Makhorkin I. F

Introduction

Kamcha ́ tka is a peninsula in the northeastern part of the Eurasian continent in Russia.

The study of this topic is very relevant in modern times, since this region of our large country is filled with various gifts of nature, human capital, various traditions and customs, which undoubtedly plays an important role in the life of Russia. This topic has been the subject of many works. The material presented in the educational literature is of a general nature, and in numerous monographs on this topic, narrower issues and problems are considered.

The relevance of this work is due to the importance of the Kamchatka Peninsula for the modern picture of the world.

The aim of the study is to study the topic "Development of Kamchatka"from the point of view of works on similar topics. To achieve this goal, I have set the following tasks:

To study the prerequisites for the development of Kamchatka

Outline major events

Show the value of this discovery

Geographic information about Kamchatka

It is washed from the west by the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, from the east by the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean.

The peninsula is stretched from northeast to southwest for 1200 km. It is connected to the mainland by a narrow (up to 93 km) isthmus - the Parapolsky Dol.

The greatest width (up to 440 km) is at the latitude of Cape Kronotsky.

The total area of ​​the peninsula is ~ 270 thousand km ².

The eastern coast of the peninsula is strongly indented, forming large bays (Avachinsky, Kronotsky, Kamchatsky, Ozernoy, Karaginsky, Korfa) and bays (Avachinsky, Karaga, Ossora, etc.). Rocky peninsulas protrude far into the sea (Shipunsky, Kronotsky, Kamchatsky, Ozernoy).

The central part of the peninsula is crossed by two parallel ridges - the Sredinny Ridge and the Vostochny Ridge, between them is the Central Kamchatka Lowland, through which the Kamchatka River flows.

The southernmost point of the peninsula - Cape Lopatka is located at 50 ° 51 55With. sh.

The Kamchatka Territory, a subject of the Russian Federation, is located on the territory of the peninsula.

On the origin of the name "Kamchatka"

There are more than 20 versions of the origin of the toponymic name "Kamchatka".

According to B.P. Polevoy, the name of the Kamchatka Peninsula comes from the Kamchatka River, and the river was named after Ivan Kamchaty. In 1659, Fyodor Chukichev and Ivan Ivanov, nicknamed "Kamchaty" (the nickname was given due to the fact that he wore a silk shirt, in those days silk was called "Damask fabric" or "Damascus"), were sent to the Penzhina River for yasak collection. Ivan Kamchaty - Kalymsky Cossack, turned in 1649 at his own request, in the past an industrial man. In honor of Ivan Kamchaty, one of the tributaries of the Indigirka River was already called "Kamchatka" in the 1650s. In their campaign, they did not limit themselves to the Paren and Penzhina rivers, they visited the Lesnaya River, where they met with Fedotov's son and Sava Sharoglaz. It is known that having risen in the upper reaches of the Lesnaya River, they crossed to the eastern coast of Kamchatka, along the bed of the Karaga River they reached the shore of the Bering Sea, where for some time they were engaged in fishing for "fish tooth" (walrus bone). In 1662, the Upper Kolyma Yukaghirs found all the participants of the campaign killed near Chukichev's winter hut on the Omolon River - "Prodigal". It is believed that the campaign of Ivan Kamchaty gave rise among the Itelmens to an unusual legend for this people “about the glorious, respected warrior Konsh(ch)at”, which was subsequently heard by Georg Steller and Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov. Leonty Fedotov's son and Sava Seroglaz, having moved to the lower reaches of the Kamchatka River to one of its tributaries, which later became known as "Fedotovka", gave the Itelmens a story about Ivan Kamchat. Since the Itelmens on the Kamchatka River could not know about Ivan Kamchat, his path went north. The Itelmens passed on the legend of Ivan Kamchat, that is, of Konsh(ch)at, to other Russian explorers of Kamchatka.

The ethnonym "Kamchadal" arose no earlier than the 1690s. Only in the 1690s did the Russians learn that the Itelmens were not Koryaks at all, but a special people. In those days, it was customary to call local residents by the name of the rivers. So, from the Opuk River, the “Opuka people” appeared, from the Olyutora River - “Olyutorsky”, along the Pokhacha River - “Pogyche” - “Pogytsky”, and from the Kamchatka River - “Kamchatka”, which at the time of Atlasov began to be called “Kamchadalians” or briefly “ Kamchadals”, and from here some time later the southern peninsula was sometimes called “Kamchadalia” or “Kamchadal land”. Therefore, the Itelmens do not consider the ethnonym "Kamchadals" to be an Itelmen word.

There are etymological versions. Russian pioneers on the Kamchatka Peninsula encountered fur seals (kam-seals) and hunted them. From here arose the toponym "Kamchatka" - "the land of Kamchatka". Earlier, the word "kamchat" in the meaning of "big beaver" penetrated into Russian dialects when interacting with Tatar merchants and spread throughout Siberia. Turkic "kamka", Uighur "kimkhap", "kimkhob" in Tajik mean "patterned fabric" (damask) - this word comes from the Chinese "kin hua" ("golden flower"). To turn off their hats, the Tatars used not cloth, but the skin of a beaver (or other animal) - in Tatar “kama”, “kondyz” (hence the words “kamchat”, “kymshat” come from), from which, according to one version, the name of the peninsula originates .

There is a version that Kamchatka is a Russified version of the Yakut “hamchakky, ham-chatky”, built from “hamsa (kamcha)” - a smoking pipe, or from the verb “ham-sat (kamchat)” - to move, to sway.

The first visit by Russians to the land of Kamchatka

People have always been attracted by something unknown and unknown, they have sought to gain knowledge about this object or subject. So the Kamchatka Peninsula was in the center of attention, people tried to get to know it, use its resources, trade with the peoples who lived there, etc. Many different goals were pursued along the way of its development. This wonderful land was discovered by Russian Cossacks more than 300 years ago, but even today Russians know little about it.

Back in the 15th century, the Russians suggested the existence of the Northern Sea Route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and made attempts to find this route.

The first information about the peninsula dates back to the middle of the 15th century. In September 1648, the expedition of Fedot Alekseev and Semyon Dezhnev was in the strait between Asia and America, which Bering would reopen 80 years later. The travelers landed on the shore, where they met "a lot of good Chukchi."

Later, koch Fedot Alekseev, judging by the information collected by the Bering expedition, was washed up on the shores of Kamchatka. Fedot Alekseev was the first Russian navigator who landed and wintered on this peninsula.

Kamchatka was inhabited long before the appearance of the first Russian explorers.

Many tribes and nationalities lived on its harsh shores. Koryaks, Evens, Aleuts, Itelmens and Chukchi lived in the tundra, in the mountains, on the coast.

The image of Kamchatka first appeared on the "printed drawing of Siberia" in 1667.

After 30 years, the clerk Vladimir Atlasov, at the head of a detachment of 120 people, went on a campaign - "to search for new lands" and founded Verkhnekamchatsk.

He also delivered to Moscow information about the land lying between the Kolyma River and America. The activities of Vladimir Atlasov are considered to be the beginning of the development of Kamchatka by the Russians.

Research and discoveries in the northeast of Russia continued into the early 18th century. Kamchatka was imagined in different ways at that time, these ideas were portrayed in different ways.

For example, in Semyon Remezov's "Drawing of all Siberian cities and lands" a large "island of Kamchatka" is indicated, and the Kamchatka River flows from the mainland to the east, into the ocean. And he, Remezov, later portrays Kamchatka as a peninsula, though far from our current ideas about its configuration.

What knowledgeable Russian people knew about northeast Asia at the time of Bering's expedition can be judged from the map of Siberia compiled by the surveyor Zinoviev in 1727.

The northeastern tip of Asia is washed there by the sea, where two capes protrude - the Nos Shalatskaya (Shelagsky) and the Nos Anadyrskaya, to the south of which the Kamchatka Peninsula stretches.

The compilers and executors of the map clearly imagined that Asia in the northeast does not connect with any mainland, that is, the map refuted the assumption of Peter 1, "whether America did not converge with Asia."

And since Bering's discoveries in the strait that bears his name were made later, in August 1728, it is clear that they could not affect the drawing of the map by the surveyor Zinoviev.

In January 1725, by decree of Peter 1, the First Kamchatka Expedition was organized, which, in addition to Vitus Bering, gave history such names as Alexei Chirikov and Martyn Shpanberg.

The First Kamchatka Expedition made a major contribution to the development of geographical ideas about the northeast of Asia, and above all from the southern borders of Kamchatka to the northern shores of Chukotka. However, it was not possible to reliably prove that Asia and America are separated by the strait.

When on August 15, 1728, the expedition reached 67 degrees 18 minutes north latitude and no land could be seen, Bering decided that the task was completed and ordered to return back. In other words, Bering did not see either the American coast or the fact that the Asian continent is turning to the west, that is, "turning" into Kamchatka.

Upon his return, Bering submitted a note containing a plan for a new expedition to the east of Kamchatka.

Bering was a true researcher and considered it a matter of honor and a patriotic duty to complete what he had begun.

The second Kamchatka expedition was declared "the most distant and difficult and never before experienced."

Its task was to reach the northwestern shores of America, open the sea route to Japan, develop industry, crafts, and arable farming in the eastern and northern lands. At the same time, it was ordered to send "kind and knowledgeable people" to "see and describe" the northern coast of Siberia from the Ob to Kamchatka.

In the course of preparation for the Expedition, the range of its tasks expanded. Ultimately, this led to the fact that, thanks to the efforts of progressive-minded figures of that time, the Second Kamchatka Expedition turned into such a scientific and political enterprise that marked a whole era in the study of Siberia and the Far East.

In the period from 1733 to 1740, extensive research was carried out by sailors and scientists who were part of the expedition. In May 1741, the packet boats "St. Peter" and "St. Paul", which were to become the progenitors of Petropavlovsk, approached the mouth of the Avacha Bay and began to wait for a fair wind. On June 4 they put to sea. The expedition went to the southeast ....

Almost at the very beginning of the campaign, bad weather separated the ships, and each continued on his way alone.

In the history of geographical discoveries, one of the amazing cases occurred: two ships that sailed separately for a month approached the unknown shores of the fourth continent almost on the same day, thereby starting to explore the lands that later became known as Russian America (Alaska). The packet boat "St. Pavel", commanded by Alesya Chirikov, soon returned to the Peter and Paul harbor.

The fate of "St. Peter" was less successful. A severe storm, an accident, and serious illnesses hit the travelers.

Having landed on the famous island, the members of the expedition bravely fought against hunger, cold, and scurvy.

Having survived an unusually difficult winter, they built a new vessel from the wreckage of a packet boat and managed to return to Kamchatka. But without a commander.

December 1741, two hours before dawn, the head of the expedition, Vitus Bering, died. The commander was buried according to the Protestant rite near the camp. However, the exact location of Bering's grave is not known.

Subsequently, the Russian-American Company placed a wooden cross at the supposed burial site.

In 1892, officers of the schooner "Aleut" and employees on the Commander Islands installed an iron cross in the fence of the church in the village of Nikolskoye on Bering Island and surrounded it with an anchor chain.

In 1944, the sailors of Petropavlovsk placed a steel cross on a cement foundation on the site of the commander's grave.

The scientific and practical results of Bering's expedition (especially the Second) are incalculable.

Here are just the main ones. A route through the Bering Strait was found, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and northern Japan were described.

Chirikov and Bering discovered northwestern America.

Krasheninnikov and Steller explored Kamchatka.

The same list includes Gmelin's works on the study of Siberia, materials on the history of Siberia collected by Miller.

The meteorological studies of the expedition are interesting; they served as an impetus for the creation of permanent stations not only in Russia, but throughout the globe.

Finally, the coasts of Siberia from Vaigach to Anadyr are described - an outstanding feat in the history of geographical discoveries. This is just a short list of what was done in the Kamchatka expedition.

Such a truly scientific and complex approach to the work that was carried out two and a half centuries ago cannot but arouse respect.

The second Kamchatka expedition immortalized on the geographical map of the world and in the memory of people the names of many of its participants: Commander Vitus Bering and President of the Admiralty N.F. Golovin, explorers and sailors A.I. Chirikov and M.P. Shpanberg, S.G. Malygin and S.I. Chelyuskin, Kh.P. Laptev and D.Ya. Laptev, D.L. Ovtsyn and V.V. Pronchishchev.

Among Bering's associates were prominent scientists. The names of Academicians Gmelin and Miller occupy an honorable place in the history of Russian and world science.

The most talented assistant to Miller and Gmelin was Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov.

One of the islands off the coast of Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Kronotsky Lake on the peninsula bear his name.

Based on them, he created a major scientific work "Description of the Land of Kamchatka", the significance of which has not been lost over time.

This book was read by Pushkin and, apparently, made a considerable impression on him. kamchatka geographical siberia expedition

Alexander Sergeevich compiled quite extensive "Notes while reading "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" by S.P. Krasheninnikov" - the last and unfinished literary work of the poet.

Cossacks Vladimir Atlasov, Mikhail Stadukhin, Ivan Kamchatka (perhaps the name of the peninsula came from here), navigator Vitus Bering became the pioneers of Kamchatka. Kamchatka was visited by such famous navigators as James Cook, Charles Clark, Jean-Francois La Perouse, Ivan Kruzenshtern, Vasily Golovin, Fyodor Litke.

The Russian sloop-of-war "Diana" was heading to the northern part of the Pacific Ocean to compile a hydrographic description of coastal waters and ocean lands and bring ship equipment to Petropavlovsk and Okhotsk.

At the Cape of Good Hope, he was detained by the British, and the ship was under arrest for one year and twenty-five days.

Until a daring move was made. September 23, 1809 "Diana" rounded Australia and Tasmania, came to Kamchatka.

For three years, the crew of Russian sailors under the command of Vasily Golovin was engaged in the study of Kamchatka and the North American possessions of Russia. The result was the book "Remarks on Kamchatka and Russian America in 1809, 1810 and 1811".

After that, Golovin received a new task - to describe the Kuril and Shantar Islands and the shores of the Tatar Strait.

And again his scientific flight was interrupted, this time by the Japanese.

On the Kuril island of Kunashir, a group of Russian sailors, along with their captain, were captured, and again long days of forced inactivity dragged on. However, inaction is not entirely accurate.

The inquisitive researcher spent usefully and this is not the most pleasant time for him.

Published in 1816, his notes about the adventures in Japanese captivity aroused great interest in Russia and abroad.

So, the Far East, Kamchatka.

She attracted inquisitive minds, called people who cared not so much for their own good, but for the good of the Fatherland.

Good-neighbourliness and cordiality in relations, mutual benefit in business - this is how Kamchatka was seen by a Russian person from time immemorial, this is how he came to this land. This is how he lives on this earth.

Why Kamchatka is important for Russia and the whole world

Study of the natural resources of Kamchatka

Kamchatka and its shelf have a significant and diverse natural resource potential, which is a significant and, in many ways, a unique part of the national wealth of the Russian Federation.

The history of scientific research in Kamchatka is more than 250 years old. They were started by the members of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of Vitus Bering: Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, Sven Waxel, Georg Steller. Thanks to these works, it became known that Kamchatka has the richest reserves of furs, as well as iron and copper ores, gold, native sulfur, clays, and hot springs.

Subsequently, a number of research expeditions were organized to Kamchatka, which were financed by the treasury or patrons.

Gavriil Andreevich Sarychev proposed to consider the use of the natural resource potential of Kamchatka from the position of trade in fish, fur, walrus tooth, whalebone and fat.

Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin expressed his opinion on the need to use thermal water for recreation purposes.

As a result of the First Kamchatka Complex Expedition of the Russian Geographical Society, significant information was obtained on the geography, geology, ethnography, anthropology, zoology and botany of Kamchatka.

In 1921 on the river. Bogachevka (the coast of the Kronotsky Bay) local hunters found a natural way out of oil.

Since 1928, in the estuary part of the river. Vyvenka on the shore of the Corfu Bay, employees of Dalgeoltrest began a detailed study and exploration of the Korfi coal deposit. It is also known that the Americans explored and used the coal of the Korfi deposit as early as 1903.

In 1934, TsNIGRI employee D.S. Gantman gave the first description of the coals of the Krutogorovskoye deposit.

In 1940, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, together with the staff of VNIGRI (under the general editorship of Academician Alexander Nikolaevich Zavaritsky), compiled and published a geological map of the peninsula on a scale of 1: 2,000,000, which was a synthesis of all knowledge about the geology of Kamchatka available by that time. In accordance with it, in a significant part of the peninsula, mainly Quaternary volcanic and sedimentary deposits were distributed. Of the minerals, only a few thermal springs have been identified.

At the beginning of the 50s. a new stage in geological research has begun: a sheet-by-sheet geological survey at a scale of 1:200,000, which made it possible to create a complete picture of the geological structure, to outline and systematize the main directions of prospecting work.

Up to 50 years no special prospecting and exploration works were carried out for metallic minerals. Basically, all attention was focused on the search for oil, but already in 1951-1955. when carrying out small- and medium-scale geological surveys in potentially ore-bearing areas, numerous primary ore occurrences of copper, mercury, molybdenum, and chromites were revealed. Schematic sampling established the fundamental gold content of many river valleys. New facts testified to the presence of primary and alluvial occurrences of gold, and new areas favorable for prospecting were outlined.

The main result of exploration research 50-90 years. was the actual creation of a mineral resource base in the region for gold, silver, copper, nickel, groundwater, alluvial platinum, coal, gas, and various building materials. All this is reflected on the map of the mineral resources of Kamchatka at a scale of 1:500000 (responsible executor - Yuri Fedorovich Frolov), made on an updated geological basis and incorporating all the latest data on the mineral resources of the Kamchatka Territory.

The main stages of nature management in Kamchatka

The socio-economic development of Kamchatka has always been based on the development of natural resources. For a historically fixed period from the end of the 17th century, at least five main stages of nature management can be distinguished.

Before the arrival of Russian pioneers (that is, until the end of the 17th century), there was a primitive collective way of developing biological natural resources on the territory of the peninsula. The physical existence of the population depended on the bioproductivity of ecological systems in their habitats.

With the development of Kamchatka (the end of the 17th - the middle of the 18th centuries), furs were the main natural resource of the region involved in the economic turnover. The resources of valuable fur-bearing animals (sable, arctic fox, fox, ermine) have come under severe anthropogenic pressure. The role of this type of natural resources can hardly be overestimated, since the pursuit of furs has become one of the main incentives for Russia to search for new lands in Siberia and America.

The basis of the fur trade in Kamchatka was sable, the extraction of which amounted to 80-90% of fur harvesting in value terms. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. the production of the main resource of the fur trade - sable - was estimated at 50 thousand heads per year.

In addition, for the period from 1746 to 1785. about 40,000 fox pelts were exported from the Commander Islands.

Predatory extermination led to the depression of the populations of these species of fur animals, and since the middle of the 18th century, the amount of fur harvested in Kamchatka has significantly decreased.

Mid 18th century - the end of the XIX century. are characterized by intensive development (including poaching) of marine mammal resources.

In the context of the completion of the territorial division of the world, the most developed countries (USA, Japan, etc.) increased their pressure on the most accessible biological resources of the world's oceans.

The waters of the Okhotsk-Kamchatka Territory at that time were exceptionally rich in various types of sea animals: walrus, seal, bearded seal, sea lion, white whale, killer whale, whale, sperm whale, etc.

In the 1840s up to 300 American, Japanese, British and Swedish whaling ships sailed in these waters. Over 20 years, they have taken over 20 thousand whales.

Production of sea animals in later times has been significantly reduced.

This stage of nature management in Kamchatka has exhausted itself due to the almost complete destruction of its natural resource base.

From the end of the 19th century to the 20th century aquatic biological resources were used as the main natural resource base for commercial production (in the beginning, herds of Pacific salmon spawning in fresh water bodies of Kamchatka, then other types of aquatic biological resources).

The first plots for commercial salmon fishing in Kamchatka were allotted in 1896. From 1896 to 1923, the fish catch in Kamchatka increased from 2,000 to 7.9 million poods.

The potential productivity of salmon in all spawning and rearing water bodies of Kamchatka is estimated at 1.0 million tons, and the commercial productivity is up to 0.6 million tons.

The extraction of aquatic biological resources in Kamchatka has stabilized over the past years and annually amounted to about 580-630 thousand tons, 90% of which falls on the share of valuable fishery objects - pollock, cod, halibut, greenling, flounder, salmon, seafood.

At this stage, the economy of the Kamchatka region had a pronounced single-industry character. The basic sector of the economy was the fishery complex, which accounted for up to 60% of production and more than 90% of the export potential of the region.

At present, the possibilities for sustainable development of Kamchatka by increasing fish catches have been exhausted. Extensive development of natural fish resources has reached the limit of quantitative growth and has become the main factor in their depletion.

Also during this period of time, forest resources were actively used in Kamchatka, a timber industry complex was formed and functioned quite successfully, which included logging, the production of round timber, sawmilling, and the supply of part of the products for export.

As a result of the use of forest resources during this period, the most accessible and commercially high-quality forest areas of kaander larch and Ayan spruce in the Kamchatka River basin were cut down, and the volume of industrial logging and, somewhat later, the volume of felling began to decline sharply. Large specialized forestry enterprises with timber resources assigned to them for the long term ceased to exist.

At present, the annual volume of harvesting and processing of wood in the Kamchatka Territory does not exceed 220 thousand m3, with an allowable cutting area - 1830.4 thousand m3.

By the end of the 20th century, this type of nature management came into a crisis state.

The main features of these periods was that the structure of the regional economy in each of them was characterized by mono-industry specialization in interregional labor exchange. Focusing on one type of natural resource as the main product for interregional exchange invariably led to the depletion of this resource. Changes in the types of nature management were accompanied by the destruction of production and settlement systems.

Taking into account these features and in order to avoid destructive socio-economic and environmental consequences, at the present stage, a transition is being made to a new type of development of natural resources. The new type is based on complex use, including, along with fish resources, recreational, water, and mineral resources.

In this regard, the Government of the Kamchatka Territory is developing a Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Kamchatka Territory until 2025, which corresponds to the key areas of development of the Far Eastern Federal District, the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.

A comprehensive analysis of the economic growth opportunities of the Kamchatka Territory shows that the mining industry is currently the only infrastructure-forming industry in the region. Only through the development of mineral deposits is it possible to develop a rational energy and transport infrastructure in the Kamchatka Territory, creating the prerequisites for the successful non-subsidized development of the Kamchatka Territory.

The mineral resource base of the Kamchatka Territory and its role in the socio-economic development of the region

The mineral resources of the Kamchatka Territory are represented by various minerals of both federal, interregional and local significance, which can be profitably developed.

The energy resources of the subsoil of Kamchatka are represented by reserves and predicted resources of gas, hard and brown coal, geothermal waters and steam hydrotherms, and predicted resources of oil.

The hydrocarbon potential of the land is estimated at 1.4 billion tons in oil equivalent, including recoverable - about 150 million tons of oil and about 800 billion m3 of gas. Explored and preliminary estimated reserves of natural gas are concentrated in one medium and three small fields of the Kolpakovsky oil and gas region of the Okhotsk-West Kamchatka oil and gas region and amount to 22.6 billion m3 in total.

The explored and preliminary estimated coal reserves of the Kamchatka Territory amount to 275.7 million tons, the predicted resources exceed 6.0 billion tons. 7 deposits and more than ten coal occurrences have been studied with varying detail.

Brown and black coals, mostly of medium quality, are used for local needs.

To date, in the Kamchatka Territory, 10 deposits and 22 promising sites and areas of native gold have been identified and studied to varying degrees with explored and preliminary estimated metal reserves of 150.6 tons and predicted resources of 1171 tons. Associated silver reserves are taken into account in the amount of 570.9 tons, probable resources exceed 6.7 thousand tons. Alluvial gold reserves are estimated in 54 small deposits in the amount of 3.9 tons, probable resources - 23 tons.

Residual reserves of placer platinum are 0.9 tons, resources - 33 tons. In addition, an ore occurrence of bedrock platinum with predicted resources of more than 30 tons is being studied.

The predicted nickel and cobalt resources of the cobalt-copper-nickel deposits of the Sredinny crystalline massif of Kamchatka alone are determined to be 3.5 million tons and 44 thousand tons, respectively. Some deposits, such as Shanuch, are characterized by very high average nickel contents in ores - up to 7%, which allows their processing without preliminary enrichment.

The Kamchatka Territory is provided with all types of building materials (with the exception of raw materials for the production of cement): sand and gravel mixtures, building sand, volcanic tuffs, building stone, various concrete fillers, slag, pumice, brick clay, mineral paints, perlite, zeolites. The Ilyinskoye pumice deposit, the largest in the Far East, is unique, its reserves in categories A + B + C - 144 million m3, are a versatile raw material of local and export significance.

More than 50 deposits have been explored for the production of building materials in the Kamchatka Territory.

A widespread mineral resource in the Kamchatka Territory is groundwater, which, according to its chemical composition and temperature, is divided into: cold fresh, thermal (thermal energy) and mineral. They are used in household and drinking water supply, as well as in balneological and heat power purposes. A new direction in the use of cold fresh waters of Kamchatka, which are of high quality, is their bottling and export to regions with a shortage of drinking water sources.

To date, 289 licenses for the right to use subsoil are in force in the Kamchatka Territory. Of these, 56 licenses are for significant subsoil use objects.

Currently, the production volumes for the main types of mineral raw materials are.

The Kshukskoye gas condensate field is at the stage of pilot development. Annual production - 8-9 million m3 for the needs of the Sobolevsky district.

For local needs, 3 small deposits of black and brown coal are being developed and 2 are being prepared for development. The volume of production in 2007 amounted to 21 thousand tons.

The annual production of thermal waters is about 13 million m3. Steam from the Pauzhetsky, Mutnovsky and Verkhne-Mutnovsky fields is used to generate electricity. The total capacity of GeoTPPs operating on them is 70 MW.

In 2006, industrial gold mining began at the Aginsky deposit (design capacity - 3 tons of metal per year). The volume of gold mining in 2006 amounted to 1195 kg, in 2007 - 2328 kg. Placer gold is mined in the amount of 110-190 kg per year.

From 1994 to the present, about 50 tons of placer platinum have been mined. In 2007, the production volume amounted to 2078 kg.

In 2007, the Shanuchsky copper-nickel deposit produced: nickel 2202 tons, copper 300 tons, cobalt 50 tons.

The immediate prospects for the development of the mining industry are, first of all, that by 2015 in the Kamchatka Territory 6 mines should be built and mining will begin: Asachinsky (2010), Baranevsky (2011), Ametistovy (2012). ), Rodnikovy (2013), Kumroch (2013), Ozernovsky (2015). Gold mining will amount to 16 t/y, platinum - 3 t/y. By 2018, the production of ore gold will reach 18 tons, platinum - 3 tons.

The Shanuchsky nickel mine, operating in pilot production mode, should switch to commercial development mode by 2014. By 2017, the balance reserves of nickel will be prepared in the Kvinumskaya area and the second nickel mine in the Kamchatka Territory will be built. The total production of nickel at the two enterprises will reach 10,000 tons per year.

There are four areas promising for hydrocarbon raw materials within the shelf zones adjacent to the coast of the Kamchatka Territory. Investments in the exploration and development of fields in the West Kamchatka zone, as well as the creation of coastal infrastructure, are estimated at 775 billion rubles.

Other promising areas may be involved after the first positive results are obtained in the West Kamchatka area.

Total in the period 2008-2025. in the Kamchatka Territory, while maintaining the current level of prices for mineral raw materials, 252.4 tons of gold, 54 tons of platinum, 114.6 thousand tons of nickel, 17 billion m3 of gas, 6.6 million tons of oil on land and 326.5 million tons of hydrocarbons in oil equivalent on the shelf.

The total investment in additional exploration, the creation of mining and transport infrastructure for the mining industry in the period up to 2025 is estimated at 33 billion rubles. in 2008 prices, incl. gold - 16 billion rubles, platinum - 5.1 billion rubles, nickel - 8.4 billion rubles, other minerals - 3.2 billion rubles, excluding the costs of projects on the shelf.

One of the tasks of managing the mineral resource complex is the creation of a diversified system of nature management that promptly responds to changes in market conditions of functioning. Taking into account the development trend of the world market of natural raw materials, it is necessary and sufficient to develop the extraction and use of:

precious metals;

hydrocarbon raw materials;

non-ferrous metals;

balneological resources.

These four directions will allow us to take a strong position in the economy. In order to meet the regional needs and demand of the Far Eastern regions of the Russian Federation, in addition to the above-mentioned industries, full-scale development of underground drinking water resources, building materials, and coal is promising.

To ensure the sustainable development of the mineral resource complex, it is necessary to build up the mineral resource base not only at the expense of enterprises, but also in the process of public-private partnership. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the forecast and search for large and unique deposits in terms of reserves. Such objects, first of all, can be large-volume deposits of precious metals - gold, platinum within the northern and central parts of Kamchatka (such as Ozernovsky, Galmoenansky, etc.). The same series should include an assessment of hydrocarbons in the West Kamchatka, Shelikhovskaya, Khatyrskaya, and Olyutorskaya areas of the shelf.

Any intrusion into nature is associated with causing some damage to it. Kamchatka is one of the most vulnerable territories. Therefore, environmental protection is an important link in the environmental policy of the Government of the Kamchatka Territory. The use of the most modern and environmentally safe technologies for the development of minerals today is the main task of the legislative and executive authorities of the region.

Such a large-scale development of the mineral resource complex cannot but lead to large-scale social transformations. The shortage of personnel for geologists, miners, technical specialists of various skill levels necessitates the training of specialists with higher and specialized education numbering at least 2,500 people;

The use of the mineral resource base of the Kamchatka Territory in the near future will help to significantly change the overall structure of industry through the creation of new industries - non-ferrous metallurgy, gas and oil industries, building materials. Solving the problem will double the GRP and increase budgetary security. The transport and energy infrastructure created by the industry’s facilities will contribute to the development of tourism, social and cultural facilities, and will improve the livelihood and employment of the population of Kamchatka Krai, especially its northern part, the development of which is not provided for by the strategies of other industries.

Ancient Kamchatka

The first man entered the Western Hemisphere from the Eastern about 25-40,000 years ago. At that time, on the site of today's Bering Strait, there was land that connected the northeast of Asia with the northwest of America. The mountains were covered with glaciers, and in the ice-free spaces stretched the tundra, through which herds of shaggy red mammoths, woolly rhinos, bison and reindeer roamed.

Ancient hunters and fishermen from the southern territories gradually migrated and settled on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, in Chukotka and Alaska. Some of them settled in Kamchatka.

The most ancient evidence of their stay on our peninsula was discovered by archaeologists near the Ushkovsky spawning lake, 18 km from the village of Kozyrevsk. This is one of the few such ancient sites in the Far East - its age is 13-14 thousand years. During the excavations, remains of dwellings, fireplaces, and stone tools were found. Scientists believe that this ancient Kamchatka culture spread towards America, linking the ancient cultures of the Old and New Worlds.

Ten thousand years ago, the ice sheet melted, connecting the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. The connection between Asia and America by land was interrupted. Now only a narrow isthmus connected Kamchatka with the mainland. The climate began to warm noticeably, mammoths, bison and other animals of the ice age died out. But the ancient Kamchatka people continued to exist and develop the harsh North of the planet in the post-glacial period.

Among them were Itelmens, Koryaks, Chukchis and Ainu. Later, the Aleuts and Evens appeared. Outwardly, these peoples were similar, their management of various types of economy, culture and living conditions shared them. The Itelmens were engaged in fishing, the nomadic Koryaks hunted wild deer, the settled Koryaks engaged in sea hunting and fishing. The harsh climate, the vast impenetrable expanses of taiga and tundra, mountains, rivers and lakes - all this contributed to the greater disunity of these peoples.

By the second half of the 1st millennium BC. include ancient sites found on the site of modern Petropavlovsk, in Seroglazka, on the southwestern slope of Mishennaya Sopka, on the banks of the Avacha Bay, on the left bank of the Avacha River opposite the city of Elizov, near the city of Klyuchi. During this period, the ancient inhabitants of Kamchatka had already learned how to make figures of humans and animals out of stone, grind axes, and finely process the tips of spears and arrows. They were excellent hunters and fishermen. They stood in line with the other tribes of the earth. However, the remoteness and isolation of these places gradually affected the lag in the development of technology and the social system.

Discovery of Kamchatka by Russian explorers in the 17th century

More than 300 years ago, in the middle of the 17th century, Siberia became part of Russia. The country has become not only a European, but also an Asian state. The development of Siberia and the Far East became a matter of first importance, which had great significance and influence on the course of world history. The government needed to replenish the treasury and expand the territory of the state. Russian explorers began to penetrate further and further to the east, in search of new unknown lands and riches, to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.

P

successor S. I. Dezhneva in the post of clerk of the Anadyr prison from May 1659 became Kurbat Afanasyevich Ivanov.In the mid 50s. 17th century he led fishing expeditions that went to the middle Olekma (a tributary of the Lena), and traced its course for almost 1 thousand km, at least to the river. Tungir, i.e., he visited the northern part of Olekminsky Stanovik. In the valley of the river opened by him. Nyukzhi (the right tributary of the Olekma) K. Ivanov spent two years engaged in sable hunting, and upon his return he handed over 160 sables to the treasury. For the "mining of unidentified foreigners" and the search for new walrus rookeries, he organized and led a sea voyage on one koche (22 team members). At the beginning of June 1660, the ship went down the Anadyr to the mouth and moved along the coast to the northeast. Swimming took place in adverse conditions. On the eighth day, dense ice pressed the koch to the shore and severely damaged it. People with weapons and part of the food escaped, the ship sank in shallow water. With the help of whale bones, it was lifted and repaired. Further to the north they moved towed.

In mid-July, K. Ivanov reached a large bay with steep banks and named it "Big Bay" (the Bay of the Cross of our maps). Although food supplies ran out and had to be content with the "earth lip", that is, mushrooms and fruits of crowberry (or black crowberry, an evergreen low shrub), sailors continued their journey along the towline coast, on oars or under sails. On August 10, they discovered a small bay (Provideniya Bay), where they met the Chukchi, from whom many dead geese were taken by force. A little to the east, in a large camp, they managed to get more than one and a half tons of venison. After a five-day rest, K. Ivanov, with the help of a guide, reached the “new corgi” (Chukotka Cape), but there were no walruses and walrus bones. On August 25, with a fair wind, the sailors set off back. A storm that soon came up battered the ship for three days. K. Ivanov returned to the Anadyr jail on September 24 with "empty hands", that is, without prey.

Having moved to Yakutsk in 1665, the following year he compiled the "Anadyr Drawing" - the first map of the river basin. Anadyr and Anadyr Bay, which washes the Anadyr Land. The Soviet historical geographer A. V. Efimov, who was the first to publish a handwritten copy of the drawing in 1948, believed that it was compiled no later than 1714; cartography historian S. E. Fel dates its creation to 1700. It is possible that this map is the "Anadyr drawing" by K. Ivanov. The author of the drawing is well aware of the entire Anadyr system (basin area 191 thousand km²): the main river is plotted from source to mouth (1150 km) with a characteristic bend in the middle course, with six right tributaries, including pp. Yablon, Eropol and Main, and four left ones, including the river. Belaya (along its left bank, a meridional mountain range is shown - the Pekulney ridge, 300 km long). In addition to the already mentioned Gulf of the Cross and the Bay of Providence, the map also shows for the first time two communicating bays corresponding to the Onemen Bay (where the Anadyr River flows into) and the Anadyr Estuary. In addition to the northwestern and northern shores of the Gulf of Anadyr, surveyed by K. Ivanov in the campaign of 1660 for about 1 thousand km, the drawing also shows part of the Asian coast of the Bering Sea: a peninsula (Govena) and a bay are clearly identified - it is easy to recognize in it Gulf of Corfu. Perhaps K. Ivanov walked along this coast between 1661 and 1665.

In the sea to the north of Chukotka, apparently by inquiries, an island is shown - its position and size indicate that the author of the map had in mind about. Wrangel. To the west of it is placed a huge "necessary" (insurmountable) Shelagsky Nose, that is, a cape that cannot be bypassed, cut off by a frame.

For the first time, also according to inquiries, the Anadyr Nose (Chukotka Peninsula) is depicted, and to the east - two large inhabited islands. Here, apparently, information about the islands of Diomede and about. St. Lawrence. Beyond the strait, further to the east, is the "Great Land", which has the shape of a sickle-shaped mountainous peninsula, cut off in the north by a frame (the north on the map is at the bottom). The inscription does not leave the slightest doubt that a part of North America is depicted: “and the forest on it is pine and leafy [larch], spruce and birch forests ...” - The Chukchi Peninsula, as you know, is treeless, and trees grow in Alaska.

about the second half of the 17th century. the Russians, having fortified themselves in Nizhnekolymsk and Anadyr prison, repeatedly made long trips to the lands of the Koryaks, since by this time the explorers had inquiring information about the southern rivers and their commercial wealth. In the spring of 1657, from the river. Kolyma up the river. A detachment moved to Omolon Fedor Alekseevich Chukichev. In the upper reaches of the river Gizhiga, he founded a winter hut, from which in the autumn and early winter of the same year he made two trips to the top of the Penzhina Bay. The Cossacks collected information about the non-yashash Koryaks, captured several amanats and returned to their winter quarters.

From the Koryak intercessors who arrived in Gizhiga in the summer of 1658 (they asked for a delay in paying yasak), F. Chukichev learned about the supposedly rich deposits of walrus ivory and twice - in 1658 and 1659 - sent a Yenisei Cossack to explore Ivan Ivanovich Kamchaty. According to B.P. Polevoy, he probably passed the western coast of Kamchatka to the river. Lesnoy, which flows into the Shelikhov Bay at 59 ° 30 "N and along the Karage River, reached the Karaginsky Bay. I. Kamchataya did not find a walrus bone, but in search of obscure foreigners he collected information about a large river somewhere in the south. F. Chukichev, who received this news from I. Kamchaty, who had returned to his winter hut, returned to the Kolyma and persuaded the authorities to send him again to the Gizhiga river. - proceeded to the south, to the river, later named Kamchatka. According to the Itelmens, this name, later extended to the entire peninsula, arose only after the appearance of Russian explorers here - the Kamchadals themselves do not assign people's names to geographical objects. Winter 1660/61. they apparently spent here and returned to the river. Gizhiga. The discoverers of the inner regions of the Kamchatka Peninsula were killed in 1661 by the rebellious Yukaghirs.

In the 60s. 17th century hike from the Anadyr prison to the upper reaches of the river. Kamchatka (it is not clear, however, by what route) the Cossack foreman made Ivan Merkurievich Rubets (Baksheev), in 1663–1666 occupied (intermittently) the position of clerk of the Anadyr prison. Obviously, according to his data, in the general drawing of Siberia, compiled in 1684, the course of the river is shown quite realistically.

Biographical index

Morozko, Luka

In 1691, in the Anadyr prison, a Yakut Cossack Luka Semyonovich Staritsyn, nicknamed Morozko, collected a large "cottage" (57 people) for trade and sable fishing. "According to him the second person" was Ivan Vasilievich Golygin. They visited the "sedentary" Koryaks of the northwestern, and perhaps even the northeastern coast of Kamchatka, and by the spring of 1692 they returned to prison. In 1693–1694 L. Morozko and I. Golygin with 20 Cossacks made a new Kamchatka campaign, and "without reaching the Kamchatka River one day", they built a winter hut - the first Russian settlement on the peninsula. According to them, no later than 1696, a “skaska” was compiled, in which, by the way, the first description of the Kamchadals (Itelmens) that has come down to us is given: Itelmens - people, at the end of the 17th century. inhabiting almost all of Kamchatka and speaking a special language of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family of Paleo-Asiatic languages.“They won’t produce iron, and they don’t know how to smelt ores. And the prisons are spacious. And dwellings ... they have in those prisons - in the winter in the ground, and in the summer ... over the same winter yurts above on poles, like storage sheds ... And between those prisons ... go days for two and three and five and six days ... Foreigners [Koryaks] are called deer, who have deer. And those who do not have deer, and they are called foreigners sitting ... Deer are most honestly revered ... "

The toric discovery of Kamchatka was made at the very end of the 17th century. new clerk of the Anadyr prison, Yakut Cossack Vladimir Vladimirovich Atlasov. He was sent in 1695 from Yakutsk to the Anadyr jail with a hundred Cossacks to collect yasak from the local Koryaks and Yukaghirs. The very next year, he sent a small detachment (16 people) under the command of L. Morozko to the south to the Primorye Koryaks. He penetrated, however, much further southwest, to the Kamchatka Peninsula, and reached the river. Tigil, which flows into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, where he found the first Kamchadal settlement. "Pogrom" him, L. Morozko returned to the river. Anadyr.

Campaigns of V. Atlasov to Kamchatka: Routes of L. Morozko in 1696

At the beginning of 1697, on a winter campaign against the Kamchadals, V. Atlasov himself set out on deer with a detachment of 125 people, half Russian, half Yukaghir. It passed along the eastern coast of the Penzhinskaya Bay up to 60°N. sh. and turned east “through a high mountain” (the southern part of the Koryak Highlands), to the mouth of one of the rivers flowing into the Olyutorsky Gulf of the Bering Sea, where he overlaid yasak (Olyutorsky) Koryaks. A group of people under the command of L. Morozno V. Atlasov sent south along the Pacific coast of Kamchatka, he returned to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and moved along the western coast of the peninsula. Part of the Yukagirs from his detachment rebelled. More than 30 Russians, including the commander himself, were wounded, five were killed. Then V. Atlasov summoned the people of L. Morozko and with their help fought off the rebels.

The united detachment went up the river. Tigil to the Middle Range, crossed it and penetrated the river. Kamchatka near Klyuchevskaya Sopka. According to V. Atlasov, the Kamchadals, whom he met here for the first time, “wear clothes of sable, and fox, and deer, and they fluff that dress with dogs. And their yurts are earthen in winter, and summer ones are on poles three fathoms high from the ground, paved with boards and covered with spruce bark, and they go to those yurts by stairs. And yurts from yurts nearby, and in one place there are a hundred [hundreds] of yurts, two and three and four each. And they feed on fish and beasts; and they eat raw, frozen fish. And in winter they store raw fish: they put it in pits and cover it with earth, and that fish will wear out. And taking out the fish, they put it in the logs, pour it with water, and kindle the stones, put them in those logs and heat the water, and stir that fish with that water, and drink it. And a stinking spirit emanates from that fish ... And their guns are whale bows, stone and bone arrows, and iron will not be born to them.

Residents told V. Atlasov that from the same river. Kamchatka, other Kamchadals come to them, kill them and rob them, and offered to go against them together with the Russians and "humble them so that they live in the council." The people of V. Atlasov and the Kamchadals got into plows and sailed down the river. Kamchatka, the valley of which was then densely populated: “And how they sailed along Kamchatka - there are many foreigners on both sides of the river, great settlements.” Three days later, the allies approached the prisons of Kamchadals, who refused to pay yasak; there were more than 400 yurts. “And he de Volodimer with their servants, Kamchadals, smashed and beat small people and burned their settlements.”

Down the river Kamchatka to the sea Atlasov sent one Cossack for reconnaissance, and he counted from the mouth of the river. Elovki to the sea - on a site of about 150 km - 160 prisons. Atlasov says that 150-200 people live in each prison in one or two winter yurts. (In winter, the Kamchadals lived in large ancestral dugouts.) "Summer yurts near prisons on poles - every person has his own yurt." The valley of lower Kamchatka during the campaign was relatively densely populated: the distance from one great "posad" to another was often less than 1 km. According to the most conservative estimate, about 25 thousand people lived in the lower reaches of Kamchatka. Two hundred years later, by the end of the 19th century, no more than 4,000 Kamchadals remained on the entire peninsula.“And from the mouth to go up the Kamchatka River for a week, there is a mountain - like a stack of bread, great and much high, and another near it is like a haystack and much high: smoke comes out of it during the day, and sparks and glow at night. This is the first news about the two largest volcanoes in Kamchatka - Klyuchevskoy Sopka and Tolbachik - and about Kamchatka volcanoes in general.

Gathering information about the lower reaches of the river. Kamchatka, Atlasov turned back. Beyond the pass across the Sredinny Ridge, he began to pursue the reindeer Koryaks, who had stolen his reindeer, and caught them near the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. “And they fought day and night, and ... a hundred and a half of their Koryaks were killed, and the deer were beaten off, and they fed on it. And other Koryaks fled through the forests. Then Atlasov turned south again and walked for six weeks along the western coast of Kamchatka, collecting yasak from the oncoming Kamchadals "with kindness and greetings." Even further south, the Russians met the first "Kuril men [Ainu] - six prisons, and there are a lot of people in them ...". The Cossacks took one prison “and smoked about sixty people who were in the prison and resisted - they beat everyone,” but they did not touch the others: it turned out that the Ainu “have no belly [property] and there is nothing to take yasak; and there are a lot of sables and foxes in their land, only they do not hunt them, because sables and foxes will not get anywhere from them, that is, there is no one to sell them to.

Campaigns of V. Atlasov to Kamchatka in 1696–1699.

Atlasov was only 100 km from the southern tip of Kamchatka. But, according to the Kamchadals, further south "there are a lot of people along the rivers," and the Russians were running out of gunpowder and lead. And the detachment returned to the Anadyr jail, and from there, in the late spring of 1700, to Yakutsk. For five years (1695-1700) V. Atlasov covered more than 11 thousand km.

In the Upper Kamchatka jail, V. Atlasov left 15 Cossacks, led by Potap Seryukov, a cautious and not greedy man who traded peacefully with the Kamchadals and did not collect yasak. He spent three years among them, but after his shift, on the way back to the Anadyr jail, he and his people were killed by the rebellious Koryaks.

V. Atlasov himself went from Yakutsk to Moscow with a report. On the way, in Tobolsk, he showed his materials S. U. Remezov, who made with his help one of the detailed drawings of the Kamchatka Peninsula. V. Atlasov lived in Moscow from the end of January to February 1701 and presented a number of "tales", published in full or in part several times. They contained the first information about the relief and climate of Kamchatka, about its flora and fauna, about the seas surrounding the peninsula, and about their ice regime. In "skats" V. Atlasov reported some data about the Kuril Islands, quite detailed news about Japan and brief information about the "Great Land" (North-West America).

He also gave a detailed ethnographic description of the population of Kamchatka. “A poorly educated man, he ... possessed a remarkable mind and great powers of observation, and his testimony ... ["sketch"] ... contains a lot of valuable ethnographic and geographical data. None of the Siberian explorers of the 17th and early 18th centuries ... gives such informative reports” (L. Berg).

In Moscow, V. Atlasov was appointed head of the Cossacks and again sent to Kamchatka. On the way, at the Angara, he seized the goods of a deceased Russian merchant. If you do not know all the circumstances, the word "robbery" could be applied to this case. However, in reality, V. Atlasov took away the goods, having compiled their inventory, only for 100 rubles. - exactly for the amount that was provided to him by the leadership of the Siberian order as a reward for the trip to Kamchatka. The heirs filed a complaint, and the “Kamchatka Yermak,” as A. S. Pushkin called him, after interrogation under the supervision of a bailiff, was sent to the river. Lena to return the goods he sold for his own benefit. A few years later, after the successful completion of the investigation, V. Atlasov was left the same rank of the Cossack head.

In those days, several more groups of Cossacks and “eager people” penetrated Kamchatka, built Bolsheretsky and Nizhnekamchatsky prisons there, robbed and killed Kamchadals. In 1706 the clerk Vasily Kolesov sent to the "Kuril land", that is, the southern part of Kamchatka, Mikhail Nasedkin with 50 Cossacks to pacify "non-peaceful foreigners". He moved south on dogs, but did not reach the "Nose of the Earth", that is, to Cape Lopatka, but sent scouts there. They reported that on the cape, “beyond the overflows” (straits), land is visible in the sea, “but there is nothing to visit that land, there are no ships of the sea and ship supplies, and there is nowhere to take it.”

When information about the Kamchatka atrocities reached Moscow, V. Atlasov was sent as a clerk to Kamchatka: to restore order there and “deserve the former guilt.” He was given full power over the Cossacks. Under the threat of the death penalty, he was ordered to act “against foreigners with kindness and greetings” and not to offend anyone. But V. Atlasov had not yet reached the Anadyr prison, when denunciations rained down on him: the Cossacks complained about his autocracy and cruelty.

He arrived in Kamchatka in July 1707. And in December, the Cossacks, accustomed to free life, rebelled, removed him from power, chose a new boss and, in order to justify themselves, sent new petitions to Yakutsk complaining of Atlasov’s insults and crimes, allegedly committed by him. The rebels put Atlasov in a “kazenka” (prison), and his property was taken away to the treasury. Atlasov escaped from prison and appeared in Nizhnekamchatsk. He demanded from the local clerk to surrender to him the command over the prison; he refused, but left Atlasov at will.

Meanwhile, the Yakut governor, having informed Moscow about the road complaints against Atlasov, sent in 1709 to Kamchatka as a clerk Petra Chirikova with a group of 50 people. On the way, P. Chirikov lost 13 Cossacks and military supplies in clashes with the Koryaks. Arriving in Kamchatka, he sent to the river. Large 40 Cossacks to pacify the southern Kamchadals. But those large forces attacked the Russians; eight people were killed, the rest almost all were injured. For a whole month they sat in a siege and with difficulty escaped. P. Chirikov himself with 50 Cossacks pacified the eastern Kamchadals and again imposed tribute on them. By the autumn of 1710, P. Chirikov arrived from Yakutsk to replace Osip Mironovich Lipin with a group of 40 people.

In January 1711 both returned to Verkhnekamchatsk. On the way, the rebellious Cossacks killed Lipin. They gave P. Chirikov time to repent, and they themselves rushed to Nizhnekamchatsk to kill Atlasov. “Before reaching half a verst, they sent three Cossacks to him with a letter, instructing them to kill him when he began to read it ... But they found him sleeping and stabbed him to death. So Yermak of Kamchatka perished!.. The rioters entered prison... plundered the belongings of the murdered clerks... chose Antsiferov, Kozyrevskiy as esaul as ataman, Atlasov's belongings were brought from Tigil... they plundered food supplies, sails and gear prepared for the sea route from Mironov [Lipin] and left for the Upper prison, and Chirikov was thrown chained into the ice hole [hole], on March 20, 1711 ”(A. S. Pushkin). According to B.P. Polevoy, the Cossacks came to V. Atlasov at night; he leaned over the candle to read the false charter they had brought, and was stabbed in the back.

Daniil Yakovlevich Antsiferov and Ivan Petrovich Kozyrevsky, who had only an indirect relation to the murder of V. Atlasov (in particular, the testimony of his son Ivan was preserved), completed the work of V. Atlasov, having reached the southern tip of Kamchatka in August 1711. And from the "nose" through the "overflows" they crossed on small ships and Kamchadal canoes to the northernmost of the Kuril Islands - Shumshu. There, as in the south of Kamchatka, a mixed population lived - the descendants of the Kamchadals and the "hairy people", that is, the Ainu. The Russians called these mestizos the near Kurils, in contrast to the distant Kurils or "hairy", purebred Ainu. D. Antsiferov and I. Kozyrevsky argued that the “Kuril men”, known for their peacefulness, entered into battle with them, as if “they are more leisurely in military battle and of all foreigners who live from Anadyr [Anadyr] to Kamchatsky Nose”. So the discoverers of the Kuril Islands justified the murder of several dozen smokers.

It was not possible to collect yasak on Shumshu: “On that island,” the conquerors reported, “sables and foxes do not live, and there is no beaver fishing and halt, and they hunt for seals. And they have clothes on themselves from seal skins and from bird feathers.

Antsiferov and Kozyrevsky also attributed to themselves a visit to the second Kuril Island to the south - Paramushir (they presented a map of Shumshu and Paramushir), but they didn’t collect yasak there either, since the locals allegedly declared that they didn’t hunt sables and foxes, but “beavers were sold to other land to foreigners" (Japanese). But the third participant in the rebellion against Atlasov, Grigory Perelomov, who also went on a campaign to the Kuril Islands, later confessed under torture that they had given false evidence, had not been to “another sea island”, “wrote in a petition and in their drawing falsely” .

At the same time, a new clerk arrived in Kamchatka, Vasily Sevastyanov, Antsiferov himself came to him in Nizhnekamchatsk with a yasak treasury collected on the river. Big. V. Sevastyanov did not dare to put him on trial, but sent him back to Bolsheretsk as a yasak collector. In February 1712, D. Antsiferov was transferred to the east, to the river. Avachu. “Having learned about his imminent arrival ... they [Kamchadals] arranged a spacious booth with secret triple lifting doors. They received him with honor, affection and promises; they gave him several amanats from their best people and took him a booth. The next night they burned it. Before lighting the booth, they lifted the doors and called their amanats, so that they would quickly rush out. The unfortunate ones answered that they were shackled and could not move, but ordered their comrades to burn the booth and not to count them, if only the Cossacks would burn down ”(A. S. Pushkin). According to I. Kozyrevsky, D. Antsiferov was killed in a campaign on the river. Avachu.

The Cossack rebellion was suppressed by V. Kolesov, who was assigned to Kamchatka for the second time. He executed some participants in the triple murder, ordered others to be beaten with a whip; Kozyrevsky was pardoned “for his services”, that is, merits: V. Kolesov spared him also because he hoped to receive from him a new map of “overflows” and islands behind the “nose land”. In 1712, Kozyrevsky drew up a drawing of the "Kamchadal Land" and the Kuril Islands - this was the first map of the archipelago - the drawing of 1711 has not been preserved. In the summer of 1713, I. Kozyrevsky set off from Bolsheretsk on ships with a detachment of 55 Russians and 11 Kamchadals with cannons and firearms "to navigate from the Kamchatka Nose beyond the overflows of the sea islands and the Apon state." A captive Japanese was a pilot (driver) in this expedition. This time Kozyrevsky actually visited Fr. Paramushir. There, according to him, the Russians withstood the battle with the Kurils, who were "very cruel", dressed in "waders" (shells), armed with sabers, spears, bows and arrows. Whether the battle took place is unknown, but the Cossacks took the booty. Kozyrevsky presented some of it to V. Kolesov, but probably concealed most of it: it turned out that later the Kamchatka clerk "extorted" many valuable things from him. From Kozyrevsky, he also received a ship's log and a description of all the Kuril Islands, compiled but by questioning information - the first reliable materials on the geographical position of the ridge.

In 1717, I. Kozyrevsky took the monastic vows and took the name of Ignatius. It is possible that he was engaged in the "enlightenment" (conversion to Orthodoxy) of Kamchadals, since until 1720 he lived in Kamchatka. For "outrageous speeches" But to the denunciation, when the monk Ignatius was reproached for his involvement in the murder of Kamchatka clerks, he replied: “Which people and regicides and those who live are assigned to sovereign affairs, and it’s not a big [great] thing that clerks are killed in Kamchatka.” he was sent under guard to Yakutsk, but he managed to justify himself and take a high position in the Yakutsk monastery. Four years later, Kozyrevsky was again sent to prison, but he soon escaped from custody. Then he submitted a statement to the Yakut governor that he knew the way to Japan, and demanded that he be sent to Moscow for testimony. Having been refused, in the summer of 1726 he met with V. Bering and unsuccessfully asked to be accepted into the service for sailing to Japan. Kozyrevsky handed over to V. Bering a detailed drawing of the Kuril Islands and a note that indicated the meteorological conditions in the straits at different times of the year and the distances between the islands. Two years later, Kozyrevsky built in Yakutsk, probably at the expense of the monastery, a ship intended for reconnaissance of lands supposedly located north of the mouth, or for searching for land to the east and collecting yasak from “non-peaceful foreigners”. But he failed: on the lower Lena at the end of May 1729, the ice crushed the ship.

Biographical index

Behring, Vitus Johansen

Russian navigator of Dutch origin, captain-commander, explorer of the northeastern coast of Asia, Kamchatka, seas and lands of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, northwestern coasts of America, leader of the 1st (1725–1730) and 2nd (1733) –1743) Kamchatka expeditions.

In 1730, I. Kozyrevsky appeared in Moscow: according to his petition, the Senate allocated 500 rubles. for the Christianization of Kamchadals; the initiator, elevated to the rank of hieromonk, began preparations for departure. An article appeared in the official St. Petersburg newspaper praising his actions in Kamchatka and his discoveries. He probably took care of printing it himself. But there were people who remembered him as a participant in the rebellion against Atlasov. Before the arrival of documents from Siberia, he was imprisoned, where he died on December 2, 1734.

After the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, the question arose of organizing maritime communication between the peninsula and Okhotsk. For this, on May 23, 1714, an expedition arrived in Okhotsk Kuzma Sokolova. Under his command there were 27 people - Cossacks, sailors and workers, led by a ship master Yakov Neveitsyn, who led the construction of a Pomeranian-type boat, a “comfortable and strong” vessel, 17 m long and 6 m wide. In June 1716, after the first unsuccessful attempt by the helmsman Nikifor Moiseevich Cod led lodia along the coast to the mouth of the Tigil and explored the western coast of Kamchatka from 58 to 55 ° N. sh. Here the people of K. Sokolov overwintered, and in May 1717 the lodia crossed into the open sea to the Taui Bay, and from there along the coast to Okhotsk, where it arrived on July 8.

After the expedition of K. Sokolov, navigation between Okhotsk and Kamchatka became commonplace. Lodia also became a kind of school of Okhotsk navigation: in 1719, N. Treska made the first voyage across the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Kuril Islands on it, visiting about. Urup, experienced sailors left her team, members of a number of later expeditions, explorers of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, who sailed north to the Bering Strait and south to Japan.

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(October 31 (November 11) 1711, Moscow - February 25 (March 8), 1755, St. Petersburg) - Russian botanist, ethnographer, geographer, traveler, explorer of Siberia and Kamchatka, author of the famous book Description of the Land of Kamchatka (1756 ).

There is almost no information about Stepan Krasheninnikov's childhood and youth. It is only known that he was born on October 31, 1711 in Moscow, in the family of a soldier.

From 1724 to 1732. Stepan studied at the Moscow Zaikonospassky School, which also had the name of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. It was a spiritual school. For the first four years, the Latin language was studied here, which was subsequently very useful to Krasheninnikov, because at that time many scientific works were written in Latin.

In 1724, preparations were underway for a large expedition, which in history was called Kamchatka. It lasted five years and was marked by important research and discoveries in the northeast of Asia. Krasheninnikov was still studying at that time, but he had already had the opportunity to take part in the Second Kamchatka Expedition.

This significant event took place in 1732, when the young Stepan Krasheninnikov, among the twelve students of the Zaikonospassky school, was sent to St. Petersburg to participate in the expedition.

The expedition was then carried out on a truly grandiose scale and had no equal in the world. It was attended by 600 people, who were divided into groups. The northern detachments had the task of exploring and mapping the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean from the White Sea to Kamchatka; it took 10 years to complete.

Detachments under the command of V. Bering and A.I. Chirikov had to "find unknown American shores" and also find the Northern route to Japan. The work of these detachments was marked by remarkable scientific results. Atlasov Bering Krashennikov Kamchatka

And, finally, the expedition faced the problem of researching and describing the little-studied territories of Siberia and especially Kamchatka. This task had to be carried out by a detachment, which was equipped by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

It was to help this detachment, to perform auxiliary work, that the students of the Moscow Zaikonospassky school were requested. However, only five people received this honor. Shortly after arriving in St. Petersburg, Krasheninnikov became a student at the academy and spent eight months in the capital before being sent on an expedition.

It was not by chance that these expeditions received the name "Kamchatsky", since only with the discovery of Kamchatka did Russians systematically sail to the north and east of the Pacific Ocean become possible. From Kamchatka, Russian ships were supposed to head to America, thus Kamchatka becomes an important Russian stronghold in the Pacific.

Natural scientists at that time had not yet visited Kamchatka. Interesting information about it for science was collected only by the brave explorer Vladimir Atlasov, who made his first trip to Kamchatka in 1697-1699. His reports contained a wealth of geographic data.

At that time, there were already three permanent Russian settlements in Kamchatka, each of which consisted of 30-40 huts with a small fortress. Service people, industrialists and merchants lived in the huts.

One of these settlements - Bolsheretsk - was built off the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk; the other two - Upper Kamchatsky and Lower Kamchatsky - were located in the valley of the Kamchatka River, the largest river of the peninsula.

It was quite difficult to get here from Siberia. The first Russian settlers went to Kamchatka by land. For example, the journey from Yakutsk to Bolsheretsk or Verkhne-Kamchatsky prison took about six months.

During the reign of Peter I, it was possible to establish communication with Kamchatka by water. Once or twice a year a small sailing ship set out from Okhotsk.

Salt, flour, metal tools were brought to Kamchatka, and from there they brought the skins of sables and silver foxes.

It was necessary to make a detailed description of the Kamchatka land, its population, about which practically nothing was known.

The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences appointed historian G.F. Miller, naturalist I.G. Gmelin and astronomer L. Delil. It was assumed that they would carry out research work in accordance with the specialty and scientific interests of each.

In 1733, preparations for the expedition were completed.

In March, a detachment of Bering and Chirikov left Petersburg, a little later, in August, followed by a detachment in which Stepan Krasheninnikov was.

More than two years passed before the expedition got from Tobolsk to Yakutsk. Krasheninnikov managed to see a lot on this segment of the journey. He began to keep a travel diary, which he called the "Road Journal". On the way, the student was caught by rain, snow and frost, sometimes he had to starve and spend days without sleep, but he was increasingly fascinated by the daily work of the traveler.

Stepan learned how to collect and collect plants, compose geographical descriptions, observe the customs of different peoples.

During the expedition, the professors did not always lead their wards properly, they had to learn a lot on their own. True, sometimes Gmelin gave students lessons in natural science, trying not to be noticed by Miller, who treated the students with condescension and forbade them to give lessons. Subsequently, it turned out that of all the academic students sent on the expedition, only Krasheninnikov passed the test and turned out to be "efficient".

Soon, Stepan began to entrust independent tasks. He described the Kolyvan factories of the Altai, the Argun silver factories, sailed up the Yenisei, went to the warm springs on the Onon River and from there to the Yenisei prison. He began to make the most interesting routes in the fourth year of his travels, when the expedition reached Irkutsk. From Irkutsk, Krasheninnikov was sent to Baikal, to the rivers Barguzin and Lena. On Lena, Krasheninnikov studied mica deposits and salt springs, and here he collected information for his first scientific work "On the sable trade."

Finally, all the members of the expedition gathered in Yakutsk, from where they set off for Okhotsk, on the Pacific coast.

The distance from Yakutsk to Okhotsk was very long. The path was blocked by mountains and taiga. A significant part of the things people were forced to drag on themselves, carry on sleds.

Surveyors were already doing their work on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Soon Stepan Krasheninnikov joined them.

Once the professors called him to their place and ordered him to go to Bolsheretsk to settle there and from there make trips to study Kamchatka. Krasheninnikov also had to prepare housing for his superiors.

Subsequently, it turned out that Gmelin and Miller, citing illness, did not want to go, so Krasheninnikov went to Kamchatka as an independent researcher, who was called upon to do the work of a whole detachment.

Krasheninnikov's voyage began on a small sailboat "Fortuna", built during the First Kamchatka Expedition. Since then, it has regularly transported cargo from Okhotsk to Bolsheretsk.

The voyage did not start too well, as a leak opened in the ship. It was impossible to pump out the water completely, and therefore, for the sake of salvation, about 400 pounds of various cargoes were thrown overboard, including Krasheninnikov's belongings.

On the tenth day of the voyage, when the shores of Kamchatka were already visible, a storm began on the sea. The sailboat failed to enter the Bolshaya River, on the banks of which Bolsheretsk was located. An attempt to anchor near the shore to wait out the bad weather also ended in failure: the ship was simply thrown onto a sand bar.

People were on a small piece of land for a whole week, until help came from Bolsheretsk.

At that time, many travelers wrote entire books about their travels. But Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov did not. Maybe he did not want everyone to know about the difficulties that befell him during the trip. Instead, he wrote a series of articles, later combined into a separate book. They mainly talked about the mountains in Kamchatka. Krasheninnikov also described hot springs on it.

Stepan Petrovich also liked to watch the feathered inhabitants of Kamchatka. Especially a lot of waterfowl came across to him. He learned a lot of interesting things about the habits of loons, guillemots, swans and ducks. He also studied various animals.

Stepan Krasheninnikov managed to see such an interesting thing as the "great herds" of Kamchatka fish.

In winter and spring, there were few fish in the Kamchatka rivers; she came from the sea in the summer. Chum salmon, chinook salmon and pink salmon went to the mouths of the rivers in huge shoals. Krasheninnikov noted that there are a lot of fish and the water literally "boils", and the noise reaches the shore.

According to Krasheninnikov's reports, the routes he traveled are known. In January 1738 he made his first trip from Bolsheretsk into the interior of the peninsula. The path lay in the direction of Avachinskaya Sopka, past hot mineral springs, which Stepan Petrovich described in detail.

In the spring of 1738, Krasheninnikov went to the south of Kamchatka, where he described hot springs in the valley of the Ozernaya River.

At the beginning of winter, Krasheninnikov went on one of his longest routes in Kamchatka. He left Bolsheretsk in November and returned only in April of the following year. During this time, he explored the interior of the peninsula, especially the valley of the Kamchatka River, he also visited the Upper Kamchatka and Lower Kamchatka prisons.

An interesting route, made by Krasheninnikov in the winter of 1740, from the Nizhne-Kamchatka settlement along the Pacific coast to the north. He crossed the extreme northern part of the peninsula where the Keraga and Lesnaya rivers flow, and returned along the Okhotsk coast to Nizhne-Kamchatsk. On the map, this path has the shape of a loop.

In the summer, Krasheninnikov often traveled by boat. At the same time of the year, he happened to see the black-purple flowers of the Sarana (Kamchatka lily), striking in their unusual beauty.

During his trips, Stepan Petrovich often stopped in the villages of Kamchadals - local residents.

In winter, Kamchadals (or Itelmens) lived in semi-underground dwellings made of logs. A hole was made in the ceiling of such a dwelling, which served as "both a window, and a door, and a chimney." In the summer, local residents arranged pile buildings (or booths) for themselves: nine piles were placed, a platform was strengthened on top of them, on which they built a hut of stakes. It was necessary to climb into the hut by stairs.

Stepan Krasheninnikov visited the Itelmen quite often, they eventually ceased to be afraid of him and were friendly. Krasheninnikov spoke in detail about the life of the Kamchadals in his book Description of the Land of Kamchatka.

Stepan Krasheninnikov had a lot to do in Bolsheretsk as well.

He made daily meteorological observations, set up a post on the seashore with markings in feet and inches, and from this post he noted the height of the tides. Near the pillar, Krasheninnikov arranged a sundial, by which he determined the beginning and end of the tide and the ebb. He patiently rewrote old documents stored in the Bolsheretsk library, and studied the history of Kamchatka from these documents.

Krasheninnikov also collected information about the Kuril Islands, discovered by Russian explorers and thoroughly surveyed by Peter the Great surveyors.

In many cases, Stepan Petrovich was helped by his assistants - Vasily Mokhnatkin, Yegor Ikonnikov and others. The local authorities singled them out from the "service" people.

In 1740, Krasheninnikov sent descriptions of the Kamchatka lands and various collections to "gentlemen professors" in Siberia.

Stepan Petrovich had been in Kamchatka for the third year already, but they still could not send him a salary. He wore bad clothes, went hungry, but did not complain to anyone and continued to work. The only thing that did not go well from the assignment was that the local authorities stubbornly did not want to build "mansions" for the "gentlemen-professors".

Finally, instead of Gmelin and Miller, the astronomer Delisle and the naturalist Steller came to Kamchatka. Delil was of little use, but Steller turned out to be a knowledgeable person. He made some observations in Kamchatka, which served as an addition to what Krasheninnikov had done.

Shortly after the arrival of Delisle and Steller, Krasheninnikov made a trip to the north of the peninsula to study the life of the Koryaks, and this was his last trip to Kamchatka.

In Yakutsk, Stepan Petrovich married Stepanida Ivanovna Tsibulskaya, a relative of the local governor, and in February 1743 he returned to St. Petersburg.

However, at the Academy, Krasheninnikov was still considered a "student", although by this time he had already become a mature researcher. After M.V. Lomonosov, Krasheninnikov was awarded the first academic title - adjunct. After five years, he finally received the title of professor of natural history and botany.

But even the award of an academic title did not save Krasheninnikov from terrible poverty. He was constantly forced to ask for at least a little money in order to eat more or less normally and buy medicines.

Upon returning from Kamchatka, Krasheninnikov lived only 13 years. And all these years were filled with active scientific activity.

After some time, Stepan Krasheninnikov began to collect information about the St. Petersburg flora. He collected a collection of about 350 different herbs.

In 1750, Krasheninnikov was appointed head of the academic gymnasium and university. Stepan Petrovich did this until the end of his life. Mostly children from poor families studied here, because the landowners preferred not a scientist, but a military career for their offspring.

The students lived in the same poverty as Krasheninnikov once did. He was sympathetic to his wards and regarded every insult inflicted on a student as a personal insult.

Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov died on February 25 (March 8), 1755. His main work "Description of the land of Kamchatka" was published a year later.

Koch Fedot Popov, after he was “swept away at sea without a trace” with Dezhnev, the same October storm was carried “everywhere by captivity and thrown ashore at the front end”, but much farther

Kamchadals making fire (according to S. Krasheninnikov).

further southwest than Dezhnev - to Kamchatka. S. P. Krasheninnikov wrote that Koch Popova came to the mouth of the river. Kamchatka and went up to the river flowing into it on the right (downstream), “which ... is now called Fedotovshchina ...”, and it is called that by the head of the Russian people who wintered there even before the conquest of Kamchatka. In the spring of 1649, on the same boat, F. Popov went down to the sea and, bypassing Cape Lopatka, walked along the Penzhinsky (Okhotsk) Sea to the river. Tigil (near 58 ° N), where - according to the legend of the Kamchadals - "that winter, from his brother, he was slaughtered for a yasyrka [captive], and then all those who got up from the Koryak were beaten." In other words, F. Popov discovered about 2 thousand km of the Kamchatka coast - rather indented, mountainous eastern and low-lying, devoid of harbors western - and was the first to sail in the eastern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. During the detour of the southern tip of Kamchatka - Cape Lopatka - by the narrow First Kuril Strait, F. Popov undoubtedly saw Fr. Shumshu, the northernmost of the Kuril arc; there is an assumption (I. I. Ogryzko) that his people even landed there. S.P. Krasheninnikov himself, referring to the testimony of Dezhnev (see below), assumed that “Fedot the Nomad” and his comrades died not on Tigil, but between Anadyr and Olyutorsky Bay; from Tigil, he tried to go to Anadyr by sea or by land "along the Olyutorsky coast" and died on the way, and his comrades were either killed or fled and disappeared without a weight. A quarter of a century before Krasheninnikov about the remains of two winter quarters on the river. Fedotov region, set by people who arrived there "in the past years from Yakutsk-city by sea on Kochi," Ivan Kozyrevsky said. And the earliest evidence of the fate of the missing “nighters” comes from Dezhnev and refers to 1655: “And in the past 162, I, Family, went camping near the sea. And he defeated ... the Yakut woman Fedot Alekseev from the Koryaks. And that woman said that Fedot and the service man Gerasim [Ankidinov] died of scurvy, and other comrades were beaten, and small people remained, and ran with one soul, I don’t know where ... ".
Three testimonies at different times confirm that Popov and Ankidinov and their comrades were thrown by a storm in their koche to Kamchatka, spent at least one winter there, and that, consequently, they discovered Kamchatka, and not the later explorers who came to the peninsula at the end 17th century Those, led by Vladimir Atlasov, only completed the discovery of Kamchatka and annexed it to Russia. Already in 1667, that is, 30 years before the arrival of Atlasov, r. Kamchatka is shown on the "Drawing of the Siberian Land", drawn up by order of the Tobolsk governor Peter Godunov, and it flows into the sea in eastern Siberia between the Lena and the Amur, and the path from the mouth of the Lena to it, as well as to the Amur, is completely free. In 1672, the “List” (explanatory note) for the second edition of the “Drawing” says: “... and against the mouth of the Kamchatka River, a stone pillar came out of the sea, high without measure, and no one has been on it.” Here, not only the river is named, but also the height of the mountain (“high without measure” - 1,233 m), which rises against the mouth of Kamchatka, is indicated.
The court verdict of the Yakut governor Dmitry Zinoviev dated July 14, 1690 in the case of a conspiracy of a group of Cossacks who “wanted ... to rob both the stolnik and the governor ... and city residents to death and bellies [property ] them, and in the living yard of trading and industrial people, rob their stomachs, and run for the Nose to Anadyr and the Kamchatka River ... ". It turns out that a few years before Atlasov, the Cossack freemen in Yakutsk started a campaign through Anadyr to Kamchatka as to an already well-known river, and, moreover, apparently by sea - “to run for the Nose”, and not “for the Stone”.