The impact of outdoor play on the health of the child. How do sports affect our body? The influence of outdoor games on the development of the child

The influence of outdoor games on the health status and development of physical qualities in children of primary school age.
Physical education teacher Sidorova N.V. MBOU lyceum MOK No. 2 of Voronezh
The growing volume of information, the modernization of curricula, the widespread use of transport and other technical means have an adverse effect on the motor activity of students. The requirements of the physical fitness of children and their way of life in modern world contradict each other. Often, living conditions and schooling limit motor activity and do not provide the necessary regimen that allows you to more significantly improve the results of vital motor qualities. Therefore, there is a need to find the most appropriate means and methods to improve the physical fitness of students.
For students engaged in mental work, neuro-emotional overload is characteristic, which is the main reason for the decrease in working capacity and high morbidity among them. It should be noted that the wide use of means and methods of physical training plays a paramount role in the prevention of diseases, health promotion and increase in the efficiency of students.
One of the most important problems is the search for means that increase the body's resistance to adverse factors. environment. School age is a crucial period in the life of a student in the formation of the physical component of health and cultural skills that ensure its strengthening, improvement and preservation in the future. Therefore, the result physical education elementary school students should become high level health and formation of the foundation of physical culture of the future adult.
The main activity of the child is the game, which is a conscious, initiative activity aimed at achieving a conditional goal voluntarily set by the player. The game satisfies the physical and spiritual needs of the child, it forms his mind, strong-willed qualities. In the game, the child seeks and often finds, as it were, a working platform for educating his moral and physical qualities, his body requires an outlet in activities that correspond to his internal state. With the help of the game, you can influence the children's team, excluding direct pressure, punishment, excessive nervousness in working with children.
The game has a great influence on the mental development of the student. Acting with objects, the child begins to operate in a conceivable, conditional space. Gradually, play actions are reduced, and the child begins to act in the internal, mental plane. The child moves to thinking in images and ideas. The environment in which the child lives should develop and educate, encourage interaction with its various elements, cause a desire for movement, provide an opportunity for multi-variant games, and be comfortable.
Analysis of the available literature on the physical fitness of students showed that this issue is sufficiently covered, but requires further improvement and development.
The role and importance of outdoor games for the physical improvement and health of schoolchildren
The formation of a person at all stages of evolutionary development took place in close connection with active muscular activity, therefore, physical activity has acquired an important biological role in his life.
Analysis of scientific and methodological literature, numerous pedagogical observations show that the most important result of the game is the joy and emotional uplift of children. Due to this property of the game, largely of a game and competitive nature, more than other forms and means of physical culture, they correspond to the development of motor abilities in students. Game types and actions require the whole complex of speed abilities from the student due to the fact that in order to stimulate the development of speed, it is necessary to repeatedly repeat movements at maximum speed, and also take into account the functional capabilities of the student. From the latter, in turn, depends on the speed of movement. It is also necessary to take into account and combine methods of relatively standard repetition of movements with maximum speed and methods of a fairly wide variation of speed exercises.
Outdoor games of various directions are a very effective means of complex improvement of motor qualities. They, to the greatest extent, allow to improve such qualities as dexterity, speed, strength, coordination, etc. With rational use, the game becomes an effective method of physical education.
In recent years, outdoor games are increasingly gaining the sympathy of teachers. Creatively working teachers tend to broadly and diversify the introduction of the game or its elements into everyday life students. And the value of games lies in the fact that the acquired skills, qualities, skills are repeated and improved in new, rapidly changing conditions that impose other requirements on children.
Scientific studies have shown that under the influence of exercise and play, children grow faster and better. Due to the increased metabolism, more building material is delivered by the blood and the bones increase faster both in length and in width. The volume of muscles increases even more noticeably. As a result of physical exercises and games, all internal organs also increase and develop.
The child's heart needs a constant load, otherwise his muscular system will grow fat, become lethargic, loose, incapable of strong contractions, and poorly provide tissues, especially peripheral organs, with oxygen. Regular exercise and games strengthen human muscles, including the heart muscle. A trained heart is good at long-term hard work, and, conversely, the heart of a person leading sedentary image life, poorly provides peripheral organs, especially limb tissues, with blood. Muscles don't get required amount oxygen and tire quickly. In addition, the child's volume changes under the influence of physical exercises and games. chest. The chest becomes wider, the ribs become more mobile, the respiratory muscles become stronger. This leads to an increase in lung capacity. It also improves the composition of the blood.
Physical exercises and games have a very strong effect on the digestive apparatus. Only the amount of nutrients that the body needs is absorbed from the stomach and intestines.
Through exercise, the abdominal muscles develop. These muscles are of great importance for health. They are involved in breathing, contributing to a deeper inhalation and exhalation.
Physical exercises and games have a good effect on the nervous system. Nerve cells receive more nutrients, oxygen, develop better and work more energetically.
Through exercise, reaction speed also develops. It is the ability of the nervous system to the shortest time transmit impulses to the muscle and thereby cause it to contract with lightning speed. This quality is of no small importance in modern work. If the speed of reaction is sufficient, then the work goes without tension; if the reaction is not fast enough, then the nervous system, hastily sending orders to the muscles, overstrains. The result is nervous exhaustion.
Physical exercises and games develop a sense of rhythm, that is, the ability to perform a series of movements at regular intervals.
Increasing the level of physical development, strengthening health and increasing the physical performance of children and adolescents contribute to the improvement of mental performance.
Short-term physical exercises and games during lessons and homework preparation, as well as in the process of work, help maintain active attention and increase labor productivity. At the lessons that follow after the physical culture lessons, the performance is higher than at the lessons preceding the physical culture lessons.
Correctly delivered physical education of children and adolescents is the basis of a healthy life, success in any area of ​​social activity.

Numerous research results show that in school conditions it is possible to achieve a significant increase in all motor qualities in children by increasing the time and amount of funds in classes. The practice of physical education confirms that the successful development of motor qualities in younger students arouses their interest in performing various exercises, so it is necessary to diversify the means, methods and forms of this work as much as possible. In this regard, in my opinion, outdoor games are a very effective means of complex improvement of motor qualities, which can be used both in lessons on physical education and in other extracurricular forms.
It follows from the above that outdoor games act as an effective means of developing the physical qualities of physical fitness. When organizing outdoor games of various orientations, students should be guided by the basic requirements for the integrated development of motor qualities in students.
For primary school students, it is necessary to choose means and methods using outdoor games of various directions, which is dictated by the presence and nature of total fatigue, as well as the level of development of physical qualities necessary in educational and future work activities.
Thus, physical culture, the primary task of which is the preservation and promotion of health, should be an integral part of the life of every person. Bibliography:
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2. Barkov V.A. Pedagogical research in physical education: Textbook on the course of the Fundamentals of research for students of the specialty p. 02.02. Physical Culture. Grodno, 1995. 68 p.
3. Byleeva L.V., Korotkov I.M., Yakovlev V.G. Outdoor games: Textbook. allowance for in-t of physical culture. 4th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1974. - 208 p.
4.Verkhoshansky Yu.V. Fundamentals of special physical training of athletes. M.: Fizkultura i sport, 1988. 331 p.
5. Guzhalovsky A.A. The development of motor qualities in schoolchildren. Mn.: Nar. asveta, 1978. 88 p.: ill.
6.Yermolaev Yu.A. Age physiology: Proc. allowance for university students. - M., 1985. - 80 p.
7. Kuznetsov V.K. Age features of the development of special power qualities in non-athletes and cross-country skiers aged 11-18 // Theory and practice of physical education. - 1979. - No. 3. pp.12-15.
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The formation of children's health, the full development of their body is one of the main problems in modern society. During preschool childhood, a child lays the foundations of health, comprehensive physical fitness and harmonious physical development. At the same time, the existing system of preschool education takes into account only the sanitary and hygienic standards of the child's living conditions and leads to the regulation of motor qualities and skills. The importance of outdoor games is still underestimated as the main means of the complex development of the child - his physical, intellectual and psychological qualities, the education of children's will, courage, perseverance, endurance, determination.

Children usually seek to satisfy the huge need for movement in games. To play for them is, first of all, to move, to act. During outdoor games, children improve their movements, develop such qualities as initiative and independence, confidence and perseverance. They learn to coordinate their actions and even follow certain (at first, of course, primitive) rules.

The mobile game has a collective character. The opinion of peers is known to have a great influence on the behavior of each player. Depending on the quality of the performance of the role, one or another participant in an outdoor game may deserve encouragement or, conversely, disapproval of comrades; This is how children learn to work in a team.

The game is characterized by the opposition of one player to another, one team to another, when the player faces a wide variety of tasks that require instant resolution. To do this, it is necessary to assess the environment as soon as possible, choose the most correct action and perform it. So outdoor games contribute to self-knowledge. A fascinating game plot evokes positive emotions among the participants and encourages them to repeatedly perform certain techniques with unrelenting activity, demonstrating the necessary volitional qualities and physical abilities. For the emergence of interest in the game, the path to achieving the game goal is of great importance - the nature and degree of difficulty of the obstacles that must be overcome to obtain a specific result, to satisfy the game.

A mobile game that requires a creative approach will always be interesting and attractive for its participants.

The competitive nature of collective outdoor games can also intensify the actions of players, cause a manifestation of determination, courage and perseverance to achieve the goal. However, it must be borne in mind that the severity of the competition should not separate the players. In a collective outdoor game, each participant is clearly convinced of the benefits of common, friendly efforts aimed at overcoming obstacles and achieving a common goal. Voluntary acceptance of restrictions on actions by the rules adopted in a collective outdoor game, while at the same time being enthusiastic about the game, disciplines the playing children.

In addition, playing games develop coordinated, economical and coordinated movements; players acquire the ability to quickly enter the desired pace and rhythm of work, deftly and quickly perform a variety of motor tasks, while showing the necessary efforts and perseverance, which is important in life. Outdoor games develop the ability to adequately assess spatial and temporal relationships, simultaneously perceive a lot and respond to what is perceived. No less important are games with small various objects. Exercises with balls, bags, etc., increase skin-tactile and muscle-motor sensitivity, improve the motor function of hands and fingers, which is of particular importance for preschoolers.

In outdoor games, participants have to play various roles (driver, referee, assistant referee, game organizer, etc.), which develops their organizational skills.

While playing, children learn vital motor habits and skills, they develop courage and will, ingenuity. The important role of play in the comprehensive development of children was pointed out by O.M. Gorky, A.S. Makarenko. They considered the game of children as the main type of physical and motor activity. The game was given great importance by the outstanding specialist in the physical development of children P.F. Lesgaft, believing that it is an exercise with which the child prepares for life. The most important feature of outdoor games is the complex nature of their interactions on the motor and mental sphere of children, on the functions of the body, on the manifestation of motor, volitional, intellectual and moral qualities. Outdoor games involve almost all muscle groups in active work, have a positive effect on work internal organs and systems. One of the most important aspects of outdoor games is their mass character and complex impact on the development of physical qualities, as well as the impact on the formation of children's motor skills and abilities. Outdoor games include all basic types of movements / walking, running, jumping, throwing, etc. / develop physical qualities / dexterity, speed, strength, endurance, flexibility / and therefore, for many years, outdoor games have served as the main means of physical education for children. The great French teacher and thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau assigned an important role to games as the most effective means of pedagogical influence.

The value of outdoor games

Outdoor games create an atmosphere of joy and therefore make the most effective complex solution of health, educational and educational tasks. Active movements due to the content of the game evoke positive emotions in children and enhance all physiological processes. Situations on the playground, which are constantly changing, teach children to use motor skills and skills appropriately, ensuring their improvement. Naturally, physical qualities manifest themselves - speed of reaction, dexterity, eye, balance, strength, endurance, etc. The need to obey the rules and respond appropriately to the signal organizes and disciplines children, teaches them to control their behavior, develops intelligence, motor initiative and independence.

Outdoor games expand the general horizons of children, stimulate the use of knowledge about the world around them, human actions, animal behavior; replenish vocabulary; improve mental processes. The game creates favorable conditions for the development of skills and physical qualities, contributes to the arbitrariness of motor behavior. The motive of the game encourages the child to perform exercises, betray the meaning of motor activity. Game motives and tasks are close and accessible to the child, they capture him. They are connected with the specificity of the form in which the movement is mastered in the game, the establishment of a direct connection between the motive and the task. Each child believes that he performs a role. An imaginary situation helps to make motor tasks interesting for the child: the guys do not easily raise their hands, wave a flag, walk in a straight line, but walk along the path, jump like bunnies, etc. Children begin to act in a role, striving to embody it as accurately as possible, beat the imagination of the situation.

Thus, outdoor games are an effective means of versatile development.

Influence of outdoor games

The game occupies an important place in the life of a preschool child, and therefore is considered as one of the main means of education. Among the whole variety of games, it is necessary to single out especially active games, in which all players are necessarily involved in active motor actions. These actions are determined by the plot and the rules of the game and are aimed at achieving a certain conditional goal. Each child, playing, shows independence, initiative, speed and dexterity to the best of his ability. Plotless games require great independence, speed and dexterity of movements, orientation in space from the participants. At preschool age, the foundations are laid for the comprehensive harmonious development of the child's personality. An important role is played by timely and properly organized physical education, one of the main tasks of which is the development and improvement of movements. In outdoor games, children successfully master movements such as walking, running, jumping, crawling. Outdoor games are expedient only for fixing and improving volitional efforts. Such movements can include different types of throwing and jumping. For preschoolers, outdoor games are a vital need. With their help, a wide variety of tasks are solved: educational, educational and health-improving. In the process of games, favorable conditions are created for the development and improvement of children's motor skills, the formation of moral qualities, as well as the habits and skills of life in a team. Changing game situations and game rules make the child move faster to catch up with someone, or hide faster, deftly overcome obstacles. Repeated repetition of these movements requires children's attention, strong-willed and physical efforts, coordination of movements. A very important role of outdoor games in increasing motor activity children during the day. They are of particular importance for increasing the physiological stress on the child's body. Active motor actions during emotional recovery contribute to a significant effort in the activity of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, due to which there is an improvement in the metabolism in the body and the corresponding training of the functions of various systems and organs. Loading the muscular system, the child is brought up not only strong and dexterous, but also develops his heart, lungs, all internal organs. Movement is the way not only to health, but also to the development of intelligence. Movements, especially of the fingers, stimulate the development of the brain, its various departments.

The influence of outdoor games on the development of children's movements, as well as some of their volitional manifestations, largely depends on how long this game lasts. The longer and more active child in the game, the more he practices in one form or another of movements, more often he enters into various relationships with other participants, i.e. the more he has to show dexterity, endurance, the ability to obey the rules of the game.

The most effective games are outdoors. With the active physical activity of children in the fresh air, the work of the heart and lungs increases, and, consequently, the supply of oxygen to the blood increases, and the hardening effect of the natural forces of nature is added. And an increase in the emotional background contributes to the aesthetic impact of the beauty of nature.

Speaking about the influence of the game on mental development, it should be noted that it forces you to think the most economically, tame emotions, instantly respond to the actions of your opponent and partner. By developing the habit of volitional action, games create the basis for voluntary behavior, leading to the development of the ability for elementary self-organization and self-control outside of gaming activity. According to N.M. Amosov, V.K. Balsevich, Yu.K. Chernyshenko, V.N. Novokhatko, E.I. Pankratyeva and others, when planning the content of physical education of preschoolers, outdoor games that have a versatile effect on the body and a pronounced training effect should have an advantage, since physical activity that does not cause stress on physiological functions and does not provide a training effect does not have a sufficient healing effect. Active movements increase the child's resistance to diseases, cause the mobilization of the body's defenses, increase the activity of leukocytes. Conversely, lack of movement (physical inactivity) causes a change in the central nervous and endocrine systems, which can lead to emotional tension and instability, to metabolic disorders in the body, as well as to a decrease in the functionality of the cardiovascular, respiratory systems and, consequently, to a decrease in the efficiency of the body. The most important feature of outdoor games is the complex nature of their interactions on the motor and mental sphere of children, on the functions of the body. In games, the movements of the hand and fingers are improved. Raise your arms up to the side. Tilts, pumps and turns of the body at the same time formulate the skill of owning one's body. Daily exercises prevent violation of posture and deformation of the skeleton, strengthen the whole body well, and have a beneficial effect on the normal growth and development of the child.

The constantly changing situation in the game, the rapid transition of participants from one movement to another contribute to the development of dexterity.

For the education of strength, it is good to use games that require the manifestation of moderate in terms of load, short-term speed-strength stresses.

Games with multiple repetitions of intense movements, with constant motor activity, which causes significant expenditure of strength and energy, contribute to the development of endurance.

Improving flexibility occurs in games associated with frequent changes in direction of movement.

Doctor and teacher V.V. Gorinevsky, as a result of deep medical research, came to the conclusion that the lack of movements not only adversely affects the health of children, but also reduces their mental performance, inhibits general development, makes children indifferent to the world around them.

The works of the great physiologists I.M. Sechenov, N.E. Vvedensky, I.P. Pavlova, A.A. Ukhtomsky and their students with sufficient completeness revealed the mechanism of the influence of movements on the complex life processes in our body, they pointed out negative phenomena. They are observed during prolonged forced rest. Rest and movement are two antipodes (opposites), they determine the state and nature of life processes in the body, affect the interactivity and features of the heart, lungs, digestive tract, nervous and muscular systems, and metabolism.

The influence of outdoor games on the body of schoolchildren. At primary school age (from 7 to 11 years old), children easily perform movements involving large muscle groups and with a large amplitude of performing precise and small (with a small amplitude) movements.

The main content of the development of GNI (nervous higher activity) in this period is the further development of the level achieved in the previous period. Ends the formation of brain tissue nerve cells take on their characteristic form. The associative fibers of the cerebral cortex develop intensively, which creates favorable conditions for the interfixation of the intellectual activity of children at this age. The ability to voluntarily concentrate attention increases. In psychology, this age period is considered as a period of the child's conceptual organization of his environment (Piaget 1952). This age period is considered to be calm and favorable.

Children are calm, balanced, disciplined, the incidence among them is lower than among preschoolers and schoolchildren. At the same time, this age requires close attention. This is due to the fact that it is located between two extremely difficult and rapidly flowing periods of development. It is therefore justified to consider it "a period of calm after the storm before the next storm." And this is not only a beautiful metaphor. After the storm it calms down, but a new strong one can be expected. Because of its unexpectedness, it can become dangerous. And before the storm, changes are already taking place in the period that have not yet been expressed outwardly.

The same thing happens in the body of children of this age. The profound transformations that take place in preschool age are coming to an end. At the same time, preparations are underway for the reaction of even more significant and complex transformations in the subsequent age period. This determines the importance of requiring increased attention to children of this age. The main point is the strict correspondence of physical and mental loads to the capabilities of the body.

Middle school age (adolescence) covers the period from 12 to 16 years. This is one of the most important and responsible periods in the human life cycle. It ends with the formation of physiological curves of the spine - lordosis and kyphosis.

The total mass of muscles increases and their strength increases. A characteristic bright feature is observed in the growth and development of the cardiovascular system.

Vivid changes at this age are observed in GNI. As a result of the generalization of the excitatory process in adolescents, increased excitability is observed. Outwardly, this is expressed in unnecessary movements of the arms, legs, head, torso. The strength and form of responses often do not correspond to the stimuli that cause them; as a rule, they exceed the intensity of the stimulus.

All changes in the NVD of adolescents are the result of changes in the relationship between the processes of excitation and inhibition: the strength of excitation increases, and the strength of all internal inhibition becomes insufficient.

At this age, a rationally organized daily regimen is of particular importance - study, sleep, rest, nutrition, exercise, hardening, entertainment. At this age, physical education is especially effective. They must meet the following requirements:

• a) applied systematically and not on a case-by-case basis;
• b) not cause excessive fatigue;
• d) be diverse, i.e. affect the entire body.

Systematic physical exercises with a wide use of natural factors of nature - the sun, air and water - successfully solve such problems as strengthening health, hardening the body, comprehensive physical development and especially the development of endurance, speed and strength, the formation of correct motor skills, the education of high moral and strong-willed qualities, which are for working life, for health.

Under the influence of physical exercises, working muscles are better supplied with blood.

Only physical exercises can increase the mobility and elasticity of the joints, their ability to withstand strong stresses. Under the influence of physical exercises, the spine acquires greater mobility, which prevents the formation of stoop or curvature (scoliosis).

The positive impact of physical exercise is expressed not only in improving the functions (work) of their most important organs and systems of the human body. But also manifestations of cheerfulness, cheerfulness, in the awakening of the energy of activity, in the development of the body's resistance to external influences, including diseases of an infectious nature. Physical exercises can be used in various forms: morning exercises, long walks, various outdoor games, physical education lessons at school, hiking, etc.

A necessary condition for the harmonious development of the student's personality is sufficient physical activity. In recent years, due to the high workload at school and at home and other reasons, most schoolchildren have a lack of movements in the daily routine, insufficient motor activity, which causes the appearance of hypokinesia, which can cause a number of serious changes in the body of a student.

Studies of hygienists indicate that up to 82-85% of the daytime, most students are in a static position (sitting). Even among younger schoolchildren, voluntary movements (walking, running, playing) occupy only 16–19% of the time of the day, of which only 1–3% fall on organized forms of physical education. The general motor activity of children with school entry falls by almost 50%, decreasing from the lower grades to the older ones. It has been established that physical activity in the 6th-7th grade is less than in the 2nd-3rd grade, girls take fewer steps per day than boys; there is more physical activity on Sundays than on school days. A change in the value of physical activity in different academic quarters was noted. So, it is especially small in winter (in the third academic quarter); increases in spring and autumn.

Schoolchildren not only have to limit their natural motor activity, but also maintain a static position that is uncomfortable for them for a long time, sitting at a desk or study table. Low mobility affects the functioning of many systems of the student's body, especially the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. With prolonged sitting, breathing becomes less deep, metabolism decreases, blood stagnation occurs in the lower extremities, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the whole organism and especially the brain: attention decreases, memory is weakened, coordination of movements is disturbed.

Due to insufficient motor activity, the resistance of the young organism to “colds” and infectious diseases decreases, prerequisites are created for the formation of a weak, untrained heart and the subsequent development of cardiovascular insufficiency. Hypokinesia against the background of excessive nutrition with an excess of carbohydrates and fats in the daily diet leads to obesity.

Sedentary children have very weak muscles. They are unable to maintain the body in the correct position, they develop poor posture, a stoop is formed.

According to some researchers, 6-7-year-old schoolchildren lag behind their peers who attend schools in height and body weight. By the end of the year, the difference is significant: for boys, the differences in height are 3.2 cm, in body weight - 700 g, and for girls - 0.9 cm and 1 kg 300 g, respectively.

The only way to neutralize the negative phenomena that develop in schoolchildren during prolonged and intense mental (educational) work is active and organized physical activity in a certain way. The motor mode of the student consists mainly of morning physical exercises, outdoor games during school breaks, physical education lessons, outdoor activities in the afternoon, classes in clubs and sports sections, walks before bedtime, outdoor activities on weekends and holidays.

With systematic physical education and sports, there is a continuous improvement of the mechanisms that regulate the work of all human organs and systems. This, mainly, is the positive impact of physical culture as one of the powerful factors in health promotion.

Muscles make up 40 to 56% of a person's body weight and one can hardly expect good health and high performance if a good half of its constituent cells do not receive sufficient nutrition and do not have good performance.

Under the influence of muscular activity, the harmonious development of all parts of the central nervous system and its main link, the brain, occurs. At the same time, it is important that physical activity is systematic, varied, intense enough and does not cause overwork. The higher part of the central nervous system (cerebral cortex) receives signals from the sense organs and from the working skeletal muscles. The cerebral cortex simultaneously processes a huge flow of information and carries out a subtle and precise regulation of the coordinated activity of the body.

Physical exercises have a beneficial effect on the formation and development of such functions of the central nervous system as strength, mobility and balance of nervous processes. Even intense mental activity is impossible without movement. So the student sat down and thought about a difficult problem and suddenly felt an irresistible need to walk around the room - this way it is easier for him to work, to think. If you look at a concentrated thinking schoolboy, you can see how collected, tense all the muscles of his face, arms, body. Mental work requires the mobilization of muscle efforts, since numerous signals from working muscles activate the activity of the brain, make it work more intensively and clearly.

“Walking revives and inspires my thoughts. Left alone, I can hardly think; it is necessary that my body be in motion, and then the mind also begins to move,” the confession of the great French thinker and writer J. J. Rousseau illustrates the relationship between the work of the brain and movement in the best possible way.

These examples are enough to understand that movement is absolutely necessary for the full functioning of the brain. That is why schoolchildren who regularly engage in physical culture and sports do better in general education disciplines. Sometimes you can hear arguments that there are often weak, sickly guys who do not go in for physical education and sports at all, but, nevertheless, study well. Well, such excellent students only weaken their body.

Sufficient physical activity is a necessary condition for the harmonious development of personality.

Physical exercise also contributes to the good functioning of the digestive organs, helping the digestion and assimilation of food, activates the activity of the liver and kidneys, improves the functioning of the endocrine glands: thyroid, genital, adrenal glands, which play a huge role in human growth and development. A set of exercises is given that promotes the growth and development of children.

Physical exercise increases the body's need for oxygen. As a result of systematically increased demands on the respiratory organs, an increase in the so-called vital capacity of the lungs (measured by a spirometer) is observed, improves the mobility of the chest (the difference between the circumference of the chest in the state of inhalation and full exhalation increases). In addition, intensive complete expansion of the lungs eliminates congestion in them, accumulations of mucus and sputum, that is, it serves as a prevention of possible diseases.

Lungs with systematic physical exercises: exercises increase in volume, breathing becomes rarer and deeper, which is of great importance for ventilation of the lungs.

Physical exercises cause positive emotions, cheerfulness, create a good mood. It becomes clear why a person, having learned the “taste” of physical exercises and sports, strives for regular exercise. Some parents are afraid to introduce their children to physical education if they have poor eyesight. This is mistake. Such children can go in for sports, but under the supervision of a doctor. Scientific evidence proves that active physical activity can improve vision. A schoolchild wearing glasses is embarrassed by his "inferiority", while joining the sport, he becomes healthy, restores mental harmony.

The ability to clearly, competently and economically perform movements allows the body to adapt well to any environmental conditions, to any type of labor activity. Constant physical exercise helps to increase skeletal muscles, strengthen joints, ligaments, growth and development of bones.

The great value of physical exercises also lies in the fact that, doing them, the student not only strengthens his health and receives a versatile physical development, but also acquires a number of motor moral qualities. The former include agility, speed, strength, endurance, and flexibility. The second - such valuable qualities as collectivism and comradeship, perseverance, courage, honesty, discipline. Does the school give physical education lessons at home? Yes, there may be such lessons. For example, a teacher of physical culture, noticing that one of the children is lagging behind his comrades in dexterity, speed, gives such a student the task of performing certain gymnastic exercises at home a certain number of times.

Doing homework is an organic part of the learning process. The purpose of physical education homework assignments is not only to improve the student’s movement culture, but also to promote this moral-volitional and physical improvement, to educate children and adolescents in the need for regular physical exercise, compliance with the necessary hygiene rules and skills.

Usually, physical education homework includes sets of exercises for morning exercises, physical education minutes and physical education breaks, exercises to develop the correct posture, “to develop motor skills, endurance. The complexes of morning physical exercises, outdoor activities and the development of motor skills recommended for doing at home consist of the so-called general preparatory exercises. They contribute to the harmonious development of muscles, the formation of correct posture, the improvement of the functioning of internal organs, and the improvement of coordination of movements. Performing these exercises, you can purposefully influence certain muscle groups, individual joints and ligaments, perform movements of a different nature (smooth, soft, sharp), change efforts (tense, relaxed).

When compiling such complexes, it is necessary to take into account one of the most important principles of the physiology of muscle activity: the best condition for muscle work is their preliminary stretching. When alternating and stretching and contracting muscles, a greater number of them are simultaneously included in the work, which is extremely important for harmonious development.

It is useful for young schoolchildren to systematically perform a variety of exercises with balls, gymnastic sticks, ribbons, etc., since physical exercises with objects develop dexterity and accuracy of hand movements, which is very useful in work.

A special place in physical education homework is occupied by running. This wonderful health remedy should be strictly individual. First of all, the pace of running and the length of the distance must correspond to a certain extent to the personality of the child. At first, walking is alternated with slow running, then the distance covered by the step is gradually reduced, and the distance traveled is increased. Remember: lengthening the distance is healthier than increasing speed. The criterion for the correct exercise regimen is good health. If a student runs in a group with peers or adults, there is no need to compete in speed or endurance. The main goal is to improve health, restore performance, and this is not achieved by exhausting races. At the same time, it is necessary to remember the most important principle of training - the gradual increase in load.

After the end of school hours, an hour and a half outdoor activity with outdoor games is very useful. They evoke vivid emotions and give students pleasure. During outdoor games, motor skills are acquired and improved, physical qualities develop. Games also have a great health impact.

Parents need to be prompted and shown (this is very important) to schoolchildren what games and how to play, to help them (tactfully, unobtrusively) find playmates.

Children can jointly mark and equip places for games. Parents should help them with advice, and if necessary, with practical deeds.

Regular classes of schoolchildren in various sports circles and sections, participation in sports holidays is the way to the physical improvement of the young body.

Those parents who, after the recovery of a schoolchild, keep him from outdoor games and physical exercises for an excessively long time, and sometimes seek permission from the school doctor to release the child from physical education classes for a long time, act incorrectly. Physical education of schoolchildren is closely connected with labor education. Sports, games comprehensively develop, prepare the child to perform feasible labor movements. Schoolchildren who systematically engage in a variety of physical exercises at school and at home master labor skills more easily, they develop correct posture and coordination of movements. In turn, work educates and physically develops children, which is why it is so important to teach them from an early age to perform simple self-service duties, to help the elders in the family.

Children who are not accustomed to work from an early age often do not know what to do in their free time. They don't stick to everything. Imperceptibly, a bad habit of spending time aimlessly appears, they like to look at the games and work of others more than to do any work themselves. Hence the tendency to idleness and laziness.

In the family there will always be a wide variety of jobs that require physical labor, feasible for schoolchildren. Their labor duties for self-service, house care, gardening and others must be included in the daily routine, taking about 30 to 45 minutes a day. At the same time, it is necessary that the student understands the importance of the work he performs for the family. In addition, it is important that he is able to perform the required as it should, receiving appropriate instructions from adults in a timely manner. This is especially true for work involving significant efforts or techniques where special skill is needed. When entrusting a son or daughter with any housework, you first need to show how best to do it. Without the necessary instructions, without having the proper skills, children, even when performing simple tasks, quickly get tired, get nervous, and their work does not go well.

Mastering the skills of performing physical exercises and the culture of physical labor is not only a sign of the general culture of a person, but also a necessity for maintaining and improving health and performance in the conditions of scientific and technological progress.

With the correct organization of classes, taking into account age characteristics and physical fitness, those involved in outdoor games have a beneficial effect on the growth, development and strengthening of the bone-Christmas apparatus, the muscular system, on the formation of correct posture in children and adolescents, and also increase the functional activity of the body.

In this regard, outdoor games are of great importance, involving various large and small muscles of the body in a variety of dynamic work; games that increase mobility in the joints. Under the influence of physical exercises used in games, all types of metabolism (carbohydrate, protein, fat and mineral) are activated. Muscular loads stimulate the endocrine glands.

When playing games, it is necessary to ensure that physical activity is optimal. With systematic playing games, intense loads can be allowed so that the body gradually adapts to them. This is of great importance in life and work. However, it is unacceptable to bring the participants of the game to overwork.

Games with active, energetic, repetitive motor actions, but not associated with long-term unilateral power stress (especially statistical), have a beneficial effect on the body of children and adolescents. That is why in games there should not be excessive muscle tension and prolonged breath holding.

Outdoor games should have a positive effect on the nervous system of those involved. To do this, the leader must optimally dose the load on the memory and attention of the players, build the game so that it evokes positive emotions among the students. Poor organization of the game leads to the appearance of negative emotions, disrupts the normal course of nervous processes, and students may experience stress.

Outdoor games should have strict and clear rules, which helps to streamline the interaction of students and eliminates excessive excitement.

Particularly valuable in the health-improving attitude is the year-round holding of outdoor games in the fresh air: those involved become more hardened, the flow of oxygen into their body increases. Outdoor games are also used for special therapeutic purposes when restoring the health of sick children, since the functional and emotional beating that occurs in children during the game has a healing effect on them.

Excessively strong training will not improve, but rather slow down growth and development. Good health is mainly determined by the correct location, arrangement, functional activity of all organs of the body, the absence of predispositions to any diseases.

Normal physical development is a change in the structure and functions of the child's body with age that occurs in natural accordance with his growth. Morphological and functional changes occurring in the body are very complex, but still with a normal or abnormal course of development can be judged with a sufficient degree of objectivity, but some indicators that outwardly reflect this process. These indicators are body height, weight and chest circumference. They are related to the mass, density and shape of the body. By the relationship of these factors, it is possible to assess the strength of the child's physique.

At a younger age, the structure of tissues continues to form in children, their growth continues. The growth rate in length slows down somewhat compared to the previous period of preschool age, but body weight increases. Height increases annually by about 4 cm, and weight by 2 kg. Therefore, this age is called the rounding period.

Active motor activity contributes to the growth and development of bone and muscle tissue, internal organs and sensory organs. It stimulates metabolic processes in the child's body, helps to increase its protective properties.

It should be noted that growth, development, health, activity are, first of all, the results of inheritance of certain physical data from parents. They are also largely determined by proper nutrition, adherence to a rational lifestyle and other social factors. But still, physical education is a decisive factor in ensuring the high vital capacity of children. Without regular, specially organized physical exercises in modern conditions, even children who have inherited good health and development from their parents and live in good conditions do not reach the level of physical fitness that children of average and lower average development can achieve under conditions of systematic physical education.

Children who do not systematically engage in physical exercises, as a rule, lag behind in growth. The lack of movements (hypokinesia) if it is small leads to a suspension or decrease in the growth of the body's capacity, and if it is large - even to gradual muscle atrophy, obesity and other serious disorders, physical exercises are a means of preventing violations of normal physical development.

Motor activity of a child of primary school age should not be excessive. You should beware of intense loads, because a significant part of the body's energy resources at this age is spent on plastic processes (growth and development processes), and strong muscle activity is associated with high energy costs.

Care should be taken when carrying out hardening procedures. The motor activity of schoolchildren, both in terms of the nature of exercises and in terms of volume, should be built differentially, taking into account the level of their physical fitness. In schools, about 75% of primary school students have an average physical development, 15% are high and above average, 10% are lower average and low (according to a survey of Moscow schoolchildren by V.K. Shurukhina).

Differences in physical activity should relate mainly to strength and endurance speed, the volume of exercises, agility and speed for all students may be approximately the same. However, in some cases, some of the physical indicators may be low in physically highly developed children and vice versa, therefore, it is necessary to dose physical activity taking into account the individual data of each student. Weakly physically developed children should be the focus of attention of teachers, as they are most in need of properly organized exercises.

Already at primary school age, a differentiated approach is needed for boys and girls when choosing exercises and dosing physical activity. According to some indicators of development, there is no big difference between boys and girls: at 7 years old, the boy’s weight is 0.2 kg more, at 10 years old - 0.4 kg less; at 7 years old, the height of a boy exceeds the height of girls by only 1 cm, at 11 years old, the height of a girl is 0.6 cm more. cm is less than in boys, and the vital capacity of the lungs is 100-200 cm less. Consequently, the loads in cyclic exercises for girls should be somewhat lower. In addition, the strength of the muscles of the hand in girls at 7-8 years old is less than that of boys by about 5 kg, and at 11 years old by 10 kg. This means that strength exercises for girls in terms of the number of repetitions can be the same as for boys, but less in tension.

It should be borne in mind that if the motor regime of girls is sufficient, then they almost do not lag behind boys in physical fitness. If girls do not pay attention to physical exercises at a younger age, they later lag behind boys even in such indicators as coordination and accuracy of movements.

Simultaneously with the general task - to promote the versatile and harmonious development of children with the help of physical exercises - physical education faces another, narrower task to correct individual shortcomings in physical development. Many children have posture disorders, flat feet, signs of obesity. Young schoolchildren are most susceptible to physical development disorders.

A significant part of the students elementary school have any postural disturbances. The vast majority of these disorders are of an unstable functional nature, they can be corrected with the help of physical exercises.

The largest number of defects are observed in children 7-12 years old in the form of a shoulder girdle. This is mainly the asymmetry of the neck-shoulder lines and the position of the shoulder blades, excessive forward convergence of the shoulders and the lag of the lower angles of the shoulder blades.

It is well known that physical culture and sports play an important role in the formation of human health. The obligatory form of physical culture at school is physical education lessons, which, according to the literature, do not cover the lack of motor activity of schoolchildren caused by the complexity of the curriculum, violations of the hygienic requirements of the daily routine, the educational process, etc. The result of this is a low level of harmonious development and a high percentage morbidity in children and adolescents. Meanwhile, under the influence of systematic physical education, physical development is significantly improved, the work of all organs and systems is activated, the work of the body is increased to mobilize functional capabilities.

Sports and health are closely related. And we are talking not only about physical culture, but also about sports games. All of them serve as entertainment for a person and take care of our health in their own way. Each game has a task that monitors the activity of the body. We looked at the most common sports and found out how they affect our well-being. It's so great to play and at the same time strengthen your body!

Football - and your body in good shape

This game is able to collect all the kids in the yard. Many young people are also fond of football. But men in adulthood, this sport collects only in front of the TV. It's a pity, because the game contributes to active cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal adaptations. Scientists came to this conclusion during a large research project on football. By strengthening the heart muscle, the risk of cardiovascular diseases is reduced, blood circulation improves and all important organs are supplied with oxygen. Leg movement, running, turning, sprinting - all this helps to keep the body in good shape.

Volleyball teaches you to fall

A ball, a small company and a suitable playground. This game doesn't require much. But how much it gives! First, volleyball teaches you to fall. When receiving the ball, the player must always control the fall, without exposing the joints and head to the blow. Secondly, during the game, all muscle groups are trained, and the flexibility of the spine develops. Volleyball can get rid of the initial manifestations of osteochondrosis. The game also helps with joint crunches. Jumping gives a good load on the joints and ligaments, which increases the flow of blood and nutrients. Volleyball fans are guaranteed a good respiratory system.

Tennis against depression

Autumn is the time to play tennis. If you are tense, know that this sport can help your nervous system. A small yellow ball will shatter stress and depression. Plus, the game will favorably affect the functioning of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. And of course, do not forget that this sport develops attention and increases the speed of reaction.

Well, in order to improve your eyesight, play table tennis.

Basketball growth stimulant?

How tall are these basketball players! Perhaps jumping is a growth stimulant. And there are a lot of them in this game. Those who like to leave the ball into the ring perfectly improve their coordination, and each throw develops the hands, muscles of the legs and back, which can be a good prevention of joint disease. All movements force the body to work smoothly during the game, therefore, the organs of internal secretion and digestive system. Basketball also improves peripheral vision.

Hockey will get rid of flat feet

One of the most courageous sports. This game requires tremendous speed, quick thinking and good reactions. What is useful hockey for fans to play? Did you know that dry ice heals the nasopharynx and is great for allergic and asthmatic diseases? Well, the skates themselves are able to save hockey players from flat feet or scoliosis.

Each of these games will not disregard your figure. Regular exercise will help to solve the problem of excess weight. You will be healthy inside and beautiful outside. But ... and do not overload yourself with training. Follow safety precautions to avoid serious injury.

An outdoor game is one of the important means of comprehensive education of preschool children. salient feature which has a complex effect on the body and personality of the child.

Game features:

sociocultural;

Communicative;

Diagnostic;

Game therapy and correctional;

Entertaining.

P.F. Lesgaft believed that the game is an exercise from which the child prepares for life. A game is a conscious activity aimed at achieving a conditionally set goal. Well chosen and properly directed, play is a powerful tool for the education of preschool children. The power of its impact on the comprehensive development of the child lies in the emotional excitement, interest and passion that the child experiences, he is able to make maximum efforts and be very executive. Under the bright, funny, attractive form of games, there are many pedagogical possibilities that are manifested through the functions of the game.

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Influence of outdoor games

on the development of the child.

Physical education instructor

MBDOU No. 188 Samara

Petrykina O.V.

An outdoor game is one of the important means of comprehensive education of preschool children, a characteristic feature of which is a complex effect on the body and personality of the child.

Game features:

sociocultural;

Communicative;

Diagnostic;

Game therapy and correctional;

Entertaining.

P.F. Lesgaft believed that the game is an exercise from which the child prepares for life. A game is a conscious activity aimed at achieving a conditionally set goal. Well chosen and properly directed, play is a powerful tool for the education of preschool children. The power of its impact on the comprehensive development of the child lies in the emotional excitement, interest and passion that the child experiences, he is able to make maximum efforts and be very executive. Under the bright, funny, attractive form of games, there are many pedagogical possibilities that are manifested through the functions of the game.

sociocultural function

The game performs important social functions, because in it the child feels himself both a person and a member of the team. Thus, the game is a means of socialization of the child. Playing, the child acquires space - physical, emotional, social. He develops a complex of "self" - self-expression, self-control, self-realization, self-determination, self-rehabilitation.

Communicative function

The game is impossible without communication, which becomes its main energy source, It unites big and small, helps them find mutual language, are the prototype of collective activity, as it teaches to negotiate with each other, to yield, to hear a comrade, to continue his actions or to help out, to subordinate one's desires to existing rules. The child learns to understand and respect others. He is interested in this, since the next time he does not follow the rules will not be called to play. There are two types of relationships in games: competitive - between teams, partners who have opposite goals (if one wins, then the other loses), and genuine cooperation between team members. Such cooperation helps the child to "get out" of the situation and analyze it as if from the outside.

Diagnostic function

The game helps to identify deviations in the child's behavior. For example, while playing, the child will break the rules or leave the game at a crucial moment. This should alert the educator, make them observe more closely, find the cause of the deviations that have arisen. In the game, the child can diagnose his own strengths, capabilities, personal qualities, i.e. play encourages the child to self-knowledge.

Play therapy and correctional functions

In most cases, games are designed to help the educator harmonize the mental development of children and prevent deviations, resolve inevitable conflicts in the child's soul before their possible degeneration into established complexes. The game, like a magic wand, protects the fragile child's psyche from the pressure of daily experiences. Children intuitively resort to it as a means to relieve fears, stressful situations, emotional and intellectual stress. The child does not just play, he tells others about what pleases or worries him.

Particular attention, from the standpoint of the practice of correctional and developmental education, deserves the connection of physical education through games with development cognitive processes children. Thus, the positive influence of outdoor games is established not only on the development of physical qualities, but also on the formation of structural units of the psyche:

Memory - auditory, motor-auditory, visual;

Imagination - creative, recreating, as well as originality in solving problems;

Perception - the degree of development of observation, volume and adequacy of reproduction;

Visual-figurative and logical thinking - the ability to analyze, compare and generalize;

Arbitrary attention and its properties such as switching, distribution and stability.

Entertainment function

In many games, as the story progresses, the players perform real and symbolic actions that are unacceptable in ordinary life, from the point of view of social norms, the fun splatters. Games are accompanied by loud screams, laughter, stomping, pushing, sudden movements, and fast running. In the game, the child never gets tired. He is happy and comfortable. It creates protective mechanisms, a powerful psycho-emotional discharge is carried out, as a result of which positive emotions arise. And the more positive emotions a child receives, the more harmonious and joyful the world appears before him, he feels more confident in life. The excitement that a child experiences in play brings the entire organism into an exceptional physiological state, which contributes to the fact that the child achieves such results in movement that he would never have achieved under other conditions, outside of play. Games are often accompanied by songs, poems, counting rhymes, which replenishes vocabulary and enriches speech. Also, games teach you to recite and sing on your own, help to overcome shyness. Children learn to act in a team, to obey the general requirements. The presence of rules and the requirement to comply with them, the frequent change of leaders put the participants in the game in the position of equal partners, which strengthens emotional contacts between children. They gradually learn that it is impossible to leave someone in trouble, laughing at someone else's awkwardness, because this can happen to anyone. Achieving common success depends on mutual assistance. Children perceive the rules of the game as a law, and their conscious implementation forms the will, develops self-control, endurance, forms honesty, discipline, and a sense of justice. She teaches sincerity, camaraderie. In collective games, children-organizers, children-leaders, who carry others along with them, are revealed. Skillful leadership of the game by the educator develops an active creative personality.

Outdoor games are a means of self-esteem formation. A normally developing child is characterized by a positive attitude towards himself, self-confidence and self-awareness: "I am good." However, he can more objectively evaluate the results of a peer's activity than to discern shortcomings in his behavior. And this is the norm of age development, since self-esteem is formed only at the senior preschool age. By this period, the child already understands what he can do and what not; is aware not only of his actions, but also of his desires, preferences, moods; is able to understand and accept verbal instructions, the demands of adults, to consciously perform tasks if it does not contradict his interests. Against the background of emotional dependence on adults' assessments, the child develops a claim to recognition, expressed in the desire to receive praise, confirm his significance. In order for a preschooler to learn to understand why the results of his activities are evaluated in one way or another, situations should be created that would put him in front of the need to realistically assess his abilities. At preschool age, the need for fantasizing and movements is most pronounced. The need for fantasy is satisfied in role-playing games, and the need for movement is best realized in outdoor games. In addition to an effective impact on health promotion, increasing the endurance of the child's body and improving motor skills, outdoor games can be used as a means of developing children's self-esteem.

Health component of outdoor games.

The healing component of outdoor games is based on various types of vital movements performed in a wide variety of conditions. A large number of movements are accompanied by chemical processes that activate respiration, blood circulation and metabolism, which greatly contributes to the development of muscles, bones, connective tissues, increases the mobility of joints and vertebrae. Outdoor games are an excellent means of developing and improving the movements of children, strengthening and hardening their body. Since the body is a single whole, the increased activity of one organ system affects others. During the game, the breathing process improves, the blood is intensively saturated with oxygen, blood circulation and metabolism are accelerated. Increased activity of the heart and lungs improves the coordination of movements and the reaction of nerve centers, and also affects mental activity. Active motor activity trains the child's nervous system, improving and balancing the processes of excitation and inhibition. Specially selected, taking into account the age, state of health, the nature of the functional changes in the body and the degree of physical fitness of children, outdoor games, especially in the fresh air, heal, strengthen the body, temper and thereby contribute to the prevention of diseases in children.