 200 providers. Most hotels and hostels offer free Wi-Fi.
Safety
Recent studies of the criminal situation in different countries of the world have shown that Romania occupies a leading position in terms of security among European countries. In the northern and northeastern regions, near the Ukrainian and Moldovan borders, the situation is slightly worse than in the rest of the country: there are gypsy beggars, there are pickpockets. Here you should be careful with your valuables - keep money, mobile phones, cameras with you.
There are no gypsies in the resort areas at all, public order is monitored by city police patrols.
Business
Membership in the European Union has led Romania to implement a series of free market reforms that have resulted in foreign trade liberalization, tax and banking system modernization, and private sector development.
Today, investing in the Romanian economy is considered promising and profitable.
The fixed income tax rate is 16%, and for small enterprises with no more than 10 employees and a total annual income not exceeding 100,000 € - 3%.
The cities and resorts of Romania are attracting more and more attention, acting as objects of business tourism. Affordability and the availability of modern, well-equipped conference rooms make Romania an attractive place for business seminars, meetings, exhibitions and conferences of various levels.
The property
The unique nature, favorable climate and the proximity of world-famous medical resorts attract many who want to buy real estate in Romania.
Here, foreigners have the same rights to purchase real estate as local residents. There are minor restrictions due to international treaties, as well as restrictions on the purchase of agricultural and strategic land, national park land, as well as real estate objects of historical and cultural value.
Foreigners are most interested in real estate on the Black Sea coast, in the capital and in ski resorts. Here, the minimum cost per 1 m² is about 800 €.
To avoid any misunderstandings during your stay in Romania and enjoy your vacation, tourists should follow some rules of conduct adopted in the country. The basic rule, as in many European countries, is a ban on smoking in public places and transport, including railways.
Fans of photographic art should remember that in Romania bridges and ports are strategic objects, so they should never be photographed.
In restaurants and cafes, it is customary to leave a tip in the amount of 10% of the cost of the check.
Chemicals such as bleach are used as a disinfectant for tap water. Such water, of course, cannot be poisoned, but it is unsuitable for drinking, and can also cause allergic reactions on sensitive skin when washing. But water in mountain springs and wells in the Carpathians is not only safe and tasty, but also healthy.
Visa Information
To visit Romania, citizens of Russia and other CIS countries will need a visa that does not give the right to enter the Schengen countries, despite the fact that Romania is a member of the European Union.
There are 3 types of visas: transit (B), short-term for a period of less than 90 days (C) and multiple long-term (D). To obtain a visa to the embassy, you must provide a passport valid for at least 3 months from the date of the end of the trip to Romania, plus photocopies of the pages of the passport with the personal data of the owner, photographs (2 pcs.), A completed application form, medical insurance and a certificate of employment indicating salary and position. The consular fee is 35 € for processing within 5-10 days, 70 € for an urgent visa.
The Romanian Embassy in Moscow is located at 119285, Moscow, st. Mosfilmovskaya, 64 (tel.: (+7 495) 143-04-24; 143-04-27).
Consulates:
St. Petersburg, Gorokhovaya st., 4 (tel.: (+7 812) 312-61-41, 335-08-44 344019,
Rostov-on-Don, st. 7th Line, 18/39 (tel: (+7 863) 253-08-61, 230-29-15, 227-59-25). If you have a Schengen visa, you can make transit trips through the territory of Romania for 5 days without issuing a transit Romanian visa.
culture
Over the centuries, Romanians have been exposed to various cultures, each of which has contributed to the formation of modern Romanian culture. The influence of the ancient Romans was replaced after a few centuries by the influence of the culture of the Slavs, Greeks, Turks and Hungarians. In the Middle Ages, Romanians were strongly influenced by Byzantium, especially in terms of church rituals, architecture, iconography and frescoes. In the 16th and 17th centuries many works of church literature were written in Romanian. Modern Romanian culture is a synthesis of these medieval influences, ancient folklore and music (which was important for maintaining ethnic unity) and various foreign influences.
Romanian literature and art reached their maturity at the end of the 19th century. Among the outstanding writers of that time were M. Eminescu, the talented storyteller I. Creanga, the playwright I. L. Caragiale, literary critics T. Maiorescu and C. Dobrodzhanu-Gherea. The most famous artists were the portrait painter T.Aman, the landscape painters N.Grigorescu and I.Andreascu, as well as the painter S.Lucian.
The best writers of the interwar period are the poet T. Arghezi and the novelists M. Sadoveanu, L. Rebryanu and C. Petrescu.
Post-war Romanian literature is still influenced by the writers who became famous during the interwar period. Patriotic, democratic and pro-peasant inclinations in literature were developed already before the First World War by the literary movement "Semenatorul" ("The Sower"). These writers argued that the development of art should be ideologically driven, and easily adapted to the philosophy and goals of the communist regime. The non-communist T. Arghezi was recognized by the authorities as the most outstanding Romanian poet, and M. Sadoveanu, without any effort, was able to become the patriarch of post-war Romanian literature. Argesi, known even before the Second World War for his deeply original poems, began to write optimistic poems about peasant uprisings. Sadoveanu, an imaginative writer and creator of a broad historical panorama, added to his historical novels new works on the awakening of the proletariat; his Return tells of the achievements of the communist regime. However, after 1965, the regime also began to patronize nationalist writers.
Among the post-war writers, one should note such poets as M. Benyuk, E. Zhebelianu, V. Porumbaku, A. Toma, C. Teodorescu, M. Dragomir, D. Deshliu. The novelists E. Kamilar, A. Zhar, Z. Stanku gained fame; playwrights - A. Baranga, R. Boureanu, M. Davidoglu, L. Demetrius and M. Banush (also a poetess). A feature of post-war literature was the publication of books and magazines in the languages of national minorities, especially in Hungarian. Among the Hungarian writers, I. Horvath and I. Astalos are the most famous.
Before the First World War, there were several notable works in the Romanian visual arts. In the interwar period, one can hardly note any outstanding achievements in this area, with the exception of the work of artists who were under strong Western, mainly French, influence. These include such artists as S. Petrescu, G. Petrashka, C. Ressu, J. Steriade, Iser. The most famous artists of the communist period were P. Atanasiou, Sh. Barabas, L. Agricola, G. Lazar.
In music, most state prizes were awarded to such works as the National Festival of Sabina Dragoy. In the 1960s and 1970s, the regime began to encourage the revival of the Romanian classics, including the works of D. Enescu, and the imitation of classical Romanian and modern Western works.
Story
Ancient Romania was inhabited by Thracian tribes. In the 1st century BC. Greece founded the state of Dacia to defend itself against Rome. Dacia passed to Rome in 106 AD, becoming a province of the Roman Empire. As a result of attacks from the Goths in 271, Emperor Aurelius recalled the Roman legionnaires back to the south of the Danube, but the Wallachian peasants remained in Dacia, forming the Romanian people. By the 10th century, small Romanian lands had formed, and their unification led to the creation of the principalities of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania. From the 10th century, the Magyars came to Transylvania, and by the 12th century it became an autonomous principality under the rule of the Hungarian authorities. In the 14th century, Hungarian troops unsuccessfully tried to capture Wallachia and Moldavia.
During the XIV-XV centuries, Wallachia and Moldavia resisted the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. During the struggle, Prince Vlad Tepes of Wallachia (known as the "Impaler" because he rarely ate without the accompaniment of a writhing, impaled Turk) became a hero, later associated with Dracula. In the XVI century, Transylvania passed to the Ottoman Empire, at the same time, Wallachia and Moldavia submitted to the Turks, but retained their autonomous position. In 1600, all three Romanian provinces were united by Prince Mihai Vitazul of Wallachia after he joined forces with the ruling princes of Moldavia and Transylvania against the Turks. The unification lasted only a year, then Mihai was defeated by the combined Habsburg-Transylvanian troops, after which he was captured and beheaded. Transylvania passed to the Habsburg Empire, while Wallachia and Moldavia remained Turkish suzerainties almost until the end of the 19th century. In 1775, the northern part of Moldavia, Bukovina, was annexed by Austria-Hungary. Further, in 1812, the eastern territory, Bessarabia, passed to Russia. After the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829), the Ottoman possession of the principalities ended.
After 1848, Transylvania fell under the rule of Austria-Hungary and "Magyarization" began. In 1859 Alexandru Ioan Cuza was crowned on the thrones of Moldavia and Wallachia, who created a new state, which was named Romania in 1862. Charles I succeeded to the throne in 1866 and in 1877 Dobruya became part of Romania. In 1881, Romania became known as a kingdom, and Charles I became its king. He died at the start of the First World War. His nephew Ferdinand I inherited the throne and entered the war in 1916 on the side of the "Triple Agreement" (Entente). His goal was the liberation of Transylvania from Austria-Hungary. In 1918, Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania became part of Romania.
Numerous political parties appeared in Romania after the First World War, including the Legion of the Archangel Michael, better known as the fascist "Iron Guard". The party, led by Cornelius Codreanu, dominated the political arena by 1935. Charles II, who inherited the throne after the death of his father Ferdinand I, declared the state a royal dictatorship in 1938 and liquidated all political parties. In 1939, he pacified the Iron Guard, which he had previously supported, by executing Codreana and other legionnaires. In 1940, the USSR occupied Bessarabia, and Romania was forced to transfer northern Transylvania to Hungary on the orders of Germany and Italy. Southern Dobruya was transferred to Bulgaria. Based on all this, numerous rallies broke out, so the king called Generalissimo Ion Antonescu to pacify discontent. Antonescu forced Charles to abdicate, handing over power to Charles's 19-year-old son Michael, and then introduced a fascist dictatorship, proclaiming himself ruler. In 1941 he joined Hitler's anti-Soviet war. With the approach of the Soviet Army to the Romanian border in 1944, Romania went over to the side of Russia.
The Soviet handover of Transylvania to Romania helped the communists, supported by Moscow, win the elections in 1946. A year later, King Michael was forced to abdicate and the Romanian People's Republic was formed. A period of state intimidation began, when pre-war leaders, prominent intellectuals and suspicious dissidents were rounded up and sent to prison camps. In the late 1950s, Romania began to move away from Moscow, seeking an independent foreign policy under the leadership of Gheorghe Georgiou-Dej (1952-1965) and Nicolae Ceausescu (1965-1989). Ceausescu denounced the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia in 1968, which earned him respect and economic aid from the West. Most of his great projects (the construction of the "deadly" Danube-Black Sea Canal, the pompous and expensive House of Nations in Bucharest). His secret militia suppressed the population and had a huge network of informants.
The rise to power of Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s meant that the US no longer needed Romania and removed its status as "the most beloved nation." Ceausescu decided to export the Romanian food supply in order to pay off the country's huge debt. While Ceausescu and his wife Elena (his first deputy prime minister) lived in luxury, the people struggled to survive as the rationing of bread, eggs, flour, butter, salt, sugar, beef, potatoes was mocking, and by the mid-1980s there was no meat at all. In 1987, riots began in Brasov, which were brutally suppressed. After regime after regime began to crumble in Eastern Europe, on December 15, 1989, the priest Lazlo Tox preached against Ceausescu in a church in the city of Timisoara. That same evening, a group of people gathered at his house to protest the decision of the Reformed Church of Romania to remove Toks from office. The clashes between the protesters, the police and the army continued for 4 days. On December 19, the army joined the protesters. On December 21, Bucharest workers loudly protested against Ceausescu during a mass rally and street clashes between protesters, police and the army. The next day, the Ceausescu family tried to flee Romania, but was arrested, convicted by an anonymous court, and shot on Christmas Day.
It is now believed that the members of the National Salvation Front, who seized power after Ceausescu's death, planned his overthrow a few months before December 1989, but premature rallies forced them to act earlier. A provisional government came to power, headed by Ion Iliescu.
In 1992, Iliescu and the National Salvation Front were re-elected, but uncontrolled inflation, unemployment, suspicion of government corruption led to the fact that in 1996 Iliescu was replaced by Emil Constantinescu, leader of the Romanian Democratic Convention. Iliescu returned to power in December 2000 as president. Romanians probably thought Iliescu was the better of two evils compared to the extremist Cornelius Vadim Tudor of the right-wing Romanian Party.
Economy
One of the largest sectors of the economy is oil production, Rompetrol occupies a significant market share, but oil reserves are insignificant and its production is constantly decreasing.
Since the mid-2000s, Romania's oil consumption has been roughly double its own production, and this ratio also applies to oil imports and exports.
Romania has natural gas reserves and production, but in recent years the country has had to import gas to meet its needs.
The distribution of the labor force is about 30% in agriculture, 23% in industry, 47% in the service sector (2006).
The main partners in foreign trade are Germany, Italy, France (2006).
Politics
The bicameral parliament consists of the Senate (Senate, 137 seats) and the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor, 332 seats).
Senators are elected by proportional representation.
The 314 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by proportional representation, with a 5% threshold for political parties and an 8% threshold for blocs, with the remaining seats reserved for representatives of national minorities.
The term of office of MPs is 4 years.
According to the constitution adopted by the parliament in November 1991 and approved in December of the same year at a national referendum, Romania is a national, unitary, legal, democratic and social state with a republican form of government. The head of state is the president, elected by the population for a term of 4 years. He has broad powers in political matters, comparable to those of the President of the French Republic.
General information
Geographical position. Romania is a country in the southeast of Europe. In the north it borders with Ukraine, in the east - with Moldova, in the south - with Bulgaria, in the southwest - with Serbia, in the west - with Hungary. In the southeast it is washed by the Black Sea.
Square. The territory of Romania is 237,500 sq. km.
Main cities, administrative divisions. The capital is Bucharest. Largest cities: Bucharest (2,090 thousand people), Constanta (350 thousand people), Iasi (343 thousand people), Timisoara (334 thousand people), Cluj-Napoca (328 thousand people) , Ploiesti (252 thousand people).
Administratively, Romania is divided into 39 counties; the capital of the country is singled out as an independent administrative-territorial unit.
Political system
Romania is a republic. The head of state is the president, the head of government is the prime minister. The legislature is a bicameral parliament consisting of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies).
Relief. The central part of the country is occupied by the Transylvanian basin, almost completely surrounded by mountains: in the north and east, by the Carpathians; in the south - the Transylvanian Alps, where the highest point of the country is located - Mount Moldoveanul (2544 m), in the west - the small mountains Vikhor. The rest of the territory of Romania is mostly flat. The most extensive plains are located on the border with Serbia - the Tisha Valley; between the Transylvanian Alps and Bulgaria - Wallachia; to the east from the Carpathians-Moldavia and on the Black Sea coast-Dobruzh.
Geological structure and minerals. On the territory of Romania there are deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, non-ferrous metals.
Climate. The Transylvanian basin, the Carpathians and the western valleys have warm summers and cold winters. The temperature in summer sometimes reaches +38°C, and in winter it drops to -32°C. In Wallachia, Moldavia and Dobruja, summers are warmer and winters are not so cold.
Inland waters. The main river of Romania is the Danube, which forms part of the border with Serbia and almost entirely the border with Bulgaria. The Mures, Prut, Olt and Siresh rivers are part of the Danube system and are its tributaries. There are many small freshwater lakes in Romania, but the largest are the salt lakes-lagoons of the Black Sea, the largest of them is Lake Razelm.
Soils and vegetation. Vegetation is sparse in the Moldavian and Wallachian steppes, only fruit trees grow on the slopes of the hills. At the foot of the mountains there are deciduous forests dominated by oak, birch and beech. Above are coniferous forests, mostly pine and spruce.
Animal world. Large wild animals - wild boar, wolf, lynx, fox, bear, chamois, mountain goat and deer - live in the Carpathian mountains. Squirrel, hare, badger and ferret live in the valleys. There are many birds in Romania, and migratory birds stop in the Danube Valley, which is partly a nature reserve. There are a lot of fish in the rivers (pike, sturgeon, salmon, perch, eel).
Population and language
The population of the country is about 22.396 million people, the average population density is about 94 people per 1 sq. km. km. Ethnic groups: Romanians - 89%, Hungarians - 9%o, Germans - 0.4%, Ukrainians, Jews, Russians, Serbs, Gypsies, Croats, Turks, Bulgarians, Tatars, Slovaks. Languages: Romanian (state), German, Hungarian, Turkish, Serbo-Croatian, Yiddish.
Religion
Romanian Orthodox Church - 70%, Catholic Church - 6%, Protestants - 6%, Jews, Muslims.
Brief historical outline
In 106, the territory of modern Romania was conquered by the Roman emperor Trajan and annexed to the Roman Empire as the province of Dacia.
Starting from the III century. the territory of Dacia was subjected to constant raids by neighboring tribes of Goths, Huns and Bulgars.
In the ninth century Romania was under Bulgarian rule and was baptized into Orthodoxy.
In the XIII century. two Romanian principalities were formed - Wallachia and Moldavia, which are in vassal dependence on the Hungarian and Polish kings.
In 1526 Hungary was defeated by the Ottoman Turks; Wallachia and Moldavia came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
At the end of the XVI century. after an unsuccessful attempt to free themselves from the power of the Ottoman Empire in Wallachia and Moldavia, the system of government of the Phanariots was established, where the Greek rulers, appointed by the Turks, ruled. At this time, Greek became the official language of Romania.
In the middle of the XVIII century. as a result of the Russian-Turkish wars, the influence of the Ottoman Empire was significantly weakened, and the Phanariot system was abolished, Moldavia and Wallachia received greater autonomy, and Russia became the de facto overlord of these states. After the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856), its influence on Wallachia and Moldavia weakened.
In 1859, both states crowned a common prince, and in 1861 they united and were recognized by the Turkish sultan as an autonomous principality of Romania.
In 1878 Romania declared independence.
In 1881 the Kingdom of Romania was proclaimed.
In the 30s of the XX century. in Romania, a pro-fascist regime was established, led by Corneliu Gelea-Codreanu, the leader of the Iron Guard, and later Antonescu. In 1947 a republic was proclaimed in Romania.
April 13, 1948 adopted a new constitution based on the constitution of the USSR. The communist regime of Ceausescu was in power in the country until December 1989.
On December 22, 1989, power in the country passed to the National Salvation Council, and on December 25, Ceausescu and his wife Elena were executed.
Brief economic essay
Romania is an industrial-agrarian country. Extraction of coal, oil, natural and associated gas. Leading industries: mechanical engineering (transport, agricultural, electrical engineering, production of industrial equipment) and metalworking, ferrous and non-ferrous (aluminum, zinc, lead, copper smelting), metallurgy, chemical (production of acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers, etc.) and petrochemical. The woodworking, pulp and paper, furniture, textile, clothing, and food industries are well developed. In agriculture, crop production of the grain direction prevails, the main grain crops are corn and wheat, technical ones are sugar beet, sunflower; vegetable growing, viticulture, fruit growing. In livestock breeding cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry. Beekeeping. Export: machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemical products.
The monetary unit is the lei.
A Brief Outline of Culture
Art and architecture. Bucharest. the Art Museum of Romania with a fine collection of Romanian, Western and Eastern art; National Historical Museum; Palace of Justice (1864); the palace of Stirbay (1835); building of the National Bank (1885); the presidential palace in the building of the 17th century; Konstakudilo Palace (1900); royal palace (1935); Arc de Triomphe (1920); the monasteries of Antim (1715); Patriarchal Church (1665). Cluj-Napoca. Church of St. Michael (1396-1432); Reformed Church 1486; the palace of Batanui, the former residence of the Transylvanian princes; Ethnographic Museum, located in the house where in the XV century. King Matt Corvinus of Hungary was born. Alba Julia. The citadel built by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in 1716-1735; Cathedral of the 11th century, rebuilt in the 15th century. in the Gothic style; the oldest museum in Romania (opened in 1794). Brothers. Remains of the citadel of 1553, church of the XIV century. in the Gothic style; church of st. Bartholomew (XIII century); town hall 1420; Historical Museum in the building of the XV century. Iasi. Cathedral and two churches of the XV century. Oradea. The parish church in which the Hungarian king Laszlo the Holy is buried. Targu Mures. Gothic church of the 15th century; Teleki Palace. Timi Shoara. 18th century castle; Orthodox Cathedral; a pseudo-Gothic column in the center of the city, erected in 1851 by the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I as a sign of the tenacity of the Timisoars who held out for 107 days against the army of the Hungarian revolutionaries in 1849
The science. D. Cantemir (1673-1723) - scientist, writer and politician, author of works on the history and geography of Moldova, the Ottoman Empire, etc.; V. Babesh (1854-1926) - microbiologist, one of the founders of serotherapy and vaccination.
Literature. Y. Agyrbiceanu (1882-1963) - writer, in whose work
realistic depiction of life in Transylvania in the 1st half of the 20th century. combined
with the Affirmation of Christian morality (the novels "Archangels", "Sectarians", "The Law of the Flesh").
Romania(rum. România) - a state in. Population - more than 19,426,550 people. (2015), area - 238,391 km²; on both these indicators is the largest country in the region. It ranks 59th in the world in terms of population and 78th in terms of territory.
It has significant ethnic and cultural diversity. Most of the believers (about 87% of the population) profess Orthodoxy.
An industrial country with a dynamically developing economy. Monetary unit - Romanian lei (exchange rate on January 10, 2019 - 4.05 lei per 1 US dollar, the value of 1 US dollar in new Romanian lei for the year (365 days) increased by +0.19 lei, from 3.88 to 4.05 RON).
Romania arose in 1859 as a result of the unification of two principalities - Moldavia and Wallachia. The independence of the United Principality, which was succeeded by the new state of Romania, was proclaimed on May 21, 1877.
Name etymology
Main article: Name of Romania
The name of the country comes from lat. romanus - "Roman" and literally means "Country of the Romans".
Story
Main article: History of Romania
Ancient history and antiquity
On the territory of modern Romania, one of the oldest remains of the Cro-Magnon man (Peshtera-cu-Oase), dating back to about 42 thousand years ago, was discovered.
About 4 thousand years ago, the Neolithic culture arose. During the Bronze Age in 1800-1000 BC, the Thracian-Phrygian tribes of the Dacians arose. In the 7th century BC, Greek colonies arose on the territory of the modern Black Sea coast of Romania (Scythia Minor). The emergence of the Dacian states dates back to the 3rd century BC.
At the end of the 1st - beginning of the 2nd century AD, Dacia was conquered by the Romans, where gold was mined and the colonists were resettled. The beginning of intensive Romanization and the birth of Balkan Latin belong to this time.
In the 270s, after the uprisings, the Romans were forced to retreat across the Danube.
During the period of the "great migration of peoples" Dacia was devastated by migrating tribes of Goths, Vandals, Huns and a number of others. In the 6th century, the Slavs began to settle on the territory of modern Romania.
Middle Ages
Vlad III the Impaler, also known as Vlad Dracula
In the Middle Ages, the ancestors of the Romanians lived on the territory of 3 principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania.
Since the 11th century, Transylvania had autonomy as part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and in the 16th century it became an independent principality and remained so until 1711.
In 1526, during the Battle of Mohacs, the Hungarian troops were defeated, and Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania fell under the vassalage of the Ottoman Empire, while maintaining internal autonomy until the middle of the 19th century. This period is characterized by the gradual withering away of the feudal system. Among the rulers of the territories at this time, Stephen III the Great, Vasily Lupu and Dmitry Cantemir in Moldavia stand out; Matei Basarab, Vlad III Tepes (Dracula) and Konstantin Brankoveanu in Wallachia; Janos Hunyadi and Gabor Bethlen in Transylvania.
In 1600, Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania were united under the rule of Michael the Brave, but in 1601 Michael was killed, and pro-Ottoman boyars seized real power in Wallachia and Moldavia. The entire 17th century was characterized by boyar fragmentation and civil strife.
Principality of Transylvania, 1818
At the beginning of the 18th century, in alliance with Russia, the rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia tried to get rid of Ottoman domination, but the Prut campaign of Peter I ended in failure due to the betrayal of the Wallachian ruler Konstantin Brynkovyan, and the enslavement of the territories by the Ottoman Empire intensified.
Romanian state
Main articles: Unification of the Danubian Principalities and Kingdom of Romania
Romanian War of Independence (1877-1878)
The historical process of creating the state of Romania began on the lands of the United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia, vassal of the Ottoman Empire in 1859, as a result of the unification of two principalities - Moldavia and Wallachia, by electing Alexander Cuza as the ruler of both principalities, who declared himself the prince of the united country. The emancipation of the peasants and other reform projects aroused strong opposition to the prince's policies among the ultra-conservative party. As a result of the conspiracy, which, in turn, led to a palace coup by the pro-Prussian and pro-Ottoman boyars against their ruler, Cuza was overthrown, and the throne passed to the Prussian henchman from the Swabian branch of the Hohenzollerns - Carol I (Karl Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen). Another region of the modern Romanian state - Transylvania - was then part of Austria-Hungary.
For the first time, the independence of the United Principality of Moldavia and Wallachia was proclaimed on May 21 (May 9), 1877, with the announcement of these lands as the "Principality of Romania" in connection with the outbreak of the Russian-Turkish war; Having taken part in this war, Romania, following the results of the Berlin Treaty, received the northern Dobruja with the southern regions of Bessarabia (Budjak) newly occupied by Russia in return. As an independent state, Romania was recognized in the San Stefano and Berlin treaties. The period from 1878 to 1914 is characterized by relative stability. In 1881, on the basis of the United Principality, the Kingdom of Romania was formed, headed by Carol I.
World War I
Main article: Romanian campaign (1916-1917)
During the First World War, Romania at first adhered to neutrality, but then entered on August 28, 1916 on the side of the Entente, influenced by the victories of the Russian army.
On August 15 (28), 1916, Romanian troops entered Transylvania. At first, the offensive was successful for Romania, but problems with logistical support quickly affected, and after the transfer of German troops from the Western Front, the situation deteriorated sharply. The troops of the Central Powers rather quickly defeated the relatively weak Romanian army and by the end of 1916 occupied Dobruja and all of Wallachia, including the capital -. The royal family, government and parliament moved to. The army and a significant part of the civilian population retreated to Moldova.
Romania was saved from liquidation by the Russian Empire, which allocated an army to support it, thereby expanding the Eastern Front to the Black Sea. Active hostilities in its Romanian sector were resumed only in the summer of 1917, when the Romanian army managed to recapture a small territory in the south-west of Moldova from the enemy, but the revolutionary events of 1917 in Russia led to the fact that Russian units increasingly refused to fight. The territories occupied by the troops of the Central Powers almost completely surrounded the territory of Moldova under the jurisdiction of the Romanian government, threatening Romania with complete liquidation in the future.
Administrative map of the Romanian Kingdom in 1930
The successes of the Entente on the Western Front and in the Balkans in the autumn of 1918 led to a change in the balance of power, which allowed Romania to re-enter the war.
As a result of the war, Romania acquired Transylvania and annexed Bessarabia, which had previously been the Bessarabia Governorate of Russia. In 1917, Sfatul Tarii (Rom. Sfatul Ţării “Council of the Territory, Council of the Country”) - a pro-Romanian state authority in Bessarabia (formerly part of the Moldavian Principality) - proclaimed the Moldavian People's Republic, from March 27, 1918 - the Moldavian Democratic Republic (not recognized by any one state of the world) and recognized the accession of Bessarabia to Romania.
Between the two world wars
After World War I, parliamentary democracy was proclaimed in the country.
Stamp depicting King Mihai of Romania l
In April 1938 Parliament was dissolved and a royal dictatorship was established.
In late June - early July 1940, Soviet troops, in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
By decision of the second Vienna arbitration, held by Germany and Italy on August 30, 1940, Romania transferred Northern Transylvania. Southern Transylvania remained in Romanian hands.
On September 7, 1940, Romania ceded the Southern Dobruja region and both parties to the agreement agreed to carry out an exchange of population (minorities) in the territories adjacent to the new border. This happened as a result of the Craiova peace treaty.
The Second World War
Romania in 1941
Main article: Romania in World War II
During World War II Romania was allied with the Nazis. Romanian troops participated in the war against the USSR. From the Soviet territories occupied by Romania, three new provinces were created: Bessarabia, which included the right-bank part of the Moldavian SSR, the Izmail region, Transnistria, which included the left-bank part of the MSSR and parts of the Vinnitsa region of the Ukrainian SSR, and Bukovina, formed by the Romanian authorities on the territory of the occupied Ukrainian SSR THE USSR.
Until 1944, there was a limited military contingent of the Wehrmacht in the country. The German air defense units created a strong air defense system to protect the oil fields of the region from an air attack by the anti-Hitler coalition aircraft.
Throughout the war, the Ploiesti region was the main supplier of oil for the economy of the Third German Reich and was repeatedly subjected to air bombardments by the allies of the anti-Hitler coalition and shelling from the sea by warships of the Soviet Navy.
In August 1944, King Mihai I, allied with the anti-fascist opposition, ordered the arrest of Antonescu and the pro-German generals and declared war on Germany. After that, Soviet troops were introduced, and the allied Romanian army, together with the Soviet one, fought against the Nazi coalition on the territory, and then in.
After the Second World War, Romania fell into the sphere of influence of the USSR, the Soviet system of legislative power was established in the country, but controlled democracy was allowed in elections to local authorities.
post-war period
Main article: Socialist Republic of Romania
Peace treaties with Romania were signed in 1947 by the USSR, Great Britain, the USA, Australia, the BSSR, Czechoslovakia, the Ukrainian SSR, the Union of South Africa, and also. The treaties established the borders of Romania as of January 1, 1938 (the decisions of the Vienna arbitrations of 1938 and 1940 were declared non-existent); The borders of Romania were established as of January 1, 1941, with the exception of the Romanian-Hungarian border, which was restored as of January 1, 1938 (this border changed in accordance with the decisions of the Vienna Arbitration of 1940).
The political provisions of the treaties basically coincide with the corresponding provisions of the peace treaty of 1947 with Italy (dissolution of fascist organizations, restoration of freedoms, democracy, etc.). The military provisions of the treaties regulate the composition of the armed forces of these states. The treaties established the amount of reparations paid by Romania. Romania pledged to pay reparations to the Soviet Union. The right of the countries subjected to aggression to the restitution of property removed from their territory was recognized, as well as the right of the Soviet Union to all German assets in Romania (later, the Soviet Union, contributing to the economic development of Romania, refused a significant part of the compensation for the damage caused to it).
In 1947, Mihai I abdicated, Romania was proclaimed a people's republic. In 1948, socialist reforms were launched, the nationalization of private firms and the collectivization of agriculture were carried out.
Nicolae Ceausescu at a rally against the entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia.
In 1965, Nicolae Ceausescu came to power, who pursued a more independent policy. In particular, he condemned the entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia in 1968, continued diplomatic relations with after the Six-Day War of 1967, established diplomatic and economic relations with. In 1974, Bucharest was granted the most favored nation trade with. However, between 1977 and 1981, Romania's foreign debt increased from $3 billion to $10 billion, which increased the influence of international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The policy of austerity, as well as the beginning of perestroika in the USSR, led to an increase in dissatisfaction with the policies of Ceausescu.
Post-socialist Romania
In December 1989, the Romanian Revolution took place, as a result of which Ceausescu was overthrown and executed, and power passed into the hands of the National Salvation Front; A provisional parliament was created - the Council of National Unity.
In May 1990, the first free presidential and parliamentary elections were held. Since 1990, the presidency for three terms (with a break in 1996-2000) was held by Ion Iliescu, who resigned in 2004. During this time, the country managed to overcome the consequences of the crisis of the mid-1990s, and the government proclaimed its accession to the EU in 2007 along with the main goal of its policy.
Physical and geographical characteristics
Geographical position
Main article: Geography of Romania
Romania map
Romania covers an area of 238,391 km² and is the largest country in Southeast Europe by area and the 12th largest country in all of Europe. The country is located between 43° and 49° north latitude, and 20° and 30° east longitude.
The territory of Romania is characterized by an approximately equal combination of mountainous, hilly and flat areas. Through the entire territory of the country, from the border with to the border with, pass the Carpathians, which prevail in the center of Romania, with 14 mountain ranges. The highest point in Romania is Mount Moldoveanu (2544 m). Oil and polymetallic ores stand out among the minerals.
The southeast of the country is washed by the waters of the Black Sea, where large trading ports and naval bases of the navy are located. Ports are connected with the interior of the country by roads and railways.
The presence of access to the sea makes international maritime trade with European countries profitable, and. Through the Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Atlantic Ocean is carried out, through the Suez Canal - to the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Climate
Romania is located in the continental climate zone, characterized by cold winters and warm summers. The average annual temperature varies from 11°C in the south to 8°C in the north.
The regions of Romania bordering Bulgaria and Hungary are some of the most fertile in the world, but all of them are experiencing significant declines in living standards and populations. There is an unconfirmed opinion that in Romania, as in the rest, the rural population is growing faster than the urban population, and in this regard, the semi-nomadic population of the Balkans is underestimated, which can hide the official population decline in the countries of Eastern Europe.
Spring is characterized by cool nights and warm days. Summers are generally warm, the average maximum temperature in summer in Bucharest is 28°C, the average minimum is 16°C. Winters are cold: the average maximum temperature ranges from 2°C in the plains to -15°C in the mountains. The absolute maximum is 44.5°C and was recorded in 1951, the absolute minimum -38.5°C - in 1942.
On average, 750 mm of precipitation falls annually, most of the precipitation falls in the summer. At the same time, there are significant differences between different regions - up to 1500 mm of precipitation per year falls in the mountains, about 600 mm in the south and in the center in the Bucharest region, and about 370 mm in the Danube Delta.
Environment
Forests occupy 19% of the country's territory, while Romania is one of the largest areas of undisturbed forests in Europe. A large number of wild animals live in the forests, including wolves and others; on the plains - foxes, hares, squirrels and badgers. 400 species of unique mammals (among which the Carpathian chamois), birds and reptiles have been identified on the territory of the country. The fauna of Romania consists of 33,792 animal species, including 33,085 invertebrates and 707 vertebrates.
Political system
Main article: State system of Romania
Klaus Johannis
The current Romanian Constitution was adopted in November 1991 and approved by popular referendum in December of that year. According to the Constitution, Romania is a unitary state with.
The head of state is the president, who is elected by the population for a term of 4 years. Klaus Iohannis has been President of Romania since 2014.
Legislature
Main article: Parliament of Romania
Legislative power in the country is exercised by a bicameral parliament consisting of the Senate ( Senate, 176 seats) and the Chamber of Deputies ( Camera Deputy, 412 seats).
Senators are elected by proportional representation.
The 412 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by proportional representation with a 5% threshold for political parties and an 8% threshold for blocs, with the remaining seats reserved for representatives of national minorities.
The term of office of MPs is 4 years.
The elections in 2012 were won by a coalition of centre-right parties called the Social-Liberal Union, which received 60.1% in the Senate and 58.63% in the Chamber of Deputies. The coalition consisted of the Social Democratic Party, the Centre-Right Alliance, the National Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.
The President of the Senate is Calin Popescu-Tariceanu (PNL).
Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies - Liviu Dragnea.
Judiciary
Body of constitutional supervision - the Constitutional Court ( Curtea Constituțională); the highest court is the Supreme Court of Cassation of Justice ( Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție); Courts of Appeal - Courts of Appeal Curțile de apel din Romania); courts of first instance - tribunals ( Tribunal); the lowest level of the judicial system - judicators ( Judecatorie); the highest body of prosecutorial supervision - the Prosecutor's Office of the Supreme Court of Cassation of Justice ( Parchetul de pe lângă Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție), consisting of the Attorney General of the High Court of Cassation of Justice, First Assistant ( prim adjunct), helper ( adjunct) and three advisors ( consilieri); anti-corruption body - the National Anti-Corruption Directorate ( Direcția Națională Anticoruptie) at the Prosecutor's Office and the General Anti-Corruption Directorate ( Direccia Generala Anticoruptie) under the Ministry of the Interior and administrative reform.
Political parties and public organizations
Rights
- "Greater Romania" ( Partidul Romania Mare) - nationalist party;
- "National Peasant Party - Christian Democrats" ( Partidul Național Țărănesc Creștin Democrat) - Christian Democratic Party;
- "Democratic Liberal Party" Partidul Democrat-Liberal) - Liberal Democratic Party;
- "New Republic" ( Noua Republica) - liberal-conservative party;
- "Conservative Party" Partidul Conservator) is a social conservative party.
centrist
- "National Liberal Party" Partidul National Liberal) - liberal party;
- "Green Party of Romania" ( Partidul Verde) - ecological party;
- Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Romaniai Magyar Demokrata Szovetseg listen)) is the party for the defense of the Hungarian population.
Left
- "Social Democratic Party of Romania" ( Partidul Social Democrat) - Social Democratic Party;
- "National Union for the Progress of Romania" ( Uniunea Națională pentru Progresul României) - a center-left party of former members of the SDP and the NLP;
- "People's Party - Dan Diaconescu" ( Partidul Poporului - Dan Diaconescu) - left-nationalist party;
- "Socialist Alternative Party" ( Partidul Alternativa Socialistă) is the communist party.
Trade unions
The largest trade union center is the National Confederation of Trade Unions of Romania - Brotherhood.
Political situation
Main article: Foreign policy of Romania
Protests in Romania (2017)
On December 6, 2009, the second round of presidential elections took place in Romania, in which Traian Basescu won with a minimal advantage (50.33% of the vote). His rival, one of the leaders of the Social Democratic Party of Romania, Mircea Geoana, challenged the election results in the Constitutional Court.
Băsescu, backed by the centre-right Justice and Truth Alliance, became president in 2004 with 51.23% of the vote. His opponent was the chairman of the ruling Social Democratic Party, 54-year-old Adrian Năstase.
The presidential elections were considered the most violent since the fall of the communist regime in 1989.
Justice and Truth Democracy Alliance candidate Traian Basescu, 53, the mayor of Bucharest, a former sea captain who has also served as transport minister in several governments, has criticized the authorities for being too slow in implementing liberal reforms.
Romania has tensions with, these countries do not have a border treaty with each other. In May 2009, Romanian President Basescu announced that he does not recognize the borders with the Republic of Moldova, which means de jure non-recognition of the Paris Treaty of 1947, the Helsinki Final Act on Security in Europe of 1975, the decisions of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences. In November 2013, Traian Basescu announced his desire to create a single state with Moldova, but the Prime Minister of Moldova, Iurie Leanca, in response to this, stated that Moldova was not ready to unite with Romania.
Administrative division
Main article: Administrative divisions of Romania
Romania map
Romania is divided into 8 development regions, which are not directly administrative units, but serve to coordinate regional development. The development regions are divided into 41 counties and 1 municipality. The counties are divided into 2686 communes (in rural areas) and 256 municipalities. Communes and municipalities are the smallest administrative divisions in Romania. The communes are divided into villages that do not have their own administration and are not administrative units. In total there are 13092 villages in Romania.
An exception in the administrative structure of Romania is , which, unlike other municipalities, is a second-level administrative unit. Bucharest is divided into 6 sectors, each with its own administration.
The administrative divisions of Romania follow the NUTS standard as follows:
- NUTS level 1: Romania;
- NUTS level 2: 8 development regions (each with a population of about 2.8 million people);
Main article: Development regions of Romania
- NUTS level 3: 41 counties and 1 municipality (Bucharest);
Main article: Counties of Romania
- NUTS level 4: not used;
- NUTS level 5: 256 cities and 2686 communes.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Romania
From January 1, 2019, the gross minimum wage was 2080 lei and 2350 lei for qualified specialists (€444.84 and €502.58 for qualified specialists), and net - 1263.00 lei and 1413.00 lei for qualified specialists (€270.11 and €302.19 for qualified specialists). ). The Keitz index (the ratio between the minimum and average wages in the country) in Romania as of 2019 (average - 4532 lei, and minimum - 2080 lei) is about 46%.
General condition, main indicators
Bucharest
Advantages A: oil reserves, successfully transitioned to a stable market economy. Low inflation (3.2%). The country is a member of the EU single market. Relatively high economic growth (above the EU average), and low public debt (below the EU average). Still relatively cheap, and well-educated, in comparison with the EU countries, the workforce. With the unemployment rate plummeting and the labor shortage widening, wage growth as of 2019 is not constrained by the economic slowdown.
Weaknesses: Scarce resource base. Strong corruption. Slowly advancing market reforms. Low investment in infrastructure and R&D. The biggest problem (as in other countries of the new EU members) is the increasing shortage of able-bodied labor force every year, and the increase in the number of pensioners, due to low birth rates and high emigration of the population to other, richer, EU countries, which in turn forces employers to pay more to their workers, thereby artificially raising wages, which leads to an imbalance between productivity and wages.
One of the largest sectors of the economy is oil production, a significant market share is occupied by " Rompetrol”, however, oil reserves are insignificant and its production is constantly decreasing.
One of the largest manufacturers of oil and gas equipment (80% of the production of all oil and gas equipment) - "Plant Upetrom - May 1" in (city); in 2008 the plant celebrated its 100th anniversary since its founding.
Since the mid-2000s, Romania's oil consumption has been roughly double its own production, and this ratio also applies to oil imports and exports.
Romania has natural gas reserves and production, but in recent years the country has had to import gas to meet its needs.
The leading branch of agriculture is plant growing, grain farming. Developed viticulture. In animal husbandry - breeding of sheep and cattle.
Tourism is developing. The largest resort region of the country is the Black Sea coast of Romania.
The distribution of the labor force: about 30% - in agriculture, 23% - in industry, 47% - in the service sector (2006).
The main articles of Romanian exports are engineering products 29.5%, vehicles and spare parts for them 18.4% and products of the metallurgical industry 7.8%. In 2017, the volume of exports was estimated at 70.5 billion dollars. Imports are dominated by engineering products, raw materials, including oil and gas, chemicals, and products from it. In 2017, the volume of exports was estimated at 81.4 billion dollars.
The main partners in foreign trade -, Italy, (2017).
Transport
Romanian Railways is a railway company that performs a significant part of the freight and passenger transportation within the country. The length of railways is over 11 thousand km.
A feature of the Romanian railways is single-track, which greatly slows down the movement of transport and goods.
1075 km of the transport network runs along the Danube. The importance of Romanian ports increases with the creation of the trans-European Rhine-Danube highway.
Population
Main article: Population of Romania
Number, resettlement
Romanian population dynamics
The population of Romania is 19,511,000; In terms of population, Romania ranks ninth in Europe.
As with other countries, Romania is experiencing a declining population. The birth rate is 10.5 per 1000 people, the death rate is 12.0 per 1000 people.
National composition
Ethnic map of Romania
The majority of the inhabitants of Romania are Romanians (90%, according to the 2002 census). Hungarians are the second largest percentage of the total population and make up the majority in the counties of Harghita and Covasna. The total number of Hungarians in Romania is 1.4 million people (6.6% of the country's population, or 19.6% of the population of Transylvania. Gypsies also live in the country (535,140 people, 2.5%), Ukrainians (61,098 people, 0 .3%), Germans (59,764 people, 0.3%), Russians - (35,795 people, 0.2%), Gagauz (45,000 people), Turks (32,098 people, 0.2%), Crimean Tatars (23,935 people, 0.2%), Serbs (22,561 people, 0.1%), Slovaks (17,226 people, 0.08%).
Languages of Romania
The official language of Romania is Romanian, which is native to 90% of the population. The second most common language in the country is Hungarian, native to 6.8% of the population. In the 2007/2008 academic year, there were 1,003 Hungarian-teaching pre-school institutions, 41,000 children attended Hungarian-language kindergartens; 47,600 children studied Hungarian in six institutions of primary education, 44,697 students studied Hungarian in 531 gymnasiums and 398 gymnasium departments.
Religion
Main article: Religion in Romania
Romania does not have an official religion, however the vast majority of the population is Orthodox Christian.
- 86.8% - Romanian Orthodox Church;
- 6.0% - Protestants;
- 4.7% - Catholics;
- 2.4% - others (mostly Muslims).
Sport
Romania has achieved and continues to achieve the greatest success in sports in gymnastics, rowing and athletics. The history of gymnastics knows such outstanding Romanian women as Nadia Comaneci (or Nadia Comanech), Simona Amanar, Yolanda Belash, Lavinia Milosevic, Daniela Silivas, Catalina Ponor.
Romania is also gradually developing in winter sports - in particular, luge and bobsleigh and biathlon. In football, her team reached the quarterfinals of the World Cup - 94, after 4 years - in the 1/8 finals. The most prominent football players: Gheorghe Hadji (retired), Dan Petrescu, Gheorghe Popescu (same status), Adrian Mutu, Ciprian Marika, Cristian Chivu, Razvan Rat.
The Romanian rugby team is one of the strongest teams in Europe: it has won the European Nations Cup four times, and also participated in all seven World Cups.
The Romanian football club Steaua won the European Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in the 1985/86 season, and was also a finalist in the ECCH in the 1988/89 season.
Art
Painting
The largest Romanian artist and in fact the founder of modern Romanian painting was Nicolae Grigorescu.
Music
Singer Inna
The largest Romanian composers are George Enescu, Horatio Radulescu, Jancu Dumitrescu, George Stefanescu.
Mass media
Radio stations: Radio România Actualități», « Radio Romania Cultural», « Radio Romania Regional», « DigiFM», « Radio ZU», « Kiss FM», « Magic FM», « Radio Europa FM», « Virgin Radio», « Radio Pro FM" and " National FM". Radio stations available on medium wave: « Radio România Actualități», « Radio Romania Regional" and " Radio Antena Satelor". TV channels available via DVB-T (formerly on analog UHF): TVR 1, TVR 2, TVR 3, Antena 1 and Pro TV.
Radio Antena Satelor broadcasts on a frequency of 153 LW.
DAB(Bucharest): 223.936 (12A).
Architecture
Maramures
From the 10th-11th centuries, during the formation of feudal estates, art began to emerge in Romania. In Wallachia and Moldova - under the influence of the culture of Byzantium, and; in Transylvania - the cultures of Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland.
dwelling
In the X-XIII centuries, the settlements consisted of rectangular dwellings built of thick logs and hewn beams. Less often there were huts that had a wooden frame, intertwined with branches and smeared with clay. The wooden rafters of high overhanging roofs were covered with straw or shingles.
Stone construction was carried out mainly by feudal lords. The houses of the nobility were modest. Stone estates consisted mainly of 3-4 rooms with a gallery on one of the facades (the estate in Curtea de Arges, XIII-XIV centuries).
Religious buildings
Early churches had a rectangular plan and an apse in the eastern part. They were built from rough stone blocks and bricks.
The Church of St. Nicholas in Curtea de Arges (1310-1352) is cross-domed, built of alternating rows of stone and brick, with a dome on pillars, which indicates the influence of Byzantine culture. Also widely known is the Kokosh Monastery in Isaccea.
Armed Forces of Romania
Main article: Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (indefinite) . IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
Links
- Parliament of Romania
- Country profile on the BBC News website
- Romania at the US Department of State website
Romania is a land with an ancient history; Dacians, Saxons and Turks fought for this territory at different times. Ancient cities that have preserved medieval architecture, mysterious castles, magnificent palaces, ancient monasteries, churches and many other historical sights keep Romania on its lands.
The Carpathians occupy a third of the territory of Romania. The mountain peaks of the Carpathians reach almost 2600 meters, and the ski slopes rise to a height of 2150 meters. The extremely convenient location on the same axis of the country's most famous ski centers (Sinaia, Busteni, Azuga, Predeal, Poiana Brasov) provides tourists with an excellent opportunity to diversify their skiing. At all resorts there are equipment rental points, ski schools are open for beginners.
Balneological tourism is the main component of the Romanian tourist offer and is addressed not only to people with medical problems, but also to those who want to relax, restore vitality and good physical, mental and spiritual condition.
Romania has such a large number of churches and monasteries that it is not surprising that there are many holy places in the country, which are the center of Orthodox spirituality for pilgrims, intended for prayer and repentance of the soul in order to achieve unity with God.
Romania is a godsend for nature lovers. One of the best places for hiking and conquering mountain peaks in all of Romania is the Retezat National Park. The landscapes and landscapes of the park are truly amazing, and rest on its mountain slopes brings maximum pleasure to any lover of hiking and a healthy lifestyle. A modern biosphere reserve - the Danube Delta - is also considered a popular place for ecotourists.
Romania: visit Dracula
Picturesque Carpathian landscapes, wonderful Black Sea beaches, ski resorts, ancient cities with original architecture, and also many medieval castles, the history of which is covered with mysterious legends.. And all this is Romania.
Most often, knowledge about Romania is limited to stories about hominy - the hallmark of Romanian cuisine, the Ceausescu regime and, undoubtedly, Bram Stoker's novel Dracula read in his youth. A simple invention of an Irish writer gave the world a vampire aristocrat, Count Dracula, whose name instantly became the main brand of the country.
Many travelers, finding themselves in the mysterious lands of Transylvania, admit that the invisible presence of Mr. Dracula is felt everywhere. Especially in ancient Sighisoara, where, according to historical sources, the prototype of the literary vampire was born, as well as in the legendary Bran, known as Dracula's castle, but never owned by Vlad the Impaler.
But not only ominous legends are rich in Romania. This country is original and unique. Not a single reference book or even the most comprehensive guide will reveal everything that lurks in the folds of its mountains and in the narrow winding streets of cities, each of which has its own history.
Across the country lies the Carpathian mountain range with completely wild areas. Rare animals live here, which you will not find anywhere else in Europe. The Danube Delta is rich in dozens of species of unique plants, fish and birds - it is not for nothing that this region was declared a biosphere reserve and taken under the protection of UNESCO. The Danube Biosphere Reserve is the largest and least damaged wetland complex in Europe.
In addition, Romania has an outstanding balneological fund: 1/3 of the thermal and mineral waters on the continent are located here. Balneological resorts in Romania are located both on the Black Sea coast and on the shores of lakes and in the mountains. These springs have incomparable healing properties.
It is easy to see that Romania today, like many countries of the former Eastern Bloc, is undergoing rapid change. The modern rhythm of life is easy to feel when you are in Bucharest.
The Romanian capital is a city of contrasts, where ancient buildings flock to skyscrapers of glass and metal, where the lifeless streets of Ceausescu's past architectural plans give way to picturesque neighborhoods of French-style villas, modernist tenements and miniature neo-Romanian castles with vine-twined turrets. Bucharest never ceases to amaze and indulge tourists with an incredible variety of bars, colorful local cafes, shops and nightclubs.