What is homework. Organization of students' homework

, cooking and other household chores.

Relevance

For some, homework is a therapy session, a means to get rid of stress and put their thoughts in order. For others, it is a necessary routine that they perform without thinking. For the third, chores are hateful activities that take time away from creative work, favorite hobbies, communication with interesting people, etc. Let's talk about how you can make your homework easier.

Help from others

Take some of the responsibility off yourself. Gather a family council and share responsibilities. If someone begins to ignore and not fulfill their part of the duties, declare that no one will ever make a single claim against you. If the husband cannot find his car keys, and the son cannot find his notebook, do not rush to help with the search. Let the husband be late for work and get a fine, and let the son be scolded by the teacher. You look, something will understand. And no, you don't have to feel guilty about everyone.

Hire a maid to clean one to three times a week. At a minimum, you can call her to do the most difficult homework, which takes a lot of time and effort. For example, washing tiles, windows, refrigerators, etc.

Appliances

Get a good vacuum cleaner, dishwasher. Look, it will be easier to clean up. However, do not overdo it - there is nothing worse than accumulated household appliancesthat you do not use. It just takes up space.

On the path to simplification

Make a list of household chores. Specify how long each operation takes, and how many times a week (month) you need to perform the specified task. Distribute work over all days, not forgetting to organize yourself a couple of days off. Do the work according to the plan - it's much easier. In addition, you will not forget anything and bring it to that deplorable state of “overgrowing of dirt”, which then will take a very long time to put everything in order.

If you are annoyed by a bunch of small things on which dust accumulates, just organize your living space in a different way. Remove numerous vases and souvenirs - leave a couple of pieces, wipe which is a matter of minutes. Small things that gather dust on the surface, put in boxes, and sign the boxes. In boxes, things gather dust much less. By the way, all cosmetics can be folded into a beauty case. So it will be easier to look for it around the apartment and, again, nothing will gather dust. Your daily cleaning will come down to picking up boxes and dusting. That's all. Organize your home library. Donate unnecessary books to the city library. Put the necessary ones in a closet - preferably, "indoor" - again, so that dust does not accumulate.

Be critical of the purchase of any thing that is supposedly necessary in the household. Remember that it will only add to your cleaning. Be equally critical of buying new cabinets and shelving (where you are going to put new boxes with new things, for example). Remember: the less stuff you have, the less cleaning you have to do.

As trite as it sounds, find a place for every item. This greatly simplifies life. Make a sign with what and where lies. If you forget where you put the item, just look at the table. If you forgot where to return an item after use, look there too.

Psychological side

Do not strive to achieve perfection - it is unattainable. And if it is within reach, it will require too many sacrifices that hardly anyone will appreciate, and you don’t need them either. Consciously forego the opportunity to cram rag-waving into your day - some days don't clean at all. Dirty dishes can also perfectly survive until the next day. Of course, pre-soak it so that the next day you do not have to scrape off dried food and spend three times more time washing dishes.

If you find yourself motivated only by work, make cleaning and cooking work for you too. Do them on a schedule, turn on the timer. That way you get rid of guilt.

Perhaps there are certain things that annoy you about cooking and cleaning. For example, dishes that you do not like. In this case, it is recommended to arrange everything to your liking, and get rid of tasteless dishes without any regrets. Please yourself with new, beautiful cups and plates, hang a picture on the wall, make your home cozy.

Turn on music when you clean, play an addictive audio book when ironing. Let these little rewards diversify the process of cleaning or cooking. In addition, then you will no longer feel like you are wasting your time.

Irina Davydova

Reading time: 6 minutes

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Is home business profitable or not? This question interests many women who, for whatever reason, are forced to stay at home. The profitability of working from home depends on the amount of time you are willing to devote to it and whether your ideas can interest the consumer.

WhywomenIs it important to work from home?

Now such times have come in the world that the famous phrase “the woman is the keeper of the hearth” has lost its relevance a little. On women's shoulders lies the "load of universal problems." A woman not only cooks, washes, cleans, raises children, but also manages, earns, and solves issues of national importance. But when a child appears in the family, many women refuse the services of a nanny and raise their child on their own. But for the family budget, this is a huge blow, because the prices of goods are growing daily.

Working from home for women with children has its advantages:

1. You are your own mistress: if you want - work, get tired - go to bed;
2. No need to hire a nanny to go to work;
3. It saves a lot of time and energy, you do not need to travel in transport so often, and constant stay within four walls does not put pressure on the psyche;
4. You can work in jeans and slippers, while you will not need to have many formal business suits;
5. There is always money for nice little things.

But besides the advantages, this type of employment has its own limitations , the main of which is that not every person can properly organize working time at home. To do this, you just need to have a great desire to earn.

But if you are perfectly able to organize your time, and possible difficulties do not frighten you, do not torture yourself with doubts and boldly proceed to implement your plans. In the end, home work is not for life, but only the form of activity you have chosen for a certain period of time.

The best home professions for women: who can work from home?

Some well-known sociologists believe that the need for offices will disappear very soon. Thanks to new technologies, it will be possible at home. Of course, not all specialists will be able to go home, for example, firefighters will still have to go to the depot, and hospitals cannot do without doctors.

However, today there are many Occupations that allow you to work from home:

Homework is a special kind of independent work, it takes place without the direct guidance of a teacher, therefore, it needs to create the necessary conditions for its successful implementation.

Important functions of education, upbringing and development are assigned to the homework of students.

Homework is a double-edged sword, and if it is not methodically thought out, it can lead to just the opposite results: to teach hacks, to be dishonest in the performance of one's duties, to acquire negative skills that interfere with learning, to deceive. It can overburden the guys unnecessarily.

Basic requirements for homework.

For homework, such types of tasks are offered that have already been completed by students in the lesson on their own. Homework should be within the reach of most students in the class.

According to the degree of difficulty, homework should be approximately equal to or slightly easier than those that were performed in the lesson.

The content of the task should be clear to every student, i.e. all students should know what to do and how to do it.

Keeping the main content of homework, you can partially individualize its purpose, scope, method of implementation.

Homework can be frontal, differentiated and individual.

An indispensable condition for the successful assimilation of program material by students is the preparation of students for doing homework,guidance from the teacher.

Preparing for homework

The time for reporting homework does not have to be attributed to the end of the lesson. It is best to give homework to children before the end of the lesson, when their attention is not so scattered and their strength is not at the limit. A task aimed at consolidating a skill is best given immediately after the exercises that develop this skill.

The message of homework should be accompanied by the instruction necessary for the younger student: attention can be focused either on the analysis of its content, or on the analysis of the method of implementation or on its design.

Work on the formation of skills to perform tasks included in homework must be carried out in the classroom.

To help students, the teacher offers memos on doing certain types of homework (how to solve a problem correctly; how to memorize a poem; how to prepare a retelling plan; how to work on mistakes, etc.).

The teacher is obliged to familiarize parents with the standards of time allotted for homework, with the approximate daily routine, with the correct organization of the workplace. The teacher explains to parents how to properly provide reasonable assistance to students with homework.

Arranging homework checks

Atchecking homework For students, the task of the teacher is to take control not only of the systematic performance of each student's homework, but also the degree of independence of the student in doing it, as well as the level of assimilation of educational material in the process of homework.

Possibleverification forms:

frontal control;

selective control;

mutual control of students when working in pairs;

student self-control.

Assignments for students to check homework:

highlight the main thing in the theory and completed exercises (tasks);

compress (concentrated feed in the shortest possible time) the material;

give a review of the answer, supplement, generalize, draw conclusions, express your attitude to the material presented;

aim by posing questions at the missed, but significant in the answers of fellow practitioners;

highlight questions and problems that we cannot solve at this level of knowledge (leading to a new topic);

continue the answer of one student with the answer of another (logically or in the form of a plan);

perform independently tasks with changed conditions;

mutual check in pairs; self-assessment of completed tasks;

re-execution of tasks without changing the conditions;

return to the information (tasks) in which students made mistakes (at the end of the lesson or at the next one);

write questions about the topic studied at home.

Homework for each subject must be strictly regulated in terms of volume and coordinated with assignments for other subjects.

Overload students may be called upon to:

excessively large homework;

overly difficult homework;

lack of formation in students of the skills necessary to perform a certain type of task;

students' inability to complete the task correctly.

The famous Russian teacher K.D. Ushinsky rightly said that in a child who is busy preparing lessons for a long time, memory and attention weaken, academic performance decreases.

Homework assignments for primary school students are given taking into account the possibility of their implementation within the following limits:

in the 1st grade (from the second half of the year) - up to 1 hour;

in the 2nd - up to 1.5 hours ;

at 3-4 - up to 2 hours.

Approximate amount of homework

for students in grades 2-4

№ n\n

Training

subject

Grade 2

3rd grade

4th grade

Maths

Task or 2 columns of examples

Task or 3 columns of examples,

but no more than 16

Problem and 2 expressions, or 2 problems, or problem and 4 examples

Russian language

15-17 words homework exercise can include no more than one grammar task

25-28 words exercise for

homework

may include no more

one grammar task

35-37 words homework exercise can include no more than one grammar task

Literary reading

No more than 1-1.5 pages

No more than 2-2.5 pages

No more than 3-3.5 pages

The world

No more than 1-1.5 pages

No more than 2-2.5 pages

No more than 2.5-3 pages

The volume and degree of difficulty of homework should be strictlycomply with SanPiN for each class (oral and written assignments, including a foreign language). The amount of homework in all subjects in the aggregate is given to students, taking into account the possibilities of their implementation, butshould not exceed 50% of the audit workload andcontent should not be more complicated than classroom material.

It should be noted that the maximum standards include all tasks of an oral and written nature. Also, these standards are designed for all students with different potential. Hence it follows thathomework norms imply a differentiated approach to each student (volume, nature and degree of complexity of homework, including a foreign language).

The term homework often used to refer to independent work of schoolchildren when doing homework ( homework assignments).

With the advent of the Internet homework concept took on a new meaning as a synonym distant work when, thanks to the means of communication, the work at the place of residence of the employee is similar in quality and quantity to his work in the building of an office or enterprise. homework in the sense home work is a promising type of work in many areas, especially among scientists, workers in other high-tech industries who can work on the same project, living (being) in different places on the globe. The concept of remote work in the sense of "at a distance from the central office" gave rise to the concept home office work.

In the Internet homework concept used to indicate the type of activity of web studio workers or freelancers (freelancer) working at home with a digital electronic product. To pay homework performers, they use different, but most often.

Homework

On request homework Wikipedia produces the following definition:

Homework- a task assigned by the teacher (teacher) to the student (student) for independent completion after lessons (pairs). Role of homework- to prevent forgetting the new material studied in the lesson, the assimilation of which is concentrated.

Importance of homework

Doing homework by students is a form of learning. Under home study work one should understand the independent fulfillment by students of the teacher's educational tasks for repeating and deeper assimilation of the material studied in the lesson and its application in practice, the development of creative abilities and talents, as well as the improvement of skills and abilities to independently replenish, expand and strengthen knowledge.

the form is independent. the work of students is organized by the teacher in order to consolidate and deepen the knowledge gained in the lesson, as well as to prepare for the perception of a new uch. material, and sometimes for themselves. solutions feasible to know. tasks; an integral part of the learning process.

Already in the 16th century. D. h. become an obligatory component. work. But being a part of process, D. h. in the practice of the school along with the positive. effect caused such negative phenomena as overloading students, mechanical. memorization, etc. D. h. throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. were the subject of ped. discussions. L. N. Tolstoy, believing that D. h. - this is a ruined evening of a student, he canceled them at his Yasnaya Polyana school. K. D. Ushinsky proved the expediency of using D. z. only after special preparing students for their implementation. In some uch. institutions, in particular in the gymnasium of K. I. May, work was carried out to improve the D. h., to overcome the overload of the student.

After 1917, under the conditions of a unified school, there was no obligation. D. z., they began to be considered as a necessary component of the work of the school only from the beginning. 30s In the 60s. in connection with the criticism of "traditional education", aimed only at the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities, and focusing on the development of the creative abilities of the individual, the skills of being independent. knowledge developed in the 1930s. D.'s technique h. has been revised. D. h. are considered as a means of preparing for self-education, stimulating the development of independent, creative forms of cognition.

D.'s performance h. without direct the teacher's observations are a kind of ICP independent. students' activities. The work of a student at home depends entirely on his internal. will induce, forces, attitudes to uch. labor. Systematicity and high quality of performance of D. h. are provided, as a rule, cognizant. interest in teaching subject, a sense of duty and responsibility for work to the school, parents, society. Forming a stable posit. The teacher provides motivation for the implementation of D. z., and the upbringing in students of the desire to independently improve their knowledge, including for self-education.

Homework of students differs from the class and content side of the activity. At home, students are faced with the need to be independent. knowledge using a variety of sources; at the same time, they should be able to select the necessary information, highlight and write down the main thing, choose the most. rational methods of consolidating the material, independently determine the degree of their readiness for the lesson; be able to rationally plan work, since they have to work on 3-4 academic hours daily. items.

At home, you can carry out such types of work that are difficult to organize in the classroom: long-term observations, experiments, modeling, design, etc.

The peculiarity of homework lies in the fact that it can be more flexible and variable than the frontal work of schoolchildren in the classroom, it is designed to develop the individual abilities and inclinations of the student, to the student's knowledge of his abilities. When solving this problem, the teacher may not strictly regulate the task, leaving the student the right to freely choose the content of the work, methods of implementation, volume.

Of particular importance are the so-called. leading tasks, to-rye prepare students for the perception of a new account. material arouse interest. Material D. h. in this case it is organically included in the teacher's explanation. The types of anticipatory tasks are varied: collecting facts for their analysis in the classroom, conducting observations, searching for answers to questions posed by the teacher, etc. Anticipatory tasks given by the teacher for a long time have special opportunities. term and, as a rule, designed for the free choice of students. Work on them develops into a systematic. independent. student's activity on in-depth study of the chosen topic.

Tasks for mastering and consolidating new material may include answering textbook questions, compiling a story according to this plan, etc. Their goal is to include the student in a deeper understanding of what has been learned. Among the tasks for the application of knowledge, a special role is played by complex, orienting students to use material from different accounts. subjects and being one of the means of implementing interdisciplinary connections in teaching.

In all types of D. h. along with the reproductive work, the creative work of the schoolchild occupies a large place. D. z., formulated by the teacher as cognizant, are especially effective. tasks (see Cognitive task). Mn. teachers are building a system of D. h. on tasks-minimum and tasks-maximum. At the same time, the first of them are mandatory for everyone, the second - voluntary. On modern stage of development of the school, collective forms of D. z are common.

In conditions of greater freedom and greater independence for students in the performance of D. h. the problems associated with the overload of the student are especially actualized.

Character, volume, complexity D. h. must be scientifically proven. It is also necessary to specially form the skills of independent work in schoolchildren, to acquaint them with the scientific organization of labor, to provide for a change in activities (see also Hygiene of training sessions).

In grades 4-8 detailed briefing is provided for each type of tasks. At the first stages, during reproductive tasks, the teacher in the lesson draws the attention of students to the methods of doing work, analyzes them, corrects them and recommends using them at home. If D. h. differ from the work performed in the classroom, the teacher at the department. example analyzes how to implement it; expedient analysis and naib. complex elements of D. h. Parents control the regularity and thoroughness of the implementation of D. z., create favorable conditions for children to prepare for lessons, and provide the necessary assistance.

For students Art. age with experience of self-sufficiency. work, a general briefing is recommended before studying each topic, indicating possible work options, analyzing the difficulties of the account. material, characteristic obligatory. and additional literature, defining the boundaries of the minimum and maximum work on the topic. Involving students in planning work on the topic, the teacher stimulates the formation of scientific skills. organization of student work.

Such a system of homework management enables the student to act as an organizer of his own learning. activities (accounting and self-education, obligatory and voluntary), combining learning and self-education into a single process.

Distinguishes, a feature of control over the implementation of D. h. - organic connection of the explanation of the new with the results of checking homework, which saves time, activates the learning process. In Art. In the classrooms, new types of control are introduced - competitive lessons conducted by the teacher together with students on the basis of work on advanced tasks. Indirect control is also carried out when students are independent. assignments in the classroom are similar to homework.

For the development of methods are independent. the work of students, the teacher needs to be interested in what methods the student used when performing D. z., and discuss the most. rational ways of working. However, monitoring the student's homework involves not only checking the correctness of the implementation of D. z., but is also one of the effective means of forming a responsible attitude to learning, especially if in checking D. z. the whole class is involved. At the same time, it is important to apply forms of mutual control, instructing high school students to check the work of students Jr. classes or each other.

When performing D. h. in schools and after-school classes and boarding schools, students can use uch. classrooms, manuals, conduct laboratory work, set up experiments, etc. Here, most are assigned to self-training. productive for themselves. work hours. The educator (teacher) can help the student: to advise, determine his readiness to complete the D. z., to time the time spent by the student on preparing the task, to organize mutual assistance and mutual control of students. But certain difficulties also arise: students, as a rule, prepare lessons in the same room, which makes it easier to cheat and prompt; the process of preparing oral assignments becomes more complicated, since their retelling is difficult, etc. Under these conditions, it is especially important to individualize assignments, taking into account the interests and inclinations of students.

Lit .: Rabunsky E. S. Individualization of homework is a necessary condition for successful learning, Kaliningrad, 1962; Vodeyko R. I., Homework for a high school student, Minsk, 1974; Pospelov H. H., How to prepare students for homework, M., 1979; Shabalina 3. P., Home account. work of schoolchildren, M., 1982; G p o m c s in a A. K., Domashnaya uch. work as a means of rapprochement between learning and self-education, in her book: Formation of students' readiness for self-education, M., 1983. AK Gromtseva.

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