Quotes direct and indirect speech. Direct, indirect speech, quoting

Humanity could not have achieved today's progress without the possibility of verbal communication with each other. Speech is our wealth. The ability to communicate with people of both their own and other nationalities has allowed countries to come to the current level of civilization.

Someone else's speech

In addition to your own words, there is such a thing as "someone else's speech." These are the statements that do not belong to the author, but are included in the general conversation. Also, the words of the author himself are also called someone else's speech, but only those phrases that he said either in the past or plans to say in the future. Mental, the so-called "internal speech", also refers to someone else's. It can be oral or written.

As an example, let us cite a quote from Mikhail Bulgakov's book The Master and Margarita: "Do you think?" Berlioz whispered anxiously, while he thought: "But he is right!"

Transmission of someone else's speech

Over time, special methods of transmitting someone else's speech have appeared in the language:

1. Direct speech.
2. Indirect speech.
3. Dialogue.
4. Citation.

Direct speech

If we consider the methods of transmitting someone else's speech, then this one is intended for verbatim reproduction of the form and content of the conversation.

Direct speech constructs consist of two parts - the words of the author and, in fact, direct speech. The structure of these structures can be different. So, how can there be ways of transmitting someone else's speech? Examples:

• First comes the words of the author, followed by direct speech.

Masha entered the hotel room, looked around, and then turned to Kolya and said: “Great room! I would even stay here to live. "

• Here, first there is direct speech, and only then the words of the author.

“Great room! I would even stay here,” Masha said to Kolya when she entered the hotel room.

• The third method allows you to alternate direct speech with the words of the author.

"Great room!" Masha admired when she entered the hotel room. Then she turned to Kolya: "I would have stayed here."

Indirect speech

Third-person speech can be transmitted in a variety of ways. One of them is the use of indirect speech. Indirect speech is complex sentences with Thus, the transmission of someone else's speech can be carried out. Examples:

Masha told Kolya that the hotel room was excellent and she would even have stayed in it.

They greeted, and Andrei told Mikhail Viktorovich that he was very glad to see him.

Means of communication

What union or union word to combine the main and subordinate clauses in indirect speech is called the choice of a means of communication. It depends on the original sentence and on the message can be declarative, prompting or interrogative.

• In a declarative sentence, the conjunctions most often used are “what”, “if”, or “if”. For example: The student said: "I will speak at the seminar with a report on the environmental problems of the region." / The student said that he will speak at the seminar with a report on the environmental problems of the region.
• In an incentive sentence, the conjunction “so” is used. For example: The school director ordered: "Take part in the city exhibition." / The school director ordered that they take part in the city exhibition.
• In an interrogative sentence, a particle "whether", or double particles "whether ... whether" can become a means of communication. For example: Students asked the teacher: "When should I take a term paper on your subject?" / Students asked the teacher when they will need to take the coursework.

In indirect speech, it is customary to use pronouns and verbs from the position of the speaker. When sentences are translated from direct to indirect speech, the word order is often changed in them, and the loss of individual elements is also noted. Most often these are interjections, particles, or For example: “Tomorrow it may be quite cold,” my friend said. / My friend suggested that it would be quite cold tomorrow.

Inappropriate direct speech

Considering the methods of transmitting someone else's speech, mention should also be made of such a phenomenon as improperly direct speech. This concept includes both direct and indirect speech. An utterance of this kind preserves in whole or in part both syntactic and lexical features of speech, conveys the manner of the speaker.

Its main feature is the transmission of the narrative. It is on behalf of the author, and not from the character himself.

For example: "She measured the room with steps, not knowing what to do. Well, how to explain to her brother that it was not she who told everything to her parents. They themselves will not tell about it. But who would believe her! How many times did she give out his tricks, but here ... We need to think of something. "

Dialogue

Another way of transmitting someone else's speech is a conversation between several people, expressed in direct speech. It consists of replicas, that is, the transmission of the words of each participant in the conversation without changing them. Each spoken phrase is related to others in structure and meaning, and punctuation marks do not change when transmitting someone else's speech. The dialogue may contain the words of the author.

For instance:

Well, how do you like our number? - asked Kolya.

Great room! - Masha answered him. - I would even live here.

Dialogue types

There are several basic types of dialogues. They convey the conversations of people with each other and, like conversation, can be of a different nature.

• The dialogue can consist of questions and answers to them:

Great news! When will the concert take place? - asked Vika.

A week later, on the seventeenth. He will be there at six. You should definitely go, you won't regret it!

• Sometimes the speaker is interrupted in mid-sentence. In this case, the dialogue will consist of unfinished phrases, which the interlocutor continues:

And at this time our dog began to bark loudly ...

Oh, I remembered! You were still in a red dress then. Yes, we had a great time that day. I'll have to repeat it sometime.

• In some dialogues, the speaker's remarks complement and continue the general idea. They talk about one common subject:

Let's dig up some more money and we can already buy a small house, - said the father of the family.

And I will have my own room! I must have my own room! And the dog! We'll get a dog, right, Mom? - asked seven-year-old Anya.

Sure. Who else will be able to guard our house? - answered her mother.

• Sometimes the interviewees can agree or refute each other's statements:

I called her today, ”he told his sister.“ I think she felt bad. The voice is weak and hoarse. I fell ill completely.

No, she is already better, - answered the girl. - The temperature subsided, and the appetite appeared. Soon he will completely recover.

This is how the main forms of dialogue look like. But do not forget that we do not communicate in only one style. During a conversation, we combine various phrases and situations. Therefore, there is also a complex form of dialogue, containing its various combinations.

Quotes

When a student is asked: "Name the ways of transmitting someone else's speech," he, most often, recalls the concepts of direct and indirect speech, as well as quotations. Quotations are called literal reproduction of a particular person's utterance. They quote phrases in order to clarify, confirm or deny someone's thought.

Confucius once said: "Choose a job you like and you will not have to work a single day in your life."

Quoting as a way of transmitting someone else's speech helps to demonstrate your own education, and sometimes drive the interlocutor to a dead end. Most people know that these or those phrases were once said by someone, but who those people were - they do not know. When using quotes, you need to be sure of their authorship.

Finally

There are various ways of transmitting someone else's speech. The main ones are direct and indirect speech. There is also a way that includes both of these concepts - this is improperly direct speech. Conversations between two or more people are called dialogue. And this is also the transmission of someone else's speech. Well, quoting Socrates: "The only true wisdom is in the realization that we essentially do not know anything."

"Direct and indirect speech, dialogue, quotation"

Option 2

1. Complete the statement.

When quoting a poetic text with observance of verse quotation marks ... (7 points)

2. In the “77? - a - L "lacks:

B) comma;

C) a question mark. (1 point)

3. Specify the method of transmitting someone else's speech.

Potential precipitation was reported on the radio.

A) a sentence with direct speech;

B) a sentence with indirect speech;

C) a sentence with introductory words and sentences to convey the source of the message;

D) a simple sentence with an addition calling the topic of someone else's speech. (1 point)

4. List the sentence with a punctuation error.

B) "Oh, it's deep here!" she said with a laugh.

C) "The geese are flying - Rostovtsev says with pleasure. - Now I saw a whole school." (7 points)

5. When replacing direct speech indirectly in the proposal, Ivan Fedorovich asked: "Name, Lyuba, all the members of the staff." necessary

To use:

A) the union that;

B) whether the union is a particle;

B) union to. (7 points)

6. Indicate an incorrectly constructed sentence with indirect speech.

A) Belinsky argued that every grateful person is deeply aware of his blood relationship, his blood ties with his fatherland.

B) Maria said that in the summer she might go to the village.

C) The teacher asked the children if they had forgotten at the exhibition. (1 point)

7. Indicate the citation method.

“Wisdom is the daughter of experience,” the great Italian artist, scientist, and engineer of the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci used to say.

A) Direct speech;

B) indirect speech;

C) a sentence with introductory words;

D) single words or phrases. (7 points)

8. Indicate a sentence that cannot be altered by entering quotes using introductory words.

A) V. Sukhomlinsky asserted: "Man has risen above the world of all living things primarily because the grief of others has become his personal grief."

B) “Labor awakens creative forces in a person,” wrote Leo Tolstoy. (1 point)

9. Indicate a sentence in which punctuation marks are incorrectly placed in direct speech:

A) “Why are you frowning, brother? - Kirill Petrovich asked him, - Or don't you like my kennel? (A. Pushkin)

B) “We will have to spend the night here, - said Maksim Maksimych, - You cannot move through the mountains in such a blizzard” (M. Lermontov).

C) “Well, you are welcome,” the old woman said affectionately, turning her sleeves up (L. Tolstoy).

Give an example of a sentence in which the words of the author break direct speech.

10. Specify the wrong version of the quote.

A) F. Iskander said that "wisdom is a mind insisted on conscience."

B) M. Prishvin, analyzing the work of L. Tolstoy, said: "Each line of Tolstoy expresses confidence that the truth lives among us."

C) Analyzing Lermontov's poetry, A. Herzen said that: "a courageous, sad thought ... shines through in all his poems."

Give an example of a quote with a quote. (2 points)

Theme. Direct, indirect speech, quotation.
Purpose: to consolidate the skills of determining direct speech in the text, the skills of setting punctuation marks in direct speech, citing.
Tasks:
educational:
to generalize and systematize knowledge on the topic: “Direct, indirect speech. Citation";
developing:
1 . consolidate the skills of replacing direct speech with indirect;
2. to form the ability to apply direct speech, quotation, as well as the ability to use indirect speech in a review essay;
3. develop the skills of logical thinking, skills of analysis;
4. develop a monologue speech;
educational:
1. to develop a sense of respect for the native language;
2. moral education.
Equipment: media projector, portrait of D. Likhachev, table-diagram, test.
Organizing time.
Home exercise check-consultation.
Reiteration. Systematization of existing knowledge on a repeatable topic.
1. Working with graphic diagrams of recorded sentences.
Students write down sentences with direct speech in dictation notebooks. The schemes of the recorded sentences are projected on the screen.
Slide 1.
1.A: "P."
2.A: "P!"
3. "P," - a.
4. "P?" -and.
5. "P, - a, - p."
6. "P, - a.-P."
7. “P? - a.- P! "
8. "P, - a, - n?"
9.A: "P ..." - a.
10.A: "P?" -and.
1). The hostess very often turned to Chichikov with the words: "You have taken very little." (N. Gogol)
2). She looked and exclaimed: "This is Kazbich!" (M.Lermontov)
3). "I won't go to the theater," Sharikov responded with hostility and crossed his mouth. (M. Bulgakov)
4). "Where are you going?" - Startsev was horrified when she suddenly got up and went to the house. (A. Chekhov)
five). "I have come to command," Chapaev said, "and not fiddle with papers." (D. Furmanov)
6). “They are oppressing me, Ignatic,” she complained to me after such fruitless passages. "I was concerned." (A. Solzhenitsyn)
7). “Muzgarko, are you out of your mind? - the old man was surprised. - The train is gone! " (Mamin-Sibiryak)
eight). “Tell me, please, Erofei,” I said, “what kind of man is this Kasian?” (I. Turgenev)
nine). Then he was completely stupefied: "Your Honor, sir, how are you ... but am I standing ..." - and suddenly began to cry. (Dostoevsky)
ten). To my question: "Is the old caretaker alive?" - no one could give me a satisfactory answer. (A. Pushkin)
2. Work with the textbook (tasks 9-10).
We conclude that the graphic diagrams clearly show the grounds for setting punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech:
1) direct speech as someone else's speech (of a different plan) is highlighted in quotes;
2) sentences that are direct speech retain intonation and communicative features, at the end of them final punctuation marks are put (if direct speech precedes the words of the author, a comma is put instead of a full stop);
3) direct speech and the words of the author are separated by a colon or dash.
Punctuation marks in direct speech are combined depending on the position of direct speech in relation to the words of the author and the structure of sentences that are direct speech or introductory words.
3. Generalization-table "Scheme of setting punctuation marks in direct speech."
Slide 2.
IV. Independent practical work
Replacing direct speech with indirect.
For independent work, students are offered sentences with direct speech written in advance on the blackboard, students write sentences with indirect speech in notebooks.
Slide 3.
Memo.
Use personal and possessive pronouns correctly. Indirect speech has the form of an explanatory subordinate clause and begins with the conjunctions what, so, or allied words who, what, whose, where, when, how, why, etc.
If direct speech contains a question, then it turns into an indirect question with the union words who, what, whose, where, etc. or whether with a particle. No question mark is put after an indirect question.
Direct speech.
1). I once said, "If you knew how many enemies I have." (Bunin)
2). "Whom do you want to represent?" - Lizaveta Ivanovna asked quietly. (Pushkin)
3). "Is the doctor at home?" The newcomer asked quickly. (Chekhov)
4). “Now I put a tooth on it, Ignatic, I know where to get it,” she said of peat. - Well, a place, there is only one! " (Solzhenitsyn)
five). “Shine a light on the master,” Biryuk said to the girl. (Tolstoy)
6). “We will count chickens in the fall, but production every day,” said Davydov sharply. - You, Ustin, hack on your nose: we will not tolerate idlers on the collective farm! We don't need parasites on the collective farm. " (Sholokhov)
2. Self-test (like "Check myself".)
Slide 4.
1). I once said that I have many enemies.
2). Lizaveta Ivanovna quietly asked whom he wanted to introduce.
3). The newcomer asked if the doctor was at home.
4). Matryona told Ignatich that she knew a good place to get peat.
five). Biryuk ordered the girl to shine a light on the master.
6). Davydov threatened Ustin that he would count the output every day, because idlers on the collective farm are not tolerated, since the collective farm does not need parasites.
V. Research work.
1. Frontal conversation.
-What is the difference between direct speech and indirect speech?
- What changes occur when replacing direct speech with indirect?
- Is it possible to call indirect speech approximately correct?
The guys answer that in the alterations, many sentences have completely or partially lost their emotional expressiveness, they have become colder, drier, more logical. Gone are the dramatic element of the sentence, that intonation, facial expressions, gestures with which the character's direct, word-for-word speech was transmitted. Indirect sentences are more bookish, they do not hear a living voice, the imagery of speech is lost. Students note the dissonance of subordinate conjunctions in indirect speech, as well as the laconicism and clarity of indirect speech.
Our findings:
Slide 5.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Interjections, phraseological units, colloquial words (monsieur, son of a dog), proverbs and sayings, incomplete sentences, interrogative, motivating and exclamatory sentences are widely used.
The expressiveness of speech is achieved by the richness of its intonation capabilities.
Personal and possessive pronouns, as well as personal forms of the verb, are used on behalf of the speaker.
Typical sentence structure is direct speech and the author's words before, after or within direct speech.
Does not preserve these means of expressiveness (addresses, interjections, phraseological units, particles are omitted when replacing direct speech with indirect speech).
Personal and possessive pronouns (as well as personal forms of the verb) are given as the words of the author.
The structure of indirect speech is complex sentences with an explanatory clause.
Mini test.

1. Indicate a sentence without a punctuation error in the design of direct speech.
1). "Come in, father," said the invalid, "our houses."
2). “What do you want, father?” She asked, continuing her occupation.
3). “I dare ask,” he said. - in which regiment did you deign to serve? "
4). “Maksimych! - the captain told him, - Give the officer an apartment, but cleaner. "
2. Indicate a sentence with a punctuation error in the design of direct speech.
1). "Excuse me," he said to me in French, "that I am coming to meet you without ceremony."
2). "I heard," I said rather inappropriately, "that the Bashkirs are going to attack your fortress."
3). “Why do we need seconds. - he said to me dryly, - we can do without them.
4). “How long ago,” he said to me with a contented air, “a bad world is better than a good quarrel, but it’s dishonest, so healthy.”
3. Indicate a sentence without a punctuation error in the design of direct speech.
1). "Why postpone?" - Shvabrin told me, - "they don't look after us." “Let's go down to the river. Nobody will bother us there ”.
2). “For God's sake, calm down,” she said, taking her hand away from me. “You are still in danger: the wound may open. Take care of yourself at least for me. "
3). “What happened to you? she said, seeing me, "How pale you are!"
4). "No, Pyotr Andreevich," Masha answered, "I will not marry you without the blessing of your parents ..."
3. The work of consultants. (This is preceded by a teacher review of the answers with a group of student counselors).
4. Analysis of errors.
Vi. Citation. Punctuation marks when quoting.
1. Work in groups (according to the commandments of D. Likhachev). Slide 6. Commandments of D. Likhachev.
1. Do not kill and do not start a war.
2. Do not think your people are the enemy of other nations.
3. Do not steal or appropriate your brother's labor.
4. Seek in science only the truth and do not use it for evil or for the sake of self-interest.
5. Respect the thoughts and feelings of your brothers.
6. Honor your parents and grandparents, and preserve and honor everything created by them.
7. Honor nature as your mother and helper.
8. Let your work and thoughts be the work and thoughts of a free creator, not a slave.
9. Let all living things live, thinkable things.
10. Let everything be free, for everything is born free.
Assignment: to quote the expression you like in different ways, using a paragraph of the textbook as a reference material VII. Exercise for the eyes.
VIII. Work with text.
1. Find in the text of D. Likhachev sentences in which the author reflects his position. Make sentences with quotations that reflect this position.
2. Comment, using quotations, the problem of the author of the text (you can use sample stencils of essays).
Youth is all life.
(1) When I was in school, it seemed to me that I would grow up and everything would be different. (2) I will live among some other people, in a different environment, and everything will generally be different. (3) There will be a different environment, there will be some other, "adult" world, which will have nothing to do with my school world. (4) But in reality it turned out differently. (5) Together with me entered this "adult" world and my comrades at school, and then at the university. (6) The environment changed, but it changed at school, but in essence remained the same. (7) My reputation as a comrade, a person, a worker remained with me, passed into that other world, which I dreamed of since childhood, and if it changed, it did not start anew at all. (8) I remember that my mother too her school friends remained the best friends until the end of her long life, and when they departed "to another world" there was no substitute for them. (9) The same with my father - his friends were friends of youth. (10) As an adult, making friends was difficult. (11) It is in youth that a person's character is formed, and the circle of his best friends - the closest, most needed ones is formed. (12) In youth, not only a person is formed - his whole life, all his environment is formed. (13) If he chooses the right friends for himself, it will be easier for him to live, it will be easier for him to endure grief, and it will be easier for him to endure joy. (14) After all, joy must also be "endured" so that it is the most joyful, longest and lasting, so that it does not spoil a person and give real spiritual wealth, make a person more generous. (15) Joy not shared with soul mates is not joy. (16) Keep youthful until old age. (17) Keep youthful in your old friends, but acquired in youth. (18) Keep youth in your skills, habits, in your youthful "openness to people", spontaneity. (19) Keep it in everything and do not think that as an adult you will become "completely, completely different" and will live in a different world. (20) And remember the saying: "Take care of honor from a young age." (21) It is impossible to get away completely from your reputation, created in your school years, but you can change it, but it is very difficult. (22) Our youth is our old age.
(D. Likhachev)
3. Analysis of written commentary samples. Editing.
IX. Summing up. Commenting on the grades for the lesson. Reflection.
-What knowledge did you deepen on this topic?
-Are there any questions on this topic?
-Do you like the lesson?
-Are there any comments on the lesson?
-What would you like to change?
X. Homework.
Textbook paragraph.
According to the text of D. Likhachev, write an essay-review (block C of the USE), using direct, indirect speech, quotation in the work.
Group 3: select 2 arguments for the text of D. Likhachev, using direct speech and quotation.

Direct and indirect speech. Dialogue. Quote. Language is the repository of human thought. It connects times, generations ... SHT

Sentences with someone else's speech § Another person's speech is a statement of another person included in the author's narration. Words that introduce someone else's speech are called the words of the author. Gorbunova Irna

Methods of transferring someone else's speech § To transmit someone else's speech, there are the following methods Direct speech Quotes Dialogue Gorbunova Irna Indirect speech

Sentences with DIRECT SPEECH § Direct speech is the transmission of someone else's speech, preserving its content and form. With the help of direct speech, the impression is created that it resembles the accuracy of reproducing someone else's speech. Gorbunova Irna

Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech Direct speech BEFORE the author's words: EXAMPLES: 1. ["P", - a. ] 1. “Thank you for telling all this,” Oleg said in a hollow voice. 2. [“P? " - and. ] 2. “I wonder what my great-grandchildren will read? "- wrote Leo Tolstoy. 3. [“P! " - and. ] 3. "Oh, it's deep in here!" she said with a laugh. Gorbunova Irna

Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech Direct speech AFTER the author's words: EXAMPLES 1. A: "P". 1. Here Mishka says: “Don't argue. I'll try now. " 2. A: “P? ". 2. Alyonka says: “I bet it won't work? "3. A:" P! ". 3. The bear shouts: Gorbunova Irna "It's great!"

Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech EXAMPLES Direct speech BREAKING WITH words 1. “Listen, companion of the author: Lozhkin, - I was indignant, did you study anywhere? "1." [P, - a, - n? ] "2." [P, - a. - P ]" . 3. “[P? - and. - P! ] "4." [P! - and. - P ]" . 2. “Geese are flying,” Rostovtsev says with pleasure. "Now I've seen a whole joint." 3. “What are you talking about? Marya exclaimed. - How strange it is! 4. “Hello, comrades! - he shouted to Irna Gorbunov to them. - Great. "

Dialogue § Dialogue is a conversation between two, less often several persons (dialogue - from the Greek "dialogos" - conversation, conversation). The dialogue consists of replicas. § A reply is words addressed to the interlocutor. In writing, the responses of different persons are usually given on a new line. Each line is preceded by a dash. Gorbunova Irna

Dialogue example My phone rang. - Who's talking? - Elephant. - Where from? - From a camel. - What do you want? - Chocolate. - For whom? - For my son. Gorbunova Irna

Quotations and Citation Methods § A quotation is a verbatim excerpt from a text or exactly someone else's words. In writing, quotations are usually enclosed in quotation marks or highlighted in type. If quotations are not cited in full, the omission is indicated by an ellipsis. Quotes from poems are not enclosed in quotes if the verse line is observed. Gorbunova Irna

Quotation design § Sentence with direct speech. Pushkin wrote to his friend Chaadaev: "My friend, we will devote our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses!" § A sentence with indirect speech. AP Chekhov emphasized that "... an idle life cannot be pure." § A sentence with introductory words. According to A. M. Gorky, "art should ennoble people." Gorbunova Irna

Indirect speech § Indirect speech is someone else's speech, transmitted in the form of a subordinate clause. It is a kind of complex sentences with additional clauses. Indirect speech conveys the content of someone else's speech without preserving all the features of the speaker's speech. Gorbunova Irna

Replacing direct speech with indirect § Union WHAT is used if direct speech is a narrative sentence: “I will wait for you,” said Valya. - Valya said WHAT would be waiting for me. Gorbunova Irna

Replacing direct speech with indirect § Union WHAT is used if direct speech is an incentive sentence: Ivan Fedorovich asked: "Name, Lyuba, all the members of the headquarters and describe them." - Ivan Fedorovich asked Luba to name all the members of the headquarters and describe them. Gorbunova Irna

Replacing direct speech with indirect § Union-particle LI is used if direct speech is an interrogative sentence and has a LI particle or does not have any interrogative words at all: “Do you think you’re playing hide and seek with me? "- said Vanya with annoyance. - Vanya said with annoyance, do I think I’m playing hide and seek with him. Gorbunova Irna

Practice § Exercise # 1. Insert the missing punctuation marks in the sentences below. Make diagrams of 2 and 5 sentences. Gorbunova Irna

Exercise # 1. Insert missing punctuation marks in sentences. Make diagrams of 2 and 5 sentences. 1. “Where is my friend? - said Oleg. Tell me, where is my zealous horse? "2." Yes ... - he said and turned sharply to me, yes ... well, let's see. " 3. And I say to her: “How sweet you are! - but I think: How I love you! " 4. “Well, are you glad? Natasha asked. "I am so calm and happy now." “I am very glad, Nikolai answered. "He's a great man." 5. Romashov became wary and, looking not at Peterson, but at the chairman, answered rudely: "Yes, I have been, but I do not understand what this has to do with the case." 2. ["P ... - a, - p"]. 5. [A: "P"]. Gorbunova Irna

Practice § Exercise # 2. Read. Make sentences with these statements, formatting them as quotes. Gorbunova Irna

Exercise number 2. Make sentences with these statements, formatting them as quotes. 1. Whoever rattles about his affairs to everyone incessantly, in that, probably, is of little use. (IA Krylov) 2. All talented people write differently, all mediocre ones - the same. (Ilya Ilf) 3. The correct path is this: learn what your predecessors did and move on. (LN Tolstoy) 4. Science fights against superstitions, like light against darkness. (DI Mendeleev) 5. Laughter is a great thing ... (N. V. Gogol) 6. Pseudoscience - non-recognition of mistakes. (P. L. Kapitsa) Gorbunova Irna

Variant of the answer to exercise number 2 1. Of course, Krylov is right: "Whoever talks to everyone about their affairs incessantly, in that, probably, is of little use." 2. Ilya Ilf said wise things: "All talented write differently, all mediocre ones write the same." 3. Tolstoy believed: "The correct path is this: learn what your predecessors did and move on." 4. Mendeleev asserted: "Science fights against superstitions, like light against darkness." 5. According to Gogol, "laughter is a great thing ..." 6. Kapitsa believed that "pseudoscience is Irna Gorbunov's non-recognition of mistakes."

Direct and indirect speech

Direct speech - verbatim reproduction of someone else's utterance.

Indirect speech - retelling someone else's speech in the form of a subordinate clause or minor members of a simple sentence. Wed:

He said, "I want to go with you."

He said he wanted to come with us.

He spoke about his desire to come with us.

In indirect speech, the speaker's words undergo changes: all personal pronouns are used from the point of view of the author of the retelling; addresses, interjections, emotional particles are omitted, being replaced by other lexical means:

The brother said, "I'll come late." → The brother said he would come late.

She told me: "Oh, dear, how good you are!" → She enthusiastically told me that I was very good.

The question translated into indirect speech is called indirect question and is issued in two ways:

I kept thinking who it would be.

I kept thinking: who would it be?

Direct speech can stand after, before or inside the words of the author, as well as frame the words of the author on both sides, for example:

The boy asked: "Wait for me, I will soon."

Mom asked: "How much do you need, five minutes?"

“I'm staying at home,” I said emphatically.

"Why?" - Anton was surprised.

"I'll go to bed," decided Melnikov. "It has been a very difficult day."

"What should I do? - he thought, and said aloud: - Okay, I'm going with you. (In the last example, the author's words contain two verbs with the meaning of speech-thinking activity, the first of which refers to the previous part of direct speech, and the second to the next; this is what causes such a statement of punctuation marks.)

He threw over his shoulder: “Follow me,” and without looking back, he walked down the corridor.

Direct speech can take the form dialogue... The dialogue is formalized in two ways:

1. replicas follow each from a new paragraph, not enclosed in quotation marks, before each dash:

— Will you come?

- I do not know.

2. Replicas follow in line:

“So are you married? I did not know the wound! How long has it been? " - "About two years". - "On whom?" - "On Larina". - "Tatiana?" - "Do you know them?" - "I am their neighbor" (A. Pushkin) .

Quotes

Quote - This is a fully or partially cited statement from the author's text (scientific, fiction, journalistic and other literature or report) with an indication of the author or source.

Quotations are made out as direct speech or as a continuation of the sentence.

Quote as direct speech

1. The quoted sentence or part of the text is given in full:

Pushkin noted: "Chatsky is not at all an intelligent person - but Griboyedov is very smart."

2. The quotation is not given in full (not from the beginning or not until the end of the sentence, or with the discard of a part of the text in the middle); in this case, the gap is indicated by an ellipsis, which can be enclosed in angle brackets (which is accepted when citing scientific literature):

Gogol wrote: "Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon ... it is a Russian person in his development, in which he, perhaps, will appear in two hundred years."

The quote may not be from the beginning of the sentence:

Pisarev wrote: "... the beauty of language lies in its clarity and expressiveness."

"... The beauty of language lies in its clarity and expressiveness," wrote Pisarev.

(emphasized by us. - E. L.) or ( our italics. - Ed.).

"Is he [Pushkin], - wrote Gogol, - at the very beginning he was already national, because the true nationality consists not in the description of the sundress, but in the very spirit of the people.

Quote as a continuation of the sentence

A quote can be framed not as direct speech, but as a continuation of a sentence or an isolated component of the text:

Gogol wrote that "with the name of Pushkin, the thought of a Russian national poet immediately dawns."

"Respect for the past is the trait that distinguishes education from savagery" (Pushkin).

A poetic quote can be framed without quotes, but with a red line and observance of the verse lines:

May you be blessed forever

That came to flourish and die.