Ancient civilizations in English with translation. Presentation on the topic "Ancient civilizations: the Inca Empire"

The motto of the Incas

Ama llulla, ama suwa, ama qilla

(Don't lie, don't steal, don't be lazy)

Inca oral history mentions three possible places of origin of their people. Three caves near Pacariqtambo, Lake Titicaca, or a place known as Tambo.

There is some debate about the number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak, with estimates ranging from as few as 4 million people, to more than 37 million.

language

Since the Inca Empire lacked a written language, the empire"s main form of communication and recording came from quipus, ceramics and spoken Quechua, the language the Incas imposed upon the peoples within the empire

religion

The Inca believed in reincarnation. Death was a passage to the next world that was full of difficulties. The Incas made human sacrifices.

Diorite Inca sculpture from Amarucancha.

Deities:

Pachamama – The Goddess of earth and wife of Viracocha

Viracocha – Created all living things

Inca trade and coins

Weak development of the private exchange, trade, and the lack of any kind was the resellers - a feature of the Inca society, in contrast to the Aztecs.

In general, coins were not used in domestic trade, but in the outer shell had treatment mulu, coca leaves, clothing and copper hatchets

progress

• In the Inca Empire had a developed transportation and irrigation networks;
• roads;
• mail;
• Irrigation Inca;
• Water supply (lead-free);
• Metallurgy (silver and

• ceramics;
• Medicine (penicillin)

Composition in English Ancient civilizations / Ancient Civilizations with translation into Russian

In English. Ancient Civilizations
It is known that there have been numerous ancient civilizations and empires throughout history. They have largely contributed to the development of science, technology, medicine and to the general prosperity of humans. I think that those ancient cultures are the foundation of who we are today. The Paleolithic Period was the earliest era of human development. People then didn't worry about many things. They lived a simple life of sleeping, hunting and eating. But as time passed, humans have evolved. Soon, they could build some structures, make some clothing, survive in dangerous surroundings and even use herbal medications. People started seeking for immortality long ago, but were unable to attain it. It was written in the world's first epic poem about Gilgamesh. One thing that united all ancient civilizations was the use of symbols or hieroglyphs in writing. Many ancient cultures made inscriptions on walls, rocks or trees to transfer information and to communicate in such a way. Although the languages ​​they used are mostly dead, some modern cultures still use hieroglyphs. For example, Hebrew and Arabic alphabets were derived from ancient civilizations. Mayan civilization is also an interesting example. They are considered to be the representatives of the Mesoamerican region. The Maya people were known for their fully developed written language, distinct art, architecture, mathematical and astronomical systems. They even had an advanced calendar, which was used to track certain periods of time. Many ancient societies worshiped several idols, gods and goddesses. It is especially true about ancient Egyptians. They built huge temples for their beloved gods, sacrificed things, and erected pyramids. In conclusion, I’d like to add that being so different from us, ancient civilization cultures still used the same patterns of human behavior as modern societies do.

Translation into Russian. ancient civilizations
It is known that there have been many ancient civilizations and empires throughout history. They have made a great contribution to the development of science, technology, medicine and to the general prosperity of people. I think these ancient cultures are the foundation of who we are today. The Paleolithic period was the earliest stage in human development. People didn't care about many things back then. They lived a simple life: they slept, hunted and ate. But over time, people have evolved. Soon they were able to build structures, create clothes, survive in dangerous environments, and even use herbal medicines. Since ancient times, people have been looking for immortality, but could not achieve it. This was the first epic poem in the world about Gilgamesh. One thing that all ancient civilizations had in common was the use of symbols or hieroglyphs in written language. Many ancient cultures left inscriptions on walls, stones or trees to convey information and thus communicate. Even though the languages ​​they used are mostly dead, some modern cultures still use hieroglyphs. For example, Hebrew and the Arabic alphabet are of ancient origin. Another interesting example is the Maya civilization. They were representatives of the Central American region. The Maya were famous for their fully developed writing, excellent art, architecture, mathematical and astronomical systems. They even had an advanced calendar that was used to keep track of certain periods of time. Many ancient societies worshiped multiple idols, gods and goddesses. This is especially true of the ancient Egyptians. They built huge temples for their favorite gods, engaged in sacrifice and erected pyramids. In conclusion, I would like to add that, even though they differed from us, the cultures of ancient civilizations still used the same models of human behavior as modern societies.

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Slides captions:

Celtic civilization was one of the vertices of the prehistory of Europe, this is the first known species of European culture. Their name "Celts" they received from the Greeks and the Romans called them Gauls . Celts - the direct descendants of the Indo-Europeans, as well as Russian and other Slavs. And where did the Indo-Europeans come from? Some researchers believe their homeland is Hyperborea - north country, some denied it, and put another hypotheses. The Celts came to Europe and settled on the islands long ago, long before Ellada was come the cradle of culture and art. In fact, the Celts marked the beginning of many tribes and cultures of Europe.

There are two versions of the Celts came from: 1) from the territory of today's Iran, Afghanistan, northern India, and 2) from the North, with one of the islands - the cradle of Celtic civilization. Since the migration of Indo -Europeans had lasted for centuries, perhaps, both hypotheses are true.

The Celts have a long and difficult road before appearing in Europe. Based on the results of excavations on the territory of Russia, they started this great way from the southern Urals. After passing through the northern Black Sea coast, they moved further to the Baltic Sea, showed up in northern France, and only then, much later spread throughout Europe.

Not only is the commitment to the past and the inflexible character of the Celts have always been distinguished from other nations. The Celts saw the world differently than others. For them it was a fantastically beautiful, inhabited by countless fascinating creatures. Perhaps such a poetic vision of the world, they were required to druids - keepers of antiquity, priests, teachers, poets and predictors.

Druids, priests of the Celts, created a powerful organization, covering all habitat sof the Celts, and which had a huge political authority. This organization had no analogues among the religious organizations of the ancient and modern times. All of their religious ceremonies are held in the wooden groves. Druids are forbidden to write down their main teaching, that`s why we know so little about that. Mostly known for that part, which the Druids handed the youth.

The success of the expansion of the Celts in Europe is not only due to their exceptional military virtues, but also new technologies. They brought to Europe the Iron Age and horse chariots, their weapons were more advanced, vehicles(including ships) - faster. Despite the minimum of written sources, largely abandoned by the Celts and other peoples, the Celts have left an imprint on world culture. The trouble of Celts, who moved to Europe, was that under the influence of the Druids, and they have an archaic clan-political organization and does not want to create a centralized state, for which they paid the price - they defeated the Romans.

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Slides captions:

The British archaeologist Gordon Childe worked out a theory explaining how a culture transforms into a civilization.

Gordon Childe wrote that a civilization is characterized by the invention of writing, mathematics, monumental architecture, long-distance trade, wheeled carts irrigation technology and some other features.

Like ancient Egypt in Africa, the Mayan civilization in Central America deserves a special mention. There is no other country that has so many wonders.

The Mayan civilization was formed in 2000 B.C. and existed up to 250 A.D. it is known due to its writing, mathematics and astronomy.

The Mayans built stone cities with grand pyramid temples which were densely populated.

They made a complicated system of basins and reservoirs to collect water.

Their calendars can be used even nowadays.

They were hunters, gatherers and farmers. The main crops were cereals, vegetables and fruit. They used the cotton plant to make clothing. Mayans also kept cows, pigs, goats and sheep.

Hunting and fishing allowed them to make their diet more varied.

But still they couldn't fight against nature, so one of the reasons that caused their collapse was the intense drought.

The Mayan culture played a great role in the history of mankind. Even nowadays we can see the sight of its culture. First of all, the descendants of ancient Mayans are not only Mayans who preserved their language and some traditions but some Spanish speaking people of Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras, their calendar-system is very exact though complicated and their writing-system is unique.

The modern religion of Mayans is a mixture of Christianity with some features of ancient Mayans whose main God was the Sun.