The constitutional coup twenty years ago. Constitutional coup twenty years ago What event happened in 1992

A quarter of a century, however. Anniversary. 1992 turned out to be one of the most lethal and hopeless in the post-Soviet period and the first full year of the so-called New Russia. What was the price of only inflation, which reached 2600%. However, already in the first post-New Year days, waking up from the short holidays, dear Russians madly looked at new price tags in stores. The citizens received the first shock injections of shock therapy, however, they were not going to fall backwards.

One of the most epic moments in this whole story was the decree of President Boris Yeltsin "On freedom of trade", which entered into force on January 29 and allowed individuals to trade "in any places convenient for them, with the exception of the roadway of streets, metro stations and territories. adjacent to the buildings of state authorities and administration ”. In fact, everywhere. A huge number of people, tired of delays in the rapidly depreciating wages, rushed to the streets with anything in their hands.

The vast majority of shopping crowds instantly formed in the very center of Moscow, especially at Detsky Mir, near the Maly Theater (I still remember this surreal picture), Central Department Store, as well as at any metro station. Less than a year later, numerous stalls were built there, where you could buy anything, from a bottle of vodka and a gas pistol to slacks (such trousers) and Cossacks. Yes, yes, in one of them, at the beginning of 1993, I bought burgundy Cossacks with almost my last money. Chic! However, I am getting ahead of myself. The main contingent is pensioners, women of Balzac's age from the budgetary (and there was no other sphere) and daring men of a rumpled appearance.

Let me tell you a little about my personal experience in the "trade". At the end of the second year of the institute, realizing that it is normal for one scholarship, and most importantly, it is not possible to live happily and productively, at the same time, to create something more or less significant, such as shuttle business or owning your own point in "Luzh", like the then Chichvarkin I will not succeed by definition (I have other talents, yes), I carefully decided to start small. No, well, why - everyone ran and I ran. Slowly.

At the moments of the awakening of entrepreneurial initiative, I took a huge old tourist backpack from the mezzanine (secretly from my parents, of course), went with it to the nearest store "Baikal", where I was stocked with 0.33 liter bottles of "Fanta" and "Pepsi" (plastic " land mines ”appeared later), which for some reason were surprisingly cheap there. Feeling a commercial vein in myself, praying to God Mercury and hoisting a heavy load on my fragile student shoulders, I drove with Shchelkovskaya somewhere to Paveletskaya so that friends and acquaintances would not suddenly see (it's a shame all the same) and laid the "goods" right on the parapet near underground.

And you know, at the very least, but bought. Once I even came home with an empty backpack, though also because a couple of bottles broke on the way. I still remember how one peasant, having bought a bottle of "Fanta" from me and immediately drank it on the spot, talked for a long time that it was such a "sunny" drink, in contrast to the brutal oil "Pepsi". Of course, no cops cared about me, because permits for all this crap did not seem to be required. Complete, so to speak, freedom of enterprise. The dream of Medvedev, who once foolishly threatened "not to nightmare small business."

Then I figured that it would be necessary to switch to fired vodka (in terms of sale, of course) and sell it at night somewhere near three stations, but God, as they say, saved me. Moreover, a more "intellectual" kind of part-time job has turned up - selling books near the metro. It seemed then not like an example more solid, because you were offered two sliding tourist tables, a similar chair and some kind of awning. Thus, a whole "book disorder", its own "point" was obtained.

In addition, it was no longer a spontaneous trade at your own peril and risk, the goods were supplied by the "employer". I had to arrive at the appointed time, unload the books from the crumpled cardboard boxes and put them on the tables. It was called "decompose" (hmm). Well, to trade as much as possible. By the way, no one hovered that the book products looked shabby due to numerous travels back and forth - they bought it still! For there have not yet been any "Biblio-Globes" or other glossy "Book Houses" in their modern sense.

My daily rate of return was usually comparatively small, but added to my scholarship salary substantially. How many - today I do not remember. There was a second experience in 1996, and then about 50,000 rubles a day came out (don't be alarmed, it's only 50 by now). True, there were "super profits". I will not hide - I did not always post the price tags for books and often voiced the cost "from the bulldozer." The difference is in your pocket. Horror, horror, yes. Shame and shame. Who is it easy for?

The atmosphere near the metro was lively and relaxed. What's your Odessa bazaar. I remember that at about five in the evening (just when people started to stomp from work) a truck drove up and right in the center of the square near the metro station, bypassing any sanitary and epidemiological norms, a huge construction of beer crates filled with the then fashionable Tverskoy was built. A line immediately formed, the peasants, sweating in the July haze, uncorked the precious vessels, sat in the shade on the marble parapets and, without haste, drank for an hour or two. What can I say - booze!

Well, I soon gave up with that "trading business", there were still more interesting ways to replenish my wallet. Although, I remember, once in the winter of 1994 I was sitting in a tent with videotapes on Arbat Square. However, this is a completely different story. And 1992, in spite of all its absurdity, disorder, numerous difficulties and problems, no longer seemed so scary.

What was that “free enterprise” time like for you? How did you earn money?

Baghdasaryan V.E.

October 1993 ... What is the historical semantics of the events that took place 20 years ago? A direct consequence of what happened was the adoption of a new Constitution. This Constitution banned the state ideology of Russia. In essence, an external ideological project was adopted. The type of non-sovereign model of statehood was asserted.

Currently, judging by public opinion polls, the majority supports the side of the Supreme Council in those events. But if we proceed from the position of the majority, then an appropriate audit of the results of what happened should be carried out. And the following happened ...

In 1993, a constitutional coup took place in Russia. The president was at the head of this coup. According to the 1977 Constitution in force at that time, the Congress of People's Deputies was the highest legislative body. He had the right to demand an account of the president and the removal of 2/3 of his votes from office. At the congress, the Supreme Soviet was elected - a legislative body constantly operating between its convocations. The head of government (prime minister) could be appointed only with the agreement of the Supreme Council. All these constitutional constraints in relation to the president were initially managed to be bypassed on the basis of the resolution of the Fifth Congress of 1991 on granting BN Yeltsin "special powers." But the effect of the provided carte blanche expired in December 1992. Considering the failure of the ongoing reforms, the further political fate of Boris Yeltsin and the elite associated with him was in question.

Realizing this threat, the President, on December 10, 1992, called on his supporters to leave the Seventh Congress. In his address, the president spoke of "the impossibility of working with the Congress of Deputies," refusing to extend its special powers and demanding a change in the head of government. Even then, Yeltsin's first coup policy was undertaken. But she failed. Having retained the quorum, the Congress dismissed the radical monetarist Ye.G. Gaidar from the post of head of government, appointing in his place the compromise figure of the former Minister of the Gas Industry of the USSR V.S. Chernomyrdin.

A new attempt at a "non-violent coup" was undertaken by Boris Yeltsin in March 1993, when the president signed an unconstitutional decree "On a special order of government." But this entry was also blocked by the joint efforts of the Supreme Council, the Constitutional Court, the Prosecutor General's Office, and the Security Council.

Then it was decided to enlist the support of the people, for which a referendum on confidence in the president and parliament was started. It was assumed that due to the control of the media, as well as the "ideological and material assistance of foreign colleagues" BN Yeltsin will be able to obtain the desired result. However, contrary to the reports about the unconditional victory of the Yeltsin course, the referendum did not give an absolute advantage to either side. When counting votes from the number of voters, the confidence of B.N. Yeltsin was opposed by 58.7% of people, his reforms were supported by 53.0%, 49.5% were in favor of the need for early re-election of the president, and 67.2% of the Supreme Soviet. If we count all potential voters (and a referendum is, as you know, a popular expression of will and should be procedurally different from the next elections), the "success" of the Yeltsin team already appears as a defeat: only 37.6% of the electorate declared their confidence in Boris Yeltsin , 34% support his policy, 32.6% for the re-election of the president, 41.4% for the Supreme Soviet.

The statistics of "invalid ballots" are especially indicative. The most critical position for Boris Yeltsin was on the issue of re-election of the president. Only 0.5% of the votes were not enough for a negative verdict for him. And it is for this indicator that the largest number of spoiled ballots is recorded. It is noticeably discordant with all the corresponding indicators for other survey articles. And, as you know, one extra badge is enough for the ballot to be invalid. A paradox arose: 58.7% trust the president, but 49.5% demand his re-election.

After all these failures, it is obvious that a decision is made to forcefully resolve the contradictions between the president and the Supreme Soviet. The parliament, meanwhile, is taking a number of steps that expressed the desire to unfold the vector of development outlined by the liberal reformers. The materials on the denunciation of the Belovezhskaya agreements as an illegal decision of the Supreme Council, which assumed the powers of the Congress or a referendum, were submitted to the Constitutional Court. The transfer of the Crimean ASSR to Ukraine was also determined to be illegal. The proposal to ratify the START II Treaty on Strategic Arms Reduction, as subversive to Russia's security, was categorically rejected. An attempt is being made to create mechanisms to deprive the liberal Yeltsin team of the monopoly over the media. For this purpose, the Federal Council for Ensuring Freedom of Expression in the State Mass Media is being established, and amendments to federal legislation on the press are being adopted. Everything went to the fact that at the upcoming Tenth Congress of People's Deputies in November 1993, Boris Yeltsin was to lose his presidency.

The events that took place exactly one month before that point directly to the person interested in the upheaval. Parliament was declared the organizer of the conspiracy. BN Yeltsin, in his address of October 6, 1993, spoke about "an armed rebellion planned and prepared by the Supreme Soviet." Its goal was nominated in "the establishment of a bloody communist-fascist dictatorship in Russia." It is a well-known and even universal tactic of the conspirators - to declare in the coup plot those against whom the coup is actually directed. If today there is a conspiracy to remove the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation from power, then there is no doubt that he himself will be presented as the main conspirator according to this scenario.

By the decree of September 21, 1993 "On gradual constitutional reform in the Russian Federation", the current Constitution was abolished, the Supreme Soviet was dissolved, elections of a new parliament and voting were appointed according to the new Basic Law.

None of the nominated decisions had legal force under the current legislation. The coup was, in fact, carried out. The matter remained small - a technical operation to suppress the supporters of the previous state structure.

The path of compromises in the overturn phase can lead to the failure of the entire technological operation. Apparently, the developers of the technology of Yeltsin's power interception were well aware of this. The possibility of any compromise was excluded in advance. All proposals received, in particular, from the Constitutional Court, the meeting of the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Russian Orthodox Church on the return to the original pre-conflict situation were rejected by Boris Yeltsin. The decision of the supreme body of power in Russia - the extraordinary 10th Congress of People's Deputies convened on the simultaneous coups of the president and the Supreme Soviet no later than March 1994 - was also ignored.

Today there is ample evidence that a pre-developed plan for the use of military force existed at Yeltsin's headquarters. It also indicated the timing of the decisive strike - October 3-4. A few days before the bloody events, the Minister of the Press, MN Poltoranin, sent a note to the heads of the media in which he called on "to treat with understanding the measures that the president will take on October 4". The leadership of the Institute. Sklifosovsky was instructed the day before to prepare an additional 300 beds. On October 1, information about a possible shootout and the subsequent assault on the House of Soviets on October 3 passed through the airborne forces stationed in Moscow. So the official version that the presidential forces were only repelling the blow inflicted by the supporters of the Supreme Soviet does not correspond to the reconstructed chronology of the formation of the conspiracy. The action of the crowd of demonstrators at the White House was programmed from the Yeltsin headquarters. Since the beginning of October 3 on October Square, a mass demonstration, the OMON for some reason withdrew its forces. Demonstratively, no one bothers the crowd. She is provoked to use force. Such a provocation was the shots from the mayor's office and the Mir hotel (the operational headquarters of the Interior Ministry troops were located there). In response, the crowd rushes into the mayor's office and, in the euphoria of success, heads to the television center. The official media announced the seizure of two floors of the Ostankino complex by the militants. TV broadcasting was turned off. And only after the fact of the events it turned out that not a single militant had penetrated into the building of the television center. And he could not penetrate. It contained the special forces of the division. Dzerzhinsky, while there were no more than 20 armed people among the demonstrators. It is still not clear who fired the first shot. According to numerous testimonies, it was fired from the direction of the Ostankino building, wounding one of the Makashov submachine gunners. The subsequent skirmish, led mainly from the television center, government armored vehicles and the roofs of nearby houses, was an imitation of battle. Through organizational provocation, the moral right to shed blood was obtained by the Yeltsin team.

It is characteristic that the Russian and international democratic community assessed the Yeltsin coup as a necessary measure to establish legal order.

When sanctifying the conflict between the branches of government in Russia, the Western media invariably presented Boris Yeltsin under the marker "legally elected president", "the only legal and popularly elected government" the corresponding attitude was programmed for the information consumer:

the president is "legitimate" and the deputies of the Supreme Soviet are illegal. Undoubtedly, without the appropriate sanction of the West, B. N. Yeltsin would never have dared to do what he carried out in 1993. domineering transformation. Boris Yeltsin himself confessed in his recollections of negotiations on a coup scenario with German Chancellor G. Kohl: “I wanted to discuss with him a question of principle for me: if I go to limit the activities of parliament, how ... the West will react to my actions ... supported me, expressing confidence that other leaders of the G7 will also treat tough but necessary measures with understanding. " The mandate from the United States was probably obtained by the Russian president during his visit to Vancouver in April 1993. In this connection, the words uttered by Boris Yeltsin in January 1994 are characteristic. during a press conference organized on the occasion of Bill Clinton's reception in Moscow: "We are in the thick of the Russian-American joint revolution." The recognition is comprehensive.

The texts of the Russian mass media in October 1993 testify to how the content of the coup can be substituted by appropriate information methods. One such example is the letter of the 42s published on October 5 in Izvestia - "Writers demand decisive action from the government":

"... The fascists took up arms, trying to seize power. Thank God, the army and law enforcement agencies ended up with the people, did not split ... These stupid scoundrels only respect strength. So it's not time to demonstrate it to our young, but already, as we are again with joyful surprise convinced that democracy is strong enough? ... This time we must strictly demand from the government and the president: ... All kinds of communist and nationalist parties, fronts and associations must be disbanded ... Prosecutors followed, judges patronizing this kind of socially dangerous crime must immediately to be removed from work .... The press organs, day after day inciting hatred ... must be closed until the trial ... To recognize illegitimate not only the Congress of People's Deputies, the Supreme Soviet, but also all the bodies formed by them (including the Constitutional Court) ... once gave us a chance to take a broad step towards democracy and civilization. chance…!"

The apotheosis of Yeltsin's democracy! This kind of text, it would seem, should have once and for all disavowed liberal ideology in Russia. The letter is clearly extremist. However, its signatories are the democratic writers' elite, cult figures of the new Russia - Ales Adamovich, Anatoly Ananyev, Artem Afinogenov, Bella Akhmadulina, Grigory Baklanov, Zory Balayan, Tatyana Bek, Alexander Borshagovsky, Vasil Bykov, Boris Vasiliev, Alexander Gelman, Daniil Granin Davydov, Daniil Danin, Andrey Dementyev, Mikhail Dudin, Alexander Ivanov, Edmund Iodkovsky, Rimma Kazakova, Sergey Kaledin, Yuri Karjakin, Yakov Kostyukovsky, Tatyana Kuzovleva, Alexander Kushner, Yuri Levitansky, Dmitry Mikhachev, Yuri Nagibin, Andrey Nuikin, Bulat Okudzhava, Valentin Oskotsky, Grigory Pozhenyan, Anatoly Pristavkin, Lev Razgon, Alexander Rekelchuk, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Vladimir Savelyev, Vasily Selyunin, Yuri Chernichenko, Andrey Chernov, Marietta Chudakova, Mikhail Chulaki, Victor Afanasyev.

At the very apogee of hostilities on October 4, the radio station "Echo of Moscow" through the mouth of Yuri Chernenko appealed to the authorities with the appeal "Crush the reptile!" All the authorities listed in the above document were understood as "reptile". Congress of People's Deputies, Supreme Soviet, Constitutional Court.

Also characteristic is Boris Yeltsin's congratulations on his victory, which came from Dzh.Dudaev. Then back in October 1993, they acted as allies. "The government of the Chechen Republic," wrote D. Dudayev, "approves of your actions to suppress the communist-fascist rebellion in Moscow,

whose goal was to seize power in Russia and drown democracy in blood ... Accept, Mr. President, the assurances of my highest consideration. "

Of course, a constitutional coup took place in Russia in 1993, if only because all the actions of Boris Yeltsin's team were not constitutional. But if this is so, then the Constitution of 1993, and privatization, and, in general, everything that comes from the authorities over a twenty-year period turns out to be illegitimate. Of course, such a formulation of the question contains certain risks. But it is also obvious that the very foundation of the modern state needs to be changed. And for this, one cannot do without a statement of its original illegitimacy.

The Chinese have long noticed that periods alternate, intricately intertwining characteristics. They collected their knowledge into a treatise known as the Chinese Zodiac. To understand its nuances, let's look at an example. Here, 1992 - what animal? How is it characterized and, most importantly, different from others? How does it affect people born during this period.

1992 - year of whom according to the horoscope?

Let's start with the fact that the Chinese horoscope forms a combination of twelve animals with four elements. But that's not all. Further, any sign obtained from this plexus is painted with a certain color, which gives the period additional features. So, if we consider 1992, what kind of animal it is, elements and colors, we get the answer: Monkey, water, black. There are only three signs. But these are the key symbols, starting from which they create all the other characteristics for 1992. The eastern horoscope allows you to describe those who were born during this period, what it will bring to other people, how to carry it out, and so on. Let's take a look at the gifts and pitfalls of the year.

Characteristics of personalities

The monkey gives its own features to those whose dates of birth are 1992. Whichever animal you take, there are generally recognized characteristics. So, a monkey in our imagination is associated with cunning, energy, some
naivety.

To a certain extent, people who were born during this period adopt such qualities. Only they are strengthened by the element of water, as the Chinese horoscope interprets. 1992 gave the world purposeful personalities (this is not from a monkey), reserved and very talented. They are friendly, they have every opportunity to become the soul of the company. They treat professional activities responsibly, perform their duties quickly, skillfully, observing the terms and norms. They value knowledge. They study all their lives, sparing no time and energy. The horoscope claims that there are no other people who can achieve their goals as well as those who were given life in 1992. What animal horoscope can compete with such extraordinary characteristics? But not everything is so wonderful. These people also have negative traits (like everyone else).

What do these individuals need to fear?

It is clear that 1992, whatever monkey it may be, will throw some not the most pleasant "gifts" into the character of its "offspring". The most difficult thing to overcome is rejection of criticism. This is where negative monkey traits come in. A person believes that he is an authority for himself. There is no other opinion for him. Therefore, he can treat favorably only to those who support him. He perceives criticism as a personal insult. How so, he knows better what to do! Therefore, the answer to the question: "1992 - the year of what animal?" can be supplemented with the following characteristic: smart, but irreconcilable.

By the way, they have the right to do so. Since they do not shift responsibility for their decisions onto other people's shoulders.

About compatibility

It is impossible to consider and not touch upon the issue of his interaction with others. When you ask yourself what kind of monkey is 1992, compatibility comes out on top. The point is that it is complex and multifaceted. Abstractly, it can be represented as a metallic black river, powerfully flowing along its bed. How to interact with such a person? What should be done so that this directed stream of meaningful energy does not crush with its inexorable force? The Chinese believe that these people should be considered as promising relationships with the Horse and the Rat. Alliances with the Tiger, Bull or Dog can become very problematic. And another question about 1992, what kind of animal (compatibility means) does he not tolerate? Who won't get along with at all? It turns out that there are none. The Black Monkey, fortified by the element of water, makes a person quite flexible. He gets along more or less with everyone, although intimacy can only be deep with the above
signs.

About the profession

It is believed that there is no such specialty or direction of activity where these Monkeys would not expect success. The fact is that the mind in them is combined with dexterity and cunning. They can be great advertisers. Especially in this age of the Internet. If perseverance is cultivated in the character of this person, then all other natural data will be enough for him to build a career in diplomacy. He is smart, while his intellect is flexible, striving for constant self-improvement (by nature). These Monkeys have innate artistic abilities, which they do not realize until very old age. It's perfectly normal for them to play different roles. Children born during this period should be aimed at a career where they will have to constantly move, learn new things, otherwise they will "wither away".

About communication

A very important point is how a person knows how to build a conversation and generally contacts with others. Those whose year of birth fell on the Monkey, masters of communication. And the point is not even that they perfectly convey their thoughts and perfectly listen to the interlocutor. They still have a perfect memory, which helps them in making contacts. They always know how to remind themselves in time with a greeting card or in a topic with a thought expressed. They are hindered by arrogance, which must be overcome. The fact is that the Monkey can at one moment, under the influence of mood, destroy everything that it has been working on for a long time and painstakingly. You cannot glue what is broken with regrets. We'll have to start over again. And it was only necessary to keep your mouth shut so as not to offend a significant person.

How will their life turn out

In childhood and adolescence, these people are really lucky. They succeed. They get as much affection and attention as is necessary for harmonious development. Difficulties overtake these Monkeys in the middle of the journey. At this time, chaos is possible associated with the arrangement of personal life or career. And it's not about them. You just need to solve certain tasks related to spiritual growth. At this time, these people need to be helped. They themselves will not guess to ask for support. Their old age will be quiet and calm. The Chinese horoscope warns that they may die in a foreign land, far from loving hearts.

What kind of parents are they

People who were born under the sign of the Water Monkey are slightly indifferent to children. This applies to both men and women. No, they will not throw offspring to grandmothers, but they will not shake over them, touched by every step. It is best for them to perform parenting based on friendship. Then you can build strong partnerships with children, not lose their affection and love. Monkeys are generous but selfish. They need to realize and accept this trait of their character. But, in spite of some alienation, their offspring are very proud of their parents, often becoming their right hand in the family business.

Special features

Naturally, the Monkey endows its wards with a zest, without which they could not get what raises many of them to the peak of fame (to one degree or another). This trait is magnificent, subtle. Their jokes are so sophisticated and charming that many people fall underneath. Sometimes this humor becomes angry, turning into stinging. But friends forgive, and Monkeys are not inclined to pay attention to everyone else. Moreover, mental creativity, expressed in humor, helps their professional activities.

Often they can earn more by virtuoso puns than years of painstaking work. Women born under the sign of the Water Monkey are endowed with the charm of harmonious maturity. They immediately pay attention to them, trying to "look into the soul." There is a certain magnetism in these seemingly modest girls.

If a person who was born in 1992 appeared in the circle of your acquaintances, then take a closer look at this still young personality. Most likely, it will seem to you that this is a quiet and hard worker, to whom it is written by nature, to spend his whole life in the shadow of someone else's glory. It's not like that at all. It's just that these people are not inclined to open up to everyone they meet. The time has not yet come when their main goal will begin to take on visible features. Rest assured, they are already working on it. If you manage to get into their trustees, you can eventually receive dividends that are not inferior in size to those paid by large corporations. It is worth tolerating their obsession and sometimes annoying stinginess. The heyday of these personalities will be in 2020, that is, it will coincide with the time of prosperity for Russia!

So, having dealt with 1992, we can draw the following conclusion. This is the period under the patronage of the Black Monkey under the influence of water. This sign is complex and multifaceted. People who are fortunate enough to fall under his influence will lead a vibrant and eventful life.

Today, 1992 is next in line, and the first part will be devoted to the country that was called the Soviet Union on the eve of the New Year holidays and which was finished on the December night of 1991 in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. For some, this geopolitical catastrophe has become a tragedy, for others - a reason for rejoicing. In the West, the gravediggers of the USSR received a standing ovation.

Yeltsin speaking at a joint meeting of both chambers of the US Congress, June 17, 1992 Alexander Sentsov and Alexander Chumichev ITAR-TASS:

Let's see what happened in 1992 on the ruins of a great country.

Russia first.
Together with the political building of the USSR, its entire economic system collapsed overnight. From the first days of January, the country plunged headlong into the "wild market". By a special decree of Yeltsin, the entire population was allowed to trade anywhere and in anything without any permission.

Sale of alcoholic beverages hand-held at the Yaroslavsky railway station in Moscow. 1992 year. Stanislav Shaklein, MIA "Russia Today":

Along with street trading, a system of "commercial" stores blossomed overnight, where they traded for currency or at free prices in rubles, which grew tenfold in a matter of weeks.

A variety of goods on the counters of foreign exchange stores. Moscow, 1992. Sergei Titov MIA "Russia Today":

The ruble exchange rate has been uncontrollably diving down all year, turning all the savings of citizens into pennies. From now on, people trusted only Western currency. First of all, "bucks".

Muscovites exchange dollars for rubles at one of the local banks on Black Tuesday, September 22, 1992. Alexander Zelimanchenko AP Photo:

The most enterprising citizens went to buy goods abroad. Tens of thousands of people were learning the new profession of "shuttle traders".

Minsk, 1992. The woman in the bologna jacket. Photo by RIA Novosti:

The first year of the "wild market" brought impoverishment and hunger to Russia. The government was forced to ask the West to provide "humanitarian aid" with food.

"Humanitarian Aid" arrived in Smolensk. January 1992:

In addition to food problems, the country was shaken by interruptions in other essential goods.

The queue at a gas station in Moscow, 1992:

For a quick transition from socialism to capitalism, the Russian government announced the start of "voucher privatization." Its main ideologue Chubais promised that one voucher would be equal to the cost of two Volga cars.

Privatization. 1992 year. Alexey Boytsov. RIA News:

The perestroika "cooperators" were forming a young "business elite" in Russia, from which the Yeltsin "oligarchs" would soon emerge.

Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the International Financial Association Menatep, 1992:

The government of Yeltsin's "young reformers" did not see the country's economic future without Western investment. In 1992, there were a few more, but some are very symbolic.

On the site of the future Coca-Cola plant on Novoorlovskaya street in Novo-Peredelkino, 1992:

The heady "air of freedom" filled the country. Now everything is possible.

Moscow, trade on Pushkin Square, Daniel Biskup, 1992:

All forbidden fruits are now available.

Topless dancing in the cabaret of the hotel "Ukraine", Arnold H. Drapkin, 1992:

The powerful wind of change was felt throughout. Bright, flashy colors came into fashion, which were associated with complete freedom and relaxedness.

Models during the show program of fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev, 1992. RIA News:

New stars were lit on the Russian stage.

The long-awaited "spiritual freedom" suddenly showed its inside out and began to take on the most ugly forms.

Fans cheer Hitler's lookalike at the Metal Corrosion concert (1992):

1992 was the beginning of the gangster era of the 90s. The time has come for "brigades", "groups", "shooters", "showdowns", "bros", "raids" and "roofs".

Detained bandits from the Uralmash group lie side by side before interrogation (1992):

The population began to arm. Yeltsin issued a decree allowing citizens to buy pneumatic and gas pistols, as well as gas cans for self-defense.

In Russian politics, 1992 passed relatively peacefully, although irreconcilable contradictions between the deputy corps and the presidential power of Yeltsin were gradually beginning to ripen.
Despite occasional binges, the latter was still fully functional.

Yeltsin plays tennis, March 1992:

In Nizhny Novgorod, the star of the young reformer governor Nemtsov, who enjoyed the special patronage of Yeltsin, was rising.

During a meeting with the GAZ administration, 1992:

Moscow Mayor Gavriil Popov (right) and Moscow Prime Minister Yury Luzhkov (center) before a swim in Serebryany Bor. Oleg Lastochkin, RIA Novosti, 1992:

In 1992, the descendants of the Romanov family visited Russia for the first time. St. Petersburg, 1992:

Now let's see what happened in the life of the post-Soviet space, which got used to the new abbreviation "CIS". The divorce took place gradually, in 1992, even the general Olympic team was still preserved.

The march of the United Team at the opening ceremony of the XVI Olympic Winter Games in Albertville. February 8, 1992:

In Ukraine, as in the Russian Federation, the pro-Western political and economic course was headed by the old party apparatus, headed by the former secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine L.M. Kravchuk. It seemed that they found a common language well.
Yeltsin harshly put a stop to the timid attempts of Crimea to return to Russia in 1992 and agreed with Kiev to divide the Black Sea Fleet "like brothers."

On August 3, 1992, in Mukhalatka near Yalta, the presidents of the two countries, Boris Yeltsin and Leonid Kravchuk, signed an Agreement on a phased settlement of the ITAR-TASS Black Sea Fleet problem, Alexander Sentsov:

Tajikistan and Transnistria became the two hottest spots in the former USSR in 1992.

In the first, a civil war began.

Rally on Shahidon Square in Tajikistan. Ratushenko. RIA Novosti, 1992:

Protesters at Shahidon Square in Dushanbe, Ratushenko, RIA Novosti, 1992:

Russian troops are evacuating the residents of Nurek. Tajikistan, Nurek, November 4, 1992. Khamelyanin Gennady. Photo chronicle of TASS:

In Transnistria, a long-ripening conflict has entered a hot phase.
On the night of 1 to 2 March 1992, a car with Dubossary policemen was shot from an ambush. On March 2, a special detachment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Moldova attacked a regiment of the Russian 14th Army stationed near the village of Kochera. On April 1, a unit of the Moldovan police entered Bender, accompanied by two armored personnel carriers BTR-70. The police attempted to disarm the Transnistrian guards. On June 19, 1992, regular units of the Moldovan army and armored columns of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were sent to Bender. Bloody battles began in Bendery. On June 20, Moldovan troops reached the Bendery bridge across the Dniester. The assault on the city executive committee, defended by the Pridnestrovians, began. The Moldovan forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs unsuccessfully tried to storm the location of the 14th Army in Bendery. An explosion occurred at the location of the Russian regiment, which claimed the lives of 26 soldiers. Meanwhile, volunteers from the 14th army, many of whom had local families, went over to the side of the Pridnestrovians. They, together with Cossacks, guards and militias, broke through to Bendery and drove Moldovan troops out of most of the city.

Defenders of Bender. I. Zenin, RIA Novosti, 1992:

Conflict in Transnistria. In the city of Bender. I. Zenin, RIA Novosti:

In the same 1992, the Transnistrian conflict was frozen with the mediation of Russia. On August 1, 1992, the disengagement of the armed formations of the conflicting parties was completed.

Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Moldovan President Mircea Snegur during the signing of an agreement on measures to resolve the conflict in Transnistria. Alexander Makarov:

The Karabakh conflict also continued.
Military operations in the Martakert region of Nagorno-Karabakh. R. Margasaryan. RIA Novosti, 1992: