Main Pedagogical University. Meaning "main pedagogical institute

Main Pedagogical Institute. In 1786, for the education of teachers in the main public schools, teacher's seminary, renamed in 1803 into a teacher's gymnasium. The students in both were state-owned students. The course of study, which included, in addition to the subjects of Ch. bunk bed taught. (see), Greek, was divided into two categories: 1) mathematical and 2) historical sciences. During its 15-year existence, the seminary has trained 275 teachers. In 1804 she received a new charter and the name Pedagogical Institute... The institute was under the direct supervision of the district trustee and was managed by a special director and his assistant superintendent. Educational matters were decided in a conference of professors, chaired by the director. The following subjects were taught: 1) pure and applied mathematics, 2) logic, 3) metaphysics, 4) moral philosophy, 5) geography, 6) natural history, 7) general and Russian history, 8) chemistry, 9) experimental physics, 10 ) political economy and commercial sciences, 11) rural home economics, 12) aesthetics, 13) languages \u200b\u200band literature Latin, German and French, 14) drawing and sketching. In 1806, natural and public rights were added to them, and in 1811 - the law of God, criminal law and Roman and Greek literature. The teaching at the Institute according to the charter continued three years, but, due to the low success of the students, it was delayed until six (for example, in 1811-1817). The best of those who completed the course were sent abroad at public expense to prepare for professorship. On December 23, 1816, the Pedagogical Institute was named Main Pedagogical Institute and the charter establishing the new course of teaching, sexennial... In the first two years passed preliminary course of sciences: 1) logic and metaphysics; 2) pure and higher mathematics; 3) general and mathematical. geography; 4) physics; 5) general history; 6) ancient geography; 7) mythology and antiquity; 8) rhetoric; 9) grammar and language arts lang. Russian, Latin, German and French, as well as the arts: civil architecture, painting, drafting, music and fencing. In the next course higher sciences (3 years) there were faculties: 1) philosophical and legal sciences, 2) physical and mathematical, and 3) historical and verbal. The last year of study at the G. Pedagogical Institute was devoted to pedagogy... The students (about 100) were state-owned, mostly from theological seminaries. The Institute is compared with universities in the rights of pupils and students. In 1817 the institute was opened "for the education of noble youth" noble boarding house, similar to the one at the Moscow University: a special 4-year course was established for it. The boarders were approx. one hundred; annual fee from each - 1500 rubles. assignment The boarding house existed until 1830, when it was transformed into the first gymnasium. Simultaneously with the boarding house, it was opened at the institute second rank, for preparing teachers for secondary educational institutions, with a 4-year course; it was closed in 1822. On February 8, 1819 the G. Pedagogical Institute was transformed into St. Petersburg. university, and renewed only in 1828, with the same charter. From this year it existed until 1859, when it was finally closed. Over the 30-year existence of inst. was under the control of only two directors: Middendorf and Davydov. During the first (before 1846) the old second rank (1838) and a preparatory course was opened (1832). Davydov, wishing to raise the scientific side of student education, achieved the abolition of the second category, the preparatory course and the faculty of law (1848) and introduced the following changes: in the preliminary course, metaphysics was replaced by psychology, rhetoric - by the theory of prose and poetry; excluded mathematical and ancient geography and introduced the languages \u200b\u200bRussian and Church Slavonic. In the course of higher sciences, both faculties, history and philology and physics and mathematics, were divided into two departments, each with a two-year course. The full training course was still 6 years old, until in 1849 Davydov managed to procure a reduction in the course at Inst. up to 4 years, on a par with univ. In 1852, the senior course of the physics and mathematics department inst. divided into two departments: mathematical and natural sciences. In 1854, a similar division of the Faculty of History and Philology into two departments followed: purely philological and historical. At the same time included in the last branch - diplomacy and public law; teaching pedagogy is attributed to junior courses, and in both fac. instead of 2 two-year courses, 4 one-year courses have been established. Despite the broad official rights and the reduced requirements for the entrance exam, the number of students continued to decrease; of the last five graduates, only two persons have entered higher education institutions. Use of the Institute. far from matching its value. Back in 1856, they began to talk about its closure both in the press and in the Ministry of Education itself; it was finally decided in 1858. The release in June 1859 was the last. Instead of Inst. established in 1860 pedagogical courses at universities.

From the G. Pedagogical Institute came a number of very prominent figures in science and literature - prof. N. M. Blagoveshchensky, prof. Vasilievsky, recent min. finance Vyshnegradskiy, his brother - the founder of women. gymnasiums Nick. Vyshnegradskiy, Dobrolyubov, prof. Ivanishev, E.P. Karnovich, prof. Mendeleev, D. I. Meyer, N. N. Strakhov, Khodnev and many others. dr.

Over the past 30 years of its existence, inst. graduated teachers to higher education. head - 42, middle - 377 and lower - 261. Cf. Smirnov, “Brief Historical Review. 25th anniversary of Glavn. teacher. inst. from 1828-53 " ("J. M. N. Ave.", part LXXXI, 3); “25th anniversary of Glavn. teacher. inst. " (SPb., 1853); Lorenz, "On the Purpose of Founding Inst." ("J. M. N. Pr.", Part XCI); Dobrolyubov, Op. vol. I "; "Brief Historical. review actions Main teacher. inst. 1828-59 " (SPb., 1859); "Materials on the question of the preparation of teachers" ("Journal. M. N. Pr.", Part CXXVI, 4); S. A. Vengerov, “Critical-biographical. Dictionary "(vol. III, article about NM Blagoveshchensky).

In 1786, a teacher's seminary was established to train teachers in the main public schools in St. Petersburg, which was renamed in 1803 as a teacher's gymnasium. It was located in the house of G. H. Paulsen (6th line of Vasilievsky Island, 15). In 1804, the teacher's gymnasium received the name of the Pedagogical Institute, which since 1837 was located in the building of the Twelve Colleges. From October 1808 to 1811, I. Boulet was its director.

On December 23, 1816, the Pedagogical Institute was named the Main Pedagogical Institute and the charter, which established a new, six-year teaching course. DA Kavelin was appointed its director. In 1817, the Noble Boarding School was opened (since 1830 - the 1st St. Petersburg Gymnasium); at the boarding school there were refresher courses for civil servants of various ranks. State students from theological seminaries were admitted to the pedagogical institute; as A.N. Golitsyn noted in 1822, “of them<семинарий> with a certain ability to learn and better morality, they are retained mainly for admission to the clergy, and for education in secular ranks, seminarians of the lower classes are always delivered and no longer have special abilities and are not so much reliable. "

In February 1819, the Main Pedagogical Institute, without completing a single graduation, was transformed into St. Petersburg University. At the same time, until January 4 (16), the university continued to function according to the Charter of the Main Pedagogical Institute, until the Charter of Moscow University was introduced there.

In 1817, on October 25, a department was organized: "The second category of the Main Pedagogical Institute", in which 30 pupils studied, mainly from children of poor condition; pupils were admitted at the age of 12-14 years for state support; the course of study, which lasted 4 years, included 5 subjects: the law of God, the Russian language, mathematics with physics, history with geography, calligraphy with drawing; graduates were supposed to be sent as assistants to teachers of public schools, and the best of them were sent to the "highest rank" of the Main Pedagogical Institute or another higher educational institution.

The department of the "Second Category" began to be called from September 19, 1819, the "Teacher's Institute". It existed until 1823; It was led by F.I.Middendorf, teachers were graduates of the Main Pedagogical Institute, who returned after a three-year trip abroad to familiarize themselves with the Lancaster system: K.F.Svenske (Russian), F.I.Busse (mathematics), M.M. Timaev (history), A. G. Obodovsky (geography). GI Mansvetov was invited to teach the law of God, calligraphy - KF Engelbach, drawing - FK Raeder.

It was located in the house of the Metropolitan of Roman Catholic Churches in Russia, Stanislav Bogush-Sestrentsevich: on Meshchanskaya (now Kazanskaya Street), 63 ("2nd from the corner from the side of Gorokhovaya").

Graduates were required to remain in the service in the educational department, in his direction, for at least six years. However, not a single graduation happened, since in 1823 all the students and teachers ended up first in the "Pension of state gymnasiums", and then in the St. Petersburg provincial gymnasium (since 1838 - the Third St. Petersburg gymnasium). Among the first students were: Vasily Lapshin, Stepan and Mikhail Kutorga.

The main pedagogical institute was restored less than ten years later - according to the charter established on September 30 (October 12), 1828. Its opening took place on August 30, 1829. The first director was F.I.Middendorf, who upon retirement on October 23, 1846 was promoted to the rank of privy councilor.

According to the charter, the Main Pedagogical Institute had three departments: historical and philological, legal (existed until 1847) and physics and mathematics. The duration of study at the Main Pedagogical Institute was six years.

On January 7, 1847, I.I.Davydov was appointed director of the institute. Under him, the legal department was abolished (from 1847) and the duration of training from 1849 was reduced to four years.

About one hundred students were trained at the Main Pedagogical Institute at a time. Most of the future teachers received subsidies for education from the state treasury.

In 1838-1847, the so-called "second category" began to operate at the institute again, in which they trained for teaching activities in the lower parish and district schools.

In total, for 11 graduations at the Main Pedagogical Institute, 682 teachers were trained, of whom 43 became professors and teachers of higher educational institutions, 377 - teachers of secondary schools, 262 - teachers of primary schools

state higher educational institution in St. Petersburg. It was formed in 1816 on the basis of the reorganized Petersburg Pedagogical Institute (1804-16), and had the rights of a university. He trained teachers for grammar schools, mentors for private educational institutions, professors and teachers for universities. The term of study is 6 years. In 1817, the second category was established to train teachers for parish and district schools (the term of study was 4 years); in 1822 it was reorganized into the Teachers' Institute at St. Petersburg University. With G.p. and. a noble boarding school was opened (in 1817; from 1830 the 1st Petersburg gymnasium). In 1819 it was transformed into St. Petersburg University. G.p.i. re-established in 1828 (worked until 1859) as a closed educational institution for the training of teachers of higher and secondary educational institutions of the MNP.

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MAIN PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE

higher ped. uch. institution in Russia. It was formed in 1816 on the basis of the reorganized Petersburg. ped. in-that (1804-1816), received the rights of un-that. The task of the G. p. And, was the preparation of teachers for gymnasiums, mentors for private schools. institutions and boarding houses, as well as professors and teachers for higher. uch. institutions. Study term 6 years: 2 years preliminary (general) course; 3-year course sciences in one of three departments (philosophy and law. sciences, physical and mathematical sciences, historical and verbal sciences); the last year is devoted exclusively to pedagogy. At public courses in-that "improved in the sciences" civil servants. In 1817, the 2nd category of general education and training was established to train teachers for parish and district schools. (the term of study is 4 years; in 1822 it was reorganized into the Teacher's Institute at St. Petersburg University). Under G. p. And, a noble boarding school was opened (in 1817; from 1830 the 1st Petersburg gymnasium). 8 Feb 1819 G. p. And, was transformed into Petersburg. un-t, in which all his students passed.

After a 10-year break, during which there were no specials in Russia. higher. ped. uch. Institutions and training of teachers took place in high fur boots, in 1828 the G. p. was re-established and, as a closed school. institution with a strict internal mode for training teachers of higher education. and cf. uch. institutions of the MNP (opened in 1829). Graduates of the institute received the title of "gymnasium teacher" and were obliged to serve in the MNP department for at least 8 years. Under G. p. And, worked (in 1832-47) two-year cook, course. In 1838, the 2nd category was restored in the form of a special department. In 1847 it was closed, and in 1848 a department for the training of home tutors was established, which was liquidated in 1851 due to unpopularity. Faculty was abolished. In 1852, the senior course in physics and mathematics. f-that was divided into 2 sections: mat. sciences and naturals. sciences; in 1854 ist.-philol. f-t - on filol. and ist. branches. The course of study at each faculty is 4 years.

The composition of students (100 people) was recruited from raznochinets, mainly from theological seminaries. Students were admitted to government support and provided with a hostel. From 1844-45, the reception of persons from the taxable estates was discontinued.

Among the professors who had a great influence on students were the philologists I. I. Sreznevsky and H. M. Blagoveshchensky, the mathematician M. V. Ostrogradsky, the chemist A. A. Voskresensky, the botanist I. O. Shikhovskoy, and others. . and. N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Mendeleev and a number of subsequently outstanding professors and teachers: N. S. Budaev (mathematics), N. A. Vysh-negradskiy, K. D. Kraevich, etc. In total in 1829-58 n. and, trained 682 teachers, of whom 43 became professors and teachers of universities, 377 - teachers cf. schools, 262 - teachers beginning. schools. By decree 15 nov. 1858 and, closed, actually ceased to exist in 1859. For the training of teachers in 1860 ped. courses. Directors: D. A. Kavelin (1816-19), F. I. Middendorf (1828-46), I. I. Davydov (1846-58).

State higher pedagogical educational institution in St. Petersburg. Founded in 1816, in 1819 reorganized into St. Petersburg University. The Main Pedagogical Institute was reopened in 1829, worked until 1859. It graduated teachers for ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Higher pedagogical closed educational institution. Founded in 1816 on the basis of the Pedagogical Institute (1804 16). In 1819 it was transformed into St. Petersburg University, in 1828 it was restored, in 1859 it was closed, students were transferred to the university. I cooked ... ... Saint Petersburg (encyclopedia)

Main Pedagogical Institute, higher pedagogical closed educational institution. Founded in 1816 on the basis of the Pedagogical Institute (1804-16). In 1819 it was transformed into St. Petersburg University, in 1828 it was restored, in 1859 it was closed, students ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

State higher pedagogical educational institution in St. Petersburg. Founded in 1816, in 1819 reorganized into St. Petersburg University. The Main Pedagogical Institute was reopened in 1829, worked until 1859. It graduated teachers for ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

In 1786, for the education of teachers in the main public schools, the Teachers' Seminary was established, which in 1803 was renamed the Teacher's Gymnasium. The students in both were state-owned students. The course of study, which included, in addition to subjects ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

State higher educational institution in St. Petersburg. It was formed in 1816 on the basis of the reorganized Petersburg Pedagogical Institute (1804-16), and had the rights of a university. Prepared teachers for gymnasiums, mentors for private educational ... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

Higher pedagogical closed educational institution, established by statute on December 23, 1816 on the basis of the reorganized St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute (1804 16). The task of G. p. And. was training teachers for gymnasiums, mentors for ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Higher ped. uch. institution in Russia. It was formed in 1816 on the basis of the reorganized Petersburg. ped. in ta (1804 1816), received the rights of un that. The task of the G. p. And, was the preparation of teachers for gymnasiums, mentors for private schools. establishments and boarding houses, as well as ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

State higher ped. closed type institution, established on 23 December. 1816 based on reorganization. Petersburg. ped. in that (1804 16). Carried out training for teachers for children, mentors for private teachers. institutions and boarding houses, professors and teachers of universities ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Moscow State Pedagogical University (MPGU) The main building of the Moscow State Pedagogical University (Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1), in the past the Auditorium ... Wikipedia

Books

• Russian thought and speech (set of 2 books), M. I. Mikhelson. The teacher and public figure Mikhelson Moritz Ilyich, after graduating from the Main Pedagogical Institute, worked as an inspector of schools in the St. Petersburg educational district. In the 80s. was active ... Buy for 1700 rubles
• Walking and well-aimed words, MI Mikhelson. The teacher and public figure Michelson Moritz Ilyich (1825 -?), Graduated from the Main Pedagogical Institute, worked as an inspector of schools in the St. Petersburg educational district. In the 80s. was ...

House 15

Coordinates: 59 ° 56′49 ″ s. sh. 30 ° 16'30 ″ in. etc. /  59.9469 ° N sh. 30.275 ° E etc. / 59.9469; 30.275 (G) (I)K: Educational institutions founded in 1816

A closed institution, a 19th century higher educational institution that trained teachers for secondary and higher educational institutions of the Russian Empire.

History

In 1786, to train teachers in the main public schools in St. Petersburg, a teachers' seminary was established, renamed in 1803 into a teacher's gymnasium, and in 1804 it received the name of the Pedagogical Institute and was housed in the building of the Twelve Collegia. From October 1808 to 1811, I. Boulet was its director.

On December 23, 1816, the Pedagogical Institute was named the Main Pedagogical Institute and the charter, which established a new, six-year teaching course. DA Kavelin was appointed its director. In 1817, the Noble Boarding School was opened (since 1830 - the 1st St. Petersburg Gymnasium); at the boarding school there were refresher courses for civil servants of various ranks. State students from theological seminaries were admitted to the pedagogical institute; as A.N. Golitsyn noted in 1822, “of them<семинарий> having a certain ability to learn and better morality, they are retained mainly for admission to the clergy, and for education in secular ranks, seminarians of the lower classes are always delivered and no longer have special abilities and are not so much reliable. "

In February 1819, the Main Pedagogical Institute was reorganized into St. Petersburg University. At the same time, until January 4 (16), the university continued to function according to the Charter of the Main Pedagogical Institute, until the Charter of Moscow University was introduced there.

Teacher's institute

In 1817, on October 25, a department was organized: "The second category of the Main Pedagogical Institute", in which 30 pupils studied, mainly from children of poor condition; pupils were admitted at the age of 12-14 years for state support; the course of study, which lasted 4 years, included 5 subjects: the law of God, the Russian language, mathematics with physics, history with geography, calligraphy with drawing; graduates were supposed to be sent as assistants to teachers of public schools, and the best of them were sent to the "highest rank" of the Main Pedagogical Institute or another higher educational institution.

The department of the "Second Category" began to be called from September 19, 1819, the "Teacher's Institute". It existed until 1823; It was led by F.I.Middendorf, teachers were graduates of the Main Pedagogical Institute, who returned after a three-year trip abroad to familiarize themselves with the Lancaster system: K.F.Svenske (Russian), F.I.Busse (mathematics), M.M. Timaev (history), A. G. Obodovsky (geography). GI Mansvetov was invited to teach the law of God, calligraphy - KF Engelbach, drawing - FK Raeder.

It was located in the house of the Metropolitan of Roman Catholic Churches in Russia, Stanislav Sestrentsevich-Bogush: on Meshchanskaya (now Kazanskaya Street), 63 ("2nd from the corner from the side of Gorokhovaya").

Graduates were required to remain in the service in the educational department, in his direction, for at least six years. However, not a single graduation happened, since in 1823 all the students and teachers ended up first in the "Pension of state gymnasiums", and then in the St. Petersburg provincial gymnasium (since 1838 - the Third St. Petersburg gymnasium). Among the first students were: Vasily Lapshin, Stepan and Mikhail Kutorga.

Main Pedagogical Institute

The main pedagogical institute, less than ten years later, on September 30 (October 12), 1828, was restored and again accepted students.

The main pedagogical institute had three departments: history and philology, law (existed until 1847) and physics and mathematics. The duration of study at the Main Pedagogical Institute was six years; from 1849 - four years.

About one hundred students were trained at the Main Pedagogical Institute at a time. Most of the future teachers received subsidies for education from the state treasury.

In 1838-1847, at the institute, the so-called "second category" began to operate again, in which they prepared for pedagogical activity in the district schools.

The Institute was headed by two directors: F. I. Middendorf (until 1846) and I. I. Davydov (1846-1858).

Famous teachers

Famous graduates

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Notes

Literature

• A brief historical review of the actions of the Main Pedagogical Institute. 1828-1859 - SPb., 1859.
• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• St. Petersburg. Petrograd. Leningrad: Encyclopedic Reference / Ed. collegium: L.N.Belova et al. - M., 1992.
• Yu.D. Margolis, G.A. Tishkin By a single inspiration: Essays on the history of university education in St. Petersburg at the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th century. - SPb., 2000.
• A. M. Tsirulnikov The history of education in portraits and documents. - M., 2001.

Excerpt from the Main Pedagogical Institute

- What are these your allies to me? - Napoleon said. - My allies are Poles: there are eighty thousand of them, they fight like lions. And there will be two hundred thousand.
And, probably, even more indignant that, having said this, he told an obvious lie and that Balashev stood silently in front of him in the same submissive position to his fate, he turned back abruptly, approached Balashev's very face and, making energetic and quick gestures with his white hands, almost shouted:
“Know that if you shake Prussia against me, know that I will erase it from the map of Europe,” he said with a pale face distorted with malice, an energetic gesture of one small hand, striking the other. - Yes, I will throw you across the Dvina, across the Dnieper, and I will rebuild against you that barrier that Europe was criminal and blind, which allowed to be destroyed. Yes, that’s what will happen to you, that’s what you won by moving away from me, ”he said and silently walked several times across the room, shuddering his thick shoulders. He put a snuff-box in his waistcoat pocket, took it out again, put it to his nose several times and stopped opposite Balashev. He paused, looked mockingly directly into Balashev's eyes and said in a low voice: - Et cependant quel beau regne aurait pu avoir votre maitre!
Balashev, feeling the need to object, said that from the Russian side, things did not appear in such a gloomy form. Napoleon was silent, continuing to look at him mockingly and, obviously, not listening to him. Balashev said that Russia expects all the best from the war. Napoleon nodded his head condescendingly, as if saying: "I know, it is your duty to say this, but you yourself do not believe in it, you are convinced by me."
At the end of Balashev's speech, Napoleon took out the snuffbox again, sniffed from it and, as a signal, kicked twice on the floor. The door opened; a respectfully twisting chamberlain handed the emperor a hat and gloves, another handed a handkerchief. Napoleon, looking at them, turned to Balashev.
“Assure, on my behalf, Emperor Alexander,” said the ots, taking his hat, “that I am devoted to him as before: I love him completely and appreciate his high qualities very highly. Je ne vous retiens plus, general, vous recevrez ma lettre a l "Empereur. [I no longer hold you back, general, you will receive my letter to the sovereign.] And Napoleon went quickly to the door. From the reception room everything rushed forward and down the stairs.

After all that Napoleon said to him, after these outbursts of anger and after the last dryly spoken words:
“Je ne vous retiens plus, general, vous recevrez ma lettre”, Balashev was sure that Napoleon would not only not want to see him, but would try not to see him - the insulted ambassador and, most importantly, a witness to his obscene fervor. But, to his surprise, Balashev, through Duroc, received an invitation to the emperor's table that day.
Bessières, Caulaincourt and Berthier were at dinner. Napoleon greeted Balashev with a cheerful and affectionate air. Not only was there no expression of shyness in him or self-reproach for his morning outburst, but, on the contrary, he tried to cheer Balashev up. It was evident that for a long time for Napoleon in his conviction there was no possibility of error and that in his concept everything that he did was good not because it converged with the idea of \u200b\u200bwhat is good and bad, but because he did this.
The emperor was very cheerful after his horseback ride in Vilna, in which crowds of people greeted and saw him off with enthusiasm. In all the windows of the streets along which he passed, carpets, banners, and his monograms were displayed, and Polish ladies, greeting him, waved handkerchiefs at him.
At dinner, having seated Balashev next to him, he treated him not only kindly, but treated him as if he considered Balashev among his courtiers, among those people who sympathized with his plans and should have rejoiced in his successes. By the way, he started talking about Moscow and began to ask Balashev about the Russian capital, not only as an inquisitive traveler asks about a new place that he intends to visit, but as if with the conviction that Balashev, as a Russian, should be flattered by this curiosity.
- How many residents are in Moscow, how many houses? Is it true that Moscou is called Moscou la sainte? [saint?] How many churches are there in Moscou? He asked.
And to the answer that there are more than two hundred churches, he said:
- Why such an abyss of churches?
“The Russians are very pious,” answered Balashev.
“However, a large number of monasteries and churches is always a sign of the backwardness of the people,” said Napoleon, looking back at Caulaincourt for an assessment of this judgment.
Balashev respectfully allowed himself to disagree with the opinion of the French emperor.
“Each country has its own customs,” he said.
“But nowhere else in Europe is there anything like it,” Napoleon said.
“I apologize to your Majesty,” said Balashev, “besides Russia, there is also Spain, where there are also many churches and monasteries.
This answer of Balashev, hinting at the recent defeat of the French in Spain, was later highly appreciated, according to Balashev's stories, at the court of Emperor Alexander and was very little appreciated now, at Napoleon's dinner, and passed unnoticed.
From the indifferent and bewildered faces of the gentlemen of the marshals, it was evident that they were perplexed, what was the severity here, which Balashev's intonation hinted at. "If she was, then we did not understand her or she is not at all witty," said the expressions on the faces of the marshals. This answer was so little appreciated that Napoleon even decidedly did not notice it and naively asked Balashev about which cities the direct road to Moscow goes from here. Balashev, who was on the alert all the time of dinner, replied that comme tout chemin mene a Rome, tout chemin mene a Moscou, [as every road, according to the proverb, leads to Rome, so all roads lead to Moscow,] that there are many roads, and that among these different paths there is the road to Poltava, which Karl XII chose, Balashev said, involuntarily flushing with pleasure at the success of this answer. Before Balashev had time to finish the last words: "Poltawa", Colencourt had already started talking about the inconveniences of the road from Petersburg to Moscow and about his Petersburg memories.
After dinner we went to drink coffee in Napoleon's study, which four days ago was the study of Emperor Alexander. Napoleon sat down, touching the coffee in the Sevres cup, and pointed to a chair vilely to Balashev.
There is a well-known afternoon mood in a person, which, stronger than any reasonable reason, makes a person feel content with himself and consider everyone his friends. Napoleon was in this location. It seemed to him that he was surrounded by people who adore him. He was convinced that Balashev, after his dinner, was his friend and admirer. Napoleon addressed him with a pleasant and slightly mocking smile.
- This is the same room, as I was told, in which Emperor Alexander lived. Strange, isn't it, General? - he said, obviously not doubting that this appeal could not but be pleasant to his interlocutor, since it proved the superiority of him, Napoleon, over Alexander.
Balashev could not answer this and silently bowed his head.
- Yes, in this room, four days ago, Wintzingerode and Stein conferred, - Napoleon continued with the same mocking, confident smile. “What I cannot understand,” he said, “is that Emperor Alexander brought all my personal enemies closer to him. I do not understand this. Didn't he think that I could do the same? - with a question he turned to Balashev, and, obviously, this memory pushed him again into that trace of morning anger, which was still fresh in him.
“And let him know that I’ll do it,” Napoleon said, getting up and pushing his cup away with his hand. - I will expel from Germany all his relatives, Wiertemberg, Baden, Weimar ... yes, I will expel them. Let him prepare asylum for them in Russia!
Balashev bowed his head, showing by his appearance that he would like to take his leave and listens only because he cannot but listen to what is being said to him. Napoleon did not notice this expression; he addressed Balashev not as an ambassador of his enemy, but as a person who was now completely devoted to him and should rejoice in the humiliation of his former master.