Coordination of the nominal predicate with the subject. Coordination of predicate and subject

Open lesson of the Russian language in the 11th grade.

Lesson topic : Concordance of the predicate with the subject

Lesson type: explanation of new material

Lesson objectives

Educational:

• * teaching new rules for reconciling the predicate with the subject: consolidating the basic linguistic concepts: collective noun, remote location of the main members, direct and reverse word order;
• prepare for text editing; to tasks on grammar in the exam;
• practice the ability to find sentences with grammatical error and edit;

Educational:

• to form the ability to work and think independently;
• arouse the desire for active practical activity in the lesson;
• educate the need for correct and competent speech.

Developing:

• develop the ability to analyze the proposal;
• work on the ability to verbally formulate a new rule and analyze examples that illustrate it.

Lesson design:

• Handout: supporting synopsis "Concordance of the predicate with the subject";
• Workshop on the topic;
• Test on the topic.

During the classes.

1. Problematic question:

• Which ending is suitable for a predicate verb?
• How many pupils are present… tonight in the lesson?
• Most of the students in our class prepared well ... for the exam.
• It's been ... two weeks.
• Today we will work on this topic (announcement of the topic of the lesson)

2. Goal setting.

Lesson topic message;

Defining goals (written on the board):

• study the new rule on your own;
• analyze examples to illustrate the rule;
• carry out a workshop on the topic;
• lesson result - testing on the topic

Homework:

• According to the book of Tsybulko: for everyone, complete test tasks on topic No._251-254-write out a sentence with a grammatical error by editing it.
• According to Alexandrov's book.EGE p.189 - task number 3

2. Orthoepic five-minute:

• choral pronunciation of blocks 5,6,7,8,9,10.

№5

Eat another piece of cake. Everywhere you look - there are cakes, cakes, cakes.

Did you get to the airport?

Where to get bows for a holiday? What are you, now no one wears bows.

Buy an armored vehicle.

When will you finally get into work?

You will call and give us an answer.

Created (precedent, precedent)

№6

They spoil their children, and then they are surprised that the children turn out to be spoiled.

She buys scarves every season.

Can't you book a ticket?

Each door has its own secret.

Boutique owner.

Your application has been rejected.

Contact the board of directors.

First quarter report.

That's why no one calls us, get off the net now.

№7

The contracts have not been signed yet.

He receives (dividends, dividends).

Authorized capital.

An expert opinion is needed here.

We will call you on next week.

(Imagine, provide) a report for the past month.

The plant requires (turners, turners) and (locksmiths, locksmiths).

They decided to reward the employee - and they rewarded it.

№8

We book cars, and we book tickets.

You can check it using Ozhegov's dictionary.

There is no question of a contract with this fund.

The wound is still bleeding.

I dreamed of a prize for a whole year.

How can you work for such a paltry salary?

Do you want to make life easier for yourself?

How much did you borrow from Marya Fominichna?

The guests did not even remember about the cake.

This thing has been sold.

№9

Snow has been falling since the morning.

Close the blinds tight.

When free, he will call himself.

Whether they will call is still a question.

Refer to (precedent, precedent).

You are applying for the position of head (department, department)

The lecture is about to begin. Sorry, it has already started.

There is armor on cars, armor on tickets.

№10

What religion are you?

Iconography of the Tretyakov Gallery.

Religious community.

My confessor.

The dogma of faith.

Sign of the times.

Christian by conviction

Heretic and novice are church words.

What is (time, time)? Who is (last, extreme)? Where (to put, to lay down, to put)?.

3. Explanation of the new material with self-analysis of examples:

CONSISTENCY OF THE SAID WITH THE SUBJECT

4. Workshop on the topic:

• Exercise: put the predicate in the desired form.

• Task: editing.

5. Final testing on the topic:

COORDINATION OF THE SUBJECT AND THE SAID.

TEST

1.The subject is incorrectly matched with the predicate in the sentence:

a) Several students came to the writing table.

b) Most of the houses are dilapidated.

c) Forty-one people entered the bond.

d) The driving force of history is the people.

2. The subject is correctly coordinated with the predicate in the sentence:

a) Young people gain knowledge.

b) He's sick with the flu.

c) None of us at the beginning could cope with the problem.

d) Professor Sergeeva took the floor.

3.Find the misspelled sentence:

a) Light and heat came from the fire.

b) Those who have chosen the profession of a doctor must have a good heart.

c) Some of the machines were sent.

d) There are three candlesticks on the table.

4. Find a sentence without a grammatical error:

a) Hundreds of athletes scattered across the stadium.

b) The media held a one-day protest action.

c) Five years have passed since then.

d) His pride, or rather selfishness, unpleasantly struck everyone

ORTHOEPIC WORKOUT # 5 Eat another piece of cake. Everywhere you look - there are cakes, cakes, cakes. Did you get to the airport? Where to get bows for a holiday? What are you, now no one wears bows. Buy an armored vehicle. When will you finally get into work? You will call and give us an answer. Created (precedent, precedent)

No. 6 They spoil their children, and then they are surprised that the children turn out to be spoiled. She buys scarves every season. Can't you book a ticket? Each door has its own secret. Boutique owner. Your application has been rejected. Contact the board of directors. First quarter report. That's why no one calls us, get off the net now.

No. 7 Agreements have not been signed yet. He receives (dividends, dividends). Authorized capital. An expert opinion is needed here. We'll call you next week. (Imagine, provide) a report for the past month. The plant requires (turners, turners) and (locksmiths, locksmiths). They decided to reward the employee - and they rewarded it.

№ 8 We book cars, and we book tickets. You can check it using Ozhegov's dictionary. There is no question of a contract with this fund. The wound is still bleeding. I dreamed of a prize for a whole year. How can you work for such a paltry salary? Do you want to make life easier for yourself? How much did you borrow from Marya Fominichna? The guests did not even remember about the cake. This thing has been sold.

№ 9 Snow fells in the morning. Close the blinds tight. When free, he will call himself. Whether they will call is still a question. Refer to (precedent, precedent). You are applying for the position of head (department, department) The lecture is about to begin. Sorry, it has already started. There is armor on cars, armor on tickets.

# 10 What religion are you? Iconography of the Tretyakov Gallery. Religious community. My confessor. The dogma of faith. Sign of the times. Christian by conviction Heretic and novice - church words. What is (time, time)? Who is (last, extreme)? Where (to put, to lay down, to put)?.

Which ending is suitable for a predicate verb? How many students are there for class today? The vast majority of students in our class prepared well (s / s) for the Unified State Exam. Two weeks have passed (o / s).

1. FABULOUS IN UNITS. SUBJECT inanimate n .; collective noun people, youth, students, peasantry); denotes an animal; pronoun: SOMEONE, NOBODY, SOMEONE. Several light bulbs went out ..., then dimly flared up ... s. Young people willingly participate in the Greenpeace movement. Nobody, not even specialists, could ... make a diagnosis. Arrived .. some pigeons

2. FABULOUS IN UNITS. SUBJECT WITH WORDS: Absolute majority + n .; The vast majority + noun; The vast majority + noun; Only, only, only, Barely, a part, each, Anyone, any, A lot, a little, a little, a lot, how much, so much. The vast majority of the school's students took part in the concert. Only six people coped with the task. Only five people came.

3. FABULOUS IN UNITS. FABULOUS - SHORT INVOLVEMENT: Several people are injured ... Most of the letters are delivered ...

4. STATEMENT IN UNITS REVERSE ORDER OF WORDS (predicate before the subject), pr. has the meaning of being, presence, existence. PASSIVE FABULOUS: At the beginning of the street ... a few shadows appeared. The room had .. two windows. There were three men in the sleigh.

5. FABULOUS IN UNITS. SUBJECT measure, weight, time (years, months, weeks, days, hours) n: a pair, three, ten, dozen, hundred, mass, a lot, an abyss, a thousand, a million, a billion, etc. Until the end of the lessons, there were only 5 minutes. The audience today was .. a whole hundred. A thousand books have already been viewed ...

6. FABULOUS IN UNITS. SUBJECT Composite numeral to "ONE", noun - "years", "hours", etc. Past .. 100 years. The competition was attended by .. 21 representatives of the district schools.

1. FANTASY IN MN.CH. SUBJECT animate noun; inanimate noun - predicate -ACTIVE ACTION: Most of the students answered well .. in the lesson. Eight planes took off .. in pairs. Most of the students worked ... in the summer. (BUT: Most of them worked in the summer)

2. FABULOUS IN MN.CH. Remote location of the main members: The majority of students, having successfully graduated from school, enroll in universities. A number of specialists who have graduated from universities are heading to the village.

3. FABULOUS IN MN.CH. Homogeneous subjects or predicates. DIRECT ORDER OF WORDS: Most children and adolescents are engaged in sports sections of the school.

4. FANTASY IN MN.CH. Subject - APPROXIMATE AMOUNT of something (TOTAL, ABOUT, MORE, LESS, ABOVE): About twenty people accompanied .. him.

5. FANTASY IN MN.CH. SYS-nominal part of which is the ADJUSTMENT MN.H .: Most of the houses in this area are stone…. Most of the girls were newcomers….

6. FANTASY IN MN.CH. The numeral 2,3,4 is part of the subject: Three statements lay .. on the table

1. DOUBLE FORM Subject both persons are equal in actions - Mn. Ch., If one person is the main person, the other accompanying person is ED.Ch. Brother and sister arrived (= arrived) in the village. Wife and husband are invited (= invited) to visit

2. DOUBLE FORM Predictable UNIT - shows the action as a whole. MN. Ch. - shows separate actions Five soldiers went on reconnaissance (in one group) Five soldiers went on reconnaissance (each with his own mission)

3. TWO FORM The predicate is consistent with the name OWN. Editor Pavlova corrected the manuscript. Doctor Ivanova did not see her today.

Spelling five-minute

• K..litka, kr..mery, pr..horok, osch..shenie
• Presentation, envious, month ...
• Bezdo (n, nn) ​​th, k..pitan, cut out

• Make a SS according to the scheme: "noun + noun"

"Adj + noun"

Explanatory dictation

• Indicate the grammatical basis of the sentences :

1) We lived with him on the same street.

2) Milky Way spread across the sky like a silvery cloth.

3) The trees stood motionless, drooping white branches, lilac thickets on both sides of the balcony stairs bent under the snow.

4) Wake me up early tomorrow O my patient mother!

• What is a subject? How can the subject be expressed?
• What is a predicate? What questions does the predicate answer?
• How is the lexical and grammatical meaning expressed in a simple verb predicate?
• How do subject and predicate agree?

• How to reconcile the predicate with the subject, if the subject is expressed:
• 1) abbreviation
• 2) a general noun
• 3) A non-declining noun

• 1) The USE in our school (passed, passed) was successful.
• 2) She's a (awful, awful) bully.
• 3) The rally (was, was) exemplary in the full sense, starting with the preparation of the track and the level of safety.
• 4) The final communiqué of today's meeting (agreed, agreed) and already (circulated, circulated).

• The predicate correlates in meaning with the subject, expressed by a general entity : This poor thing has lost all things. (about the male face) - This poor thing was late for the cinema (about the female face)

• With subjects expressed by an abbreviation, the predicate is used in the same way as these words have in full expression : The traffic police (inspection) checked the condition of the highways.

The predicate is used in the singular

• 1) With the words LOT, LITTLE, LITTLE, LITTLE, HOW MUCH, SO MUCH.

Several bullets squeaked over my head.

• 2) With the words MAJORITY, MINORITY, ROW, PART, if the subject denotes an inanimate object.

Most of the books published recently.

The predicate is used in the plural.

if the subject includes:

• 1) numerals TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, etc. + noun in Rodit. case.
• 2) NUMERICAL TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE.
• 3) the words LITTLE, MUCH, MAJORITY, LOT + noun in Gender case and the subject names living beings.

1) Three houses they are calling for the evening.

2) Three guys hit the road.

3) Most of the guys well prepared for the lesson.

• Most children are vaccinated against measles, whooping cough and other diseases.
• Set .. three new world records.
• Otmeyavshis all three began .. to drink tea from saucers to eat cranberries and honey.
• Three skiers were approaching ... the finish line.
• Forty-two machines hummed incessantly.
• Moscow State University announced a .. competition.
• The complex includes .. five algorithms for solving the problem.

The norm of the Russian language is grammatical reconciliation defined word with the main word in the phrase ( great luck, great success) and a predicate with a subject ( The mother said; Father said). But in some cases, the choice of a dependent form causes difficulties and requires taking into account a number of conditions.

1. In colloquial speech, the use of semantic (and not grammatical) agreement is often used with masculine nouns characterizing females.

The doctor came; The professor said; The headmaster quit her job.

However, in official speech, replacing grammatical agreement with a semantic one is not allowed, except for those cases when such a noun has a proper noun with it, for example: doctor Petrova... In such constructions, the definition and the predicate agree with the nearest noun.

For example: Experienced doctor Petrova is attentive to patients... The participle definition is always consistent with a proper name: Doctor Petrova, who entered the ward.

2. The coordination of definitions with nouns depending on the numbers two, three, four is subject to the following rules.

For masculine and neuter nouns, definitions are used in the genitive form plural(the noun in this case is in the genitive form) - two large tables, two large windows.

For feminine nouns, the definition is put in the nominative plural (the noun in this case is also in the nominative plural) - two large vases.

If the noun is feminine in genitive singular, then the definition can be put in the genitive case, but the plural ( two high mountains).

A definition before a numeral or a separate definition is placed in the nominative case, regardless of the gender of the noun:

large two tables; two oil paintings hung on the wall; Two letters written by brother, alarmed me.

Exception make up adjectives whole, full, kind, which usually appear in the genitive case and before the numeral ( two whole weeks, full three months), although in living speech, the use of the nominative case is very common.

3. Harmonization of a predicate with a subject, a pronounced noun with a collective quantitative meaning ( majority, part, number etc.) is determined by the following factors.

If the noun has no controlled words or the controlled word is in the singular, then the predicate is used in the singular:

The majority supported the speaker; The majority of the team supported the coach.

If the controlled word is in the plural, then the predicate, as a rule, agrees with the collective noun and is put in the singular:

Most of the staff supported the director.

note to the fact that the predicate is consistent in gender with the noun in the nominative case!

Wed: The majority of the deputies supported the decision; Some of the deputies supported the decision; A number of deputies supported the decision.

The plural is usually used in such cases:

a) between the subject and the predicate there are other members of the sentence, especially the participle with a participle in the plural, a subordinate clause with a union word that is in the plural. (Although this rule is not mandatory, it is still advisable to use the plural form of the predicate in such constructions.)

Most people, watched the film, highly appreciated the work of the director; Most people, who watched the movie, highly appreciated the work of the director;

b) the noun has several manageable plural forms:

Majority workers, engineers and employees the plant was supported by the director;

v) with the subject there are homogeneous predicates:

Most of the students passed the tests and prepared well for the exams;

G) the sentence uses a compound nominal predicate, and the nominal part is expressed by adjectives and participles:

Most of the children were smart and cheerful; Most of the houses on this street are wooden.

In speech, it is very common to use the predicate in the singular form with a subject indicating inanimate objects (see the last example), but such use in literary language is undesirable.

Similar rules apply for the subject - a quantitative-nominal combination with words a lot, a little, a little, a lot, how much, so much, a little... The basic rule is the use of the singular predicate. To put the predicate in the plural, the action of additional factors is necessary. For example, the most common is the plural form of the predicate with a subject indicating animate objects, primarily people.

4. The same system of factors determines the agreement of the predicate with the subject, expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination ( two brothers, thirty two chairs etc.), that is, a combination of a numeral with a genitive case of a noun. The main norm is the statement of the predicate in the singular:

Five matches won; Five soldiers went on reconnaissance.

Exception make up sentences with a subject including the numbers two, three, four. As a rule, with such a subject, the predicate is in the plural form:

Three houses are calling for the evening(Pushkin).

note

With a compound numeral ending in one, the predicate is in the singular, and, since this numeral changes by gender, the gender of the predicate can also be different:

The conference was attended by twenty-one representatives of thirty European countries; Twenty-one delegations attended the meeting.

Gender agreement is also present in the numeral thousand, million, billion.

A thousand people appeared.

In other cases, the singular predicate usually has the neuter form.

Five minutes passed.

In addition to the factors that were indicated above, some specific conditions also affect the agreement of the predicate with the subject - the quantitative-nominal combination.

The tendency to use the singular is revealed when the number of objects named in the subject appears as something whole. This is most often manifested in cases where the predicate verb has the meaning of being, presence, existence, position in space, flow in time. In such contexts, there are actually no separate objects, and the numeral is only a measurement of one temporal or spatial whole:

The room had two windows; Six chairs stood against the wall; Five years have passed since then.

Word order plays an important role in choosing the form of the predicate. So, with the reverse order of words (the predicate precedes the subject), the singular form is also more often used.

Wed: Three hours passed unnoticed; Three hours passed.

The singular predicate prevails when there are words in the sentence everything, only, only:

It took only two days.

The plural form is mandatory when the actors perform more than one general act, but act in isolation:

Five people from different directions rushed to the criminal; The two cars parted in different directions; Three little dogs scattered.

The plural form is usually used in cases where the independence of the action of each member of the set is emphasized. This can be especially often observed with a subject that names the number of people, other animate subjects:

Two girls in white dresses, with the same roses in black hair, sat down in the same way(L. Tolstoy).

However, the plural form can also be used with a subject that names the number of inanimate objects:

For example: Three young trees grow in front of the cave door - linden, birch and maple(M. Gorky). In this sentence, the independent perception of each individual tree is emphasized by the fact that each of them belongs to a different species.

note that with a subject that names a large number of inanimate objects, the singular form is more common, since a large group is perceived as a single whole:

Two hundred people donated blood for the victims of the accident.

The factors that determine the choice of the plural form in the predicate also include the following:

a) the presence of a separate definition in the plural for the subject:

The three hours spent in his company gave us great pleasure;

b) the presence of a subordinate clause with a union word with the subject which the in plural:

Five former officers, recognizable by their precise movements and bearing, immediately took command;

v) presence in the subject of definition all these:

All ten books were on the director's desk; These five weeks passed almost imperceptibly.

Of particular note is cases when collective numerals are found in the subject ( two, three etc.). With them, the plural form is especially often used:

She was helped by three lackeys, unkempt from the cradle.

5. The coordination of the predicate in sentences with homogeneous subjects has its specificity.

The choice of the predicate form largely depends on the order of the subject group and the predicate group.

At direct order words (subjects stand before the predicate), the plural form of the predicate is usually used:

Screams and sobs were heard from the next room.

At reverse order words, the singular form is more often used, and the predicate agrees with the nearest of the homogeneous members:

Screams and sobs were heard from the next room.

At the same time, the plural form of the predicate can also be found in the reverse word order.

Wed: Screams and sobs were heard from the next room.

Most often, this phenomenon is observed if one of the subjects is in the plural form.

Jealousy and tears put her in bed(Chekhov).

In addition, the plural form is preferable if a large number of characters are emphasized (usually animate subjects):

Vitya, Pavlik, Cyril and Arseny Romanovich, running around them, were shouting.

note the fact that the plural form in the reverse word order is normative in the official business and scientific styles, where the semantic accuracy of the statement comes to the fore ( The meeting was attended by ...; elected to the Presidium ...).

The choice of the form of the predicate also depends on the type of unions connecting homogeneous members.

At connecting unions ( and, yes, no ... no), as well as in case of non-union connection of homogeneous subjects, the above factors usually act.

At dividing unions ( or, either, not that ... not that, then ... then) the agreement of the predicate goes with the closest subject:

Outside the window, it was either snowing or a light rain; Experienced fear or instant fright seems strange after just a minute.

Exception make up sentences in which homogeneous subjects are represented by nouns of different kinds, and the predicate is in the past tense. In this case, the plural form of the predicate is used.

Wed: Brother or Sister Arriving - A brother or sister was to come.

At adversary unions ( but, but, however, on the other hand) when the word order is reversed, the predicate usually agrees with the closest subject:

In direct word order, the predicate agrees with the subject, which is the real performer of the action:

Not you, but fate is to blame; A novel, not a story will be published in the next issue of the magazine.

If there is between homogeneous subjects of the comparative union both ... and the predicate is plural:

Both mother and daughter play the piano beautifully.

With other comparative unions ( not only but; not so much ... as; if not ... then etc.) the predicate usually agrees with the closest of the homogeneous subjects.

Not only your mother, but also your father condemned your act; Not so much your mother as your father condemned your act; If not your mother, then your father will condemn your act.

If there are personal pronouns among homogeneous subjects, then when agreeing on the person, the first person is given preference over the second and third, the second person over the third.

Wed: You and I will be able to do it; You and he will be able to do it.

Errors in agreement between subject and predicate

Error in a sentence with homogeneous members

Incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech

Building a complex sentence

ASSIGNMENT 8

Alternating vowels at the root

Depend on

ASSIGNMENT 9

Spelling prefixes

Prefixes are written according to different rules. Depending on this, they are divided into three groups.

Remember the spelling of these words:

Distinguish by meaning:

Note: in the meaning of "to receive something beyond measure, to get bored, to cause negative emotions" the words can be used: pre get enough pre find, pre saturation; at eat, at ride at get bored.

Attention: Verb at to be bored is spelled with a prefix AT, and the adjective and adverb with the same root when denoting the highest degree are written with the prefix PRE: pre boring, pre boring.

Spelling vowels AND and NS after prefixes

1 . After Russian and borrowed prefixes ending in vowel, letter AND is fundamentally written in accordance with the pronunciation: before play, on claim, archi interesting.

2. After Russians prefixes ending with to a consonant, in place of the letter AND written S: before history, roses game, under remove, before Yyulsky, get it.

Exception:vz have.

3. After prefixes INTER-, SUPER- written AND: between institute, in excess of interesting.

4. After borrowed prefixes ending with to a consonant (DEZ-, PAN-, KONTR-, POST-, SUB-, SUPER-, TRANS-) , the letter is written And: counter the game, trance Jordan, fast impressionism, des infection

Note: This rule does not apply to the spelling of complex words: sport equipment = sports equipment, pedagogical institute = ped agogical institute

D.E. Rosenthal

"Spelling and Style Reference"

XLIII. Coordination of the predicate with the subject

§ 183. Predicate with a subject that contains a collective noun

For a subject that contains a collective noun with a quantitative meaning ( majority, minority, number, part etc.), the predicate can stand in the singular (grammatical concordance) and in the plural (concordance of the word).


1. The predicate is put in the singular if the collective noun does not have controllable words with it, for example: The majority voted in favor of the proposed resolution, the minority opposed.

   The statement of the predicate in the plural form in this case can be dictated either by the conditions of the context, or by the desire to use a more expressive version, for example: Many guests arrived at the congress of Slavists; long before the meeting, the majority took the places reserved for them(the form occupied is consistent with the subsequent plural for them); Most seriously, even gloomily looked at this living picture of heavy hopeless meditation and with a sigh departed(L. Andreev); Protsenko quite clearly imagined that the majority, obviously, would die here ...(Simonov).
   

2. The predicate is put in the singular if the collective noun has a controlled word in the genitive case of the singular number, for example: The overwhelming majority of the population voted for the reforms.

   The predicate can be plural in the so-called abbreviated form
   agreement, that is, the coordination of the ligament not with the subject, but with the nominal part of the compound predicate (), for example: Most of the group were newcomers.
   

3. The predicate is put both in the singular and in the plural form, if the collective noun has a controlled word in the genitive case
   many numbers. Wed: Most of the fighters managed to jump ashore and hit the enemy from the rear.(Novikov-Priboy). - The vast majority of the really best artists responded that in the most powerful moments of recovery, they especially clearly feel their connection with the human mass, with the audience.(Korolenko); There are a lot of people in the yard ... they were having dinner, sitting without hats near the fraternal cauldron(Pushkin). - Many hands are knocking on all windows from the street, and someone is banging on the door(Leskov).

   Recently, there has been a clear tendency towards harmonization in meaning. Wed in the language of the periodicals: Until recently, most of the countries represented at the conference were powerless colonies; A number of shop workers said they were ready to switch to the new technology; Some of the lunar samples resemble in their composition the stones found on Earth near old volcanoes.

   The plural formulation of the predicate is preferable if the following conditions are met:

   1) if the main members of the sentence are torn from each other, for example: Most of the participants in the meeting, in their preliminary comments on the draft new regulation on housing construction cooperation and during its discussion, expressed their agreement with its basic principles; A number of delegates from different organizations participated in the work of the commission;

   2) if with a prepositive subject there is a participle or attributive clause with a union word which the, and the participle or word which the is in the plural, for example: Most of the first-year students who entered universities immediately after leaving school successfully passed the winter examination session; Most of the textbooks that schoolchildren will put on the desk on September 1 came out of print for the first time... Wed: A number of faces seen by Beltov did not leave his mind(Herzen);

   3) if, with a collective noun, there are several controlled words in the genitive plural, which strengthens the idea of ​​the plurality of the producers of the action, for example: Most progressive public figures, writers, scientists advocate a policy of detente... Wed: Most of my habits and tastes were not to his liking.(L. Tolstoy);

   4) if the subject has homogeneous predicates, for example: Most of the students completed all the tests on time, successfully passed the tests and prepared well for the exams;

   5) if the activity and separateness of the actions of each actor is emphasized, for example: A number of shop workers said they are ready to switch to the new technology(but: A number of issues on the agenda were not discussed due to lack of time- the subject denotes an inanimate object). Therefore, the predicate in the passive turnover is usually put in the singular, since the subject denotes the object of the action, and not its subject, for example: Most of the spa guests are accommodated in boarding houses; A number of young specialists are sent to refresher courses;
   

   6) with the opposite agreement, if the nominal part of the compound predicate has the plural form, for example: Until recently, most of the countries represented at the conference were powerless colonies; A number of athletes from our city were prize-winners of various competitions... This form of agreement is common for predicates expressed in a short adjective or relative adjective, for example: A number of scenes in the play are true and interesting; Most of the houses on our street are stone... Wed: Most of the people I met here were ragged and half-naked ...(L. Tolstoy); ... Most of the doors were low for his height.(L. Andreev).

§ 184. Predictable with a subject - a quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover)

In the construction under consideration, the predicate can have both the singular and plural forms. Wed: Seven chase men entered ...(Leskov). - In the morning, fifty-seven workers applied to be admitted to the firm..

The choice of the form of the number, in addition to the above conditions for agreeing the predicate with the subject - a collective noun, is also influenced by a number of other conditions.


1. The singular form of the predicate indicates joint action, the plural form indicates the separate performance of the action. Wed: Five soldiers went on reconnaissance(group). - Five soldiers went on reconnaissance(each with an independent task); Ten students showed up at the start of the exam. – Ten students graduated from the institute with honors... Wed also different agreement of homogeneous predicates in the same sentence: About a hundred and fifty soldiers poured out of the forest and rushed to the rampart with a cry.(Pushkin) (in the first case, the joint action is characterized, in the second - separation).
2. The singular form of the predicate indicates a general set of objects, the plural form indicates individual objects. Wed: Five stadiums are under construction in the republic(a single undivided view of action). - Five more stadiums are under construction in the largest cities of the republic(dismembered action view). Wed also: Twenty-six people worked in the pretzel ...(Bitter). - Eight aircraft of the regiment took off in pairs, observing the queue(N. Chukovsky). Therefore, with a subject denoting a large number of objects and perceived as a whole, the predicate is usually put in the singular, for example: There were a hundred people in the dining room in one shift.(Makarenko); Six hundred railway students arrived(N. Ostrovsky).
3. The singular form of the predicate is also used when denoting the measure of weight, space, time, etc., since in this case we mean a single whole, for example: It took twenty kilograms of drying oil to paint the roof; There were fifteen kilometers left to the end of the journey; It will take six months to complete all the work..
4. Predicated verbs (usually with the meaning of the passage of time) are put in the singular if there are words in the composition of the quantitative-nominal combination (countable turnover) years, months, days, hours etc., for example: It's been a hundred years(Pushkin); However, it seems that eleven o'clock struck(Turgenev); Here are two years of my life crossed out(Bitter). But with a different lexical meaning of the verb, the plural form of the predicate is possible, for example: Ten seconds seemed to me like an hour(L. Tolstoy); Fifteen years of revolution changed the population of the city(Ehrenburg). Wed forms of agreement with words half, quarter in different contexts: half past nine struck - half of January passed; a quarter of an hour has passed since the start of the report - a quarter of a century has been endlessly dragging on.
5. With numerals two, three, four, two, three, four the predicate is usually put in the plural form, for example: Two soldiers with knapsacks looked indifferently at the train windows ...(A. N. Tolstoy); Thirty-two people ... breathed the same spirit(Sholokhov); Two workers in white aprons were digging around the house(Chekhov). But predicates-verbs with the meaning of being, presence, existence, position in space, etc. (that is, with the meaning of state, and not action) are usually used in these cases in the singular form , for example: Three kingdoms stood before her(Nekrasov); ... There were two people at the hospital(Turgenev); Died from impact ... three more people(L. Tolstoy); He had two sons(Chekhov); The room had two windows with wide window sills.(Kaverin); There can be two courage: one is instilled by upbringing, the other is an innate character trait(V. Panova).
6. For compound numerals ending in one, the predicate, as a rule, is put in the singular form, for example: Twenty-one delegates attended the meeting; ... Thirty-one applications were submitted at once(Sholokhov). The plural form in this construction is possible according to the conditions of the context, for example: Twenty-one delegates met at the round table(predicate met indicates mutual action, which is expressed in the plural form); Paid for everything 92681 rubles(with the formal role of the subject, the counting turnover matters the circumstances of the measure in the passive construction); Twenty-one students showed up for the exam(colloquial version, the influence of the tendency to agree on the meaning); Twenty-one boxes of dishes that were delivered to the base were there by mistake(influence of a relative clause with a union word which in the plural form).
7. At words thousand, million, billion the predicate usually agrees according to the rules of agreement with the subject-nouns (in gender and number), for example: A thousand books have entered the school library; A million demonstrators fill the squares and streets of the capital... It is also possible to construct according to the model of agreement with the subject - counting turnovers: A thousand soldiers rushed to the right flank.
8. If there are words in the counting turnover all these or others in the role of definition, then the predicate is put in the plural form, for example: These seven houses have also been recently built; All twenty-one pages have been rewritten; There are five packages on the table ready for shipment..

   just, just, only(with the meaning of a restriction) the predicate is usually put in the singular form, for example: Only seven people signed up for the chess club; Only twelve employees of our department came to the ski lodge.
   

9. If a numeral without a noun acts as a subject, that is, in the meaning of an abstract number, then the predicate is put in the singular, for example: Twenty is divisible by four without a remainder... But if the idea of ​​a specific agent is associated with the numeral, then the plural form of the predicate is used, for example: And again there are twelve, behind the shoulders of a gun ...(Block); The hall is quiet. Six hundred listen carefully to the high artisan(N. Ostrovsky).
10. When indicating an approximate amount (by placing a number in front of a noun or by inserting words about, over, more, less etc.) the predicate can stand both in the singular and in the plural form (the second method of agreement is increasingly common in our time), for example:

    a) A dozen and two people rose from there(A. N. Tolstoy); No more than four guys could fit under the shed ...(Makarenko); Behind the hillock lay a dozen carters(Furmanov); More than twenty people worked(N. Ostrovsky);

    b) About five people began to wash in a cold mountain stream(Bitter); At least twenty ladies ... sat on green benches and stared in the direction of the bay(Sergeev-Tsensky); About fifty people, mainly officers, crowded not far away(Pavlenko); About twenty people in a crowd accompanied Akim and Fedor to the auto-rail(N. Ostrovsky); A dozen old huts are located on both sides of the dusty street(G. Gulia).

    Wed in periodicals: Two to three million people visit the zoo every year; Over forty theaters of the country have shown Chekhov's performances these days; More than a thousand tourists made a fascinating journey on the ship; Over two hundred post offices in Moscow accept subscriptions to newspapers and magazines; More than one hundred thousand people suffer disaster as a result of flooding on the island.
    

11. If there is a word in the quantitative-nominal combination several the statement of the predicate is possible both in the form of the singular and in the form of the plural (the conditions specified in) remain in force. For example:

    a) There were several sledges behind the fence ...(Pushkin); Several people looked around ...(Bitter); Several fishing boats got lost in the sea(Kuprin);

    b) Several ladies walked up and down the site with brisk steps ...(Lermontov); What could a few young students do?(Herzen).

    Wed different agreement of homogeneous predicates in the same sentence, depending on whether they denote an active action or a passive state, joint or separate action: There were several people outside the door and it was as if someone was being pushed away(Dostoevsky); The bath lock was broken, several people squeezed into the door and almost immediately got out of there(Bitter).
    

12. If there are words in the subject a lot, a little, a little, a lot, how much, so much the singular form of the predicate predominates, however, recently, due to the general tendency to harmonize in meaning, the plural form, which was rare in the past, is becoming more widespread. For example:

    a) And many other similar thoughts passed in my mind ...(Lermontov); How many more fairy tales and memories remain in her memory?(Bitter);

    b) Many completely unchildish impressions became somehow terribly accessible to me(Dostoevsky); Many lights, both before and after, attracted more than one me with their closeness(Korolenko); How many cripples tortured by work die of hunger in silence(Bitter).

    Wed also: V Russian Federation many children of different nationalities are taught in their native language; Too many scientists and technicians are engaged in research in the field of military technology in England.
    

13. If there is a noun in the subject with the meaning of a certain amount ( three, hundred, pair etc.) the predicate is put in the singular form, for example: Seven aircraft rushed forward; A hundred guys scattered in all directions.
14. In the singular, the predicate is also placed with nouns with the meaning of an indefinite number ( mass, lot, abyss, abyss etc.). In this case, variants of agreement in the genus are possible; Wed: An abyss ran into the people ...(L. Tolstoy). - He had an abyss to do ...(Chernyshevsky). Usually, the prepositive predicate is put in the form of the neuter gender, and the postpositive predicate is grammatically consistent with the indicated nouns; Wed: There was an abyss of tension in my story(Herzen). - A lot of difficulties have been experienced ...(V. Panova).
15. For a subject expressed with a compound noun, the first part of which forms a numeral floor- (half an hour, six months etc.), the predicate is usually put in the singular form, and in the past tense - in the neuter gender, for example: half an hour will pass unnoticed, half of the city participated in the demonstration; Half a head is already left(Chekhov). But if with these words there is a definition in the form of the nominative plural, then the predicate is also put in the plural, for example: The first half hour passed unnoticed; The rest of the house survived the fire.

Section 185. Concordance of the predicate with the subject carrying the attachment

1. By general rule the predicate agrees with the subject, and the presence of a different kind or number in the latter does not affect the agreement, for example: The girl-pilot drove skillfully; Roast - canned meat - met with sour mines(Stanyukovich).

   In some cases, there is agreement of the predicate in meaning - not with the subject, but with a more specific application in meaning, closer to the predicate, for example: Dolly sighed involuntarily.. Best friend her sister was leaving(L. Tolstoy); ... Only the greatest art - music - is able to touch the depths of the soul(Bitter); The origin of all organic beings - the cell - is similar in all animals and plants..
   

2. With a combination of generic and specific names, the function of the subject is performed by the first, denoting a broader concept, and the predicate is consistent with this word, for example: The baobab tree spreads its mighty branches; The secretary bird destroyed the snake; St. John's wort grass grew all over the clearing.
3. When a common noun is combined with a person's own name, the last one acts as the subject, and the predicate agrees with it, for example: Duty Brigadier Oksana Litovchenko pushed her way to Zakharov(Makarenko); ... The sanitary inspector Frosya was whispering confidentially with her friend(Pavlenko).

   Other proper names(animal names, place names, names of print organs, etc.) are applications, and the predicate agrees with the common noun, for example: The dog Trezor barked loudly; Lake Baikal is deep and full of water; The Literary Heritage Magazine has published new materials about the work of M. Gorky.
   

4. The form of agreement of the predicate is not affected by the presence of clarifying or explanatory words, connecting structures, comparative turns, etc., for the subject, for example: Everything, apparently, and even nature itself, armed itself against Mr. Goliadkin(Dostoevsky); Logical form, t. e. the way of connecting the constituent parts of the content in both inferences is the same; Further accumulation of experimental data, including the results of this study, makes it possible to more confidently judge this phenomenon..

   However, sometimes there is an agreement of the predicate not with the subject, but with constructions that explain it, for example: Of all the relatives, only one person, namely an eighty-year-old grandmother, continued to side with poor Klava.(Sem. Narinyani); So, the road from Stavrov, or rather, the lack of a road cut us off from the "Big Land"(Soloukhin). Wed: The one who bears this name, that is, I, is posing as a man of sixty-two years.(Chekhov) (agreement in the person not with the subject, but with the explanatory term of the sentence).
   

5. When the predicate is reconciled with complex nouns that form compound terms like cafe-dining room, the semantic relations between the parts of a complex word are taken into account: the leading component with which the predicate agrees is the word that expresses a broader concept or specifically designates an object, for example: cafe-dining room renovated(canteen is a broader concept); vending machine open(the bearer of a specific meaning is the word diner); the chair-bed stood in the corner(one of the types of chairs is thought of, the second part acts as a clarifying one); the raincoat was rolled up(a raincoat tent, not a tent raincoat). The order of the parts of a complex name, the declination or non-declination of one of the components, the conditions of the context also play a role:

   1) usually in the first place is the leading word, with which the predicate agrees, for example: the kids liked the toy car(cf .: the kids liked the toy car); the library-museum acquired the writer's unpublished manuscripts; a showcase-stand is placed in the corridor; the exhibition-viewing of new paintings is open daily; the sofa bed is well polished; the laboratory plant has completed an urgent order; the reading room club is closed for renovations; the reference book has been updated with new information; the mystery concert was a great success; the trencher has made a wide furrow; the van was going uphill; the apartment museum has acquired new exhibits; the checkout window was lit up; the song-romance has become very popular; the postcard letter has been delivered to the addressee; a dressing gown hung on a hanger; the counter shelf is piled high with books; the launch vehicle entered orbit; the story-scene is very original; the amphibious aircraft went to land; the rocking machine is well designed; a cane chair set against the wall; the invoice was issued on time; the poster table attracted the attention of sightseers; the studio theater has trained many talented actors; the ice cream cake is cut into equal parts; the lecture-lesson lasted fifty minutes; a bracelet watch was bought for a gift; the highway-highway is rammed again; drawer-bedside table is filled with trinkets;

   2) if in the first place is not the leading word, then in such combinations, as a rule, it is not inclined, which serves as an indication for reconciling the predicate with the second word of a complex name, for example: raincoat tent rolled up(cf .: take cover with a raincoat); diner cafe moved to another street(word a cafe does not incline);

   3) the influence of the context, in particular the lexical meaning of the predicate, affects the choice of the form of the predicate; for example: Scale wagon is attached to the train. – A typical weighing car has been designed that accurately measures a given amount of ore, limestone, etc.. d... Wed also: The bath train approached the station; The exhibition car was on the siding.

   Difficulties are encountered in reconciling homogeneous predicates with subjects, expressed by words of this type. So, it is impossible to say neither "The exhibition car came to the station and opened for visitors", nor "The exhibition car went to the station and opened for visitors" (possible option: The exhibition car approached the station, and access was opened for visitors).

§ 186. Predicated with a subject of type brother and sister

1. With a subject of the specified type formed by the combination of "nominative plus preposition with plus instrumental ”, the predicate can stand both in the plural and in the singular form.

   The form of the multiple predicate number shows that the whole combination acts as the subject, that is, the action is attributed to two equal subjects, for example: After lunch, Los and Rusakov went to see warehouses and shops(Semushkin); Voropaev and Korytov also got up(Pavlenko).

   The predicate form of the predicate shows that only the noun in the nominative case is the subject, and the noun in the instrumental case acts as a complement, denoting a person accompanying the producer of the action, for example: Count Ilya Andreevich at the end of January with Natasha and Sonya arrived in Moscow(L. Tolstoy); ... Razmetnov came with Demkoy Ushakov(Sholokhov).

   The choice of one of the two possible forms of predicate agreement depends on the semantic correlation of the action and its producer. Sometimes this issue is resolved by the lexical meaning of the words included in the combination, for example: A mother with a child went to an outpatient clinic; Brother and sister left for the village... Wed: And the countess with her girls went behind the screens to finish her toilet(Pushkin).

   In other cases, the lexical meaning of the predicate plays a role, for example: Mother and daughter could not calm down for a long time and remembered what happened(both actions can be performed with equal participation of the subjects of action); Kolya and Petya entered the same school; Brother and Sister Returned Separately.

   Sometimes the order of the words in the combination plays a role. Wed: Husband and wife went to the theater. – Wife and husband went to the theater(usually in the constructions under consideration, with different genus of nouns, the stronger masculine gender appears in the first place, for example: father with mother, grandfather with grandmother, boy with girl; therefore, the advancement of the feminine noun to the first place emphasizes its role, and hence the agreement of the predicate with it).
   

2. If there are words in the construction together, together more often the singular form of the predicate is used, for example: The operation was performed by a professor together with an assistant; The director, together with his assistants, prepared new mise-en-scenes in the play; As a boy, the hunter, along with his father, left with immigrants to Siberia.
3. The combination under consideration may include personal pronouns, for example: He and his sister jointly mapped out the route of the trip; She made friends with him... If you have a pronoun I am or you the predicate is put in the singular form, for example: You and Olya will be in the same room for now ...(Chekhov).
4. Consensus in meaning (with the whole combination, and not with the first word in the form of the nominative case) occurs in constructions consisting of a noun in the nominative case, a preposition per and the same noun in the instrumental case, for example: Day after day pass slowly; Drop by drop fell; Leaf by leaf covered the ground with a rustling yellow cover.

§ 187. Predictable with a subject - a pronoun interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative

1. For a subject - a question about a question who the predicate verb is put in the singular form, and in the past tense - in the masculine gender, regardless of the number of producers of the action and their male or female gender, for example: Who attended the last session? Which of the employees of our department signed up for the cutting and sewing circle?

   In constructions like Which skier came first? the form of inverse agreement () is used: the verb in the past tense is put in the feminine form, since it is inconvenient to say neither "came first from skiers" nor "came first" (there would be a gap between the masculine form of the verb and the feminine form of the numeral in the composition a single predicate construction).

   In a sentence Who, if not a family, raised a young man as an egoist ... the agreement of the predicate is affected by the influence of the comparative turnover with the noun in the feminine form. Such constructions are found in irregular colloquial speech.
   

2. who(in the function of a union word in a subordinate clause) the predicate can stand both in the singular and in the plural form, for example:

   a) Everyone who hadn't lost their heads was against(Sergeev-Tsensky); ... Those who did not make it to the door rushed to the windows in joyful panic(Makarenko);

   b) Here these people, who, out of their own foolishness, put down their weapons, recognized shame ...(A. N. Tolstoy); Those who were pioneers ten years ago, ran to school, played snowballs now serve in the regiment.(B. Polevoy).

   The plural form, possible provided that the correlative word and the predicate are also plural in the main sentence, emphasizes the plurality of the producers of the action. Wed different forms of agreement in the same complex sentence: Everyone who could go rode by themselves; those who stopped, decided with themselves what they had to do(L. Tolstoy).

   Typical constructions like the first to come; last who signed up(with a substantive subject-adjective in the main clause).
   

3. For a subject - about a s and a body pronoun what the predicate is put in the plural form if the word replaced by the pronoun in the main sentence is in the plural, for example: Those who went ahead and climbed the mountain still did not lose hope of capturing the enemy carts.(Furmanov).
4. For subjects - undescribed and verbose pronouns somebody, somebody, nobody etc. the predicate is put in the singular (in the past tense of the verb - in the masculine form, even if we are talking about a female person), for example: Someone under the initials A. M. (it turned out to be a correspondent for one of the London newspapers) wrote the following ...; Some of the speed skaters from Moscow performed unsuccessfully at the competition; No one, not even the best sprinters, could improve the record..

   In colloquial speech, there are deviations from this rule, namely:

   1) setting the predicate in the plural form with the subject - an indefinite pronoun, for example: On Wednesdays, some of her old acquaintances gather.(Goncharov); And recently, some of the students began to visit him.(Shishkov); Anyone came; Whoever got to work;

   2) the statement of the predicate in the form of the feminine gender with the subject - an indefinite or negative pronoun, followed by a clarifying or explanatory turnover with a leading word in the form of a feminine gender, for example: Someone in black, apparently a foreigner, entered the theater box; None of the girls, not even Zoya, had anything to say.
   

   When constructing "none other than", the order of words can influence the agreement of the predicate in number and gender. Wed:

   a) This feat was accomplished by none other than the rescuers. – None other than the rescuers accomplished this feat;

   b) And this time it was none other than a nurse who helped. – None other than a nurse helped this time too.

   The second options in each pair, reflecting agreement in meaning, are more common in colloquial speech.

§ 188. Predicate with a subject - a non-declining noun, an abbreviation, an indivisible group of words, a nickname

1. With the subject expressed by a substantivized unchangeable part of speech, the predicate verb is put in the singular, and in the past tense - in the form of the neuter, for example: There was a quiet "ah"; His categorical "no" discouraged me.
2. The predicate agrees with the subject expressed by a borrowed non-declining word in accordance with the grammatical gender established for the given word in Russian (), for example:

   a) the coat has sunk into the water; the subway was working; coffee served;

   b) a chimpanzee climbed to the top of a tree; the kangaroo was out of sight; Iwashi walked in a thick joint; tsetse bit a sleeping boy;

   v) little Rene fell ill; Laughing Marie entered;

   G) The Mississippi spilled; Capri was asleep; Batumi grew up for last years; the smart Unter den Linden was walking nearby;

3. If the abbreviation is inclined, then the predicate agrees with it according to the grammatical principle, for example: Last year, our university graduated hundreds of young specialists; Nap was a transitional period.

   If the abbreviation is not declined, the predicate agrees with the leading word of the decrypted complex name, that is, it is put in the form in which it would stand with the full name, for example: RTS(repair and technical station) acquired new inventory; Mosgorono(Moscow City Department of Public Education) sent out instructions to schools.

   Variations in the form of agreement are observed due to the fact that some abbreviations that are not inflected in official speech are inclined in the spoken language, for example: VAK(Higher Attestation Commission) approved ... - approved ...; CHP(thermal power plant) provided ... - provided ...
   

4. With a subject - a foreign language abbreviation, the predicate is usually put in the form of the neuter gender, but it can also agree in meaning, for example:

   a) SEATO has consistently pursued a policy of national enmity between peoples;

   b) UNESCO sent (sent) its representative(the second form of agreement is associated with the mental substitution of the word "organization"); FIDE(International Chess Organization) approved the composition of the tournament.
   

5. When the subject is a conditional name, the principle of grammatical agreement is applied, for example: Izvestia increased its circulation; "Resurrection" was first published by L. H... Tolstoy in the Niva magazine.

   If the conventional name is a non-declining word, then the predicate agrees with it either as a substantivized word (that is, it is put in the form of the neuter gender), or in meaning (that is, it agrees with the generic name in relation to the given word). For example:

   a) "On the Eve" is placed in the third volume of the collected works of I. WITH. Turgenev;

   b) "Forward"(ship) went out to sea.

   The second principle of reconciliation is usually applied to foreign-language non-declining names of industrial companies, joint stock companies, sports organizations, etc. (cf. above, item 4), for example: General Electric(company) paid out huge dividends to shareholders; "Tre krunur"(sport Team) lost both matches to our hockey players.
   

6. With a subject expressed by an indivisible group of words (compound name), the form of the predicate depends on the composition of this group:

   1) if this group has a leading word in the form of the nominative case, then the predicate agrees with it, for example: "Adventures gleaned from the sea of ​​life" made up a cycle of works of the writer A. F. Veltman;

   2) if the compound name does not contain a leading word in the nominative form, then the name is usually substantivized and the predicate is put in the neuter gender, for example: "Enough Simplicity on Every Wise Man" was published in a separate edition; "Don't scold me, dear" was performed a second time... Wed the same in the presence of a leading word in combination: "There was a birch tree in the field" was heard somewhere in the distance... Therefore, the sometimes encountered constructions of the type "Don't get into your sleigh" resumed in the repertoire of the theater(the predicate cannot agree with the word here sled, which is in the accusative case);

   3) if a compound name is formed by two nouns of different grammatical gender, then, although in some cases there is agreement with one of them, usually the first (cf. "War and Peace" was written by L. H. Tolstoy), however, as a rule, the choice of the form of the predicate is difficult; Wed names such as Ruslan and Lyudmila, Romeo and Juliet, Tristan and Isolde etc., for which none of the forms is suitable - written, written, written, written... In such cases, the generic name should be included ( novel, poem, play, opera etc.). The same is recommended for those cases where coordination is possible, but curious combinations may appear, for example: "Twelve Apostles" were in the roadstead(frigate), Sheep and Wolves Sold Out.
   

7. With the subject - the nickname of the person, the predicate takes the form of a gender that corresponds to the gender of the named person, for example: In August, Radish ordered us to get ready for the line(Chekhov); Good Deed always listened to my chatter attentively ...(Bitter); From behind the cloth curtain appeared the "Great Mogul" with a tray(A. N. Tolstoy) (talking about the maid Lusha).

§ 189. Coordination of the bond with the nominal part of the predicate

The coordination of the ligament is not with the subject, but with the nominal part of the compound predicate (the so-called
Reverse agreement) is most often encountered in the following cases:

1) if there is a collective noun with a quantitative meaning in the subject name, for example: Most of them were pretty kind people (Herzen) (); Most of the exhibitors were visitors.;

2) with logical underlining of the predicate, for example: The last days of October were the time of the very height of the partisan war.(L.N. Tolstoy). Wed he has: But the death of the French, foreseen by him alone, was his only spiritual desire; The first room outside the doors was a large vaulted room with iron bars; So Pierre's arrival was a joyful, important event.... It should be noted that such constructions with the nominative case in the compound predicate (the so-called nominative predicative, or the second nominative) give the statement a touch of bookishness, sometimes archaic ();

3) with a subject expressed by a pronoun this is, for example: I accidentally looked at the lying book; it was a reader.

Section 190. Coordination of the predicate with homogeneous subjects

1. In the direct order of the main members of the sentence (the predicate follows homogeneous subjects), the plural form of the predicate is usually used, in the reverse order (the predicate precedes the subject) - the singular form. For example:

   a) Heat and drought lasted more than three weeks; The rumble of guns and the rumble of explosions splashed across the autumn land;
   

   b) Raysky and Martha were caught up in rude talk, rude laughter, mixed voices that suddenly died down ...(Goncharov); There was aches in all limbs and a painful headache(Turgenev); The heavy stamping of forged boots and screaming women squeals rushed ...(Serafimovich); Freshness, coolness and inexplicable lightness spread over the earth, exhausted in the heat ...(Soloukhin); Communication and curfew worked well.

   These provisions are not categorical: the postpositive predicate can be singular (see below), and the prepositive predicate can be plural (especially often in technical literature).

   The plural form of the prepositive predicate emphasizes the plurality of objects, for example: Cough and knocking are heard(Chekhov); Screeching, barking and howling could be heard outside(Arseniev); A horse and a rider dived from the dilapidated barracks into the darkness of the forest(N. Ostrovsky). Usually, this form of agreement happens when the subjects designate persons, for example: ... Bukin, Samoilov, Somov and five more were arrested(Bitter). But if the predicate is expressed by the verb of being or state, then it can be put in the singular form, for example: In addition to her, her husband was in the room, and even someone Uvar Ivanovich Stakhov ...(Turgenev) (the connecting character of the second subject plays a role).
   

2. The agreement of the predicate depends on the form of communication between homogeneous subjects.

   1) If homogeneous subjects are associated with single and unions and yes or only by intonation, then the rules specified above, p. 1 apply. With a repeated conjunction, the predicate is usually put in the plural form, for example: Both are capable of it.

   In the presence of a union nor a double form of agreement is possible, for example:

   a) Neither he nor she said a word ...(Turgenev); Neither light nor heat penetrated here(in both examples, the belonging of the subjects to a different grammatical gender affects); Neither he nor I was looking for this meeting(the meaning of the face affects);

   b) Neither compression nor cooling helped; Neither the absence of one nor the presence of others changed the course of the matter.(in both examples, the fact that the subjects are expressed by abstract nouns matters); And no devil, no devil has the right to teach me ...(Chekhov); (semantic proximity of subjects and the influence of the word no, ).
   

   2) If there are separate unions between homogeneous subjects, then a double form of agreement is possible:

   a) the predicate is put in the singular, if there is no need to agree in gender or if the subjects belong to the same grammatical gender, for example: You can hear Dante and Shakespeare in it(Goncharov); The experienced fear or instant fear in a minute seems both funny, and strange, and incomprehensible(Furmanov); Either fog or smoke enveloped the whole grove(Prishvin); The dog ... is overwhelmed by sleepiness, sleep or hypnosis(Academician I. P. Pavlov);

   b) the predicate is put in the plural if there is a need for gender agreement and the subjects belong to a different grammatical gender, for example: ... No state or group of states should be given a military advantage; The action or feature of the subject (subject) is expressed by the predicate; The article as a whole or an excerpt from it would be of interest to the readers of the collection.... The same if one of the subjects is plural, for example: Poems or stories are printed in almost every issue of this magazine.
   

   3) If there are strong unions between homogeneous subjects, a double form of agreement is possible:

   a) with the postposition of the predicate, it agrees with the subject, denoting a real (not denied) object, for example: Not you, but fate is to blame(Lermontov); A novel, not a story, will be published in a magazine; Not a novel, but a story will be published in a magazine;

   b) when the predicate is prepositioned, it agrees with the closest subject (regardless of whether it is affirmed or denied), for example: It was not pain that oppressed me, but a heavy, dull bewilderment(Bitter); A novel is published, not a story; Published not a novel, but a story; It was not a reconnaissance, but a real battle.

   4) If there are opposing unions between homogeneous subjects, then, depending on their type, a double form of agreement is possible:
   

   a) in union like ... so(close in meaning to repeating union and ... and) the predicate is put in the plural form, for example: Both science and art in their development reflect the development of society;
   

   b) with unions not only ... but also, not so much ... how much and others (containing a shade of opposition) the predicate usually agrees with the closest of the homogeneous subjects, for example: In the reality around us, not only the big, but also the small should be of interest to the observant writer.

   5) If there is a conjoint union between homogeneous subjects, then the predicate agrees with the closest subject, for example: Flax and forest products exported to Belgium.
   

3. The singular form of the predicate is preferred when there is a semantic proximity of homogeneous subjects, for example:

   1) the predicate precedes the subject: A rifle and a high Cossack hat hung on the wall(Pushkin); In him[Pushkin], as if in the lexicon, all the wealth, strength and flexibility of our language(Gogol); The main concern was the kitchen and lunch(Goncharov); And from the shore, through the noise of the car, there was a rumble and a hum(Korolenko); Long live the friendship and solidarity of peoples! However, in business speech, the plural form is preferred, for example: Astrakhan and fox skins were delivered to the fur market; A plant, a power plant and several complexes are operating;

   2) the predicate follows the subject: Cold need in winter, hunger comes(Krylov); Inaccuracy and confusion of expressions indicates only confusion of thoughts(Chernyshevsky); This simplicity and clarity of thinking contains the makings of a new life ...(Dobrolyubov); Not wounds, not a sick lung tormented him - the consciousness of uselessness irritated him(Pavlenko); ... A writer is obliged to be a fighter, but an artist, sculptor, actor is not obliged?(Simonov); The authority and prestige of the writer is constantly growing; The strength and significance of realistic art lies in its vitality; Nobody and nothing broke the silence.

   Wed also: extract and issue of documents is made(general operation) - acceptance and delivery of books are carried out(different operations). The agreement of the predicate can be influenced by the presence of plural forms among the subjects: Jealousy and tears put her in bed(Chekhov). But in this case, the singular form of the predicate () is also possible.
   

4. The predicate usually agrees with the closest subject when grades and (the arrangement of words with an increase in their meaning); often in these cases, homogeneous subjects are preceded by repeating words everyone, everyone, any, none, none etc. For example: All the variety, all the beauty, all the beauty of life is made up of shadow and light(L. Tolstoy); Every word, every phrase sharply, definitely, vividly expresses in him[Gogol] thought…(Belinsky); I need every word, every phrase to match the tone, to the place ...(Korolenko); ... Each meeting, each conversation brought more and more alienation and deaf hostility into their relationship(N. Ostrovsky); ... to select the most significant, so that each episode, each detail carries its own load(Sholokhov); No conviction, no threat acts on him; Not a single slip of the tongue, not a single mistake in the student's notebook should remain uncorrected and unexplained..
5. The predicate is put in the plural form, regardless of its location, if it denotes an action performed by several subjects, for example: And in the evening both Cheremnitsky and the new mayor Porokhontsev pounced on me(Leskov); The desire to forget about the unfortunate brother and the consciousness that it would be bad fought in his soul.(L. Tolstoy).

   Wed in business speech: the meeting was attended by ...; gathered for the rally ...; took part in the competition ...; elected to the presidium ...; paid ... etc.