Verb- this is an independent part of speech that answers the questions what to do ?, what to do? (be, learn, dream, go…)

According to the method of formation of the forms of the past tense (V2) and the past participle (V3), all English verbs are divided into 2 groups: regular (Regular Verbs) and irregular verbs (Irregular verbs).

The English verb has three forms. The verb forms are denoted by Roman numerals I, II, III.

I form(or an infinitive without to), for example: to make (to do) - make - the first, or main form that answers the question what to do ?, what to do? With the help of the first form of the verb, the Present Simple Tense is formed. When forming Present Simple Tense, the ending is added to the I form of the verb in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it - he, she, it) -s or -es(he jumpes, she jumpes, it jumpes, he cries, she cries, it cries, he does, she does, it does) . With the rest of the pronouns (I, we, you, you, they - I, we, you, you, they), the I form of the verb is used unchanged.

II form serves to form the simple past tense (Past Simple Tense). When forming the simple past tense, both regular and irregular verbs are used. Regular verbs form II and III forms by adding the suffix form I to the stem –ed(jump - jumped - jump - jumped) . If the verb is not regular, then its past tense form corresponds to the second column in the table of irregular verbs (be - was / were, do - did, make - made).

III form- Participle II (Participle II) - a special form of the verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions of an adjective (lost, baked, done). For regular verbs III, the form coincides with II: jump (I) - jumped (II) - jumped (III) (jump - jumped - jumped). II and III forms of irregular verbs can be formed in various ways, indicated below.

Regular verbs

Regular verbs form II and III forms by adding the suffix form I to the stem – ed (- d), which is pronounced like:

• [ d] after vowels and voiced consonants: to clean (clean) - cleaned (cleaned); to play (play) - played (played);
• [ t] after the deaf: to work (work) - worked (worked), to look (watch) - looked (looked);
• after [d] and [t]: to want (want) - wanted (wanted), to mend (repair) - mended (repaired).

When forming II and III forms of verbs, pay attention to the following spelling rules:

• If the I form is a short root syllable and ends with one consonant, then when adding the ending –ed the last vowel of the root is doubled: to stop (stop) - sto pped(has stopped).
• -y, preceded by a consonant, the letter y changes to i: to carry (carry) - carried (carried), to study (learn) - studied (studied). But if the stem of the verb ends in -y, which is preceded by a vowel, then the stem of the verb is simply added - ed: to play (play) - played (played), to stay (stay) - stayed (stayed).
• If the stem of the verb ends in -e, which is not pronounced, then the II and III forms of the verb are formed by adding the ending - d: to arrive (arrive) - arrived (arrived).

Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs- these are verbs that have special, fixed forms of the past tense and participles, their forms do not have a clear education algorithm and are learned by memorizing: to make (to do) - made (done) - made (done). Most English irregular verbs are native English, derived from verbs that existed in Old English. Most irregular verbs exist as remnants of historical systems of conjugation (changing the verb by person - I'm coming, you're coming, he's coming...).

Irregular verbs are used to form the past simple (Past Simple), the present perfect (Present Simple), the past perfect tense (Past Perfect), in the passive voice (Passive voice), when converting direct speech into indirect (Reported speech), in conditional sentences ( conditional sentences).

table of irregular verbs

Infinitive		past tense		Past Participle		Translation
arise	[ə"raiz]	arose	[ə"rəuz]	arisen	[ə"riz(ə)n]	arise, appear
wake up	[ə"weik]	awoke	[ə"wəuk]	awoken	[ə"wəukən]	wake up, wake up
be		was, were	,	been		be
bear		bore		born		give birth, bring
beat		beat		beaten	["bi:tn]	beat
become		became		become		become
begin		began		begun		start off)
bend		bent		bent		bend, bend
bind		bound		bound		bind
bite		bit		bitten	["bɪtn]	bite)
bleed		bled		bled		bleed
blow		blew		blown		blow
break		broke		broken	["broukən]	break)
breed		bred		bred		bring up
bring		brought		brought		bring
build		built		built		build
burn		burnt		burnt		burn, burn
burst		burst		burst		explode, explode
buy		bought		bought		buy
cast		cast		cast		throw, pour (metal)
catch		caught		caught		catch, seize
choose		chose		chosen	["tʃouzən]	choose, pick
come		came		come		come
cost		cost		cost		cost
cut		cut		cut		cut
dig		arc		arc		dig, dig
do		did		done		make
draw		drew		drawn		draw, draw
dream		dream		dream		dream, dream
drink		drank		drunk		drink
drive		drove		driven	["drɪvən]	drive
eat		ate		eaten	["i:tn]	there is
fall		fell		fallen	["fɔ:lən]	fall
feed		fed		fed		feed
feel		felt		felt		feel
fight		fought		fought		fight
find		found		found		find
fit		fit		fit		fit in size
fly		flew		flown		fly
forget		forgot		forgotten		forget
forgive		forgave		forgiven		forgive
freeze		frozen		frozen	["frouzən]	freeze
get		got		got		receive
give		gave		given	["gɪvən]	give
go		went		gone		go, walk
grow		grew		grown		grow
hang		hung		hung		hang, hang
have		had		had		have
hear		heard		heard		hear
hide		hidden		hidden	["hɪdn]	hide
hit		hit		hit		hit the mark
hold		held		held		Keep
hurt		hurt		hurt		hurt, bruise
keep		kept		kept		keep, save
kneel		knelt		knelt		kneel
knit		knit		knit		knit (knitting needles)
know		knew		known		know
lay		laid		laid		put
lead		led		led		lead, lead
lean		lean		lean		tilt
learn		learned		learned		teach
leave		left		left		leave, leave
lend		lent		lent		borrow, borrow
let		let		let		let
lie		lay		lain		lie
light		lit		lit		illuminate, ignite
lose		lost		lost		lose
make		made		made		make
mean		meant		meant		to mean
meet		met		met		meet
mistake		mistook		mistaken		make mistakes
pay		paid		paid		to pay
put		put		put		put, put
read		read		read		read
ride		rode		ridden	["rɪdn]	ride
ring		rank		rung		call, call
rise		rose		rising	["rɪzən]	get up
run		ran		run		run away
say		said		said		talk
see		saw		seen		see
seek		sought		sought		search
sell		sold		sold		sell
send		sent		sent		send
set		set		set		put, put
shake	[ʃeɪk]	shook	[ʃʊk]	shaken	["ʃeɪkən]	shake
shine	[ʃaɪn]	shone	[ʃoun, ʃɒn]	shone	[ʃoun, ʃɒn]	to shine, shine, shine
shoot	[ʃu:t]	shot	[ʃɒt]	shot	[ʃɒt]	fire
show	[ʃou]	showed	[ʃoud]	shown	[ʃoun]	show
shrink	[ʃriŋk]	shrank	[ʃræŋk]	shrunk	[ʃrʌŋk]	sit down (about the material), decrease (sya), reduce (sya)
shut	[ʃʌt]	shut	[ʃʌt]	shut	[ʃʌt]	close
sing		sang		sung		sing
sink		sank		sunk		drown
sit		sat		sat		sit
sleep		slept		slept		sleep
smell		smelt		smelt		smell, smell
slide		slide		slide		slide
sow		sowed		sown		sow, sow
smell		smelled		smelled		smell, smell
speak		spoke		spoken	["spoukən]	talk
spell		spelt		spelt		to spell
spend		spent		spent		spend
spill		spilt		spilt		shed
sleep		spat		spat		spit
split		split		split		split
spoil		spoilt		spoilt		spoil
spread		spread		spread		spread
stand		stood		stood		to stand
steal		stole		stolen	["stoulən]	steal
stick		stuck		stuck		to stick, to stick, to stick
sting		stung		stung		sting
strike		struck		struck		hit, strike
striving		strove		striving	["strɪvn]	try, strive
wear		swore		sworn		take an oath
sweep		swept		swept		revenge, sweep
swim		swam		swum		to swim
take		took		taken	["teɪkən]	take, take
teach		taught		taught		teach
tear		tore		torn		tear
tell		told		told		tell
think	[θɪŋk]	thought	[θɔ:t]	thought	[θɔ:t]	think
throw	[θrou]	threw	[θru:]	thrown	[θroun]	throw
understand	[ʌndər "stænd]	understood	[ʌndər"stʊd]	understood	[ʌndər"stʊd]	understand
upset	[ʌp"set]	upset	[ʌp"set]	upset	[ʌp"set]	upset, upset (plans), upset
wake		woke		woken	["woukən]	wake up
wear		wore		worn		wear
weep		wept		wept		cry
wet		wet		wet		wet, moisturize
win		won		won		win, win
wind		wound		wound		writhing, winding, winding (clock)
write		wrote		written	["rɪtn]	write

How to remember forms of irregular verbs?

Today, many people go in for sports. Therefore, in communication with friends, acquaintances, colleagues, we often. And if the conversation about sports is in English? Here we are waiting for underwater reefs. Why? Because when discussing a sports topic, we use certain verbs: « do», « go», « play» .

When the inhabitants of Foggy Albion talk about their sports they usually say - « do sport» :

We usually do sport twice a week. – We usually exercise twice a week.

Americans in this situation can say « practice sport» when it comes to training. For instance,

Our team is practicing for the international competition. – Our team is training for international competitions.

How to talk about sports hobbies in English

But there is another option to tell about your sports hobbies - « play sport» when it comes to team sports.

Sometimes in a conversation you can hear both verbs - « do» and « play» :

“What sport do you do?”

“ I play badminton.”

But everyone talks about the love of sports the same way – I love sport.

So, what is the difference between the verbs " do " and " play » ?

DO- usually used with the names of recreational activities, as well as with the names of sports involving individual participation and excluding ball games.

For instance,

Do ballet - practice ballet

Do yoga - do yoga

Do aerobics - do aerobics

Do pilates - Do Pilates.

PLAY- used when speaking about games in which there is an element of competition, about team sports, as well as about those sports that require the presence ball or similar items such as a washer (puck ), disk (disk ), shuttlecock (shuttlecock ) and etc.

For instance,

play badminton - play badminton

play poker - to play poker

play squash - play squash

play chess - play chess.

But there is another verb - "go».

GO- used with names of activities and sports ending in «- ing » . Verb « go» indicates that the person involved in these sports or activities must move in space.

For instance,

go skating - go skating go skating

go swimming - swim, go for a swim

go dancing - dance, go dancing.

The summary table shows examples of the use of verbs GO, DO andPLAY with nouns.

Are there any exceptions to the rule of using verbs?go», « do " and "play » ?

Yes. And they are worth remembering.

• Verb « do» , but not « go» used with the following nouns ending in «- ing» — « bodybuilding», « boxing», « weightlifting» (Weightlifting). This is explained by the fact that while doing bodybuilding, weightlifting and boxing, the individual does not make significant movements in space.
• Noun « golf» normatively used with the verb « play» when it comes to golf competitions. But if golf is considered as a kind of recreation, then we should say « go golfing» . For instance,

Fred is going golfing this weekend . Fred is playing golf this weekend.

We hope that we have dotted all the « i» , and now you can talk more about the sports you play or are interested in.

It may sound like a pun, but the verb to play plays an important role in the formation of many English set phrases and phrases. In its basic meaning, it corresponds to the Russian verb "play":

However, this verb has separate shades of meaning, which should be discussed separately.

Shades of meaning

play, play, play	James plays the guitar brilliantly.	James is an excellent guitar player.
play a role)		In Shakespeare's England, all the parts on the stage were played by men.
play (record, music)	I always know when my neighbors' children have come back home from school as they play their terrible music so loudly.	I always know when my neighbors kids got home from school because they listen (play) their awful music so loudly.
flirt	Ann played with some of her colleagues and didn't make a secret of it.	Ann flirted with some of her colleagues and made no secret of it.
pretend, pretend	Tom suddenly played deaf as soon as Sarah started to ask him about his debts.	Tom suddenly pretended to be deaf as soon as Sarah began to question him about his debts.
make a move	The grandmaster played with a rook.	The grandmaster moved the rook.
speculate, gamble (on the stock exchange)	George's mother didn't approve of his playing the stock market.	George's mother did not approve of his playing the stock market.
to have a backlash, to stagger	If the steering wheel of a car is playing it can sometimes be very dangerous.	If the car has play in the steering wheel, this can sometimes be very dangerous.

Grammar Features

Unlike the Russian verb "play" does not require a preposition to control the addition. Compare:

Thus, unlike the corresponding Russian verb, which is intransitive, the English verb to play refers to the number. And this, in turn, indicates the possibility for this verb to be used in the forms of the passive voice Passive Voice.

From the point of view of obedience to the rules for the formation of grammatical forms, it should be noted here that the verb to play belongs to the number of regular verbs. This, in turn, means that the three main forms shown in the table below are formed according to the rules:

theInfinitive(infinitive, initial form)	the Past Simple Tense(past simple tense)	the Past Participle(past participle)
to play
Jessica was sure she was able to play Juliet but the stage manager had another opinion. / Jessica was sure she could play Juliet, but the director had a different opinion.	My little sister played the violin better than I did. / My younger sister played the violin better than me.	Jack has never played the main part in a film or a play./ Jack has never starred in a movie or play.

The second and third forms in this case received the ending -ed. It should be borne in mind that the letter "y" is preserved when adding this ending, as with all verbs where "y" is preceded by a vowel. If “y” is preceded by a consonant, then “y” turns into “i” when the ending –ed is added (compare: to try - tried-tried).

Examples of the use of the verb to play in various tense forms of the active voice:

	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
present	the Present Simple Tense play/ plays I often play tennis in a sports club after work. / I often play tennis at the sports club after work.	the presentContinuousTense am/is/are playing We are playing an interesting game. Would you like to join us? / We are playing an interesting game. Would you like to join us?	the Present Perfect Tense have / has played She has never played a musical instrument in her life. / She has never played a musical instrument in her life.	the Present PerfectContinuousTense have/has been playing Jane has been playing with her new friends in the garden for two hours. / Jane has been playing with her new friends in the garden for two hours now.
Past	the Past Simple Tense played Arthur played Hamlet in that play last week. / Arthur played Hamlet in that performance last week.	the PastContinuousTense was/were playing When the parents returned all the children were playing poker in the sitting room. It looked alarming and funny at the same time. / When the parents returned, all the children were playing poker in the living room. It looked disturbing and funny at the same time.	the Past Perfect Tense had played James and Sarah had already played a tennis match when their friends came to the court. / James and Sarah were playing one tennis match when their friends came to the court.	the Past PerfectContinuousTense had been playing As we saw Tom, he had been playing cards for three hours and had lost all the money he had on him. / When we saw Tom, he had been playing cards for three hours and had lost all the money he had with him.
Future	the Future Simple Tense will play I think we will play football next Friday after school. / I think we will play football next Friday after school.	the futureContinuousTense will be playing At this time tomorrow I will be playing chess with my friend, I suppose. / At the same time tomorrow I will be playing chess with my friend, I suppose.	the Future Perfect Tense will have played By the time you enter the gym we will have played the match until the end. / By the time you enter the gym, we will have played the match to the end.	the Future PerfectContinuousTense will have been playing By 10 o'clock they will already have been playing chess for five hours. / At 10 o'clock it will be five o'clock as they play chess.

As mentioned above, the verb to play can. In this case, the table of temporary forms of Passive Voice looks like this:

	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
present	ice hockey is played in winter. / Ice hockey is played in winter.	The match is being played very slowly and many viewers are bored. / The match played very slowly and many spectators were bored. .	Such kind of games has never been played in our provincial town. / This kind of game was never played in our provincial town.
Past	The football match between these two teams was played last Tuesday. / The football match between these two teams was played last Tuesday.	When we came to the stadium the football match was being played. /When we arrived at the stadium, the football match was already on.	computer games had been played before the parents returned. / They played computer games before their parents returned.
Future	This role will be played by an unknown young actress. / This role will be played by an unknown young actress.		The game of chess will have been played by the time the new players come. / A game of chess will be played by the time the new players arrive.

Phrasal verbs with stem to play

to play around	make a mess	Why are you always playing around? Your room is in a mess!	Why are you always making a mess? Your room is such a mess!
	manipulate	Don't try to play around with me!	Don't try to manipulate me!
	flirt, have an affair, have an affair	Jill used to play around with her male colleagues. But now she is married.	Jill used to flirt with male co-workers. Now she is married.
to play back	play (audio or video)	This record is very old, but I'll try to play it back.	This entry is very old, but I will try to reproduce it.
to play down	downplay	Don't play down your merits!	Do not underestimate your accomplishments!
	reduce requirements	If you don't get what you want you should either work harder to achieve it or play down your wishes.	If you're not getting what you want, you should either work harder to get it, or lower your goals.
to play off	play a trick	Are you going to play off this card?	Are you going to play this card?
	set off	Don't play them offwith each other.	Don't pit them against each other.
to play along	play along	I'm going to make a prank. Play me around, please!	I'm going to make a prank. Play me please!
to play on / upon	play, keep playing	We are going to play on.	We will continue to play.
to play out	play to the end	Don't you want to play this game out?	Do you want to play this game to the end?
to play up	act up	The child is playing up. Just leave it alone!	The child is naughty. Just leave him alone!
		This firm can play up your production very well.
	play up	I like films and books where men play up.	I love movies and books in which men act masculine.

Set expressions

to play the wet blanket	discourage	Stop playing the wet blanket with the children!	Stop teasing the kids!
to play the buffoon	play the fool, play the fool	Don't play the buffoon during the meeting, please!	Don't play the fool at the meeting, please!
to play cards	playing cards	Playing cards can be very addictive.	Playing cards can be highly addictive.
to play the races	play at the races	Playing the races was very popular in the first half of the twentieth century.	Horse racing was very popular in the early twentieth century.
to play the stock market	play the stock market	They say that playing stock market can bring lot s of money.	They say that playing on the stock exchange can bring a lot of money.

English belongs to the category of analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, endings) to it, but by using various auxiliary words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And therefore there are not so many endings in English - only three: -s (-es), -ed and -ing. For comparison, Russian is a synthetic language, and it is morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.

So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.

Ending -s (-es)

The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:

Plural Nouns

Almost all nouns are pluralized by adding -s (-es). For instance:

dog - dog s

book - book s

When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For instance:

Church-church es

box - box es

tomato - tomato es

Verbs in the 3rd person singular in Present Simple tense

Present Indefinite is used when talking about events that happen constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) also adds the ending -s (-es) as a verb ending. For instance:

She play s tennis every weekend. - She plays tennis every weekend.

Sometimes my grandmother watch es soap operas. - Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.

Possessive case of nouns

By and large, the possessive case ending should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written with an apostrophe (‘). For instance:

John 's car - John's car

My daughter ‘s book - my daughter's book

If the word is plural or initially ends in -s, only an apostrophe is added at the end of the word. For instance:

Her parent s' house - her parents' house

Jame s' coat - James's coat

At the same time, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr (ə) ntsiz], [‘ dʒeɪmziz].

Ending -ed

Second form of the regular verb

This form is used to express the Past Simple tense. For instance:

yesterday he paint ed the window frame. He painted the window frame yesterday.

Third form of the regular verb (past participle)

It is used in perfect tenses - Present Perfect, Past Perfect and others. For instance:

She has live ed here since childhood. She has been living here since childhood.

The rain had stopp ed when we left home. The rain stopped when we left the house.

The past participle often acts as a definition.

Clos ed door - closed door

well-dress ed woman - a well-dressed woman

Ending -ing

Fourth form of any verb (present participle)

As you know, the fourth form of the verb is used in the group of continuous tenses. For instance:

She is sleep ing now. - She's sleeping now. (Present Continuous)

Yesterday at six I was wash ing my car. - Yesterday at 6 I washed the car. (Past Continuous)

The present participle can also play the role of a definition. For instance:

bark ing dog - barking dog

Bloom ing tree - flowering tree

Gerund / verbal adjective

swimm ing is good for health. - Swimming is good for health.

I like to eat ing outdoors. - I like to eat outdoors.

As you can see, the rules for using endings in English are not at all complicated. Memorize them, because this simple topic will help you in the further development of English grammar.

Are you happy that there are so few endings in English?

Study English Now

English right now. What, how and why.

Noun and verb agreement and ending -s/-es

Ending -s/-es noun means plural number, while the verb has the only thing number!
a boy- 2 boy s, a lady - 3 lad ies, a box - 4 box es, a potato - 5 potatoes es .
I study, he stud ies, they don't sing, she do es n't sing, . - the predicate agrees with the subject person and number.
How to write and read (pronounce) this ending?

On the agreement of the subject and the predicate in the present indefinite tense

Remember the RULE:

In the present indefinite tense (the Present Indefinite Tense), which is also called the simple (Simple) present tense, the semantic verb in all persons has a form that matches the indefinite form, without a particle to Besides third person singular:

(to play- play - indefinite form)
1 person: I play, we play; 2nd person: you play;
3rd person plural: the boys play, they play .

3rd person singular: The boy play s, he play s, she play s, the dog play s, it play s.
(the verb takes the ending - s or - es)

*** Special cases are modal verbs (do not change in person and number) and
verbs with special forms to be(forms am, is, are) and to have(forms have, has)

Consider sample sentences, in which the subject has a third person, and the predicate expresses the usual, typical action (verb in the present indefinite tense):

All boy s play with toy cars.
All boys play with toy cars. — ordinary action
(It doesn't say when the boys play, but it's clear: if the boys have cars, they usually play with them.)

Can be replaced All boys -> They (All boys -> They) = plural

This boy play s with toy cars every day.
This boy is playing with toy cars. everyday. — ordinary action

Can be replaced This boy -> He (This Boy -> He) = singular

Pay attention to the ending -s in the words boy s and play s(by the way, in these words it is pronounced the same (voiced): [z]).

So nouns and verbs have the same ending:

Plural - ending -s at the noun
Single number ending -s at the verb

In other words, there must be an ending -s either a noun or a verb! (Of course, except for special cases of plural formation of nouns without ending -s: a man - 2 men, a child - 2 children, .).

If the subject is singular, DO NOT FORGET about the ending -s/-es at the verb:
v affirmative sentence of the semantic verb:

He play s swim s, like s, watch es TV, .

and in interrogative and negative for the auxiliary verb:

He do es n't play.
Do es she play?

*** Auxiliary do,
which is used to form a question and a negative,
has the form does.

! does(Third person singular present tense of do) is pronounced !

How to write and read the ending -s / -es

In English, the same word can be both a noun and a verb, for example:

name- it's not only " name", is also a verb " call" (see the article "Determinants")
watch– watch or watch, watch (TV)

And the rules for adding an ending -s/-es similar to nouns and verbs:

Ending -s/-es pronounced

- muffled [s] after voiceless consonants ()
- loudly [z] after vowels and voiced consonants
— after whistling and hissing sounds (and [ʒ] for nouns)

*** If the noun ends in th [θ], voicing may occur, for example:

bath - bath, baths - baths
mouth - mouth, mouths - mouths

Spelling ending -s/-es

In most cases for education

• plural of a noun or
• semantic verb forms (in Present Indefinite Tense) in the 3rd person singular

just adding an ending - s.

. Ending - es spelled

1.
ends in a whistling or hissing sound -s, -x, -sh, -ch,
and the ending -es read :

a box
2 boxes es- 2 boxes

They watch TV. - They watch TV.
She watch es TV. - She's watching TV.

Sound [i] helps to hear the sound of the end [z], which would otherwise merge with the hissing or hissing sound that ends the original word.
In other cases, the ending is written -es but readable [z]:

2.
if noun or verb ends with a letter y preceded by a consonant (ba b y), instead of y spelled i and then the end -es, which is read [z]:

a ba b y- baby
baby ies- babies

I study y. -I'm studying.
The boy stud ies. This boy is studying.

3.
if noun or verb ends with -o, the ending is written -es, which is read [z]:

a tomato - 2 tomato es- 2 tomatoes
a potato - 3 potatoes es- 3 potatoes

We go to school. - We go to school.
He go es to school. - He goes to school.

But quite a few nouns ending in -o, do not obey this rule, for example:

2 photos s- 2 photos
3 piano s- 3 pianos
4 radio s- 4 radios
5 videos s- 5 videos
(See Plural Nouns Ending in -o for details.)
4.
if noun ends with -f or -fe, instead of f spelled v and then the end -es, which is read [z](after ringing sound [v]):

a wol f- wolf, a wi fe- wife
2 wol weight- 2 wolves, 2 wi weight- 2 wives

and again, not without exceptions (ending - s pronounced [s] after a dull sound [f]):

roofs - roofs
proofs - evidence
chiefs - heads
handkerchiefs - handkerchiefs

In general, if a noun ends in -o or -f (-fe), its ending is best looked up in a dictionary.
Many dictionaries give the plural form for nouns,
if it has particular spelling and/or pronunciation!
For example: http://dict.rambler.ru/?coll=4.0er&query=wolf in the Collinse online dictionary for the word wife wife, plural wives(waɪvz) - wives:

Plural of the noun "wife" in the Collins Dictionary

*** In the Collins dictionary everything is in English, there is no translation into Russian:
Definitions- definitions
noun- (part of speech) noun
word forms- word forms):
plural- plural

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FIFA World Cup 2018™ Fair Play Rule explained

Fernando Fiore, Kate Abdo, Guus Hidink and Tony Meola discuss the Fifa World Cup 2018™ Fair Play Rule after Senegal was the first ever casualty

— Colombia and Japan through in the round of 16. That’s after Senegal became the first team in World Cup history to be eliminated due to FIFA fair play points. Here's a look at how the points are determined. This is how it pans out.

It's the first time it's ever happened to a team, that they go out in this way. And it has to be a really bitter way to go out of the tournament. Isn't it, Tony?

Yeah, I don't like it, I'll be honest. I think somewhere down the road, it plays a part in this. But with all of this technology.

— The yellow was the key figure for this particular go home for Senegal.

— I look at this and it's not like there's a team that had 15 yellow cards and one had four. It was six and four.

— Fernando, this is your personal interpretation. So is the yellow is kind of personal interpretation.

— I don’t think this is a good way to make a decision at the end of two teams that they gave everything equal.

Well, what do we think is a good way of doing it?

Well, we've got technology. We've got corner kicks we track. We’ve got possession, shots on goal, how much guys run, how much they— we’ve got all of these things that they tell me OK, this team attacked a little bit more, this team did— they went for it. And we're talking about yellow cards.

And if you have a referee, coach, that is, all of a sudden, the first five minutes, he’s going to give out yellow cards just to make a statement.

— Penalties? What about penalties?

— Penalties might be one. But oftentimes, you don't get one in the World Cup, right?

— I think you do the penalties to get them together, no.

— No, what if we make them go to a penalty shootout? I like the idea of ​​that.

— They're in a different city.

— They have to get them back.

— That's why we have you here, see?

— No, no. I mean we can do that. We can bring them all to Moscow and then having to shoot penalties. But I think that I agree with Tony that they have so many statistics now that they can be objective. Listen, you attack more, you get more corner kicks, then you are allowed.

- Attack more is also interpretation.

— Right, with the cards that's interpretation.

— If you have the corner kicks, if you have the shots on target, then you have these figures.

— But we can count those, right?

— Not due to interpretation.

— Well the thing is that I guess I have to get a red card for FIFA. No, for FIFA, I rather don't do red cards, just in case. I want to be here until the end of the tournament.

www.foxsports.com

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