The lexicon is trilingual. Polikarpov F

City of publication of the book: Alexandria. Egypt Year of publication of the book: 1936 Circulation 15 copies, of which 2 were without illustrations. * Izmailovo antiquity * - a witness and proof of the amazing fortitude of the spirit of the military emigration: for ten years, Colonel Alexei Yakovlevich von Bretzel (1886-1940) published almost by hand, collected ...

Price 750,000 rubles

City of publication of the book: Leipzig Year of publication of the book: 1859 During his lifetime first publications of six poems * Kobzar *: Caucasus - Kholodny Yar [Kholodny Yar] - Dumka [Behind the Duma Duma roєm vilitaє] - Buried the grave [Rosrita grave] - Dumka [Zapovit, * Yak I will die, then praise ... *] - And to my dead and living and unborn fellow countrymen in Ukraine and not in Ukraine, ...

Price RUB 1,055,000

City of publication of the book: M. Year of publication of the book: 1936 [Construction of the building State Duma RF] Circulation 50 copies. The rarest album on the commissioning of the building * House of the Council of People's Commissars * (Okhotny Ryad, 1), and now known as the building of the State Duma. In an album intended for high-ranking officials involved in construction, ...

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City of publication of the book: St. Petersburg. Year of publication of the book: 1886 Autographed by the author, future Admiral S.O. Makarov: To His Excellency Alexander Pavlovich Zhandre as a sign of the deepest respect from the author S. Makarov April 14. 1886 * In defense of old battleships * - this is not a dry technical article, but a living * allegorical story *, practically fiction, ...

Price RUB 490,000

City of publication of the book: Milan [The Hague] Year of publication of the book: 1958 Legendary first unauthorized Russian edition of the novel, either preliminary, or not by another edition from the * CIA *. Circulation according to various sources from 100 copies. up to 1160 copies The book was not intended for sale, but for free distribution, mainly to Soviet citizens. She is extremely rare ...

The 18th century opens with Fyodor Polikarpov-Orlov's Primer, printed in Moscow in 1701. Fedor Polikarpovich Polikarpov-Orlov was born in the 70s of the 17th century. He was one of the most widely educated people of his time: a famous publisher, teacher, translator, poet, public figure, editor of the Vedomosti newspaper, founded by Peter I. He first graduated from a printing school, where they taught reading and writing in Slavic and Greek. as well as typography. Then he studied with the Likhud brothers at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, after which he became a teacher at this academy, taught its students courses in the Greek language, grammar, poetics, rhetoric.

At the choice and order of Peter I, he was assigned to work in the Moscow Printing House. He served as a scribe, clerk (editor), then became a director. It was a big post at that time.

At the Moscow Printing House, he modernized the printing house, increased the number of books published, including books in civilian type, published many books for liturgical, secular, scientific purposes, including a number of textbooks required for primary and systematic education. The most famous of the educational books - "The ABC book of Slavic, Greek, Roman letters taught to those who want and love wisdom in favor of the saving one to gain ...". This is a thick, 320-page book, in which a lengthy title page appears for the first time, with a glorification of God and the Emperor, from which we isolate the title of the book: “To the glory of God the Father and the Holy Spirit, by the command of our Tsar and Grand Duke PETER Alekseevich, the autocrat of all great, small, and white Russia, under our noble Tsarevich Tsarevich and Grand Duke Aleksey Petrovich. Greek and Roman writings teach those who want and love wisdom in favor of the soul-saving one to gain in the reigning great city of Moscow summer from the universe 7209 from the Nativity of God, the word 1701 of the month june "(June).(Fig. 1)

On the back of the title page there is a beautiful engraving in the form of a circle, in the center of which flowers are read and the words are read in a circle: "Like the flower of the field (field), this is how a person blooms" These words go back to Psalm 102 of King David, in which the short duration of human life is compared with wildflowers, which quickly fade. But a person, like a bee from flowers, must have time to collect the spiritual sweetness of knowledge. Wildflowers mean the spiritual side of a person's life. Above this circle is an hourglass (a symbol of time) and two boys holding flowers. Flowers reach for the sky, and boys should reach for knowledge. At the top and bottom of the sheet are poems in Greek and Slavic languages ​​- an acrostic, a poem with a riddle, with encrypted phrases or words from which the name of the compiler of the primer is guessed - "Bogodar"(Fedor) - Bogodar labor... (Fig. 2)

Note: Keep in a fence - keep in the head, in the skull; helicopter - garden; ubo - like.

The book contains a preface addressing "For a pious reader about where to rejoice, hello and contrive"... A lengthy 16-page preface provides guidance on how to structure the learning process. The preface includes sections that we would call methodological guidelines today: "Correct teaching of ceremonial reading and writing"... As the name implies, according to F. Polikarpov's "Primer" teaching reading and writing is conducted in three languages ​​at once: Slavic, Greek and Latin. The process of learning to read begins with the study of the Slavic alphabet (45 characters): first, an artistic image of letters is given (Fig. 3), and then the alphabet printed in different fonts adopted in book printing at that time: statutory, semi-statutory and smaller letters. Provides some information from the grammar - "On the division of Slavonic writings in short by grammar", the definition of vowels and consonants is given - “The vowel is denominated, even without the application of a consonant, the letters themselves publish a voice, as if a, and and other "... The vowels, in turn, are divided into Self-conscientious(there are 8 of them) and "Conjugate"(there are 2 of them - b and b). There are 24 consonants. They are also divided into "Half-voice", which "A small voice is published,"(there are 14) and voiceless (10 letters), "Which are very voiced in pronunciation"... The definition of a syllable is given. To teach reading, the author adopted a literal method, therefore, as in the primers of an earlier period (I. Fedorov), images of syllables are given - two-syllable and three-syllable - tables of different combinations of vowels and consonants. Next are the syllables under the titles - "In order to correct the language, they will write down the slots of the names in the alphabet, under the titles"... The "Primer" contains grammatical sections "About prosody"(accent), "About numeral letters"- just as it was done in earlier primers by I. Fedorov, V. Burtsov, S. Polotsky. At the end of the section, an alphabet is given with the names of the letters of the Old Slavonic language. (Fig. 4). A separate page is devoted to the image of numbers indicated by the letters of the Slavic alphabet. (Fig. 5).

Teaching the Greek and Latin languages ​​is built according to the same scheme as the described scheme of teaching the Slavic language in sufficient detail. "Images of Hellenic letters with the expression of Slavic letters"(Fig. 6), "Latin writers, large and small, with the expression of Slavic letters"(Fig. 7).

For the first time in this edition appears "Table of contents of things found in this book" ... (Fig. 8). It acquaints the reader in detail with the contents of the Primer. The table of contents contains 54 sections, which we cite so that the reader can judge the richness of the primer's content.

Rice. eight

Image of Slavic initial letters Az and Buki Slavic different styles On the division of Slavic letters Greek alphabet On the division of Greek letters Greek syllables with Russians Latin alphabet Latin syllables with Russians Heavenly King and other prayers Ten Commandments of God Seven Secrets of the New Testament in Persons About the deeds of every Orthodox Christian Another collection for teaching the senses of the body Moral poems by Gregory the Theologian About God and about deeds About the world, the sky and the elements About times and holidays About the waters About places and lands About a person and his parts About diseases About brushneh (about nutrition) About drinking About animals About birds About worms About fish

About trees About different fruits About veins and seeds About parts of wood About herbs and flowers About fragrant potions About the church and the ranks of the church On the ranks of political About science About school Names of kingdoms and lands City names About the city and those in it About the army and about what befits (corresponds) to this About affinity About court cases About needlewomen and handicrafts About stones and ores About ships About the house and what befits it About the dress About the village One Hundred Chapters of Moral of Saint Gennady the Patriarch Basil the Great teaching to the young Expression of the life of Gregory the Theologian John Chrysostom about living and about the fear of God Death poems for three articles (in three parts)

In the "Primer", in accordance with its content, a rich vocabulary is presented, given in parallel in three languages. The dictionary presents vocabulary from the "Bible", as well as about the earth, people, professions, about a person, parts of his body, clothes, food, about the animal and plant world. The dictionary includes scientific concepts and terms from geography, history, grammar, philosophy, theology, mathematics. Included are interpretations in Old Church Slavonic.

The work on the dictionary for the Primer prompted the author in 1704 to publish as a separate book "The lexicon is trilingual, that is, the sayings of Slavic, Hellenic and Latin treasures" ... This is the first separate dictionary published in Moscow.

Prayer tests are given as texts for reading in the Primer, which are still read in Orthodox Church; ten commandments of God in three languages, images of the seven great mysteries of the New Testament and signatures to them; instructions about the deeds of an Orthodox Christian, moralizing verses by Gregory Nazianzin, the teachings of Basil the Great and other texts.

All reading texts have specific educational goals. They are called to educate the disciple in the spirit of Christian humility, in fear of the king and authorities. F. Polikarpov considered the use of rods as one of the auxiliary means for teaching, as evidenced by the illustrations in the Primer and the moralizing verses under them. (Fig. 9).

But the advantages of F. Polikarpov's "Primer" are not yet exhausted by all of the above. The Primer is richly illustrated: seven illustrations placed on separate sheets, ten illustrations in the text, telling about school life and the hardships of comprehending knowledge, portraits of authors of poems and moral teachings, 17 beautiful ornamented headpieces and endings of chapters and sections of the book. All illustrations are made using engraving technique. When printing, we used two colors (red and black), different fonts.

The publication of "Primer" by F. Polikarpov can be considered an event of great social significance, a contribution to the development of education, to the culture of printing. The presence of a title page, imprint, information about the author, preface, table of contents, rich illustrations - all this testifies to significant progress in book publishing by the beginning of the 18th century in Russia. And the "Primer" itself, which in June 2011 turns 310 years old, can rightfully be attributed to the book monuments of world significance.

The book for initial teaching to read and write, conceived and published by F. Polikarpov, reflects all the achievements of the previous era (pre-Petrine) and comes out of print on the eve of the introduction of the civil type in Russia, as if opening a new era (Peter's).

* * *
In the fund of rare books NPB them. KD Ushinsky RAO keeps 2 copies of the "Primer" by F. Polikarpov-Orlov.

______________

1 On the title page of the book, the years of publication are given in Old Slavonic letters (

Explanatory dictionaries

Explanatory dictionaries- linguistic dictionaries, in which the meanings of words and phraseological units of a language are explained by the means of this language itself.

Precursors of academic dictionaries

The forerunners of modern dictionaries were handwritten and then printed dictionaries of the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages in Russia, lists of incomprehensible words (glosses) were created that were found in ancient monuments. These words, usually Greek and Church Slavonic, were interpreted by the compilers of small dictionaries.

The oldest surviving alphabet book (an anonymous handwritten reference book of an encyclopedic and philological nature) was attached to the Book of Helms in 1282 and contained 174 Greek, Hebrew and Church Slavonic words, including a number of biblical proper names.

In the XVI - XVIII centuries. there appeared ABC books of a larger volume, with an alphabetical arrangement of words. Among the widely distributed alphabet books (more than 200 copies have been preserved) there were educational, moralizing and encyclopedic ones.

The first printed dictionary in Russia was published in Vilna in 1596 under the title "Leksis, that is, the words are briefly collected and from the Slovenian language into simple Russian dialect interpreted." The author is a scholar-philologist Lavrenty Zizaniy (he is the author of the first proper Slavic grammar, to which the specified dictionary was attached). "Lexis ..." contains 1061 words arranged alphabetically. The interpretation of Old Slavicisms and borrowings from Western European languages ​​is given in it through the words of the living Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian languages ​​of that time.

The Zizania dictionary became a source for subsequent printed dictionaries, including for the dictionary of the Ukrainian philologist Pamva Berynda, published soon afterwards, in 1627, "Lexicon of Slavic-Russian and Interpretation of Names" (about 7000 words), in which an attempt was made to differentiate Russian words from the spoken language.

In 1704, the "Lexicon is trilingual, that is, sayings of Slavic, Hellenic and Latin treasures" were published. From various ancient and new books, compiled and in the rank of ranked according to the Slavic alphabet "Fyodor Polikarpovich Polikarpov-Orlov. Here Latin and Greek equivalents are given to Slavic words. When compiling his dictionary, F.P. Polikarpov used the dictionaries of P. Berynda and L. Zizania.

In 1731, Ehrenreich Weismann's dictionary “German-Latin and Russian lexicon was published together with the first principles of the Russian language for the general benefit of the emp. Published by the Academy of Sciences ". The dictionary reflects a complex picture of the combination and delimitation of the lexical means of the book and "simple" Russian language.

In 1765, "Russian Cellarius, or Useful Lexicon, from which one can learn words without great difficulty and the most necessary German words," Gelterhof was published in Moscow. In 1773 it was published “ Church Dictionary, or the Interpretation of the sayings of the ancient Slavic, also foreign languages ​​without translation, laid down in the Holy Scriptures and other church books ... "Peter Alekseevich Alekseev. This dictionary went through four editions in the period from 1773 to 1819. The dictionary contains more than 20,000 words extracted from books of religious content, as well as from medieval dictionaries and alphabet books.

Zizaniy Lavrenty. Lexis, in other words, the phrases are briefly collected and interpreted from the Slovenian language into simple Russian dialect. Vilno, 1596.

• Berynda Pamva. Lexicon Slavic-Russian and interpretation of names. Kiev, 1627; 2nd ed. Cootenne, 1653.
• Polikarpov-Orlov F.P. The lexicon is trilingual, that is, sayings of Slavic, Greek Greek and Latin treasures. Collected from various ancient and new books and ranked according to the Slavic alphabet. Now, by the order of our most sovereign and wise-loving monarch, Grand Duke Peter Alexievich, the All-Great and Little and White Russia, the autocrat. Under our noble sovereign, Tsarevich and Grand Duke, Alexy Petrovich: In the reigning great city of Moscow, in its kingdoms, a typography was published. In the summer of the world 7213. From the incarnation of God the Word 1704, indict 13 of the first month of Dekemvria. M., 1704.
• Kurganov N.G. Russian universal grammar, or Universal writing, offering the easiest way to thoroughly teach the Russian language with seven additions of various educational and useful fun things. SPb., 1769; 2nd ed. under the title: The Book of the Writer, and in it the science of the Russian language with seven addenda, various educational and useful-funny things. New edition revised, revised and multiplied. SPb., 1777; 3rd ed. SPb., 1788; 4th ed. SPb., 1790; 5th ed. SPb, 1793; 6th ed. SPb., 1796.
• Weismann E. German-Latin and Russian lexicon combined with the first principles of the Russian language to the general benefit of the imp. Academy of Sciences published. SPb., 1731, 2nd ed. SPb., 1782.

• Alekseev PA Church Dictionary, or Interpretation of the sayings of the ancient Slavic, also foreign languages ​​without translation, laid down in the Holy Scriptures and other church books, composed by the Archpriest of the Moscow Archangel Cathedral, and the Moscow Spiritual Consistory by a member of Peter Alexiev, examined by the Free Imperial Russian Assembly. Moscow University, and published with the approval of the Holy Governing Synod of the Office. M., 1773; 2nd ed. M., 1776; 3rd ed. M., 1779; 4th ed. M., 1819.

Dictionaries of the Russian Academy

In 1735, at the opening of the Russian meeting of lovers of the Russian word at the Academy of Sciences, VK Trediakovsky in his speech "On the purity of the Russian word" spoke about the need to create an explanatory normative dictionary and gave a justification for his proposal. MV Lomonosov repeatedly made notes on the plan and nature of such a dictionary. In 1783, the Russian Academy of Sciences was created, the main task of which is to compile grammars and dictionaries of the Russian language. Lomonosov's "Theory of Three Calms" and normative-stylistic grammar became the scientific and theoretical basis, based on which it was possible to start describing vocabulary language. Work on the dictionary began at the very first founding meeting on October 21, 1783, where the president of the Russian Academy, Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova (1743–1810), read out its charter. Members of the Russian Academy Pyotr Borisovich Inokhodtsev (1742–1806), Ivan Ivanovich Lepekhin (1740–1802), Ivan Nikitich Boltin (1735–1792), Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin (1744–1792), Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin (1743–1816) ), Yakov Borisovich Knyazhnin (1742–1791), Ippolit Fedorovich Bogdanovich (1743–1803). For the dictionary, a system for interpreting the meanings of words was developed, which formed the basis for determining the lexical and grammatical meaning of words in all subsequent dictionaries. For the first time in the history of Russian lexicography, the compilers described the principles of stylistic characteristics of words in the Russian language. The authors of the dictionary have created a dictionary according to the etymological, nested principle. It contained 43,257 words. In 1806-1822. Russian Academy revised and published the dictionary, arranging all its lexical material in alphabetical order. It contained 51288 words. The dictionary entry contained grammatical and stylistic characteristics of the word, interpretation. Church books, chronicles, and works of the 18th century writers were used as material for illustrations. NM Karamzin gave a high appraisal of the dictionary: “The Russian Academy marked the very beginning of its existence with a creation that is essential for language, necessary for authors, necessary for anyone who wants to offer thoughts with clarity, who wants to understand himself and others. The complete dictionary published by the Academy is one of those phenomena with which Russia surprises attentive foreigners. " (Karamzin N. M. Works. 3rd ed. M., 1820. T. IX. S. 306). Academician Sreznevsky wrote that the Dictionary of the Russian Academy "for the first time collected and put in order the bulk of forty-three thousand words, not only of the book Russian-Slavic language, but also of the Russian public, common people, scientist, technical".

Dictionary of 1847 (Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian)

In 1847, a four-volume Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian Language, Compiled by the Second Branch of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, was published. Outstanding linguists took part in the work on it, the editing of the dictionary was entrusted to Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov (1781-1864). The authors wanted to bring together all the wealth of the Russian language, for the dictionary should "be the treasury of the language for many centuries, from the first written monuments to the later works of literature." The vocabulary was replenished due to a selection from Old Russian and Old Slavonic monuments, new professional and scientific terms, as well as due to a significant amount of borrowed vocabulary. In total, it included 114,749 words. The dictionary had a strong impact on the further lexicographic practice. This is the last of the dictionaries, which included the archaisms of Church Slavonic writing, monuments Old Russian literature, and modern literary vocabulary. The second edition of the dictionary was published in 1863. An unfinished academic dictionary.

In the 1850s, the Second Branch of the Academy of Sciences decided to begin work on a new Academic Dictionary, since the previous one, the Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian Languages ​​in 1847, drew a lot of criticism. Yakov Karlovich Grot (1812-1893) was actively involved in this work. He believed that the Dictionary of 1847 should be taken as a basis, but the new work should be a dictionary of the Russian language proper and cover the vocabulary from Lomonosov to Pushkin. Various additions and corrections to the Dictionary of 1847 are taken into account; the vocabulary is replenished from regional dictionaries and from ancient Russian monuments. The letters of the future dictionary are distributed among the editors-compilers (Sreznevsky, Buslaev, Dal, Vostokov), but the dictionary work is gradually dying out. The theoretical developments of the future dictionary belong to J.C. Groth. The author paid much attention to the definition of the word, the delimitation of the lexical and semantic variants of the polysemantic word. The precision and clarity of the semantic definition of the grotto are still considered exemplary. “Speaking of Grotte as a lexicographer, it should be noted that he was the founder of the current vocabulary department of the Academy of Sciences and its card index in 1886. Without this card index, it is impossible to create any type of dictionary” (Domestic lexicographers of the 18th-20th centuries / Ed. By G.A. Bogatova. M., 2000, p. 167). The scientist made three editions of the dictionary (A-D). It was the first Russian normative dictionary. “Its normativity is in the system of stylistic and grammatical labels. The dictionary included common vocabulary, literary and business language since the time of Lomonosov, foreign language borrowings, neologisms, scientific and technical terminology. From Church Slavonic and Old Russian words included those that were used in the Russian literary language of the XIX century. " (ibid.). After the death of Ya. K. Grot, Aleksey Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov (1864-1920), an outstanding Slavic scholar, became the editor of the Dictionary. Shakhmatov had a different idea of ​​the purpose of the academic dictionary, he believed that everything that was in the past and is present in the language should be reflected in the Dictionary, compilers cannot prescribe anything to the language, they can only state the use of any form and her real preference over the other. Thus, the first part of the dictionary (grotovsky) is a type of an explanatory normative dictionary, and the second (chess) is a type of a non-normative thesaurus dictionary. Later, the preparation of the dictionary was headed by V.I. It should be noted that the publishers of subsequent separate issues gradually moved away both from the principles of a dictionary-thesaurus and from the construction of dictionary materials according to the original (grottovo) type. They chose an independent way of creating an explanatory dictionary modern language, "taken in historical development", the principle of normativity of the dictionary entries in these issues was observed to a small extent and inconsistently.

Dahl's Dictionary

The first edition of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl came out in 1863-1866. Dictionary of V.I. Dahl contains more than 200,000 words and 30,000 proverbs, sayings, riddles and sayings that serve to clarify the meaning of the words cited. The dictionary was based on a living folk language with its regional modifications. The dictionary covers the vocabulary of written and oral speech of the 19th century, as well as the terminology and phraseology of various professions and crafts. The Dalev dictionary is built on the alphabetical-nested principle. Its peculiarity is that it is not normative. The normative dictionaries provide for the selection and stylistic characteristics of vocabulary. Dahl, on the other hand, did not seek to select vocabulary, but included in the dictionary all the words he knew without supplying them with stylistic marks: he believed that he should not impose stylistic assessments on the native speaker, and limited himself to marking abundant dialectisms, especially of narrow, local use, with marks (southern, Tver, Kamchatka, Arkhangelsk, western, etc.), very rarely gave marks of an evaluative nature (comic, abusive, etc.), noted the language - the source of the borrowed word. Dahl placed borrowings in the dictionary in considerable quantities, but he disapproved of other people's words, and therefore persistently sought to look for Russian synonyms for them (he called them "tozheslovy"). The author has been working on this remarkable, unique monument of the Russian language for about 50 years. In one of the first reviews about two editions of the dictionary, Academician I. I. Sreznevsky wrote: “For a long time already in Russian literature there was no phenomenon to such an extent worthy of general attention and appreciation as this Dictionary ... The external enormity of this Dictionary corresponds to the internal enormity of the material , placed in it ... "Academician V.V. Vinogradov said about the meaning of this dictionary as follows:" As a treasury of a well-aimed folk word, Dahl's Dictionary will always be a companion not only for a writer, philologist, but also for any educated person interested in the Russian language. "

The dictionary was reprinted, the third edition was published under the editorship of Professor I.A. For his additions, the editor was subjected to severe criticism, and in Soviet times, "Dahl's Baudouin Dictionary" was not reprinted. Baudouin de Courtenay said this about his work: “The lexicographer has no right to curtail and castrate a“ living language ”. Since well-known words exist in the minds of the vast majority of the people and are constantly poured out, the lexicographer is obliged to enter them into the dictionary, even if all the hypocrites and tartuffees, who are usually great lovers of secrets, rebelled against this and feigned indignation ”; “... nevertheless, taking on the editorial board of the 3rd edition, out of respect for the monumental work, I considered my task primarily in the sense of improving the details of the external finishing of the dictionary, correcting mistakes and including words that Dahl had missed for some reason, and also new words that have enriched the living Russian language for last years... But Dal still had to remain Dahl - and he stayed with them. All editorial additions and additions are carefully marked with special brackets, and they can in no way be confused with the original text of Dalev's "Dictionary". Not a single word has been released from this text by Dahl; not a single phrase is replaced by another phrase "- wrote IA Baudouin de Courtenay (quoted from: I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay: Scientist. Teacher. Personality. Krasnoyarsk, 2000, p. 222). One of the main tasks of the editor was to organize the nest; words that got there by mistake were placed in their alphabetical places; Baudouin rearranged the nests inside, changed and supplemented grammatical marks; he translated the verbs that open the dictionary entry from imperfect to perfect form. “Despite the“ changes ”and“ distortions, ”Dahl remained in the 3rd edition as well. It is safe and sound and is only presented to the public in a form that is more convenient for use. And who doesn’t like the special cases editorial additions, he can simply delete them ”(ibid., p. 226).

Ushakov's Dictionary

Dmitry Ushakov(1873-1942) - one of the most prominent figures in Russian lexicography. His teacher was Philip Fedorovich Fortunatov. For a long time, Ushakov was a professor at Moscow state university, headed the Moscow Dialectological Commission. Young linguists, nicknamed "Ushakov's boys" in Moscow, always gathered around him. His most famous students are G.O. Vinokur, R.O. Jacobson. “Dmitry Nikolaevich ... at the forefront of his interests put questions of the norm, which modern linguistics, Russian studies, takes as the starting point of any analysis. He broke the old canons and boldly took this path and led his students ... he was a pioneer of new linguistic knowledge, which is now concentrated around the course of the modern Russian language "(T.G. Vinokur) The beginning of work on the dictionary dates back to 20 m years., when the Russian language underwent changes: new words appeared, new meanings developed, many words went out of circulation, grew old, work on the dictionary was carried out for more than ten years. The four-volume dictionary contains over 85,000 words. In the fourth volume, as an appendix, there is a list of words that for some reason were not included in the dictionary. This dictionary is innovative in every way. It included vocabulary different spheres usage: dialectal and colloquial words, professional and special terms, outdated vocabulary, new words. The dictionary was not limited only to the interpretation of words, but gave information about their correct pronunciation, spelling, etymology, and provided grammatical and stylistic information. This is a normative dictionary, and this property of it manifests itself not only in the selection of vocabulary, but also in the system of grammatical information about a word, in comments that prevent misuse. D. N. Ushakov wrote about the normative nature of the dictionary as follows: “The compilers tried to give the dictionary the character of an exemplary one, in the sense that it would help to learn an exemplary, correct language, namely, great attention is paid in it to the normative side: spelling, pronunciation, stress of words , grammatical guidelines useful for Russians and non-Russians, indications of the sphere of use of words that are of practical importance for those seeking stylistic guidance; in addition, the very analysis of the meanings and shades of the meanings of words, which was the subject of special care of the compilers and is more detailed than in the old academic dictionaries and in the Dahl dictionary, provides material not only for the theoretical study of Russian vocabulary, but also, most importantly, for the practical - with the aim of conscious use of this or that word in speech ”. An explanatory dictionary is a philological dictionary, one cannot impose on it the requirements that encyclopedic dictionaries must satisfy, “a language dictionary… should not and does not give any analysis or even a complete description of objects and phenomena; he "interprets" the meaning of the word or its various meanings, if there are several of them, and indicates the cases of the use of words, supplying his explanations, where necessary, with examples taken largely from literature. " The leading linguists took part in the work on the dictionary: V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, B.A.Larin, S.I.Ozhegov, B.V. Tomashevsky. In addition to the compilation work, D.N.Ushakov had to have a relationship with the publishing house, there were difficulties not only of a philological nature: there was a constant struggle with ignorant censors. “In the course of this struggle, there were incidents. One of them was associated with the system of labels, denoting various kinds of grammatical characteristics of a word. In particular, verbs are labeled "owls" in the dictionary. (perfect view) and "unsov." (imperfect species). Somehow the political editor D.N.Ushakov summons and asks: - Dmitry Nikolaevich, what are you in your dictionary with some words - Soviet, and others - non-Soviet? - How so? - Well, look: to take is a Sov., And to take is a non-Soviet. " (quoted from: Krysin L. P. Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov // Domestic lexicographers. XVIII-XX centuries M., 2000). The Explanatory Dictionary, edited by D.N.Ushakov, had a tremendous impact on subsequent Russian lexicography.

Ozhegov Dictionary

Ozhegov Sergey Ivanovich(1900-1964) - disciple of V.V. Vinogradov and L.V. Shcherba. The range of his linguistic interests was very wide. He studied lexicology and lexicography, issues of speech culture and sociolinguistics, language fiction, the history of the Russian language. “Sergei Ivanovich was a very integral and original person. He was not only a specialist in Russian in linguistics, but also in life, and in his interests and tastes. He perfectly knew Russian antiquity, Russian history and ethnography. He knew and felt well Russian proverbs and sayings, beliefs and customs. An excellent connoisseur of Russian literature, both classical and modern, he never parted with a book. and he read books "with a pencil", intently and purposefully, as evidenced by numerous underlining and extracts. Rich life experience combined with a faithful instinct and put forward Sergei Ivanovich in the first ranks of the leaders of the Russian speech ... "(A. A. Reformatsky).

At the end of the 30s, an initiative group was formed to create short vocabulary Russian language, which included D.N.Ushakov and S.I. Ozhegov. It was planned to publish the new dictionary in July 1942. The war breaks the plans and pushes back the completion date. After the end of the war, at the very beginning of 1949, a one-volume normative "Dictionary of the Russian language" by SI Ozhegov, edited by SP Obnorsky, was published. Initially, in a pre-war project, it was conceived as a short revision of the four-volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. The one-volume dictionary in a compact form represents the actual lexico-phraseological fund of the language, which is common for its speakers. The author of the dictionary was faced with the task of limiting the vocabulary; professional vocabulary, regional words, "some grammatical categories of words if they belong to the number of easily formed derivative words" remained outside the dictionary. The reduction in the volume of the vocabulary was combined with a lot of work to take into account all the new words and meanings that entered active speech use in the war years and in the post-war period; the dictionary included new words and expressions that came into the literary language from regional Russian dialects and urban vernacular. In Ozhegov's dictionary, the interpretations of many words were clarified, stylistic characteristics were ordered, illustrations of meanings were given in the form of laconic expressive expressions. The arrangement of words is given in a "semi-nested" way: the main words follow alphabetically, and derivatives (non-prefixed) - inside the article. Accessibility and ease of use ensured the dictionary's well-deserved popularity; he was highly appreciated by specialists. In 1991, the dictionary was awarded the Prize of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. A.S. Pushkin.

In 1972 (9–23rd ed.) SI Ozhegov's dictionary was published under the editorship of Professor (now Academician) N. Yu. Shvedova; in 1992 the dictionary was published under the names of two authors: S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedov. "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language". In the preface N. Yu. Shvedova says that the dictionary offered to readers "is the result of the work of two of its authors." In the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” “all the basic lexicographic principles of the dictionary construction, its theoretical foundations were preserved: the principles of selection and description of words, the structure of the dictionary entry, the grounds for differentiating meanings; the system of stylistic marks remained in the same form ... ”. "The one-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov is the first and so far the only short normative explanatory dictionary of the Russian literary language, addressed simultaneously both to the broad masses of readers and to specialists in Russian lexicology and lexicography "(L. K. Graudina) ...

Interesting materials from the archive of S. I. Ozhegov, as well as about the dictionary, see the book: Dictionary and Culture of Russian Speech: To the 100th anniversary of the birth of S. I. Ozhegov. Sat. Art. M., 2001.

Dictionary of the modern Russian language: In 17 volumes (Moscow; L., 1948-1965) - BAS

In 1937, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences adopted a resolution to terminate work on the "Dictionary of the Russian language" of the chess edition and to start a new lexicographic publication. The preparation of the new dictionary was attended by: S. P. Obnorsky, O. O. Sovetov, I. A. Falev, V. I. Chernyshev, E. S. Istrina. The release of the first volume was slated for the end of 1941, but the Great Patriotic War and the blockade of Leningrad interrupted the process of preparing the dictionary for almost five years. The first volume was published only in 1948. The conceived dictionary was supposed to be quite complete. Not being a thesaurus, it focused on the inclusion of the lexical richness of only the literary Russian language as a means of national communication. ALS has covered the vocabulary of the Russian literary language since the end of the 18th century. to its modern state with an emphasis on the development of the language, from the Pushkin era to the time of the creation of the dictionary. The tasks of the dictionary included: to give a comprehensive semantic, stylistic and grammatical description of the word, to show the peculiarities of its spelling and pronunciation, phraseological environment and stylistic use, to demonstrate the semantic variety of meanings and word-formation possibilities of words. By its structure, ALS was supposed to be a type of alphabetical nested dictionary. Nesting extended to cognate words that were combined into one dictionary entry if they were formed from one semantic basis. Starting with the fourth volume, a number of changes were made to the dictionary that changed its appearance. The compilers abandoned the nesting character of word presentation and returned to the alphabetical one; the preface announced the strengthening of the normative-stylistic principle, the expansion of the network of stylistic marks. Submission of prepositions, which were developed depending on the differentiation of semantic relations, formed in phrases with these prepositions, underwent a significant reorganization. In 1979 he was awarded the highest government award of the Soviet Union - the Lenin Prize. In 1975 a decision was made to reissue it. The second edition was supposed to be twenty volumes, from 1991 to 1994 5 volumes were published, the edition has not been completed yet. Soon after the publication of the seventeenth volume, V.V. Vinogradov wrote in a detailed review: “The completion of work on a multivolume, extensive dictionary of the native language is always a huge event both for its authors and compilers, and for the entire people speaking this language, for the entire society This is an important national cause, especially if such a vocabulary is not only large, but also valuable in its high qualities ... before us is really the fruit of a national cause. "

Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. - MAC

Preparation for publication began in 1953. Anastasia Petrovna Evgenieva (1899-1985) became the organizer and leader of the work. In the "Instructions for compiling the Dictionary" the main tasks of the dictionary were defined as follows: "To give the norms for the use of words included in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language (both in relation to the words themselves and their meanings)." The dictionary was supposed to reflect the emergence of new words, as well as the disappearance of obsolete ones from use. He "must satisfy the urgent need for a sufficiently complete and at the same time widely available dictionary of the modern literary language." This is a normative dictionary, its creators used the extensive experience of the compilers of the Ushakov dictionary and were guided by the same principles. In the "small academic" dictionary, the semantic characteristic of the word was carefully developed, homonyms are presented in a different way. The dictionary adopted the structural and semantic principle of distinguishing homonyms, based on taking into account the semantic connections and relations in the word in combination with the analysis of its derivative connections and relations with the same root words, the semantic characteristic of the word has been developed. For each word, an interpretation of its meanings is given, the main grammatical forms are given, the word is supplied with a normative stress, stylistic marks. Dictionary entries are illustrated with examples. For words of a foreign language origin, an etymological note is provided. 1981-1984 the second, revised and supplemented edition of the dictionary was published. All subsequent editions of the dictionary are stereotyped.

Along with academic dictionaries in the 70-90s, educational (school) explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language began to appear, which have both theoretical (lexicographic) and applied (methodological and pedagogical) significance.

The lexicon is trilingual, that is, the sayings of Slavic, Hellenic Greek and Latin. A treasure from various ancient and new books, collected in the rank of the Slavic alphabet. M., 1704.

• A commercial dictionary containing knowledge about the goods of all countries ... Per. from French V. Levshina: In 6 hours M., 1787-1791.
• Yanovskiy N. A new word-interpreter, arranged alphabetically. SPb., 1803-1806.
• Dictionary of the Russian Academy, located in derivative order: At 6 o'clock. St. Petersburg, 1789-1794. Part 1. (A-G); Part 2. (G-Z); Part 3. (Z-M); Part 4. (M-R); Part 5. (RT); Part 6. (T-Z).

The dictionary of the Russian Academy in the alphabetical order is located: In 6 hours. St. Petersburg, 1806-1822. Part 1. (A-D), St. Petersburg, 1806; Part 2. (D-K), St. Petersburg, 1809; Part 3. (K-N), St. Petersburg, 1814; Part 4. (O-P), St. Petersburg, 1822; Ch. 5. (P-S), St. Petersburg, 1822; Ch. 6. (S-Ya), St. Petersburg, 1822. (This is the second edition of the "Dictionary of the Russian Academy", all vocabulary here is ordered alphabetically.)

• Dictionary of the Russian language. Compiled by II part. Imperial Academy of Sciences ... SPb., 1891-1930. Vol. 1, no. 1. (A-Vtas), St. Petersburg, 1891; T. 1. Issue 2. (Vtas-Yes), St. Petersburg, 1892; Vol. 1, issue 3. (Yes-Dia), SPb., 1895
• Alekseev P. Church dictionary, or interpretation of Slovenian, also obscure ancient and foreign language ... Composed by Peter Alekseev. Ed. 4th. Part 1-5. SPb., 1817-1819. Part 1. (A-D), 1817. Part 2. (E-L), 1818. Part 3. (M-P), 1818. Part 5. (T-Y), 1819.
• Ostolopov N. Dictionary of Ancient and New Poetry: Ch. 1-3. SPb., 1821.
• Sokolov P.I. Collection of sayings, both domestic and foreign, in Church Slavonic and Russian dialects used: In 2 hours. St. Petersburg., 1834. (Reference-type dictionary, supplied with grammar tables.)
• Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian languages, compiled by the second branch of the Imperial Academy of Sciences: 4 hours. St. Petersburg, 1847.
• Kartashev, Belsky. New word interpreter: More than 85,000 foreign words included in the Russian language / Comp .: Kartashev and Belsky. Ed. Luchinsky. 4th ed., Meaning. add. M., 1881-1882.
• Orlov A.I. A complete philological dictionary of the Russian language with a detailed explanation of all the differences between colloquial speech and its written image and indicating the meaning and replacement of all foreign words included in the Russian language with purely Russian words: In 2 volumes. M., 1884- 1885.
• Kartashev, Belsky. The most complete explanatory dictionary, which contains 200,000 foreign words included in the Russian language of our Russian literature / Ed. Luchinsky, according to the dictionaries of Litre, Georg, Besherel and others. 9th ed. M., 1896-1897.
• Dal V. I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: In 4 hours. St. Petersburg, 1863-1866; 2nd ed., 1880-1882; 3rd ed. / Ed. I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay. SPb., 1903-1911.
• Shane P. Additions and Notes to Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. SPb., 1937.
• Naumov I.F.Additions and notes by I.F. Naumov to Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. SPb., 1974.
• Dictionary of the Russian language. Compiled by the Second Section. Imperial Academy of Sciences ... SPb., 1891-1930. Vol. 1, issue 2. (A-Btas), 1891; Vol. 1, issue 2. (Vtas-Yes), 1892; Vol. 1, no. 3. (Yes-Dia), 1895; T. 2, no. 1 (E-Iron), 1897; T. 2, issue 2. (Zhelezny-Za), 1898; T. 2, no. 3 (Over-Earn), 1899; T. 2, no. 4 (Load-Secure), 1900; T. 2, no. 5 (Fasten-Fold), 1901; T. 2, no. 6 (Enter-Ambush), 1902; T. 2, issue 7 (Ambush-Zuditsya), 1902; T. 2, no. 8 (Zudak-Potion), 1905; T. 2, no. 9 (Seltse-Zyatyushko), 1907; T. 3, no. 1. (I-Izba), 1922; T. 3, no. 2 (Hut-Shit), 1929; Vol. 4, no. 1 (K-Campilist), 1906-1907; Vol. 4, no. 2 (Rocking Campaign), 1908; Vol. 4, no. 3 (Rocking-Putting), 1909; Vol. 4, no. 4 (Lay down-When),; Vol. 4, no. 5 (When-the Cap), 1911; Vol. 4, no. 6 (Cap-Concept), 1912; Vol. 4, no. 7 (Concept-Corpunya), 1913; Vol. 4, no. 8 (Corpusal-Koshnyachek), 1914; Vol. 4, no. 9 (Koshoba-Screamer), 1916; Vol. 4, no. 10 (Screamer Tiny), 1926; T. 5., no. 1 (L-Light), 1915; Vol. 5, no. 2 (Easy-Letunok), 1927; Vol. 5, no. 3 (Fly-Fox), 1928; Vol. 6, no. 1 (M-Small), 1927; Vol. 6, issue 2. (Small-Venerable), 1929; T. 8, no. 1 (Ne-Nevronische), 1927; T. 8, no. 2 (Not Time-Undercutting), 1929; T. 9, no. 1 (O-Disarm) T. 9, no. 2 (Disarm-Run in), 1930.
• Dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. Ya.K. Grota, A.A. Shakhmatova and others. St. Petersburg, 1895.Vol. 1; SPb., 1907. T. 2; SPb., 1916. T. 4. (Incomplete academic dictionary).
• Stoyan P.E. Small explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. SPb., 1913.
• Dictionary of the Russian language compiled by the Commission on the Russian language of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 2nd ed. L., 1930-1932. Vol. 5, no. 1 (L-Lactukon), 1930; T. 5, issue 2 (Laktokupikrin-Lebedushka), 1932; T. 6, issue 1 (M-Small), 1932; T. 8, issue 1 (Non-Innocence), 1932; new, revised and add. ed. L., 1932.Vol. 1, issue 1 (A-Azhno), 1932; T. 1, issue 2 (Azhno-Allotrilogy), 1933; T. 6, issue 2 (Maly-Maslovy), 1933; T. 8, issue 2 (Innocence-Distrust), 1933.7th ed. L.-M., 1934-1937. Vol. 1, issue 3. (Allotrimorphic-Anarchic), 1935; Vol. 1, no. 4 (Anarchic-Anticipate), 1936; T. 5, issue 1 (D-Giving), 1937; T. 9, no. 1 (I-Idealize), 1935; Vol. 11, no. 3 (Lebedushka-Lezginka), 1934; T. 11, issue 4 (Lesgota-Lesnoy), 1935; T. 12, no. 2 (Maly-Maslovy), 1934; T. 12, no. 3 (Oil-Eyed Mahat), 1936; T. 13, no. 4 (Non-Duty-Uncovered), 1935; T. 14, no. 4 (Peel-Peel), 1935; Vol. 14, no. 5 (Shit-Back), 1936.
• Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / Ed. D.N.Ushakova. T. 1.M., 1935; T. 2.M., 1938; T. 3.M., 1939; T. 4, M., 1940. (Reprinted in 1947-1948); Reprint edition: M., 1995; M., 2000.
• Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language: In 17 volumes / Ed. A. M. Babkina, S. G. Barkhudarov, F. P. Filina and others M.; L., 1948-1965. T. 1 (A-B), 1948; T. 2 (V-Vyaschiy), 1951; T. 3 (G-E), 1954; T. 4 (Zh-Z), 1955; T. 5 (I-K), 1956; T. 6 (L-M), 1957; T. 7 (H), 1958; T. 8 (O), 1959; T. 9 (P-Kick), 1959; T. 10 (Po-Belt), 1960; T. 11. (Great Five), 1961; T. 12. (P), 1961; T. 13. (C-Take off), 1962; T. 14 (So-Syam), 1963; T. 15. (T), 1963; T. 16 (U-F), 1964; T. 17 (X-Y), 1965 (accepted abbreviation ALS)
• Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language: In 20 volumes, 2nd ed., Revised. and additional: In 20 volumes. T. 1 (A-B), 1991; T. 2 (B), 1991; T. 3 (G), 1992; T. 4 (D), 1993; T. 5-6 (E-Z), 1994 (Edition not completed).
• Educational dictionary of the Russian language (For non-Russians). M., 1962.
• Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. S.P. Obnorsky. M., 1949; Stereotype .: 2nd ed., Rev. and add. M., 1952; 3rd ed. M., 1953; 4th ed., Rev. and add. M., 1960; Stereotype .: 5th ed. 1963; 6th ed. M., 1964; 7th ed. M., 1968; 8th ed., M., 1970; 9th ed., Rev. and add., 1972, ed. N. Yu. Shvedova; Stereotype .: 10th ed., M., 1973; 11th ed. M., 1975; 12th ed. M., 1978; 13th ed., Rev. and add. M., 1981; Stereotype .: 14th ed. M., 1982; 15th ed. M., 1984; 16th ed., Rev. M., 1984; Stereotype .: 17th ed. M., 1985; 18th ed. M., 1986; 19th ed., Rev. M., 1987; Stereotype .: 20th ed. M., 1988; 21st ed., Rev. and add., M., 1989; Stereotype: 22nd ed. M., 1990; 23rd ed., Rev. M., 1991;
• Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. M., 1957-1961. T. 1 (A-Y); T. 2 (K-O); T. 3. (P-R); T. 4. (S-Z) ;. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. M., 1981-1984; 3rd ed., Stereotype. M., 1985-1988; 4th ed., P .: M., 1999 (MAS - "Small Academic Dictionary").
• Bakhankov A.E., Gaidukevich I.M., Shuba P.P. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language for Secondary School. Minsk, 1975.
• A Brief Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. V.V. Rozanova. M., 1978; 4th ed., Stereotype. M., 1985; 5th ed., Rev. and add. M., 1987; 6th ed., Rev. and add. M., 1989.
• Lapatukhin M.S., Skorlupovskaya E.V., Snetova S.P. F.P. Filina. M., 1981.
• 4000 most common words of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shanskiy. M., 1981.
• Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: A Handbook for Students of National Schools / Ed. M. M. Makhmutova, A. V. Tekucheva. N. M. Shanskiy. L., 1982.
• Gabuchan K.V. Educational explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1983.
• Reference Dictionary: Most common verbs Russian language. Yerevan, 1986.
• Russian dictionary of language extension / Comp. A. I. Solzhenitsyn. M., 1990. ("Dictionary of linguistic expansion" or "Living in our language": not in the sense of "what lives today", but - what else has the right to live. This dictionary does not pursue the usual task of dictionaries: to present the complete composition language, on the contrary, all known and confidently used words are absent here. Not all words have an interpretation, grammatical categories of words are not indicated everywhere, at the end there is an appendix: Some swear words).
• Consolidated dictionary of modern Russian vocabulary: 2 volumes / Ed. R.P. Rogozhnikova. M., 1991.
• Neusypova N.M. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: A Manual for Students primary grades/ Ed. T. G. Ramzaeva. M., 1992.
• Ozhegov S. I. and Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. M., 1992; 2nd ed. , rev. and add. M., 1994; 3rd ed., Stereotype. M., 1995; 4th ed., Add. M., 1997.

"The lexicon is a trilingual that is to say of the sayings of Slavic, Hellenic Greek and Latin treasures, collected from various ancient and new books, and located in the rank of the Slavic alphabet" Fyodor Polikarpov (M., 1704) is one of the unique monuments of book culture of the early 18th century. The appearance of this book is associated with the work as a scribe Fyodor Polikarpov (real name and surname Polykarp Orlov) at the Moscow Printing House in the late 17th - first quarter of the 18th century.

Fyodor Polikarpov, a student of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, for nine years, together with other students, studied grammar and piety, rhetoric and dialectics, logic and physics in Greek and Latin, and also got acquainted with the interpretation of biblical history. Polikarpov stood out among his comrades not only by thorough mastering of sciences, diligence, diligence, but also by the ability to conduct dialogues, to transfer acquired knowledge to others.

Peter I knew and appreciated Fyodor Polikarpov as a person capable of spreading book education. On November 15, 1701, by a special decree of the Tsar, Fyodor Polikarpov was appointed head of the Moscow printing house. In the first quarter of the 18th century, publications on various topics were printed here: church books, primers, lexicons. With the development of education in Russia, translators of foreign books needed lexicons, since there were not enough textbooks for students of foreign languages. In 1704, by decree of Peter I, the Moscow Printing House published the "Lexicon of Trilingual ...". The title on the title page is given in three languages: Slavic, Greek and Latin. The book is printed in Cyrillic type, the imprint is given on the back of the title page: “... in the reigning great city of Moscow, in its tsarist printing house it was published in type. In the summer of being 7213, from the incarnation of God the Word, 1704 indict 13, the month of the Decambrian. First." The author of this book was Fyodor Polikarpov. While working on a textbook for teaching Slavic, Greek and Latin languages, Polikarpov pursued the goal: to help Russians and foreigners avoid the use of foreign words that suppressed our literary language at the beginning of the 18th century. "The lexicon is trilingual ..." is the first dictionary of this kind in Russia, which is distinguished by its conciseness and brevity of explanations, therefore it was convenient for use in educational institutions.

The uniqueness of books of the 18th century is determined not only by the date of their publication, although this is one of the criteria for determining a book monument. Of particular historical value is information about authors, publishers, translators, illustrators, as well as the ownership of publications to one or another owner. Ex-libris, super-ex-libris, donation and proprietary inscriptions, notes, seals and stamps allow us to trace the history of the book's existence.

In the bibliographic description of the "Lexicon of the Trilingual ..." we drew attention to the inscription on Latin written in brown ink on a sheet pasted behind the flyleaf.

With the help of Andrei Alekseevich Volkov, Deputy Director for Informatization, a translation of this entry was made, which indicates that this book was bought in 1766 by A.V.Suvorov.

“This book was bought in February 1766 by the Legionnaire of the Suzdal Infantry Regiment, Mr. Alexander Vasiliev, nicknamed Suvoroff, for use in the Latin class of young students, who are cadets. Under the supervision of the same regiment of General Philip of Avrit.

Signed by hand in 1766. The month of April on the tenth day. "

Having studied the biography of Alexander Vasilyevich, we found that in 1763-1769, with the rank of colonel and brigadier, he commanded the Suzdal infantry regiment in Novaya Ladoga. The financial position of the regiment, its drill training, moral education soldier - all this was in the center of attention of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. During these years, a regimental church was built, a building for a school for orphans, where they taught literacy from the age of seven, a school for noble children was opened, in which Alexander Vasilyevich taught. He was the author of a textbook on the initial rules of arithmetic, compiled a prayer book. The constant work of a soldier, his self-education was considered the main condition for successful military training. This is probably why Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov buys a copy of the "Lexicon of the Trilingual ..." for use in the educational process. The circulation of the book was 2,400 copies, the price, depending on the binding, was quite high - more than two rubles. Copies were sold out slowly, so the book could be purchased at the warehouse of the printing house throughout the XVIII and early XIX centuries.

A copy of the "Lexicon of the Trilingual ..." is kept in the sector of rare books of the TUNB them. AS Pushkin in a half-leather binding with corners. For more than three hundred years of its existence, the cover and the spine of the book are slightly worn, but the embossing of the title: "Lexicon" and the gilded embossing of decorative ornament have been preserved on the spine.

"The lexicon is trilingual ..." with the bookplate "DVP" (Dmitry Vasilyevich Polenov) has the seal of the Naryshkin Special Library in the city of Tambov. This indicates that she entered the Special Library at the Naryshkin Reading Room in 1893 as part of the collection of D.V. Polenov and L.A. Voeikov, which was donated by the famous Russian artist V.D. Polenov. The personal libraries of his father and uncle inherited by him were donated to the benefit of the city of Tambov at the will of their owners. These are about four thousand copies of the most valuable publications of the 18th-19th centuries, many of which have survived in our collection to the present day.

"The lexicon is trilingual ..." by Fyodor Polikarpov is one of the unique monuments of the book culture of the 18th century. I think that acquaintance with another copy of this publication, kept in the collection of our library, will be of interest to scientists, researchers of book culture.

Used sources:

1. Brailovsky, S. N. Fedor Polikarpovich Polikarpov-Orlov. // Journal of the Ministry of Public Education. - 1894. - September-November.

2. Ramazanova, DN Fyodor Polikarpov's "Trilingual Lexicon" in the collection of the Book Museum of the Russian State Library. // Vivlifika: History of study book monuments... Issue 1. - M.: Pashkov House, 2009 .-- S. 156-176.

3. Petrushevsky, AF Generalisimus Prince Suvorov [Text] / A. Petrushevsky: in 3 volumes - St. Petersburg. : type of. M.M. Stasyulevich, 1884. - Vol. 1: With a portrait, 3 facsimiles and a map. - VIII, 486 p., Front. (Portra.), Sheet fax., Sheet. kart.

4. Encyclopedic Dictionary / F. A. Brockhaus, I. A. Efron. T. XXXI (a): Statics-Judiciary. - SPB. : Type of. Acc. Common "Publishing business" Brockhaus - Efron, 1901. - 473-954. - S.896-897.

Lecture "Lexicography". 11/15/2012

Questions:
I. Introduction. Short story lexicography - (1 page)

II. The first Russian dictionaries. Explanatory dictionaries - (4 pages)

III. Types and types linguistic dictionaries- (25 pp.)

IV. Encyclopedic dictionaries - (30 pages)

Conclusion (p. 34).
Lexicography (gr. lexikon - dictionary + grapho - I write) - section of linguistics , who is engaged in the practice and theory of compiling dictionaries.

Science studying semantic structure of a word, features of words, their interpretation. Thus, lexicography is a scientific methodology and art of compiling dictionaries, the practical application of lexicological science, which is extremely important both for the practice of reading foreign literature and studying a foreign language, and for understanding one's own language in its present and past.

^ There are two types of dictionaries: encyclopedic and philological (linguistic).

Linguistic - a dictionary explaining the meanings and / or use of words.

^ encyclopedic Dictionary Is a dictionary that provides information about objects, persons, phenomena, concepts denoted by certain words.

Dictionary- a collection of words organized in a certain way, usually with comments assigned to them, which describe the peculiarities of their structure and / or functioning.

^ In the development of forms of practical lexicography among different peoples, there are 3 similar periods:
1) Literary period ... The main function is to explain obscure words. The immediate predecessors of dictionaries are vocabularies (collections of words for educational and other purposes, for example, trilingual Sumerian-Akkado-Hittite tablets, 14-13 centuries BC, lists of words by thematic groups in Egypt, 1750 BC, and others) and glosses (from the Greek γλώσσα - language, speech), i.e. explanations of the meanings of certain foreign language or incomprehensible words and expressions in the margins and in the text of ancient handwritten books. A scientist or simply a scribe, having determined the meaning of an unfamiliar word, wrote it between the lines or in the margins. The earliest glosses have been known since ancient times, for example, Sumerian glosses - 25th century BC. e., in China - 20th century. BC e., in Western Europe- 8 c. n. BC, in Russia - 13th century.

^ Before the invention of printing in the middle of the 15th century, people compiled glossaries - handwritten lists of foreign and unusual words , which had to be encountered in manuscripts in ancient languages ​​(for example, to the Vedas, 1st millennium BC), especially in the writings of the Greek and Latin classics (the Greeks first began to use glosses in the study of Homer's poetry, then in interpretation of incomprehensible passages of the Bible). From a functional point of view, the so-called metalanguage function of the language was implemented in the glosses, i.e. using language to discuss the language itself, not the outside world. The collection of glosses and the glossaries proper became the forerunners of the dictionary. Handwritten glossaries were in constant demand. Many copies were made from them, and later, when books became cheaper with the advent of book printing, dictionaries were among the first printed products. Dictionaries-glossaries are known in Russia as alphabet books.

2) Early vocabulary period ... The main function is the study of a literary language, which is different for many peoples from colloquial speech: for example, monolingual lexicons of Sanskrit, 6-8 centuries, ancient Greek, 10 centuries; later - translation dictionaries of the passive type, where the vocabulary of a foreign language is interpreted using the words of the folk language (Arabic-Persian, 11th century, Latin-English, 15th century, Church Slavonic-Russian, 16th century, etc.), then translation dictionaries of the active type, where the original language is the vernacular (French-Latin, Anglo-Latin, 16th century, Russian-Latin-Greek, 18th century), as well as bilingual dictionaries of living languages. The first dictionaries such as explanatory were created in countries with hieroglyphic writing (China, 3rd century BC, Japan, 8th century).
3) The period of developed lexicography associated with the development of national literary languages. The main function is to describe and normalize the vocabulary of the language, improve the linguistic culture of society: explanatory dictionaries, many of which are compiled by state academic and philological societies (Italian dictionary of the Academy of Kruska, 1612, dictionary of the Russian Academy, 1789-94, etc.), also appear synonymous, phraseological, dialectal, terminological, spelling, grammatical and other dictionaries.
The development of lexicography was influenced by the philosophical concepts of the era. For example, academic dictionaries of the 17th and 18th centuries. created under the influence of the philosophy of science of Bacon and Descartes. Dictionary of the French language Littre (1863-72) and other dictionaries of the 19th century. experienced the impact of positivism. Evolutionary theories of the 19th century strengthened the historical aspect in explanatory dictionaries.

In the 18-19 centuries. approved, and in the 20th century. the 4th function of lexicography is developing - the collection and processing of data for linguistic research in the field of lexicology, word formation, stylistics, history of languages ​​(etymological, historical, frequency, inverse dictionaries, related languages, languages ​​of writers, etc.). Modern lexicography is acquiring an industrial character (the creation of lexicographic centers and institutes, the mechanization of work, since 1950, etc.).
In lexicography, the following sections are distinguished:
1) monolingual lexicography(explanatory and other dictionaries; lexicographic work on monolingual dictionaries. It arises and develops in close connection with the development of literary languages);
^ 2) bilingual lexicography (translation dictionaries, for example, Russian-German, Russian-English, etc.; the work on compiling translation (bilingual or multilingual) dictionaries arose in connection with the immediate needs of communication of multilingual groups (state entities, social groups) in the presence of sufficiently developed graphics) ;
^ 3) educational lexicography (dictionaries published specifically for learners of Russian as a foreign language provide the latter with more tangible help, especially in the early stages of learning. Such a dictionary is called an educational dictionary for learning a language),
^ 4) scientific and technical (terminological dictionaries). Drafting terminological dictionaries even in the USSR, great importance was attached, only for 1950-1979. about 700 translation and explanatory special dictionaries were published. Nowadays, especially in our time of rapid development of science and technology, English-Russian and Russian-English special dictionaries play an especially large role, since a very large amount of information of interest to specialists is contained in sources on English language: special scientific and technical journals, materials of international conferences, patents, the Internet, etc. An example of such dictionaries are: English-Russian dictionary on electronics, the English-Russian dictionary of computer science, the English-Russian dictionary of economics, etc. Unfortunately, the imperfection of many English-Russian terminological dictionaries is obvious. One of the reasons for this is that such dictionaries are created by specialists in the relevant field of knowledge who have no training in the field of lexicography.
^ 5) Historical lexicography - study of the history of the creation of dictionaries and the history of the theory of the creation of dictionaries.
6) Practical lexicography- creation of dictionaries (the oldest of human activities)
^ 7) Theoretical lexicography - the study of ways to build dictionaries, types of dictionaries. By the 20th century, practical lexicography had accumulated a wealth of experience in the lexicographic description of the language. From the middle of this century, this experience began to be described and generalized, and these generalizations led to the emergence of the theory of lexicography. Theoretical lexicography took shape in the second third of the 20th century. The first scientific typology of dictionaries was created by the Soviet scientist L.V. Shcherba (1940).
^ II. The first Russian dictionaries.

Precursors of academic dictionaries
The forerunners of modern dictionaries were handwritten and then printed dictionaries of the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages in Russia, lists of incomprehensible words (glosses) were created that were found in ancient monuments. These words, usually Greek and Church Slavonic, were interpreted by the compilers of small dictionaries.

The oldest surviving alphabet book (an anonymous handwritten reference book of an encyclopedic and philological nature) was attached to the Book of Helms in 1282 and contained 174 Greek, Hebrew and Church Slavonic words, including a number of biblical proper names.

In the XVI - XVIII centuries. there appeared ABC books of a larger volume, with an alphabetical arrangement of words. Among the widely distributed alphabet books (more than 200 copies have been preserved) there were educational, moralizing and encyclopedic ones.

^ The first printed dictionary in Russia was published in Vilna in 1596 city ​​called " Leksis, that is to say, the phrases are briefly collected and interpreted from the Slovenian language into simple Russian dialect ”. Author - philologist Lavrenty Zizaniy(he is the author of the first proper Slavic grammar, to which the specified dictionary was attached). "Lexis ..." contains 1061 words arranged alphabetically. The interpretation of Old Slavicisms and borrowings from Western European languages ​​is given in it through the words of the living Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian languages ​​of that time.

The Zizania dictionary became a source for subsequent printed dictionaries, including for the dictionary of the Ukrainian philologist Pamva Berynda, published soon afterwards, in 1627, "Lexicon of Slavic-Russian and Interpretation of Names" (about 7000 words), in which an attempt was made to differentiate Russian words from the spoken language.

In 1704, the "Lexicon is trilingual, that is, sayings of Slavic, Hellenic and Latin treasures" were published. From various ancient and new books, compiled and in the rank of ranked according to the Slavic alphabet "Fyodor Polikarpovich Polikarpov-Orlov. Here Latin and Greek equivalents are given to Slavic words. When compiling his dictionary, F.P. Polikarpov used the dictionaries of P. Berynda and L. Zizania.
^ Ehrenreich Weismann's dictionary was published in 1731 “The German-Latin and Russian lexicon are combined with the first principles of the Russian language to the general benefit of the imp. Published by the Academy of Sciences ". The dictionary reflects a complex picture of the combination and delimitation of the lexical means of the book and "simple" Russian language.

In 1765 g. came out in Moscow “Russian Cellarius, or Useful Lexicon, from which you can learn words without great difficulty, and the most necessary words of the German language»Gelterhof. In 1773 it was published “ Ecclesiastical dictionary, or Interpretation of the sayings of the ancient Slavic, also foreign languages ​​without translation, laid down in the Holy Scriptures and other church books ... " Petr Alekseevich Alekseev. This dictionary went through four editions in the period from 1773 to 1819. The dictionary contains more than 20,000 words extracted from books of religious content, as well as from medieval dictionaries and alphabet books.

^ Zizaniy Lavrenty . Lexis, in other words, the phrases are briefly collected and interpreted from the Slovenian language into simple Russian dialect. Vilno, 1596.

Berynda Pamva... Lexicon Slavic-Russian and interpretation of names. Kiev, 1627; 2nd ed. Cootenne, 1653.

^ Polikarpov-Orlov F.P. The lexicon is trilingual, that is to say, the sayings of Slavic, Hellenic and Latin treasures ... Collected from various ancient and new books and ranked according to the Slavic alphabet. Now, by the order of our most sovereign and wise-loving monarch, Grand Duke Peter Alexievich, the All-Great and Little and White Russia, the autocrat. Under our noble sovereign, Tsarevich and Grand Duke, Alexy Petrovich: In the reigning great city of Moscow, in its kingdoms, a typography was published. In the summer of the world 7213. From the incarnation of God the Word 1704, indict 13 of the first month of Dekemvria. M., 1704.

Kurganov N. G. Russian Universal Grammar, or General Writing, offering the easiest way to thoroughly teach the Russian language with seven additions of various educational and useful fun things. SPb., 1769; 2nd ed. under the title: The Book of the Writer, and in it the science of the Russian language with seven addenda, various educational and useful-funny things. New edition revised, revised and multiplied. SPb., 1777; 3rd ed. SPb., 1788; 4th ed. SPb., 1790; 5th ed. SPb, 1793; 6th ed. SPb., 1796.

Weismann E. German-Latin and Russian lexicon coupled with the first principles of the Russian language for the general benefit of imp. Academy of Sciences published. SPb., 1731, 2nd ed. SPb., 1782.

Alekseev P. A. Ecclesiastical Dictionary, or Interpretation of the Sayings of the Slavic Ancients, also foreign languages ​​without translation laid down in the Holy Scriptures and other church books, composed by the archpriest of the Moscow Archangel Cathedral, and the Moscow spiritual consistory by a member of Peter Alexiev, examined by the Free Russian Assembly under the imp. Moscow University, and published with the approval of the Holy Governing Synod of the Office. M., 1773; 2nd ed. M., 1776; 3rd ed. M., 1779; 4th ed. M., 1819.

Dictionaries of the Russian Academy

In 1735 g. at the opening of the Russian meeting of lovers of the Russian word at the Academy of Sciences ^ V. K. Trediakovsky in his speech "On the purity of the Russian word" he spoke about the need to create an explanatory normative dictionary and gave a justification for his proposal. M. V. Lomonosov repeatedly made notes on the plan and nature of such a dictionary. In 1783, the Russian Academy of Sciences was created, the main task of which is to compile grammars and dictionaries of the Russian language. Lomonosov's "Theory of Three Calms" and normative-stylistic grammar became that scientific-theoretical basis, relying on which it was possible to start describing the vocabulary of the language. Work on the dictionary began at the very first founding meeting on October 21, 1783, where the president of the Russian Academy, Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova (1743–1810), read out its charter. Members of the Russian Academy Pyotr Borisovich Inokhodtsev (1742–1806), Ivan Ivanovich Lepekhin (1740–1802), Ivan Nikitich Boltin (1735–1792), Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin (1744–1792), Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin (1743–1816) ), Yakov Borisovich Knyazhnin (1742–1791), Ippolit Fedorovich Bogdanovich (1743–1803). For the dictionary, a system for interpreting the meanings of words was developed, which formed the basis for determining the lexical and grammatical meaning of words in all subsequent dictionaries. For the first time in the history of Russian lexicography, the compilers described the principles of stylistic characteristics of words in the Russian language. The authors of the dictionary have created a dictionary according to the etymological, nested principle. It contained 43,257 words. In 1806-1822. The Russian Academy revised and published the dictionary, arranging all its lexical material in alphabetical order. It contained 51288 words. The dictionary entry contained grammatical and stylistic characteristics of the word, interpretation. Church books, chronicles, and works of the 18th century writers were used as material for illustrations. NM Karamzin gave a high appraisal of the dictionary: “The Russian Academy marked the very beginning of its existence with a creation that is essential for language, necessary for authors, necessary for anyone who wants to offer thoughts with clarity, who wants to understand himself and others. The complete dictionary published by the Academy is one of those phenomena with which Russia surprises attentive foreigners. " (Karamzin N. M. Works. 3rd ed. M., 1820. T. IX. S. 306). Academician Sreznevsky wrote that the Dictionary of the Russian Academy "for the first time collected and put in order the bulk of forty-three thousand words, not only of the book Russian-Slavic language, but also of the Russian public, common people, scientist, technical".

Dictionary of 1847 (Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian)

In 1847... a four-volume "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian languages, compiled by the second branch of the Imperial Academy of Sciences." Outstanding linguists took part in the work on it, the editing of the dictionary was entrusted to Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov (1781-1864). The authors wanted to bring together all the wealth of the Russian language, for the dictionary should "be the treasury of the language for many centuries, from the first written monuments to the later works of literature." The vocabulary was replenished due to a selection from Old Russian and Old Slavonic monuments, new professional and scientific terms, as well as due to a significant amount of borrowed vocabulary. In total, it included 114,749 words. The dictionary had a strong impact on the further lexicographic practice. This is the last of the dictionaries, which included archaisms of Church Slavonic writing, monuments of Old Russian literature, and modern literary vocabulary. The second edition of the dictionary was published in 1863. An unfinished academic dictionary.

In the 1850s, the Second Branch of the Academy of Sciences decided to start work on a new Academic Dictionary, since the previous one was The Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian Languages ​​in 1847 - drew a lot of criticism. Yakov Karlovich Grotto (1812-1893 ) was actively involved in this work. He believed that the basis should be taken Dictionary of 1847, but the new work should be a dictionary of the Russian language proper and cover vocabulary from Lomonosov to Pushkin. Various additions and corrections to the Dictionary of 1847 are taken into account; the vocabulary is replenished from regional dictionaries and from ancient Russian monuments. The letters of the future dictionary are distributed among the compiling editors (Sreznevsky, Buslaev, Dal, Vostokov), but vocabulary work gradually fades away. The theoretical developments of the future dictionary belong to J.C. Groth. The author paid much attention to the definition of the word, the delimitation of the lexical and semantic variants of the polysemantic word. The precision and clarity of the semantic definition of the grotto are still considered exemplary. “Speaking of Grotte as a lexicographer, it should be noted that he was the founder of the current vocabulary department of the Academy of Sciences and its card index in 1886. Without this card index, it is impossible to create any type of dictionary” (Domestic lexicographers of the 18th-20th centuries. / Ed. By G. A . Bogatova. M., 2000, p. 167). The scientist made three editions of the dictionary (A-D). It was the first Russian normative dictionary. “Its normativity is in the system of stylistic and grammatical labels. The dictionary included common vocabulary, vocabulary of the literary and business language from the time of Lomonosov, foreign language borrowings, neologisms, scientific and technical terminology. From Church Slavonic and Old Russian words included those that were used in the Russian literary language of the XIX century. " (ibid.). After the death of Ya. K. Grot, Aleksey Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov (1864-1920), an outstanding Slavic scholar, became the editor of the Dictionary. Shakhmatov had a different idea of ​​the purpose of the academic dictionary, he believed that everything that was in the past and is present in the language should be reflected in the Dictionary, compilers cannot prescribe anything to the language, they can only state the use of any form and her real preference over the other. Thus, the first part of the dictionary (grotovsky) is a type of an explanatory normative dictionary, and the second (chess) is a type of a non-normative thesaurus dictionary. Later, the preparation of the dictionary was headed by V.I. It should be noted that the publishers of subsequent separate issues gradually moved away both from the principles of a dictionary-thesaurus and from the construction of dictionary materials according to the original (grottovo) type. They chose an independent way of creating an explanatory dictionary of the modern language, "taken in historical development", the principle of normativeness of the dictionary entries of these issues was observed to a small extent and inconsistently.