General ideas about personality in classical psychoanalysis. Summary: The mental structure of personality in the psychoanalysis of Z. Freud In psychoanalysis, the main structural components of personality are considered

Id (It) -the aspect of the structure of the personality, the entire content of which is inherited, is present from birth, is enshrined in the constitution of the individual. Id sensually, irrational, free from any restrictions, immoral.

This is the most powerful sphere of personality, does not recognize the passage of time, acts on the principle of pleasure, its content is mainly composed of aggressive and sexual impulses. Opposite impulses coexist in it, which can act simultaneously as a result of unification under the pressure of the principle of economy, uniting in compromise formations to discharge tension. There are no logical laws for the processes in Id. It is unfamiliar with any judgments, morality, good and evil, irrational and unconscious. Therefore, it is in antagonism with the super-ego.

The peculiarity of It is the absence of the course of processes in time. The impulses in it and after decades behave in the same way as if they had arisen anew. It is possible to devalue and deprive them of energy only by making them conscious - psychoanalytic influence is based on this.

It is an unconscious part of the psyche, a seething cauldron of biological innate instinctive drives. It is saturated with sexual libido energy. Man is a closed energy system, and the amount of his energy is constant. Submits pleasure principle, i.e. pleasure and happiness are the main goals in human life. The second principle of behavior is homeostasis - a tendency to maintain an approximate internal balance.

Ego (I) - the sphere of personality, characterized by internal awareness of oneself and the implementation of the adaptation of the personality to reality. According to Freud, it is produced from It in early childhood, a taskEgo- to find realistic forms of satisfaction of desires and attractions. It comes from the first object attachments of It (from the Oedipus complex), is associated with consciousness and personifies what is called reason and prudence.

I am an aggregate of organized forces directly related to consciousness. I am in the service of three tyrants - the outside world, the Super-I and It. I am forced to observe the external world, to remove all distortions from internal sources of excitement - the pleasure principle is replaced by the reality principle, which promises greater reliability and success.

In the relationship between I and It, complications may arise due to the need to take into account the requirements of the Super-I and the external world, which are not compatible with the requirements of It. As the super-self develops, it becomes the battlefield between the id and the super-self. As a result, psychological defenses arise. I often do not cope and reacts with the appearance of fear, which may be in front of the real world, fear of conscience, neurotic fear of the power of It. Psychoanalysis therapy involves making the I more independent from the Super-I, expanding the field of perception, mastering the area of \u200b\u200bIt, thereby freeing energy, strengthening the I.

Syper- Ego (Super-I)- a mental system that sets and maintains moral and ethical standards and desired goals and ideals. With optimal functioning, it promotes intrapsychic and interpersonal harmony, facilitates social adaptation ("the voice of conscience"). Contents Super-Ego - conscienceand Ego ideals.

According to modern data, Super-Ego develops linearly from the first year of life. The first Ego ideals are those of the parents or the caregiver. In adolescence, the Ego ideals are modified, which shift to group leaders among peers, teachers, athletes, rock and pop singers, movie stars - thus the adolescent ideal is more and more removed from parental figures, which contributes to the reduction of anxiety. Throughout life, the Syper-Ego remains subject to transference: for example, when undergoing a course of psychoanalytic therapy, the psychoanalyst is often perceived as persecuting and making judgments, which provokes the emergence of the same feelings that the parents aroused in the patient in childhood.

The goal of therapeutic analysis is to weaken the influence of the Syper-Ego on Ego functioning. Super-Ego content underlies the formation of social feelings - shame and guilt. Analytical literature often emphasizes sadistic Super-Ego Componentsand less attention is paid to it humane properties - protection, love, attention and care. Parents, punishing, give the necessary warmth, affection, care. By identifying with these properties, the child gets the opportunity to love, protect himself, and the resulting sense of pride makes it possible to avoid disappointment and frustration. Chronically low self-esteem indicates a conflict between Ego ideals.

Syper-Ego manifestations. A person may be capable of any offense due to lack of moral standards or, on the contrary, supernormal, keeping order, condemning other people for the misdeeds. In some cases, he is capable of behavior provoking punishment - to mitigate his unconscious guilt, which greatly perplexes others.

As the self-criticism of self-punishment, self-reward develops, a more stable sense of well-being arises. As soon as there is such stability and independence, we can talk about an independent Syper-Ego. If a child (adolescent) gives authority to external figures, cannot take full responsibility for his own actions - the Syper-Ego is weak. With a lack of independence, dependence on others can take place, which at the same time causes resistance to their pressure and orders, i.e. the basis is the pleasure principle. In the case when the behavior of a teenager does not coincide with the behavior expected of him by adults, parents, he is unable to identify with authority figures. If a teenager, and, subsequently, an adult, does not achieve self-regulation and independence of the Syper-Ego, then he continues to expect conformity to his desires from the outside world and gets psychically traumatized every time when his desires are not justified.

In the science of psychology, there have been and are many different approaches to the study of personality, various scientists have proposed their own personality structures. We'll look at some of them.

First is psychoanalytic theory of personality Z. Freud. It is difficult to assess modern theories of personality without giving due recognition to Freud's theory, because it was he who created the first detailed theory of personality.

For a long period in the development of psychoanalysis, Z. Freud used the topographic model of personal organization. According to this model, three levels can be distinguished in mental life: consciousness, preconsciousness and unconsciousness. Considering them in unity, S. Freud used this "mental map" to show the degree of awareness of such mental phenomena as thoughts and fantasies.

Freud later introduces three basic personality structures: id (it), ego (me) and super ego (over me).

I. Id- functions entirely in the unconscious and is closely connected with instinctive biological drives (eating, sleeping, defecating, etc.), which fill our behavior with energy. Id is something dark, biological, chaotic, not knowing laws, not obeying rules.

Id obeys pleasure principle (immediate discharge of voltage).

Z. Freud considered id as mediator between somatic and mental processes in the body.

II Ego Is a component of the mental apparatus responsible for making decisions. The ego seeks to express and satisfy the wishes of the Id in accordance with the restrictions imposed by the outside world. The ego receives its structure and function from the Id, evolves from it and borrows part of the Id's energy for its needs in order to meet the requirements of social reality.

In contrast to the Id, whose nature is expressed in the search for pleasure, the Ego obeys the principle of reality, the purpose of which is to preserve the integrity of the organism by postponing the satisfaction of instincts until the moment when the opportunity is found to achieve discharge in a suitable way or appropriate conditions are found in the external environment. The reality principle introduces a measure of intelligence into our behavior.

III. Super ego. In order for a person to function effectively in society, he must have a system of values, norms and ethics, reasonably compatible with those that are accepted in his environment. All this is acquired in the process of "socialization" - through the formation of a super-ego (above me).

It is the last component of the developing personality, representing an internalized version of social norms and standards of behavior. As the moral and ethical force of the individual, the super-ego is a consequence of the child's long-term dependence on his parents.

Conscience and ego-ideal stand out in the super ego.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

TAVRICHESKY NATIONAL UNIVERSITYTHEM. V.I. VERNADSKY

KERCHEN ECONOMIC AND HUMANITARIAN INSTITUTE

by discipline human psychology

Personality structure and development, in classical psychoanalysis and postfredism

2nd year student

Specialty:

human health

Gavrineva Alexandra

1. General idea of \u200b\u200bpersonality

2. Formation and development of personality

3. The main ideas in the views of Freud

4. Structural theory of personality

5. Personality structure according to Jung

Literature

1. General idea of \u200b\u200bpersonality

As an object of research, personality is unique in its complexity. This complexity lies, first of all, in the fact that the personality combines various planes of being of a particular person - from his bodily being to spiritual - as a living body, as a conscious and active subject, as a member of society.

When trying to define a person in the literature, the words of Karl Marx are often quoted: "... a person is the totality of all social relations."

Some authors see in these words a direct definition of personality. Others disagree with them, noting that Marx is talking, firstly, not about a person, but about a person, and secondly, most likely about a generalized person (humanity as a whole), since no specific person can be the totality of all social relations.

It seems to me that this second point of view is correct: the above formula of Marx reflects a general philosophical view of man, namely the postulation of his social essence. Marxist philosophy sets the most general understanding of personality.

Personality is an organism and its highest representative - the brain, which contains the remnants of everything that we were and the makings of what we will be. It depicts an individual character with all its active and passive abilities and antipathies, its genius, talent and stupidity, virtues and vices, immobility and activity.

The personality space has a complex structure and many dimensions. Those events of the external world, in which the personality is included, and the relationships that it has established with objects of the external world, form the external space of the personality. Ideas about the world and about oneself, experiences of various events, attitude to oneself, self-control and self-regulation, life goals and plans - all this constitutes the inner world of the individual. The social space in which the personality is included is represented in its inner world. On the other hand, in activity, in activity, in communication, one way or another, the inner life of the individual manifests itself.

A person's way of life, which includes in an indissoluble unity, certain historical conditions, the material foundations of his existence and activities aimed at changing them, determines the mental image of the person, which, in turn, leaves its mark on the way of life.

Personality is primarily a contemporary of a particular era, and this determines many of its socio-psychological properties.

Personality, as we well know, is not only a product of history, but also a participant in its movement, an object and subject of modernity. Perhaps the most sensitive indicator of a person's social ties is its relationship with modernity, with the main social movements of his time. But this connection is closely linked with a more particular type of social ties - with people of their own class, social stratum, profession, etc., who are peers, with whom this person was formed together at the same historical time, was a witness and participant in events. The formation of a common generation depends on the system of social education. Belonging to a certain generation is always an important characteristic of a particular person.

Personality is a social individual, object and subject of the historical process. Therefore, in the characteristics of the individual, the social essence of a person is most fully revealed, which determines all the phenomena of human development, including natural features.

So, the general objective basis of personality traits is the system of social relations. In this sense, society gives rise to personality. Personality and society do not oppose each other as two different interacting forces. Personality is a member of society and its product. The relation “individual - society” is the relation of generation, formation of personality by society. And at the same time, the generation, formation and development of individuals is a necessary component of the very process of the development of society, since without individuals, neither this process, nor the society itself can exist.

A person can be considered a person if there is a hierarchy in his motives in one definite sense, namely, if he is able to overcome his own immediate impulses for the sake of something else. In such cases, the subject is said to be capable of mediated behavior. At the same time, it is assumed that the motives for overcoming immediate impulses are socially significant. They are social in their origin and meaning, that is, they are set by society, brought up in a person. This is the first criterion of personality.

The second necessary criterion of personality is the ability to consciously guide one's own behavior. This leadership is carried out on the basis of conscious motives, goals and principles. The second differs from the first criterion in that it presupposes precisely a conscious subordination of motives. Simply mediated behavior (the first criterion) can be based on a spontaneously formed hierarchy of motives, and even “spontaneous morality”: a person may not be aware of what exactly made him act in a certain way, but nevertheless act quite morally. So, although the second feature also refers to mediated behavior, it is conscious mediation that is emphasized. It presupposes the presence of self-awareness as a special instance of personality. So, what is personality, if we mean these restrictions? Personality is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifest in social connections and relationships, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for him and those around him. Along with the concepts "man", "personality" in science, the terms "individual", "individuality" are often used. Their difference from the concept of "personality" is as follows: if the concept of "person" includes the totality of all human qualities inherent in people, regardless of whether they are present or absent from a given person, then the concept of "individual" characterizes him and additionally includes such psychological and biological properties that, along with personal ones, are also inherent in him. In addition, the concept of "individual" includes both qualities that distinguish this person from other people, and properties common to him and many other people. Individuality is the narrowest concept in terms of content. It contains only those individual and personal properties of a person, such a combination of them that distinguishes this person from other people.

2. Formation and development of personality

Let's turn to a more detailed examination of the process of personality formation. Let us first imagine the most general picture of this process. According to the view of modern psychology, the personality is formed by the assimilation or appropriation of socially developed experience by the individual. The experience that is directly related to the individual is a system of ideas about the norms and values \u200b\u200bof a person's life: about his general orientation, behavior, attitudes towards other people, towards himself, towards society as a whole, etc. They are recorded in very different forms - in philosophical and ethical views, in works of literature and art, in codes of law, in systems of public awards, rewards and punishments, in traditions, public opinions. Although the formation of personality is a process of mastering a special sphere of social experience, it is a completely special process. It differs from the assimilation of knowledge, skills, methods of action. After all, here we are talking about such development, as a result of which new motives and needs are formed, their transformation, subordination, etc. And all this cannot be achieved by simple assimilation. The learned motive is, at best, a known motive, but not really acting, that is, an untrue motive. Knowing what one should do, what one should strive for does not mean wanting to do it, really striving for it. New needs and motives, as well as their subordination, arise in the process of not assimilation, but experience, or living. This process always occurs only in the real life of a person. He is always emotionally intense, often subjectively creative.

Most psychologists now agree with the idea that a person is not born, but becomes a person. However, their points of view on what laws the development of personality is subject to differ significantly. These differences relate to the understanding of the driving forces of development, in particular the importance of society and various social groups for the development of personality, patterns and stages of development, the presence, specificity and role in this process of crises of personality development, opportunities to accelerate the development process, and other issues.

If in relation to the development of cognitive processes one could say that childhood is decisive in their formation, then this is all the more true in connection with the development of the personality. Almost all the basic properties and personal qualities of a person are formed in childhood, with the exception of those that are acquired with the accumulation of life experience and cannot appear before the time when a person reaches a certain age.

In childhood, the main motivational, instrumental and stylistic personality traits are formed. The first relate to the interests of a person, to the goals and objectives that he sets for himself, to his basic needs and motives of behavior. Instrumental traits include a person's preferred means of achieving relevant goals, satisfying actual needs, and stylistic ones relate to temperament, character, ways of behavior, and manners. By the end of school, the personality is mainly formed, and those individual characteristics personal character, which the child acquires during school years, usually persist to one degree or another throughout his subsequent life.

Personal development in childhood occurs under the influence of various social institutions: family, school, out-of-school institutions, as well as under the influence of the media (print, radio, television) and live, direct communication of the child with the people around him. In different age periods of personal development, the number of social institutions that take part in the formation of a child as a person, their educational value are different. In the process of development of a child's personality from birth to three years, the family dominates, and its main personal neoplasms are primarily associated with it. In preschool childhood, the influence of communication with peers, other adults, and appeal to the available media is added to the influences of the family. With admission to school, a new powerful channel of educational influence on the personality of the child opens up through peers, teachers, school subjects and affairs. The sphere of contacts with the media is expanding due to reading, the flow of information of the educational plan, reaching the child and exerting a certain influence on him, increases sharply.

To the question of what a person is, psychologists answer differently, and in the variety of their answers, and partly in the divergence of opinions on this score, the complexity of the personality phenomenon itself is manifested. Each of the definitions of personality available in the literature deserves to be taken into account in the search for a global definition of personality.

Personality is most often defined as a person in the aggregate of his social, acquired qualities. This means that personality traits do not include those characteristics of a person that are genotypically or physiologically determined, do not depend in any way on life in society. Many definitions of personality emphasize that they are not personal psychological qualities person, characterizing his cognitive processes or individual style of activity, with the exception of those that are manifested in attitudes towards people, in society. The concept of "personality" usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and indicate the individuality of a person, defining his significant

personality freud jung archetype

3. The main ideas in Freud's views on man and his personality

According to Freud, the beginning and basis of a person's mental life are various instincts, drives and desires that are originally inherent in the human body. Underestimating consciousness and social environment in the process of formation and human existence. Freud argued that various biological mechanisms play a leading role in the organization of human life. In particular, he believed that in every person from birth there are incest (incest), cannibalism (cannibalism), and a desire for murder, which have a great influence on all human mental activity and behavior. Having formulated a psychoanalytic paraphrase of the Haeckel-Muller phylogenetic law, Freud insisted on the following. that the spiritual development of the individual briefly repeats the course of development of mankind, due to which in his mental structures each person bears the burden of the experiences of distant ancestors. According to Freud's teachings, instincts play the leading role in organizing human behavior. Freud's speculative theory of instincts was based on the understanding and interpretation of instincts as a "mental reflection" of the needs of the human body and as a kind of biological and mental indivisible stereotype of human behavior.

Freud argued that two universal cosmic instincts play a particularly important role in the formation of a person and his life: Eros (sexual instinct, life instinct, self-preservation instinct) and Thanatos (death instinct, aggression instinct, instinct)

Representing human life activity as a result of the struggle between the two eternal forces of Eros and Thanatos, Freud believed that these instincts are the main engines of progress. The unity and struggle of Eros and Thanatos, according to Freud, not only determine the finitude of the individual's being, but also very significantly determine the activities of various social groups, peoples and states. While engaged in the therapy of psychoneuroses and the study of the causes that give rise to them, Freud discovered neuroses, the possible cause of which was the conflict between sexual drives and desires, on the one hand, and moral and volitional limitations, on the other. In this regard, he suggested that neuroses (and other neurotic states) can arise from the suppression of erotic attraction. Taking this assumption as a proven fact, he put forward the hypothesis that a disorder of the human psyche (inevitably leading to a change in his personality) is caused either by direct erotic experiences, or by the same experiences inherited by the individual from previous generations, or by a combination of immediate and inherited experiences.

According to Freud, the bearer of the sexual instinct is the universal psychic energy, which has a sexual coloring (libido), which he sometimes interpreted as the energy of sexual attraction or sexual hunger. In Freud's theory, the concept of libido plays a very important role. Given this, it should be noted that Freud was unable to develop an unambiguous interpretation of libido and, depending on certain turns of theoretical research, interpreted libido in one sense or another. In some cases, Freud spoke of libido as a quantitatively changing force and stated that we distinguish this libido from energy, which should generally be placed in the basis of mental processes. In others, he argued that libido in its deepest basis and in the end result is only a product of the differentiation of energy acting in general in the psyche. He defined libido as sexual hunger, reflecting the sexual needs of humans and animals, as a universal sexually colored psychic energy. (Later, Freud also suggested the existence of another important moment in mental life - mortido - the drive for death, an aggressive drive.) Freud interpreted libido as an extremely powerful motivational principle that has a decisive impact on human behavior. He believed that the energy of sexual attraction can be sublimated (transformed and transferred) to various objects and find a way out in various types of human activity acceptable to the individual and society. At the same time, Freud attributed an exceptionally wide range to the forms of manifestation of libido - from elementary physiological acts to scientific and artistic creativity. Subsequently, the energy of sexual attraction and the mechanism of sublimation were proclaimed by Freud as the basis and engine of human life.

This position predetermined the nature of his teaching, one of the distinguishing features of which was pansexuality - the explanation of the phenomena of human existence mainly or exclusively by the sexual aspirations of individuals. An essential part of Freud's teaching was his theory of complexes. Borrowing from C. Jung the idea of \u200b\u200ba complex as a group of representations linked by one affect, Freud developed the concept of complexes as a set of unconscious emotionally colored representations that affect human behavior and health. Considering that the source of psychoneuroses is the peculiarities of the experience and suppression of erotic attraction, Freud paid considerable attention to the development of complexes of Oedipus, castration and inferiority. According to Freud, the Oedipus complex plays the most important role in the formation and life of a person.

Examining the dreams of his patients, Freud drew attention to the fact that a significant part of them with indignation and indignation told him about dreams, the main motive of which was sexual intercourse with Mother. Seeing a certain tendency in this, Freud suggested that such dreams give certain grounds to believe that the first social urge of a person is directed to the mother, while the first violent desire and hatred is directed to the father. This supposed unconscious attitude, the main content of which was considered to be the child's erotic attraction to the mother and the associated aggressive feeling towards the father. Freud called the Oedipus complex (Oedipus complex). The name given by Freud to this complex is not accidental. It is connected with his psychoanalytic interpretation of the Greek myth about King Oedipus in the tragedy of the same name by Sophocles, when the Theban king Oedipus, against his will and without knowing it, kills his father (Laia), marries his mother (Jocasta) and becomes the father of children who at the same time are his maternal brothers. The basic idea of \u200b\u200bFreud's interpretation of the Oedipus situation is extremely simple: the actions of King Oedipus are only the fulfillment of the desires of our childhood. According to Freud, the Oedipus complex eternally gravitates over all men - every boy experiences a sexual attraction to his mother, perceiving his father as a sexual rival whom he fears and hates. It should be emphasized that these tendencies and drives are subliminal in nature, that is, they are not recognized by their carriers. Thus, as Freud believed, in the human psyche there are diametrically opposed conscious and unconscious feelings aimed at the same object, which in itself explains the well-known inconsistency of the human mental organization. According to psychoanalytic theory, the Oedipus complex is a biopsychic phenomenon that is inherited and manifests itself in every person upon reaching a certain age. It was assumed that the typical manifestation of this complex occurs when the sexual desire reaches a certain degree of maturity and is no longer directed to its own carrier, but to the object, in the role of which the parents act. During this period of the formation of the human psyche and personality, according to Freud, the mechanism of the Oedipus complex comes into play, characterized by a clash of innate (subliminal) and acquired (realized) attitudes, depending on the outcome of which, either normal or abnormal personality development is possible, accompanied by the emergence of feelings guilt and neuroses.

4. Structural personality theory

Freud's ideas about the conflicting nature of man were developed by him in the structural theory of personality. According to this theory, personality is a contradictory unity of three interacting spheres: "It", "I" and "Super-I" ("Ideal-I", "I-ideal"), the content and action of which reflects its essence and diversity. According to Freud's teachings, the structure of the personality has a certain conjugation with the structure of the psyche. The dominant sphere of personality - "It" - is presented by Freud as a repository of unconscious, irrational reactions and impulses, biological in nature and psychobiological in manifestation. “It” is a sphere of personality that is not organized in itself, which, in relation to its other parts, nevertheless acts as a single psychological force, since its internal and external manifestations are regulated and controlled by a single principle - the principle of pleasure (pleasure).

Freud believed that in "It" there is an uncompromising struggle between Eros and Thanatos, which determines the essence of this sphere. According to Freud, "It" is a source and supplier of energy for other spheres of the personality and, forming the driving forces of the personality, is expressed, as a rule, in desires and drives.

The second sphere of personality - "I", according to Freud, comes from the Oedipus complex and, separating from "It", to a certain extent is rationality and prudence. In general terms, the “I” appears as an organized personality principle, guided in its activity by the principle of reality, which allows it to partially control the blind, irrational impulses of “It” and bring them into a certain conformity with the requirements of the external world.

The third sphere of personality - "Super-I" ("Ideal-I", "I-ideal"), according to Freud, arises on the basis of the "I" and acts as a product of culture, consisting of a complex of conscience, moral traits and norms of behavior, which control the actions of "I" and prescribe him moral models of imitation and activities in the context of higher social feelings. According to Freud's teachings, the spheres of personality are in constant interaction and have a significant impact on the functional activity of each other. One of the most important relationships of this kind - the relationship between "It" and "I" - was described by Freud as follows: "The functional importance of the" I "is expressed in the fact that in normal cases it possesses the approaches to mobility. In its relation to "It" it is like a rider who must bridle a horse superior in strength, the difference is that the rider is trying to do it on his own, and "I" - borrowed. If the rider does not want to part with the horse, then he has no choice but to lead the horse wherever the horse wants; so "I" transforms the will of "It" into action, as if it were its own will. " The constant confrontation between the three spheres of the personality is largely mitigated, according to Freud, by special "defense mechanisms" ("defense mechanisms"), formed as a result of human evolution. Insisting on the initial inconsistency and conflict of personality spheres, Freud especially emphasized the dynamic aspects of the personality's being, which was the strong point of his concept.

Attaching great importance to all spheres of personality and the mechanism of their interaction, Freud at the same time strove to link his diverse concepts and hypotheses with the theory of personality. An example of this is his concept of creativity and the doctrine of characters, which (if we proceed from the internal logic of psychoanalytic doctrine) really agree with his personality construction and complement it. According to Freud, the source of a person's creative activity is a psychological conflict, in the course of which the dominant role is played by the unconscious forces "It", which motivate creative activity. Understanding the conflict as a source of creativity led to the fact that in Freud's theory of personality, creativity appears as one of the ways to release mental conflicts and tensions, the functional transformation of which is provided by one of the most important "defense mechanisms" - "I" -sublimation.

According to Freud, as a result of sublimation, unconscious, sexually colored, repressed, unsatisfied drives and mental stresses are expressed in various creative acts of the personality. In general, the presence of a certain connection between sexuality and creativity has been noted by many researchers. In this respect, Freud's position differed from the position of other scientists mainly in the absolutization and fetishization of this connection. At the same time, it should be noted that Freud's study of the issue of the connection between creativity and neurosis allowed him not only to establish their common roots and interrelationships, but also to show the importance of creative activity as an effective means of psychotherapy. Developing the doctrine of character in the general context of personality theory, Freud came to the conclusion that a person's character is formed mainly during the first five years of life under the influence of factors of a constitutional and individual order. Emphasizing the exceptional role of childhood in shaping the character of a person, Freud suggested the existence of different types characters and their definite connection with erogenous zones.

According to Freud. this connection is expressed mainly in the influence of various erogenous zones on the formation of character as a whole or individual character traits. In this case, it will come off to stress that this classification has caused doubts and objections even among the supporters of psychoanalysis. According to Freud's hypothesis, the prehistoric primitive horde was ruled by a jealous and cruel male who banished his sons when they reached puberty and claimed his rights over the women of this horde. This conflict, as Freud believed, took place in every horde. For the time being, he did not violate the unity and harmony of the mental life of primitive man, which was distinguished by a high degree of ambivalence: children, according to Freud, hated their father, who was such a big obstacle to the satisfaction of their aspirations for power and their sexual desires, but at the same for a time they loved and admired him. But one day, seeking to satisfy their sexual desires, the conspiring brothers killed and ate their rival father. From that moment on, the harmony of the human psyche and personality came to an end. Under the influence of murder and a cannibalistic act, the "unconscious" (the bearer of incestuous and aggressive impulses) and the "I" (the bearer of prohibitions and morality) were formed in them. This splitting of the psyche and personality of primitive man was explained by Freud by the fact that, allegedly, as a result of a murder and a cannibalist act, primitive people acquired a previously unknown feeling of guilt that the brothers felt before their murdered and eaten father, and a feeling of fear of sharing his fate later.

5. Jung's personality structure

The ego is the center of consciousness of the individual, which is a component of the psyche (thoughts, feelings, perceptions, sensations), thanks to which a person feels whole and thanks to which he can see the results of his usual conscious activity.

In addition, the personal unconscious includes complexes (i.e., accumulations of emotionally charged feelings, thoughts and memories), repressed by the individual from his personal experience. Once a complex has formed, it has a great influence on a person's life and at some point can be realized.

The collective unconscious is the deepest level of personality, which contains memories and images that are inherited (which is important) from our ancestors, i.e. along with the personal unconscious, there is also the collective unconscious, which is expressed in folk tales. Jung made this conclusion by studying folklore - myths, tales of different peoples. In addition, naturally, each country has its own circle of the collective unconscious in the form of initial "psychic structures" (archetypes) that come from the depths of centuries, and, therefore, they store the most ancient experience of mankind, providing a priori readiness for perception and understanding of the world. The collective unconscious is a mental system that "has a collective universality and an impersonal nature, identical to all individuals":

Archetypes.

Person (mask) is our public face, i.e. how we show ourselves in relationships with other people. The purpose of a persona is to impress other people or to hide who they are. Jung argued that if a person uses this archetype too often, then he becomes shallow and superficial. The symbol is a mask. Shadow - hidden bad animal personality traits (socially intolerant). However, the consciousness of the shadow is necessary for the personality for the consciousness of its own imperfection. Jung viewed the shadow as a source vitality, creativity. Symbol - Satan, Hitler, etc. Anima and animus are the unconscious feminine and masculine in man and woman, respectively. These images can be recognized when they are projected in an individual and, against his will, are expressed in him. For example, anima manifests itself in the form of irrational feelings (illogical actions), excessive impressionability.

The animus manifests itself in the form of restraint, rigid organization. Symbols: anima - Virgin Mary, Mona Lisa; animus: Don Juan, Jesus Christ. The self is the most important archetype, which is the center of the personality, uniting all the components of the personality, and as a result of the development of which a person becomes harmonious and whole. The symbol is a saint's nimbus, a circle. Personal development according to Jung.

Unlike Freud, who emphasized the early years of human life as the basis for the development of personality, Jung viewed personality as an evolution throughout life. According to Jung, personality development is an attempt to acquire selfhood, the full realization of one's “I”, that is, the formation of a single and unique individual. This process is individuation, its result is personal growth or self-realization. It was this process that Jung considered the basis of human mental life.

However, this final stage is available only to highly developed and highly organized people who have unique abilities, and it is not available to most people. The irrationalistic, mystical aspects of Jung's concept were used for theological speculations, to substantiate abstract art, archaization of art, to prove the demonic, unconscious nature of artistic creativity. At the same time, Jung's work contributed to the emergence of research on comparative mythology; gained fame for his concept of psychological types: extraverted and introverted.

Literature

1. Antonovich II Sociology of the USA: problems and search for solutions. Mn., 1976.

2 .. Antonovich II Bourgeois sociological theory: A critical sketch of the main directions, concepts, categories. Part 1, II. Mn 1980, 1981.

3. Becker G., Boskov A. Modern sociological theory in its continuity and change. M., 1961.

4. Bourgeois sociology at the end of the XX century: Critique of the latest trends. 1986

5. Freud 3. Introduction to psychoanalysis: Lectures. M., 1991.

6. Freud 3. Psychoanalytic studies. Mn., 1991.

7. Freud 3. "I" and "It". Works of different years. Book. 1, 2.Tbilisi, 1991.

8. Sociology. Study guide for students. Universities under the general editorship of Prof. A.A. Gromyko. M., 1999

9. Matushkin A.V. Personality structure according to Freud.

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Fromm:

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Moscow Social Pedagogical Institute

Abstract on human psychology

Psychoanalysis about personality

Moscow 2009

Plan

1. The concept of personality in psychology

3. The theory of personality of Z. Freud

4. Periodization of personality development in the theory of Z. Freud

5. Additions to the theory of Z. Freud by other representatives of psychoanalysis

6. Let's argue with Freud!

7. The value of the theory of Z. Freud

8. Theory of Z. Freud and some religious concepts

Literature

1. The concept of personality in psychology

Today, there is no single generally accepted definition of personality. The outstanding researcher of the problems of personality theory Henry Allport highlighted various aspects of personality consideration: theological, philosophical, legal, sociological, behavioral and psychological.

An important feature of the psychological view of the problem of personality, in contrast to the interpretation of personality in other disciplines, is the postulate of the dynamic nature of personality. Although at every moment of time we are dealing with a certain stable system that can be called a personality, it is more appropriate to speak of a personality as a process rather than a result. D.A. Leontiev gives the following formulation: "Personality is a form of human existence."

I understand that personality in psychology is a set of mental processes: regulatory, such as motivation, emotions, will, attention and cognitive, such as sensation, perception, memory, thinking, speech, intellect.

2. Classification of personality theories

There are dozens of personality theories in modern psychology. As a rule, specific theories are based not only / not always on empirical knowledge, but necessarily include the axiomatic assumption that there is a person. These assumptions can hardly be rigorously proven (they are often borrowed from various directions of philosophy), and only taken in aggregate are they able to explain (and only rarely predict) the inner world and actions of a particular person. At the same time, one and the same person in one situation, or at one of the life stages, can be successfully interpreted based on the image of a person in need, created by psychoanalysis, in another situation it will be more adequate to attract the image of a self-fulfilling person and the provisions of humanistic psychology, in the third it will be necessary to use ideas about an active person (active approach).

One of the possible criteria for the classification of theories is the following alternative: is a person represented as a system striving for homeostasis (equilibrium), or as a system striving for heterostasis (imbalance, increasing uncertainty).

· Man is naturally bad and obsessed with primitive impulses. The conflict between him and society is inevitable. It is in the interests of all for society to conquer the egoistic principle in man.

· Man is naturally good, and society distorts his positive, natural essence. Conflict between a good person and a bad society is inevitable.

· Man is ambiguous by nature. The social environment can only contribute to the development of the good and the suppression of the bad in a person, and vice versa. The conflict between man and society is not inevitable and does not have a total character.

· Man is neutral by nature. The society forms it according to its own laws and likeness. There is no conflict.

So personality theories can be divided into 4 main types:

1. Homeostatic conflict-oriented

2. Homeostatic with a focus on consent.

3. Heterostatic conflict-oriented.

4. Heterostatic with a focus on consent.

Conflict-oriented homeostatic theories suggest that the presence of conflict is a burden on the person who unsuccessfully tries to resolve the conflict given to him by his own nature and return to a serene state of equilibrium.

An example of such an interpretation is the theory of Z. Freud. Conflict is inevitable here, not only due to the natural "depravity" of a person, but also because in the absence of conflict, the source of dynamics in the development of the individual disappears.

3. The theory of personality of Z. Freud

The conflict underlying the functioning of the personality can be psychosocial (when the motivational core of the personality is opposed to the demands of society) or intrapsychic (when the antagonistic motives are fighting within the motivational core). Both types of conflict are present in Freud's theory.

For Freud, the main motivational dominant of life is the desire to maximize the satisfaction of innate drives and at the same time minimize the punishment (external and internal) for this satisfaction. Freud believes that there is a single list of innate drives (trieb), which are common to all people and cannot be changed. The drives force us to act in the direction of certain objects and cannot be corrected by conscious reflections and decisions. All drives are composed of the following elements:

· Source - a specific part of the body where tension arises.

· Purpose - actions that lead to relaxation of tension.

· Stimulus - the amount of energy that causes the realization of attraction.

· Object - an object with the help of which the voltage goes into discharge. An object can be primary or partial, partial.

Freud postulated the following types of attraction as basic:

1) Life drives, biological survival needs.

2. Sexual drives, which are also biologically determined, but are not directly related to the survival of the individual.

3. Attraction to death. The goal of this drive is to achieve the final release of any tension that can be achieved only by ceasing to exist.

Over time, sexual drives, libido, Freud combines into one block with drives of life (Lieben - to live) and considers their intrapsychic conflict with destructive drives. Normally, life-affirming drives turn out to be stronger than destructive ones. With age or in unfavorable situations of development, the drive for death may prevail and find its expression in various pathologies of the personality: phobias, neuroses, aggression, sadism, masochism, fascism, suicide.

The seat of drives is "It" - the nuclear and ontogenetically the earliest structure of the personality. The infant, whose personality is reduced to "It", is selfish and hostile to anything that can restrict his drives. "It" exists according to the pleasure principle and does not take into account the interests of others. However, a child cannot independently realize his desires, he needs the help of adults, therefore he is forced to adapt to his social environment.

As you enter social relationships, they develop and differentiate following structures personalities: "I" and "Super-I".

The function of the nuclear structure of the personality "I" is to provide a person with the opportunity to satisfy his drives in the social world. The formation of "I" is associated with the differentiation of conscious and unconscious mental processes. "I" is reason and common sense, while "It" is unbridled passions. The "I" functions according to the principle of reality, i.e. tries to reconcile the unbridled instincts with real conditions and, most importantly, with the social limitations of their satisfaction.

Thus, the development of personality presupposes the emergence of a new structure, called "Super-I". This structure is a repository of social rules and norms (Freud often talks about taboos and prohibitions). According to the psychoanalytic concept, a person is by nature selfish, and society should restrain people, providing everyone with approximately equal conditions for satisfying drives. Parents are the first people who begin to punish a child for manifestations of drives that are unacceptable in this society. Because parents are stronger than a child, and society stronger than human, "I" is forced to submit to social requirements, because this is the only way to keep yourself.

Freud described three functions of the "superego": conscience, self-observation and the formation of ideals. In Freud's theory, conscience is a memory of past punishments, so that committing an antisocial act, a person experiences a sense of guilt, even if no one is objectively condemning him. The existence of a personality is the constant emergence of intrapsychic conflicts and attempts to resolve them, mostly illusory, with the help of protective mechanisms. The superego embodies psychosocial conflict.

Freud paid great attention to the topic of sexuality. This is due to the fact that, in his opinion, sexual attraction faces the greatest opposition of society and therefore becomes the source of the most significant conflicts.

So, the main function of the "I" is to try to reconcile the drives "It" and the requirements of the "Super-I" to ensure the adaptation of the subject to the external world. However, the “I” has another important function, which implements the mechanism by which an overly strict “Super-I” can be deceived, and satisfaction is achieved without feeling guilty. This mechanism is called psychological defense and facilitates the existence of a person, since temporarily reduces the intensity of the conflict. Psychological defense allows you to be aware of only a part of the drive, or not stop being aware of it at all and find a partial object for the drive that is socially acceptable.

In Freud's concept, the manifestation of the action of psychological defense is not uncommon. Moreover, all behavior is defensive. Another thing is that there are defense mechanisms that distort the reality of attraction beyond recognition and mechanisms that do it to a lesser extent. The effectiveness of the functioning of the personality depends on how the mechanisms of psychological defense cope with their task of protecting the "I" from conflicting contents and in what ways this is achieved.