Sentences with grammatical errors examples. Typical mistakes in Russian: grammar, speech and spelling

Types of grammatical errors	Error examples	Correct option/rule
Errors in management Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition	* Pay for the fare miss you *according to order on arrival	(to whom; to what?) Lagodaria According to Upon arrival e, arrive And, complete And, expire And, return And(in p.p.)
Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate Mixing the constructions of the main and subordinate clauses	*MSU completed O reception *Chair-bed standing A *Came good doctor Ivanova. No one, even excellent students, decided And. *Those, (who was late), didn't look movie.	Main word-m.r. Main word-cf.r Polezh.-zh.r. / Tale-zh.r. Nobody decided Those did not look who was late.
Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members 1. The use of common z.s. at r.p.p. requiring different control 2. Incorrect word order in a sentence with double conjunctions 3. The use of double alliances in a distorted form 4. Redundancy of allied funds 5. Elimination of not only the same, but also different prepositions 6. Discrepancy between the form of the generalizing word and the o.p.s. 7. Combining in a homogeneous series of "unequal" components.	* PhD student is engaged selection and supervision over the facts. * Living branches are not only unsuitable for making a fire, but also for maintaining it. * Living branches are unusable Not only for making a fire, and to maintain it. * The owner was surprised, but, however, nevertheless remained silent. *Concerts were held IN theaters, parks, stadiums. * She raised five children: two boys and three girls. * Found / lost yesterday / dog and ( wanted by the neighbors)	Choice (What?) Observation (on what?) not only for breeding, but also for maintenance. Not only but As well as but nonetheless ON stadiums Two boys and three girls Or 2 / p.o /, or 2 subordinate clauses !!!
Error in constructing a sentence with participial turnover - torn apart by the word being defined Incorrect participle agreement with the word being defined	* From afar were visible / floating logs on water/ We saw logs, floating their on water	Logs /floating on water/
Error in constructing a sentence with adverbial turnover The participle and the verb must have the same character	* leafing through album, me got caught two photos	leafing through album, I saw two photos.
Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application - the application must be in Im.p. in the presence of a definable noun, and in its absence - in the required case.	*in the novel "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin reflected the events of the 18th century. *IN "Captain's daughter" main character- P. Grinev.	In the novel "Captain's daughter".. IN The Captain's Daughter...
Error in building a complex sentence - with an adjectival attributive(it refers to the last noun in the main) -the use of compound conjunctions in a distorted form -redundancy of allied funds	* The workshop was organized by Prof. Matveev, who passed very interesting. * Before write a letter, he was looking for the right words for a long time. * He asked, What is where his things. * I don't know, What we can whether we find mutual language	Professor Matveev organized seminar that took place very interesting Before as In order to Instead of Before Since As Similar to In view of the fact that Due to the fact that despite the fact that He asked, Where his things. I don't know if we can whether we find...

Indirect speech

Direct speech	Means of communication when replaced by indirect	Indirect speech
Declarative sentence * « I I'll be waiting for you somewhere nearby," said Valya.		* Valya said thatshe will be waiting for me nearby.
incentive offer * Ivan asked: "Name, Lyuba, all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them."	to	* Ivan asked Lyuba to name all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them.
Interrogative sentence “Are you thinking of playing hide and seek with me?” Vanya said with annoyance.		* Vanya said with annoyance whether I was thinking of playing hide and seek with him.

In indirect

Direct speech	Error examples	Indirect speech
He said:		He said,that he will do the job for me.
He said:"Come early."		He said,for me to come early.
You ask:		You ask,
I'm asking:"Were you at the institute yesterday?"		I'm asking,were you at the institute yesterday.

5. descend; the shades they express are conveyed only by approximately other lexical means, for example:

1. If direct speech is declarative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the union is used that, for example:

* The servant entered and announced that the horses were served (P.). (Compare: A servant entered and announced: "Horses are served").

2. If direct speech is incentive offer, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the union is used to, for example:

* Tell him to get out ... (Ch.). (Compare: Say: "Get out...").

3. If direct speech is interrogative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, two cases are possible:

a) if present in direct speech interrogative pronominal words they are preserved V indirect speech in the role of relative words, for example: They drove up to the hut, they ask, Where here to find the economic part (Furm.). (Compare: They drove up to the hut, they ask: “ Where here to find the economic part?").

b) in the absence of interrogative pronominal words in direct speech, an indirect question is expressed using a particle whether in the role of a union, for example: The general inquired if I was the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev (P.). (Compare: The general inquired: “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?” Or “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?”).

4. In indirect speech, personal and possessive pronouns and persons of the verb are used from the point of view of the author, and not the person of the speaker, for example:

Direct speech	Error examples	Indirect speech
He said:"I will do this job for you."	He said that I would do this job for you.	He said,which will do the job for me.
He said:"Come early."	He said come early.	He said,for me to come early.
You ask:"When will you return my book to me?"	You ask when you will return my book to me.	You ask,when I return your book to you.
I'm asking:"Were you at the institute yesterday?"	I ask that you were at the institute yesterday?	I'm asking,were you at the institute yesterday.

5.Addresses, interjections, emotional particles available in direct speech, in indirect speech descend; the shades expressed by them are transmitted only approximately by other lexical means, for example.

	1. Erroneous word formation	1. "Rustle Hands" "Thoughtful Look" "Goodness"
	2. Mistakes in the formation of noun forms	2. "Clouds", "jelly pie", "no socks"
	3. Errors in the formation of adjective forms	3. "More interesting" "Most beautiful"
	4. Errors in the formation of forms of pronouns	4. "Theirs", "theirs"
	5. Errors in the formation of verb forms	5. "Rides", "waiting for him"
	6. Violation of agreement	6. "He never saw such eyes filled with longing"
	7. Loss of control	7. “Thirst for fame” “Dream for freedom” “I worry about him” “I am surprised at his strength”
	8. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	8. "Friendship with the guys Valk and Marusya influenced his life"
	9. Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover	9. “When reading a book, thoughts come to mind” “Opening the window, it smelled of pines”
	10. Errors in the construction of sentences with participial turnover	10. "The mountain range stretches from east to west, consisting of ridges"
	11. Errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members	11. "I wanted to show the meaning of sport and why I love it"
	12. Errors in the construction of complex sentences	12. "The collective farm was built under the leadership of Davydov, which turned into a large farm"
	13. Mixing direct and indirect speech	13. “Igor said that “I want to put my head or drink with a helmet from the Don”

14. Pass necessary words	14. "Vadik nailed the board and ran to football"
15. Violation of supply boundaries	15. “The hunter put down his gun, tied the dog. And went to the beast
16. Unfortunate use of personal or demonstrative pronouns	16. “I took out bag book and put it on the table ”(whom it?)
17. Violation of the aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms	17. “Brother was sitting at the table and 1 is coloring pictures”: “Pugachev left the hut and got into the carriage”

Essay evaluation standards

When highlighting spelling errors should be taken into accountsimilar errors (for the same rule).

The first three errors of the same type are counted as one, each the next one is added. Mistakes are not considered the same if for the correct spelling of the word, you need to choose completely different test word. (For example, unstressed vowels in root do not apply similar errors).

Non-rough spelling errors count as 0.5 errors (1 n). Non-rough spelling errors include words that are exceptions to the rules and difficult unverifiable dictionary words.

Punctuation errors of the same type cannot be!

Onassessment"5"for content in the essay is allowed: one minor inaccuracy in content, i.e. 1 coarse actual or 1 soft logic error + 1 -2 speech defects.

Rating "5"for literacy in an essay it is allowed: 1 non-rough spelling or 1 punctuation or 1 grammatical error.

For a rating of "4" for the content in the essay it is allowed: 2-3 factual or logical errors + 3-4 speech defects.

For evaluation "4" for literacy in the essay it is allowed: 1-2 spelling + 3 punctuation + 3 grammatical or 0 spelling + 4 punctuation + 3 grammatical errors.

For a mark of "3" for sod holding allowed in the essay: 4 factual or logical errors + 5 speech errors shortcomings.

A mark of "3" for a competent essay is allowed

4 spelling + 4 punctuation + 4 grammatical errors.

With six factual, or six logical, or six speech errors, a score of "2" for content begins.

Five spelling errors, or five punctuation errors, or five grammatical errors start a 2 for literacy.

In the 5th grade, in the 1st half of the year, 6 spelling or punctuation errors are allowed for a mark of "3".

When giving the 1st grade for content, you should consider Not only the number of factual, logical errors and speech defects.

Grade "5" is given for an essay that

reveals the topic deeply and convincingly;

testifies to excellent knowledge of the text and other literary critical materials;

harmonious in composition;

differs in independent conclusions and deep generalizations;

written in the correct literary language and stylistically corresponds to the content.

On aboutcenku "4" the same thing is required, but with the definition of "good".

On the opening "3"- with the definition of "satisfactory".

Grade "2" put in the event that the topic is not disclosed, knowledge of the text is superficial, there are no conclusions.

The corresponding necessary explanations (from the above) the teacher writes under the text of the essay, thereby explaining the grade.

Evaluation of students' oral responses

When evaluating the oral response of students, the following is taken into account:

knowledge of the text and understanding of its ideological and artistic originality;

the ability to explain the relationship between the actions of heroes;

understanding the role of artistic means;

knowledge of theoretical and literary concepts and the ability to use them in the course of analysis;

the ability to analyze the text in accordance with the leading historical and philosophical ideas of the era;

the ability to speak monologue.

Student Speech Requirements

When evaluating oral and written answers, their speech design is taken into account.

The student must be able to:

speak or write on a topic, respecting its boundaries;

select the most significant facts for the disclosure of ideas;

present the material sequentially;

draw the necessary conclusions and generalizations;

builds |> statement in a certain style;

answer loudly, clearly, with logical stress,

pauses, intonation rules.

All of the above requirements and standards for assessing written and oral answers must be brought to the attention of students and their parents (make appropriate printouts, arrange a stand in the literature classroom, etc.). Only in this case, the guys will understand the validity of the grades given, and the teacher will be able to be truly objective.

Ways of studying a literary work at school

The way of learning is a kind order analysis, parsing progress works.

It is especially important to choose the right path of analysis when studying major epic works.

There are three main ways to analyze:

according to images (similar)

shaped way

The logic of the analysis of the work is subject to the logic of the analysis of the main images (for example, the 1st lesson - "The image of Eugene Onegin", then - "The image of Tatiana", then "The image of the author", etc.).

"Plus" of this way of analysis: the logic of the analysis is clear to children; very effective at the age of 14-15, when the guys look closely at themselves, evaluate their own and other people's character traits => their interest in the characteristics of the characters is maximum; this way is time saving.

Cons of this path:

for each lesson, the guys should look through the entire text of the work, looking for material for a specific image;

in a work of art, all images are closely intertwined, and we “tear off” one image from another;

the artistic unity of the work is destroyed.

Problem-thematic path

The teacher formulates for himself the circle of main problems that the author considers in his work, and each lesson is devoted to solving one of the problems.

For example:

"The role of the people and the individual in history" - based on the novel "War and Peace" (the range of problems associated with the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Tushin and a number of other heroes is considered);

"True and false patriotism" (Scherer, Rostovs, Bolkonskys);

"The moral quest of the best representatives of the Russian nobility" (Natasha, Bolkonsky, Pierre).

The pros of this path:

allows you to deeply and seriously analyze the work;

develops the student's analytical skills;

teaches you to argue your point of view. Cons of this path:

1. this path involves excellent knowledge of the text and analysis in one lesson of many images of the work;

   in the lesson there is absolutely no emotional perception of the text, the conversation goes mainly at the logical level.

This path is effective only in the older and very strong classes.

The teacher and the children analyze the work as the story progresses, in this case, only key chapters and episodes are taken.

The pros of this path:

the integrity of the perception of the text is preserved, since the guys immediately analyze images, problems, and artistic originality in the studied fragment of the text;

the emotional perception of the text is preserved and often enhanced.

Cons of this path:

a holistic picture of the work becomes clear only at the end of the study =>

takes the maximum amount of time compared to others ways of analysis.

there is a danger of "dissolving" in the text. This method is universal for any age.

An experienced teacher skillfully combines different paths of analysis, making any one path dominant.

Methods of work of teachers and students in literature lessons in grades 9-11

In high school, you can use the same tricks as in grades 5-8, but there are special tricks that are most effective in high school.

Teacher's lecture (requirements for this form are given as a separate section)

Seminar session

In grades 5-8, one lesson usually combines both the word of the teacher and a conversation on new material. In high school, due to the large amount of material being studied, it is advisable to divide it into a lesson-lecture, where only the teacher speaks, and a lesson-seminar, where only students answer. However, the traditional combined lesson is also widely used in high school. Questions and assignments for the seminar are given in advance.

debate lesson

Requires serious pre-training: it is necessary to distribute students into supporters of one and the other position, talk in advance with the "leaders" of the parties and help them in the selection of arguments. The whole class can take part in the debate, or several people can take part, the rest of the guys, together with the teacher, act as observers and arbitrators.

The trial of a literary hero

This is a kind of dispute, but in a "pointed" form, when there is an accused, an accuser and a lawyer. This form of lesson is, of course, somewhat "rough" from an aesthetic point of view. BUT!!! This form ensures high activity on the part of students and becomes effective in that class where the guys are passive, with difficulty reading the texts being studied. "Trial" over the hero is able to "stir up" such a class.

Compilation of a screenplay based on an already studied work

For a screenplay, you need to choose the main episodes, select the text that will sound in the frame and behind the scenes, determine the peculiarity of the camera work (a combination of close-up and panorama), think over the music, decoration, and choose costumes. This type of work should be carried out after the analysis of the text.

The choice of actors for the roles of the main characters

It is not the specific names of the students or real actors that are important, but the image as a whole, that is, the type of face, appearance, character traits, temperament, etc. This technique is very similar to the general characterization of the hero, but more interesting in form.

Meeting of the artistic council of the theater or the editorial board of a literary magazine

on the choice of repertoire or the publication of a particular literary work.

For example: What plays by Ostrovsky should be staged this season and why?

After studying Bunin's work: What stories by Bunin should be included in the new edition of the book "Favorites" and why?

Actor's monologue

about how to play this role. BUT!!! There are negative psychological moments arising from the shyness of the guys who would like to play this role, but are afraid of someone's ridicule. These psychological problems can be avoided if a slightly different version of the task is offered, namely "Director's Monologue" about how to play this role. (This form removes psychological barriers, since the director, having a deep understanding of how to play a particular character, is not obliged to match him in appearance, have a portrait resemblance, etc.)

NB!!! The named methods of work allow the children to express their own opinion, their personal vision of the characters of the characters, while remaining in the "shadow", as if behind the "mask" of an actor, director, etc. This is due to the psychological characteristics of the age of early adolescence, when a person already has own opinion, but often not yet ready to express it. These forms of work are best given as homework.

Integrated polyphonic lesson:

This is a lesson with the participation of a "historian", "politician", "art critic".

These persons can be pre-trained students or real teachers of history, music, drawing, MHK. Their comments are woven into the course of the lesson where it is necessary to explain fragments of the text that are difficult for students to understand.

10. Compilation of poetic compositionsoncertaintopic

The class is divided into groups of 4-6 people. Each group composes a composition and prepares an expressive reading of poetry. For example: love lyrics and civil poems by A. Akhmatova. Each group has a director who selects poems and helps to prepare an expressive reading. Before reading their composition, students explain why they chose these works. The composition may be literary and musical. Such a task can be given to the whole class, and as an individual - to a group of students.

The most difficult to perceive and understand are speech and grammatical errors.

Let's consider their types in more detail.

Speech errors and shortcomings .

The use of a word in an unusual sense

Having slipped, I fell backward and hurt my knee ”(instead of prone). Zhilin was glad that he could escape back (instead of again).

Violation of lexical compatibility of words

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

Such people always manage to fool (instead of deceive) others. The goalkeeper wears a jersey worn (instead of worn) over his shirt. On the school plot, our class planted beetroot and tsibulya (instead of beets and onions).

Bad use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He (instead of the text that he wrote ...) refers to the artistic style.

Inappropriate use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras

Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by prefix and suffix

In such cases, I look (instead of looking) in the dictionary. My attitude to this problem has not changed (instead changed).

Non-distinguishing of paronyms

Effective (instead of effective) measures were taken. Mom told me to take a sweater, but I flatly (instead of flatly) refused.

Indistinguishing synonymous words

The name of this poet is familiar (instead of known) in many countries. In the final (instead of the last) sentence, the author uses gradation.

Use of extra words (pleonasm)

Young girl; very lovely.

The use of words near or close to the same root (tautology)

This story tells (instead of saying, talking about) real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

In this chapter, we learn that Masha has become an orphan. Masha (instead of a girl) lost her father and mother. The hero of the story does not think about his act. The Hero does not understand the full depth of what he has done (instead of the Hero of the story, he does not think about his act, does not understand the full depth of what he has done).

Use of superfluous words, lexical redundancy

The month of August has come (instead of August). Then the fact that you can smile, this (this is superfluous) will be taken care of by our bookstore.

Word order disorder

Then I saw Natasha in new jeans (instead of Natasha in new jeans). Kiribeevich was the first to hit Kalashnikov in the chest (instead of Kiribeevich, he was the first to hit Kalashnikov in the chest).

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions

When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Grammatical errors

Wrong word formation.

Nobility (nobility), underline (handwriting), industrious (hard-working), mock (mock).

Erroneous formation of word forms

more interesting (more beautiful), prettier (more beautiful). How many (how many) moral principles have we lost because of the loss of spirituality.

Violation of the norms of coordination

I know a group of guys who are seriously into (addicted to) jazz.

Violation of the norms of management

Need to make nature more beautiful (beautiful) Everyone marveled at his strength (strength).

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

The majority objected (objected) to such an assessment of his work. The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work (the artistic side of the work).

Violation of the way of expressing the predicate

Everyone was glad, happy and cheerful (merry). Dubrovsky himself was a guards officer (guards officer).

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

Lessons teach us to love literature and much good qualities(love of literature and many good things). In the essay, I wanted to talk about the meaning of sport and why I love it (and why I love it).

Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover

Reading the text, there is a feeling of empathy (I empathize with the characters). Looking at the picture (when I look at the picture), emotions overwhelm me.

Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover

The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot (snow falling underfoot). Marya Kirillovna was locked in a room trying to save herself from the prince (Marya Kirillovna, who was trying to save herself from the prince, was locked in a room).

Errors in the construction of a complex sentence

This book taught me to value and respect friends, which I read as a child (This book, which I read as a child, taught me to value and respect friends). It seemed to a person (an extra word) that this was a dream.

Mixing direct and indirect speech

Bazarov tells Arkady that your (his) father is a retired man, his song is sung. The author said that I (he) did not agree with the opinion of the reviewer.

Violation of supply boundaries

When the hero comes to his senses. It was already late (When the hero came to his senses, it was already too late). He wasn't accepted into the basketball team because he couldn't play. Because he was short (He was not accepted into the basketball team because he could not play and was short).

Skipping a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting, it was decided (to) hold a subbotnik.

Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms

When December came, the weather changed dramatically (changed). The heart freezes (freezes) for a moment and suddenly beats again.

Errors related to the use of particles

It would be nice if the painting would have (an extra word) the signature of the artist. In the text, only two problems are revealed (revealed).

Error classification

Grammatical errors (G)- these are errors in the structure of a language unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Wrong word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, real and passive participles, gerunds).

nobility ness, miracle technology, according to d cherk, above laugh; more interesting, prettier; With five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, theirs pathos, around his there is nothing; How many moral principles we have lost because of the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, stackable down, startled the author of the text; above onto the stage, the singers bowed.

Violation of the norms of coordination

I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.

Violation of the norms of management

Need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone marveled at him by force.

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way the predicate is expressed

The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was happy and happy funny.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

A country loved And was proud poet.

In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning of sport and why I love it.

Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover

Reading the text, there is such a feeling of empathy.

Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover

The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.

Errors in the construction of a complex sentence

This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.

Violation of supply boundaries

He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.

Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms

freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Skipping a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting there was accepted (?) spend Saturday.

Errors associated with the use of particles: detaching a particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers

It would be nice if the picture was would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems emerge.

Speech errors (P)- these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation of lexical norms. These are pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-distinguishing of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

The use of a word in an unusual sense

We were shocked great acting by the actors. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

These people always succeed cheat others. Oblomov did nothing and spent whole days played the fool.

Bad use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to the artistic style; I immediately had a picture in his imagination.

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of stationery, expressive, emotionally colored words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units

By idea the author, the hero wins; Molchalin works Famusov's secretary; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother, I would cupcake V gnawed would give; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth just to make the reader laugh.

Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by prefix and suffix

In such cases I I glance to the dictionary.

Non-distinguishing of paronyms, synonymous words; errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context

Were accepted spectacular measures; The name of this poet familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not cheerful, but also not a major motive makes us think; the record hasn't said its word yet last word.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Use of superfluous words, including pleonasm

Young youth; Very beautiful.

The use of words near or close to the same root (tautology)

In that the story is being told about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the depth of what he did.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions

When the writer came to the editor accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Use of superfluous words, lexical redundancy

Then about to make you smile, about it our bookstore will take care.

Logical errors (L). Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence, text

At the lesson were present director, librarian, and Anna Petrovna Ivanova And Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned back on the battery; Behind good study and parenting parents students received letters of thanks from the school administration.

Violation of causal relationships

IN last years so many done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, because issues of modernization of education are being addressed weakly.

Skipping a link in an explanation, a "logical leap".

It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] And how you want the yard to be an ornament of both the school and the village.

Rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the task for the essay or presentation)

It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do it?

Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the narration is being conducted (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)

Comparison of logically disparate concepts

Syntax encyclopedia articles is excellent from other scientific articles.

Composition-text errors

Unsuccessful start

The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...

Mistakesin the main part

a) Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.

b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.

c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.

Unfortunate ending

Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.

Factual Errors (F) - a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.

Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.

The book means a lot to me, because even Lenin said: “ Live and learn!»

Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.

Great Patriotic War 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes.

Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.

Turgen b ev; "Taras And Bulba"; V Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Sayapina Oksana Valerievna

Larisa Fominykh

Grammar or speech error?

The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in the creative work of students is dictated by existing norms. The first type of errors is an integral part of the literacy assessment, the second (as one of the components) - for the content. During the verification of USE essays (part C), they must also be distinguished. However, in practice, there are often difficulties in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher in determining the nature of these shortcomings.

A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); incorrect formation of word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.

A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. It doesn't require context to discover it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by ear, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.

Consider main types of grammatical errors.

I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked; chewing gum; showed indifference.

II. Errors in the formation of forms of different parts of speech:

1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive forms plural; declension of indeclinable nouns): where is the second shoe? my birthday; our engineer; real friendships are few; ride on ponies;

2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; the most beautiful fountain; more attractive;

3) numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numbers; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numbers): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;

4) pronouns: how many hours of class? with their neighbors; evon book;

5) verbs: lay down walls; want to eat; erase from the board; chishet five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will tidy up (wash off); this also includes a violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms in the sentence: When December comes, the weather changes dramatically.

6) participles (they do not have a form of the future tense; they are not used with a particle by; you cannot mix recurrent and irrevocable forms): everyone who writes an essay will receive a credit; there is not a single book that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;

7) gerunds: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought a service;

Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:

1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can't wait until I leave

2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are fond of rafting on mountain rivers;

4) in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members:

a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate part are used as homogeneous: I want to show the meaning of sport and why I love it;

b) with two verb-predicates there is a common object that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;

c) inaccurate use of double union: As the old people as well as the children were the first to be evacuated(it is necessary: ​​both ..., and ...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);

5) in use participial revolutions: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;

6) participle turns: Skating on the rink, my legs hurt. And then, preparing for the exams, it was as if he had been replaced.

7) in construction complex sentences(distortion of unions; the use of two subordinating unions at the same time; "stringing" of the same type of subordinate clauses): The bell rang, you need to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this case. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will come soon.

8) violation of the boundaries of proposals: 1. When the wind ran through. And the clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured a hedgehog of milk into a saucer. And put the hedgehog in the box.

However, one should keep in mind the phenomenon of parcelling, when the author deliberately breaks up a sentence to make it more expressive or highlight thoughts: The very thought of betrayal makes me uncomfortable. Because it defies my beliefs.

9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I aroused good feelings with my lyre.

The main types of speech errors

Speech errors are errors related to violation of requirements correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, inexpressiveness of speech, indistinguishability of paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech stamps, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond language norm However, in general, the text of the work testifies to the poverty of the student's speech.

1) The use of words in an unusual meaning for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - the writer's formidable weapon. Monologue of wind and tree...

2) tautology (repetition of single-root words in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.

It should be noted that the use of single-root words in one sentence may be quite acceptable. In the Russian folk language, there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, jokes, do their job, roar roaring, howling howling, moaning with a groan. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down lying down. (proverb)

Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. In works of art, the author may consciously resort to tautology:

Soon the fairy tale tells, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)

The smoke goes from the pipes to the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)

I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)

3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; we invite you to meet the New Year holidays away from the cold, blizzards and cold weather; specific feature of creativity; colleagues;

4) mixing of paronyms: representatives of high society led a festive life; after a quarrel between neighbors, hostile relations were established; this dish is very filling;

5) violation of lexical compatibility: around gloating hunger, devastation; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;

7) speech stamps: now let's talk about heating; in the summer we like to relax on the sea; the exam can be held at the end of the development of the subject;

8) dialect, vernacular, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked great; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudent person who shamelessly lies and grabs a bribe;

9) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to the registry office to get married. Liza served as a housekeeper for Famusov;

10) unjustified repetition of the same words in a row worthwhile proposals(usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. Vatnik was darned roughly. AND were he has worn trousers on. A soldier's boots were almost new.

Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:

Beauty does not go in vain.
Do not grow even in a black year
Maple in vain, and willow in vain,
And a vain flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)

Hazy noon breathes lazily,
The river flows lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds drift lazily. (F. Tyutchev)

11) the unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (as a result of which ambiguity is created): Don't lend the company car to your wife. She may get into an accident. We watched the film in the new cinema. From him we have a good impression.

12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called merchants from Ostrovsky's plays representatives of the "dark kingdom". Prelude and nocturne for Scriabin's left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.

To make it easier to use the classification of these errors, we will present them in an abbreviated form in the table:

Grammatical errors	Speech errors
1) erroneous word formation: pleasure to live; wakefulness; sign for life;	1) the use of the word in an unusual meaning: In an allergic form, Gorky tells us about Petrel.
2) errors in the formation of word forms: no places; more strict; five hundred rubles; wait; theirs;	2) violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices; he constantly replenishes his horizons;
3) violation of the types of temporal correlation of verbs: sat at the table and does not talk to me;	3) tautology: Everyone was in a businesslike mood. The increase in crime has increased by five percent.
4) errors in coordination and management: from the part of the novel I read;	4) pleonasm: colleagues; feathered birds;
5) violation of agreement between the subject and the predicate: Mankind is fighting for peace. Young people on the bus push and make noise.	5) unjustified repetitions of the word in adjacent sentences: The guys woke up early. The guys decided to go to the forest. The guys went into the forest along the field road.
6) errors in the use of participial and adverbial phrases: While sledding, I got a headache. Reading books makes life more interesting.	6) Unfortunate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns, creating ambiguity: The girl has a hat on her head. She looks flirty.
7) errors in the construction of complex sentences: Before leaving, we went to the river.	7) the use of a word of a different stylistic coloring: To poison Lensky, Onegin courts Olga.
8) mixing direct and indirect speech: The governor told the oil workers that we appreciate your contribution to the region's economy.	8) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Gerasim returned to the village and began to work on the collective farm.

Training tasks

1. Find grammatical errors in sentences and determine their type.

1. The logs were heavy, so they were put on sticks and carried.

2. The accident occurred at the five hundred and eleventh kilometer from Moscow.

3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue in kindergartens.

4. And we made a new swing in our yard!

5. Writing a review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.

6. These plans need and deserve all support.

7. But the father answered that you are still small for such work. Chatsky's ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.

8. Now the methods of water purification are becoming more perfect.

9. The spring sun shines brightly, and the birds sang.

10. Having risen to our floor, the door of our apartment was open.

11. From a distance, floating logs on the water were visible.

12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who studied in the Kyiv bursa.

2. Find speech errors, determine their type.

1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the campaign in advance.

2. Khlestakov sat in the britzka and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”