Training of financial service personnel during the Great Patriotic War. The financial service of the Soviet army during the Great Patriotic War During the war, employees of financial universities

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2.3. Trials during the Great Patriotic War(1941-1945) With the beginning of the war, domestic higher education found itself in conditions of severe trials. Funding was cut three times, about 300 institutes were closed and merged, and about 150 institutes were evacuated.

Most of the teachers and students went to the front.

In the occupied territories, the Nazis destroyed more than 300 Soviet universities.

MKEI, like other Moscow universities, survived the evacuation, unification, but did not stop working during the war years. A new director was appointed - D.A. Butkov, who headed in the early 1930s. MFEI, and at MKEI he headed the department "Money, Credit and Finance of the USSR". P.P. became his deputy. Maslov. The restructuring of educational and methodological work began in connection with the transition to a shortened three-year period of study.

In October 1941, in the conditions of a sharp deterioration in the situation at the front, classes in Moscow universities were stopped. On November 3, 1941, the State Bank and the All-Union Committee for Higher Education issued an order to evacuate the institute to Saratov, where the Saratov Credit and Economic Institute, subordinated to the State Bank, was located. Classes at the MKEI stopped, the building was closed. 25 fourth year students of two departments - settlements and banking and credit - stayed in Moscow to complete their studies. They completed their studies at the Moscow Institute of National Economy. G.V. Plekhanov.

Classes resumed in Saratov in January 1942.

Of the 17 departments that operated at the MKEI before the war, 13 departments worked in Saratov. Under the conditions of evacuation, the university remained independent due to the fact that most of the teachers left with it. From SKEI only four people were involved. A.P. Polikarpov, head of the Accounting department, played a big role in organizing classes at the new place. By joining forces, the MKEI team solved the main problem - it ensured the graduation of fourth-year students. K. Pozhitnov was appointed Chairman of the State Examination Commission, and N.N. Lyubimov, A.A. Proselkov, A.P. Polikarpov and B.K. Shchurov. In April 1942 diplomas were issued to 27 young specialists.

The 1942/1943 academic year was the most difficult in the history of the ICEI due to the interruption of funding. The State Bank demanded that the SCEI perform work for the MKEI without additional payment, since "the training of MKEI students is provided for by the staffing table and budget of the Saratov Institute." This threatened the existence of the MKEI as an independent university and could lead to its entry into the SKEI, as happened with the MFEI in Leningrad before the war.

However, already in August 1943, after the victory at Stalingrad, the government decided to re-evacuate to the capital institutions, enterprises and universities, including the MKEI. P.I. was appointed the new director. Tsvetkov, and his deputy for educational and scientific work A.P. Polikarpov. By October 1943, the return of students and teachers, the return of property to Moscow from other cities was completed. Two independent courses were formed, and the training of students began at ten restored departments, and postgraduate studies were resumed. Educational and scientific work focused on solving the problems of restoring the national economy. Freshmen began to receive scholarships. In 1944–1945 more than undergraduate and graduate students studied at MKEI. Competitive exams were again introduced, only war veterans and schoolchildren who graduated with honors were exempted from them. Admission went to all courses during both semesters - former students who were demobilized from the Red Army due to injury were rehabilitated.

University life returned to normal. But the war continued, and wartime tasks were solved at the MKEI.

In 1944, an important direction was formed - the accelerated training of military financiers, "officers of the infantry reserve and financial service." A special contribution to the training of financial economists for the front was made by N.N. Rovinsky. For this work, he was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor and awarded the scientific title "For the Service Worker of Science of the RSFSR". Cooperation was established with the financial service of the Red Army, and a network of financial institutions was developed in the active army. A major role in regulating monetary circulation and maintaining its stability was played by the network of field institutions of the State Bank, where graduates of financial universities served. Subsequently, this experience formed the basis for the organization in 1947 of the military financial and economic faculty.

A feature of the work of the ICEI during the war was the active participation of teachers in the restructuring of the financial and credit system of the USSR in a military way. They were involved in consultations with the State Defense Committee, the Council for Evacuation under the Council of People's Commissars, the State Bank, the People's Commissariat of Finance, the State Planning Commission, the People's Commissariats and departments on the issues of finding financial resources for the military industry, providing assistance to evacuated enterprises and institutions, ensuring clear calculations and the strictest economy regime, regulating the issuance of banknotes. These measures played an important role in the concentration of resources, the organization of the work of the front and rear to defeat the enemy.

The war demanded a speedy revision of national economic plans. To correct them, not only party, Soviet and economic personnel were involved, but also leading economists. Already on June 30, 1941, the mobilization national economic plan for the third quarter of 1941 was adopted for execution by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Within the deadline, new military economic plans for the fourth quarter of 1941 and 1942 were developed. For this work, Professor MKEI N.N. Rovinsky, by orders of the People's Commissariat of Finance, was twice awarded with a cash prize.

From 1942 to February 1945 N.N. Rovinsky was the Deputy Head of the Budget Department of the NKF of the USSR.

In 1943–1944 on behalf of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, A.G. Zverev was preparing a post-war monetary reform. For his services during the Great Patriotic War, he was awarded the Order of Lenin.

A significant part of the teachers and students of the MKEI went to the front. Many of them died defending their Motherland.

Posthumously, the Order of Lenin was awarded to a graduate of the Moscow Institute of Economics, credit inspector of the Volyn office of the State Bank P.I. Savelyeva, who actively participated in the creation and leadership of the local underground. Volunteers who were not subject to conscription were recorded in the 13th Moscow division of the people's militia, which later became part of the combined arms rifle formations.

Many received government awards. For their courage, they were awarded the medal "For the Defense of Moscow" by D.A. Butkov, N.A. Kiparisov, N.N. Rovinsky, V.V. Shcherbakov. The Financial University remembers and is proud of its teachers and students of the war years.

The fate of the MFEI, which was part of the Faculty of Finance in the LPEI, was difficult during the war. By decision of the government, both universities were evacuated to North Caucasus in Essentuki, where 130 young specialists received diplomas on August 2, 1942. The Germans were advancing on the Caucasus, and again the universities had to be evacuated, now to Tashkent. Not all teachers and students had time to leave Essentuki, since on August 5, 1942, the city was captured by the Germans. In Tashkent, LFEI could not organize the work “due to large personnel losses” - there was no one and no one to teach. The teachers were scattered all over the country and found work in the regional financial bodies of Tashkent, Samarkand, Kuibyshev, Kazan, in numerous branches of the State Bank.

By the end of 1943, MFEI was revived as an independent institution of higher education, and ten years after MFEI was transferred to Leningrad, it returned to Moscow. It was again headed by D.A. Butkov, N.N. Rovinsky, scientific secretary - L.A. Kadyshev.

Kadyshev Lev Aleksandrovich (1908–1999) – professor at MFI. He graduated from the Moscow Institute of Economics in 1929, in 1930 he entered the graduate school of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology with a degree in Money and Credit, and in 1934 he defended his PhD thesis. He began working at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1943 as Deputy Director for Academic and Scientific Work and Associate Professor of the Department of Political Economy. L.A. Kadyshev took an active part in the post-war restoration of the university. In 1947–1951 he was vice-rector of the MFI, and in 1954-1955. - Dean of the Faculty of International Relations. He became one of the organizers of the activities of the MFI, was engaged in the selection of faculty, recruited students, organized the educational process and scientific work. In 1968

L.A. Kadyshev was elected professor at the Department of Political Economy.

In the first academic year of 1943/1944, about 70 teachers already worked at the MFEI. The departments were revived, first of all, specialized ones: “Finance of the USSR”, “Money circulation and credit of the USSR”, “Finance and credit of foreign states”, “State budget, state revenues and state insurance”, “Accounting”. They were headed by well-known scientists - Z.V. Atlas, V.P. Dyachenko, N.A. Kiparisov, G.A. Kozlov, N.N. Rovinsky. In 1944, postgraduate studies began at the MFEI. A specialized Academic Council was created, which included prominent scientists - academicians and doctors of sciences - S.G. Strumilin, I.A. Trachtenberg, A.M. Pankratova, M.I. Bogolepov, Z.V. Atlas, V.P. Dyachenko, N.A. Kiparisov, N.N. Lyubimov. The activities of the Council significantly increased the role of the MFEI in the training of highly qualified specialists, laid the foundation for the transformation of the MFEI (later the IFI) into a "forge" of financiers for public institutions and universities of the USSR.

In 1945, front-line soldiers returned to the Moscow Institute of Power Engineering and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, making up the best forces of teachers and the “backbone” of the students. Both Moscow financial universities have always remained small, they solved the same problem - they trained financiers for the post-war restoration of the national economy of the USSR. The same teachers taught in them, but there were not enough of them. Thus, the prerequisites were prepared for the merger of universities into one large one - the Moscow Financial Institute. A new period in the history of the Financial University began.

Review questions 1. What are the reasons for the revival of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology?

2. What tasks did the university solve in connection with the closure of the MPEI and the restoration of the MPEI?

3. Specify and describe the circumstances of the transfer of the MFEI to Leningrad.

4. Describe the differences in the organization and activities of departmental universities of the State Bank of the USSR - MUEI and MKEI.

5. Tell us about the organizers and teachers of financial universities in the prewar years, describe their contribution to the development of financial and economic education.

6. Highlight and indicate the main areas of activity of financial universities during the Great Patriotic War.

7. Tell us about the teachers of the MKEI and MFEI who participated in the defense of the Fatherland in 1941–1945.

8. Describe the main features of the process of restoring the MKEI and MFEI after the Great Patriotic War.

Head MOSCOW FINANCIAL INSTITUTE AND THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF ITS ACTIVITY In 1946-1964 MFI formation took place in difficult conditions of post-war development. The war brought heavy losses to the Soviet Union: 1,710 cities and 70,000 villages, tens of thousands of industrial enterprises, 100,000 collective farms and state farms, bridges, railways, railway stations, housing stock were completely or partially destroyed. Millions of people were left homeless.

The post-war decade is the time when the country returned to a peaceful, hopeful life. The processes of reconstruction of the country took place in the conditions of increased political and ideological pressure. The ideological pressure in the sphere of science and culture has especially intensified. Scholastic ideological discussions spread to science and education.

In the difficult post-war period in 1946, the Moscow Financial Institute was established on the basis of the merger of two related financial and economic universities.

Through the MKEI and MFEI, the new enlarged university adopted the traditions of financial and economic education of the 1920–1930s.

A new stage in the development of the Moscow Financial Institute fell on the period of the “Khrushchev thaw”. Mid 1950s – early 1960s. marked by profound changes in the life of the country, the processes of de-Stalinization, renewal and development of society, science, culture and education.

This set the stage for broad socio-economic reforms. But Khrushchev's reforms cannot be assessed unambiguously. A lot has been done to improve the standard of living of the Soviet people: wages have been raised, tuition fees for senior classes and universities have been abolished, pensions for collective farmers have been introduced, extensive housing construction has begun, and so on. However, the reforms were controversial. Not all of them gave the expected economic effect, which had a negative impact on the national economy and social development of the country. A number of ill-conceived transformations had a painful effect on the system higher education, including MFIs. For our institute, the Khrushchev decade was a difficult time of formation, when the foundations were laid for the further development of the university.

3.1. Establishment and activities of the Moscow Financial Institute in the first postwar decade On September 17, 1946, two Moscow universities, MFEI and MKEI, were merged by decision of the Soviet government. As a result of their merger, the Moscow Financial Institute was established, which is located in the building of the former MKEI at Tserkovnaya Gorka, 30. The process of merging the two universities took several months and took place from November 1946 to February 1947 under the leadership of acting. director D.A. Butkov.

In June 1947, a new director of the MFI, N.N. Rovinsky, in this position he worked until his death on June 22, 1953. Nikolai Nikolaevich showed himself to be a brilliant teacher of higher education, a man of high culture and great erudition, a theorist and practitioner in the field of economics, finance, and especially budgeting. D.A. was appointed Deputy Director for Scientific and Educational Work. Allahverdyan.

Allahverdyan Derenik Akopovich (1906–1987) – doctor of economic sciences, professor. In 1932 he graduated from the economic department of the Moscow Pedagogical Institute, and then postgraduate studies. Since 1935 D.A. Allahverdyan taught political economy. In 1946 D.A. Allahverdyan - Deputy Director of the MFI for scientific and educational work, in 1947-1949. - Dean of the Faculty of International Financial Relations, in 1951-1961. - Deputy director for scientific work. In 1959 D.A. Allahverdyan was awarded the degree of Doctor of Economics. For several years he headed the Department of Finance, was one of the authors of the textbook "Finance of the USSR". From 1975 he worked at the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

The main reason for the creation of MFIs as "enlarged"

the university became an acute shortage of economists and financiers for the resurgent national economy of the country. Therefore, when creating the MFI, the task was set: at least two thousand students and at least 60 graduate students should study at the university. However, the first post-war enrollment was less than 1,900 students. For the most part, these were front-line soldiers, war invalids, graduates of the workers' faculty, whose age was 30–40 years. Many of them experienced difficulties due to a break in their studies, but they were overcome by numerous consultations that were given to them by IFI teachers.

Four faculties were formed at the MFI: Finance and Economics (FEF), Credit and Economics (CEF), Accounting and Economics (UEF), and the Faculty of International Financial Relations (IFO), as well as 17 departments. In 1951, the Faculty of Mechanization of Accounting and Computing was established.

In the postwar period, the army and navy were in dire need of highly qualified financiers. The leadership of the Moscow Financial Institute, despite organizational difficulties, lack of premises, shortage of teaching staff, agreed to the USSR Ministry of Defense to establish in 1947 the Military Faculty at the MFI to train officers of the financial service.

More than half of the disciplines were read to its listeners by MFI teachers. The military faculty became an independent university only in 1998.

At the stage of formation of the MFI, the lack of teaching staff was an acute problem, without solving which the institute could not develop a full-scale work on the training of financiers. For example, there were only two teachers at the Department of Insurance: the head, Professor G.I. Boldyrev and associate professor V.S. Gokhman. By the end of the first post-war academic year, there were 129 teachers at the university, and in 1950 there were already 170 teachers.

The departments were headed by eminent scientists and educators, who combined teaching activities with practical work in Soviet authorities, economic and financial institutions. Professor Z.V. Atlas successfully combined scientific work with the head of the department of money circulation and credit, the head of the department of international financial settlements was Professor N.N. Lyubimov. In 1920–1930 N.N. Lyubimov is an employee of Narkomfin, an expert in the field of finance at international negotiations, including at the Genoa Conference. The Department of Statistics was headed by P.P. Maslov is the author of numerous scientific papers on the theory and practice of statistical research. Academicians S.G. Strumilin and I.A. Trachtenberg.

Young lecturers were attracted to the institute, the best of those who graduated from the graduate school of the Moscow Institute of Economics and Technology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and Moscow Physics Institute.

Among them are F.P. Vasin, I.V. Levchuk, L.N. Krasavina, N.P. Kopeikin, P.S. Nikolsky.

In the postwar years, higher educational institutions were entrusted with the task of intensified ideological and political educational work. The teaching of all disciplines without exception had a pronounced ideological character.

The main task of the MFI departments, as in pre-war times, remained educational and methodological work. Their attention was focused on the problems of teaching the basic disciplines: "Political Economy", "Finance", "Money, Credit, Banks", "Accounting", "People's Economic Planning". Problems in the organization of the educational process were successfully overcome. Students who missed classes or were not prepared for them had to report on the missed topic at the consultation. Control was exercised over the notes of lectures and seminars of students.

In 1946–1955 work on the preparation of textbooks and teaching aids has intensified. Tutorials out:

"Financial control" (N.N. Rovinsky), "Analysis of the economic activity of industrial enterprises"

(I.A. Sholomovich), "Accounting Course"

(E.I. Gleikh), "Organization of lending and settlements"

(M.M. Usoskin), as well as textbooks on money circulation and credit (Z.V. Atlas), on financial systems foreign countries(N.N. Lyubimov). In total, by the 1950/1951 academic year, 51 manuals were published.

Sholomovich Iosif Aronovich (1904–1956) – doctor of economic sciences, professor. In 1921–1925 studied at the Kharkov Institute of National Economy. In 1920–1930 worked in the financial and banking system of the USSR. From 1944 until the end of his life he taught at the MFI. The first head of the department of accounting and analysis of economic activity. He was a talented organizer and a brilliant lecturer. I.A. Sholomovich is the author of monographs, textbooks and teaching aids on the analysis of economic activity for universities and technical schools. His graduate students became famous scientists and lecturers at MFIs. Among them: Doctor of Economics, prof. A.A. Dodonov, PhD in Economics, Assoc. M.I. Ofitserova, Ph.D., Assoc. A.P. Kononov, Ph.D., prof. F.P. Vasin and others.

The educational and methodological work of the MFI was closely connected with the scientific activities of teachers. During the first years, several dozen monographs were published at the MFI, and about 200 scientific articles were published. Topical methodological issues of financial sciences and methods of their teaching were regularly discussed at scientific conferences, meetings of the Academic Council, individual departments (for example, in 1951, inter-departmental discussions were held on the topic: “On the essence and functions of Soviet finance”). This work is still an integral part of the work to improve the quality of teaching at our university.

Research work with students (NIRS) was actively carried out. For this purpose, a scientific student society (SSO) was created at the institute, scientific circles worked at the departments, following the results of which scientific student conferences were held, and the best student works were sent to competitions. Experienced teachers, including the director of the institute, were involved in the leadership of scientific student circles. Thus, it was during these years that the traditions of scientific research were laid, which are still developing today.

Research priorities were clearly defined – the development of relevant scientific topics, the generalization of best practices, the introduction of scientific research into the economy, and the provision of assistance to production. This involved close contacts between MFI teachers and enterprises and financial and credit institutions. In the late 1940s - early 1950s. this cooperation has taken various forms. Thus, MFI teachers contributed to the improvement of the forms of settlement operations of financial and credit institutions and enterprises;

developed a new procedure for accounting for labor and wages at the Rostokinsk fur factory, which noticeably intensified its work. MFI scientists consulted employees of financial and credit institutions.

During the 1949/1950 academic year alone, more than 50 lectures were delivered, dozens of consultations were held on economic and financial issues at enterprises, in financial bodies and banks.

Great importance was given to the industrial practice of students. It was held at the Ministry of Finance of the USSR and the Ministry of Finance of the RSFSR, the State Bank, the Board of Ingosstrakh, at enterprises and institutions of the capital, and local financial authorities. Thus, in 1950, during their internship, students of the fourth year of the KEF wrote 247 conclusions on the annual reports of the clientele credited by the State Bank, analyzed the interim balance sheets of 229 enterprises, and drew up conclusions on the issuance of short-term loans by the State Bank. In the Moscow branch of the Agricultural Bank, IFI interns carried out research work on the use of long term loans. According to the practice leaders, MFI students had a satisfactory theoretical background and were able to apply it in practice. But there were also shortcomings, there was an overload of the practice program, the need to focus on the economic side of the work of financial and credit authorities.

In the first postwar years, the institute's material base was quite modest. There was not enough classroom fund - for 72 groups there were only three lecture halls, 18 auditoriums and nine classrooms. Classes were conducted in two shifts, sometimes even in departments. The institute was poorly heated - on some winter days the temperature did not exceed 10o, and the students sat in their coats during classes.

There were not enough textbooks, notebooks, chairs and classrooms, school desks had to be used. As a hostel, MFI had four two-story barracks in the Alekseevsky campus (now Galushkina street). After the war, about 400 students lived in them, but there were not enough places, and the administration of the institute rented beds for almost 700 people from “deliverers” in different parts of Moscow. In 1978, a new hostel building was built on the site of the old barracks.

Until 1947, students, like all Soviet people, received food on cards. The institute canteen also fed students on ration cards. Thanks to the subsistence farm in the Vladimir region, students were sometimes given an additional portion of potatoes or porridge.

Thus, the period of formation of the MFI took place in a difficult post-war decade. The university experienced the difficulties of that time, but, despite them, it consistently developed. The achievement of those years was the creation of the structure of the university in the form of faculties and departments, the development of curricula and programs, the publication of textbooks and scientific papers, which laid the foundation for the growth of MFIs in subsequent years. An important moment in the life of the MFI was the adoption in 1947 of the Charter.

3.2. Lecturers and scientists of MFIs - participants in the development of the monetary reform of 1947 After the Great Patriotic War, in 1946, the fourth five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy was adopted. It provided for the restoration of the most affected territories of the Soviet Union, the achievement of the pre-war level of development and further economic growth. These plans were developed by the Soviet government in the conditions of the most difficult consequences of the war, huge human and material losses. In 1946–1947 famine broke out in the country, the causes of which were not only drought, but also additional grain procurements. The rationing system of product distribution, introduced with the outbreak of war, was maintained, and the bread quotas on rationing cards were even reduced.

At the same time, the Soviet people felt themselves victorious, liberators of Europe from fascism, citizens of a great power. The Soviet leadership understood that in these difficult post-war conditions, the distribution of products by cards could not be maintained for a long time.

It was necessary to abolish cards and restore retail trade. However, the situation was aggravated by the breakdown of the financial system: the emission of the ruble to cover military expenditures increased significantly, while the mass of goods fell sharply due to the transfer of industry to a war footing.

The monetary reform in December 1947 was aimed at solving the most important tasks of post-war development. Officially, the reform was justified by the need to combat "speculative elements" who took advantage of the large gap between state and market prices. There was also widespread information about the flooding of channels of circulation with counterfeit rubles introduced by the Nazis in the temporarily occupied Soviet territories.

Even at the end of the war, a number of Soviet economists made a profound analysis of the state of the USSR's finances and the prospects for withdrawing paper pulp from circulation. Among the developers of the monetary reform were teachers of the Moscow Credit and Economic Institute - M.M. Usoskin and S. B. Barngolts;

the reform was headed by the People's Commissar for Finance of the USSR A.G. Zverev.

Usoskin Mark Mikhailovich (1903–1966) – professor. Graduated from the Odessa Institute of National Economy. In the 1920s worked in the system of the State Bank of the USSR, taught at the Odessa Institute of National Economy and the Odessa Credit and Economic Institute of the State Bank of the USSR, where he held the positions of head of the department, deputy director of the university. Since 1941, he taught at the Moscow Institute of Economics, headed the department "Organization and technique of credit business". From the moment of the building of the MFI and until 1962, M.M. Usoskin headed the Department of Credit.

At the same time, from 1941 to 1959, he worked as deputy head of the Planning and Economic Department of the State Bank of the USSR, senior consultant, expert of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR. One of the developers of the monetary reform of 1947. Among those developed by M.M. Usoskin problems also include fundamental questions of the theory of the boundaries of credit. Based on the analysis of the turnover of working capital of enterprises, he scientifically substantiated the economic boundaries of own funds and credit. Theoretical developments of M.M. Usoskin formed the basis of the regulatory documents of the State Bank and instructive materials for the banking system. A significant contribution was made by M.M. Usoskin in the theory of cashless payments. For the first time, he singled out the principles of organization of the system of cashless payments, proposed new criteria for classifying the forms of cashless payments depending on the method of payment and the characteristics of the circulation of working capital.

The monetary reform was carried out as soon as possible (two weeks) under the following conditions. All cash in hand of the population, enterprises and institutions was exchanged in relation to 10 rubles. old sample per rub. new model 1947. In this case, recalculation of the dimensions wages and the income of collective farmers was not produced. Prices for some goods fell, while others remained the same.

Deposits of the population up to 3 thousand rubles. exchanged in a ratio of 1: 1, deposits from 3 to 10 thousand rubles. - in a proportion of 3: 2, and the amount is more than 10 thousand rubles. - in a ratio of 2: 1. All deposits, regardless of their size, were frozen until 1951. The money that was in the hands of citizens was exchanged for banknotes of a new type in the amount of 1 thousand rubles. Collective farm deposits were recalculated at the rate of 5:4. Bonds of pre-war loans were exchanged at a ratio of 3:1, and the interest on them was reduced to 2%. Thus, most of the paper pulp was withdrawn, some was temporarily withdrawn from circulation.

Frozen deposits allowed the state to redistribute funds that were directed to the restoration and development of heavy industry in the first place.

Barngolts Sarra Bentsionovna (1908–2002) – doctor of economic sciences, professor. She graduated from the Kiev Institute of Finance and Economics, studied at the Historical and Philological Institute, worked in the Kyiv regional office of a bank. In 1936–1940 studied at the graduate school of the MKEI, worked in the system of the State Bank, participated in the development of the monetary reform of 1947.

S.B. Barngolts was one of the founders and authors of the journals Accounting and Money and Credit. Since 1962, she began teaching at MFIs, heading the Department of Economic Activity Analysis. Many of her students and graduate students are currently faculty at the Financial University. S. B. Barngolts published more than 200 works, made a great contribution to the development of the theory of economic analysis of economic activity and the development of practical analytical work at industrial enterprises and credit institutions.

The first results of the reform were summed up by A.A. Korovushkin, as well as M.M. Usoskin and V.M. Batyrev. In the report to the People's Commissar of Finance A.G. Zverev noted that the flow of cash to the cash desks of the State Bank increased, and their expenses decreased, deposits increased sharply, and commodity turnover increased. Based on this, the People's Commissariat of Finance summed up the results of the monetary reform of 1947, noting that the tasks set were solved, the consequences of the war in the field of monetary circulation were eliminated, the public debt was reduced, and the expenditures of the state budget of the USSR related to it were reduced. It was emphasized in particular that the reform created the prerequisites for strengthening the economic levers of the Soviet state.

In December 1947 cards were abolished in the USSR.

The contraction of the money supply made it possible to eliminate the shortage of basic consumer goods. Over the following years, the state reduced retail prices in the system of state trade. A further consequence of the reform was the appreciation of the ruble against foreign currencies and its transfer to a gold basis. Foreign trade with the socialist countries received an impulse to develop, which expanded the scope of the ruble and, in turn, strengthened it.

The scientific assessment of the monetary reform was given by Professor MKEI - MFI V.P. Dyachenko in his article "The Soviet Monetary Reform of 1947", published in 1948 in the journal "Economic Issues". This work of one of the oldest teachers is widely cited in our time.

The modern assessment of the monetary reform of 1947 is ambiguous. It is recognized that it was carried out at the expense of the population and was of a confiscation nature. The blow fell on the workers, collective farmers and employees who did not have significant savings - after all, it was not the surplus that was reduced many times over, but the entire cash balance. The positive results of the reform were achieved due to the refusal of the Soviet state from its obligations on internal loans and the redistribution of funds of ordinary citizens. The reform became one of the means of implementing forced industrial development in the postwar years.

3.3. Moscow Financial Institute during the "thaw"

A new stage in the development of the Moscow Financial Institute is associated with the socio-economic reforms that were carried out in the USSR in the mid-1950s and early 1960s. Khrushchev's reforms were carried out in the education system as well. The 1958 Law "On Strengthening the Connection of School with Life" outlined the path of transformation in the system of secondary and higher education. The adopted law required changes in the structure and organization of the educational process at MFIs. Three forms of student education were established: full-time, for four years and six months, and evening education, with a five-year term of study on the job. Another form of education was evening-full-time with the same period of study as in the full-time department. It was designed for persons accepted by competition and not having two years of work experience. The first year they worked and studied in the evening department, and from the second year they switched to full-time education.

The creation of evening and evening-full-time forms of education required the organization of an evening faculty at the MFI. With the beginning of its work in 1956, the question arose of attracting trained applicants and of increasing the competition for the institute. To this end, teachers and graduate students annually carried out career guidance in schools and enterprises, went on business trips around the country to attract talented youth to the university. Preparatory courses were organized to assist applicants to MFIs. They were conceived to help production workers entering the evening department, but soon they began to accept students who were preparing to enter the full-time department.

With a new organizational structure, the Institute entered the 1959/1960 academic year. As a result of the work carried out, the influx of young people from production has increased;

the curricula of academic disciplines were revised and adjusted in the direction of their greater practical significance for future financiers;

the connection between science and education and the practice of financial and credit institutions, industrial and agricultural enterprises has intensified.

To strengthen the practical component in the professional education of specialists in the financial and credit sphere, to give lectures, supervise diploma theses and work practice of graduates, practitioners were invited - employees of banks and financial institutions, directors of factories, state farms and collective farms, who had experience in the economy. MFI departments conducted excursions to VDNKh, to the Polytechnic Museum, institutions of the State Bank, to industrial enterprises, such as, for example, "Borets", "Sickle and Hammer", automobile plant named after. Likhacheva and others. Consistent implementation of such a system of training specialists brought positive results.

However, some administrative changes had a painful effect on the life of universities. The confusion was caused by the liquidation in September 1953 of the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR and the creation in its place of the Ministry of Culture. All institutions, including MFIs, were reassigned to him. Before the work of the new ministry had time to normalize, in March 1954 both the federal and republican ministries of higher education were restored. Until June 1959, MFI was subordinate to the USSR Ministry of Higher Education, and then it was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Higher Education of the RSFSR. In October 1966

he again passed under the control of the Union Ministry.

Such a "reformist leapfrog" gave rise to a series of reorganizations in MFIs - there were liquidations and restorations, mergers and separations of faculties and departments. All this had a negative impact on the work of the institute staff. Thus, in 1954, the MFO faculty was closed “due to a decrease in the need for specialists in the financial and economic profile.” In 1955, FEF and KEF were merged into a single financial and economic faculty.

The departments of mechanized accounting and technical disciplines in 1956 were merged into the department of mechanized accounting, and in 1957 it merged with the department of accounting.

In 1963, this department was divided into three structures - accounting, business analysis (AHD) and calculating machines and their operation. The same situation was with the Department of the Russian Language, established in 1956. In 1959, it was liquidated "due to the reduction of the teaching load", but in 1961

restored, and in 1969 liquidated again.

Currently, the Department of the Russian Language at the Financial University performs important functions of preparing foreign students for full involvement in the educational process, improves the culture of speech of Russian students.

The Department of Finance experienced the greatest number of reorganizations. Within four years - from January 1956 - it was reorganized four times.

The transformations required the revision of curricula, the redistribution of teaching hours, and so on. The teaching staff of MFIs, working in such unstable conditions, continued to ensure the full scope of the educational process. A great merit in this belongs to the rector V.V. Shcherbakov, who headed the MFI in August 1953 and worked in this position for 32 years until the end of his life.

Under the leadership of V.V. Shcherbakov, the work of the institute has improved significantly. In 1950–1960 MFI has achieved important results in educational activities.

The support of the rector in this work was the leading teachers of the Institute, among them G.M. Tatsiy, I.D. Sher, F.W. Konshin, M.R. Azarkh, G.N. Manzheev, I.D. Zlobin and others.

Tatsiy Grigory Mikhailovich (1911–1992) – doctor of economic sciences, professor. In 1939 he graduated from the Accounting and Economics Department of the Ukrainian Institute of Soviet Trade. Member of the Great Patriotic War. After graduating from graduate school, he worked in the apparatus of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the USSR, taught at the Moscow Institute of National Economy. G.V. Plekhanov, at the All-Union Correspondence Institute of Soviet Trade. He worked at MFI from 1961 to 1987. Until 1976, he was Vice-Rector for Research. G.M. Tatsiy was an excellent organizer and teacher, a talented scientist. Since 1976, he worked as a professor, then as a consultant of the department "Analysis of economic activity" of the MFI. Before retiring in 1987, he did a lot of research work and supervised graduate students.

In 2011, the Financial University celebrated the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor G.M. Tatsia.

Innovations in the educational work of IFIs have yielded positive results. Curricula of general and special disciplines were revised;

updated coursework and theses, organization of industrial practice;

the scientific work of students was developed;

increased methodological work. For example, the Department of Lithoconomies of the MFI, together with a similar department of the Faculty of Economics, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov prepared a new curriculum in political economy.

Since the 1956/1957 academic year, a serious revision of the principles of methodological work began. Overcoming duplication of program material in related sciences: political economy - the history of the national economy - the history of the CPSU;

finance - the state budget;

theory of accounting - accounting of sectors of the national economy. The number of classroom lessons was reduced and the time for independent work of students was increased. For example, the lecture course of the discipline "Finance and Credit" was reduced by 20 hours, "Money Circulation and Credit" - by 18 hours. For senior students, one day a week was released for independent work.

Konshin Fedor Vasilyevich (1906-1979) - Doctor of Economics, Professor. In 1927 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of National Economy.

G.V. Plekhanov, majoring in economics and insurance. Until 1951, he worked in the bodies of the State Insurance, held the position of deputy head of the Gosstrakh Department, and at the same time worked in the NIFI of the USSR Ministry of Finance. With the introduction of the training program for insurers at MFIs, he conducted classes in the discipline “State insurance in the USSR”. F.V. Konshin is the author of textbooks on state insurance. In the 1950s the textbook “State Insurance in the USSR” prepared by him was the only one in the country.

To this day, the section “Financial stability and insurance maximums” has not lost its relevance, which shows the possibilities of using the financial stability ratio to determine the maximum value of the insurer's own retention. This coefficient of financial stability is called the “Konshin coefficient”.

An innovation in the 1963/1964 academic year was the building of the country's first department for the analysis of economic activities of enterprises (AE). The initiator of its creation and the first head was one of the leading domestic experts in this field, Candidate of Economic Sciences G.N. Manzheev. It should be noted that the organization of the department was of great importance for the further development of this young branch of economic science that arose at the junction of a number of scientific disciplines.

Since the late 1950s MFIs actively introduced technical teaching aids into the educational process: cinema and overhead projectors, tape recorders, which helped to increase the effectiveness of the educational process. Many departments created methods for the use of technical means in relation to their disciplines, analyzed their implementation in the educational process. Since 1956, educational films have been widely used in the educational process at our university. Only in 1961 were educational films shown. These were the initial steps towards the introduction of new technical teaching aids in MFIs.

In connection with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 1961 “On improving the study foreign languages» At the institute, considerable attention began to be paid to the teaching of foreign languages. Already in the 1961/1962 academic year, a language laboratory was equipped. The teachers of the department prepared two scenarios in English and German on the history of Moscow, student conferences and evenings of rest were held in foreign languages, a circle worked in English for teachers and employees of MFIs. Such innovative work of the Department of Foreign Languages ​​has become a good tradition in our university;

and today the seminar for teachers of the University "Methodology and methods of teaching financial and banking disciplines in foreign languages" enjoys great success.

In 1955, FEF and UEF introduced the practice of defending theses. Employees of the State Bank, Vneshtorgbank, Stroybank, etc. were involved as scientific supervisors. Director of the institute V.V. Shcherbakov positively assessed the first experience of working with graduate students.

To consolidate the successes, it was proposed to publish the best theses in the form of a collection or recommend them for use in the practical work of banks, organizations and enterprises. Since 1958, the defense of diploma papers written on the materials of the activities of enterprises and institutions of the capital, including the offices of the Prombank of Moscow, the city offices of the State Bank, began to be practiced. Often theses were prepared at the request of enterprises. In the 1962/1963 academic year, 23 students wrote them, and the next year there were 37 students.

Both in the pre-war years and in the first post-war decade, the most important area of ​​activity of the MFIs was the scientific work of teachers and students.

In the era of the “thaw”, the emphasis was placed on the connection of science with practice, the provision of scientific assistance to financial banking institutions and industrial enterprises.

Sher Isaak Dmitrievich (1900–1973), Doctor of Economics, professor, was a member of the Academic Council of the Moscow Financial Institute. Graduated from the economic department of the North Caucasus University. He worked in the field of cooperation, the banking system. In the 1930s taught at the Rostov Financial and Economic Institute, VZFEI. During the war years, he worked in the structure of the Prombank of the USSR. Since 1943 I.D. Sher taught at MFEI - MFI. He headed the department of the state budget, and since 1958 the department "Finance of branches of the national economy and financing of capital investments". I.D. Cher was the author of a textbook on the financing and lending of capital investments, and took part in the work on the textbooks "Money Circulation and Credit" and "Finances of the USSR". In 1968, on the initiative of I.D. Sher, a research laboratory for the economics and finance of capital construction of the Stroybank of the USSR was created at the MFI. Under his leadership, 22 candidates of economic sciences were trained.

The leadership of the institute and departments sought to ensure the scientific and practical significance of candidate and doctoral dissertations. The successful solution of this problem was facilitated by the fact that the specialized departments were headed by scientists who had extensive experience in practical work. Among them, I.D. Zlobin, head of the department "Finance", I.D. Sher, head of the department “Finance of branches of the national economy and financing of capital investments”. They provided their employees with real assistance in the development topical issues financial and economic science. As a result, the topics and forms of scientific activity of the teaching staff became more and more diverse, a close connection between science and education and the needs of the national economy was ensured, and the tradition of connecting the MFI staff with industrial enterprises, institutions of the financial and credit system.

Zlobin Ivan Danilovich (1904–1993) – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Deputy Minister of Finance of the USSR in 1948–1959. Participated in the Civil War, fought with gangs in Makhachkala, Ukraine. He worked as a turner. In 1924 he was sent to the Rabfak Leningrad State University, then sent to the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, where he also studied in graduate school. In 1934, after defending his Ph.D. thesis, he was the executive editor of Gosfinizdat, director of the NIFI, and head of the Foreign Exchange Department. During the war years, he simultaneously headed the Precious Metals Administration of the Narkomfin of the USSR. In 1942–1944 worked as an expert, was a member of the Soviet delegation at the International Bretton Woods Monetary and Financial Conference. In subsequent years, he was chairman of the Soviet part of the International Organization to Combat Counterfeiting Banknotes (Interpol). Pre began serving in 1931. From 1963 to 1975 he headed the Department of Finance at the MFI. He published scientific monographs, textbooks and teaching aids, was a member of the Academic Councils at MGIMO of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of National Economy named after. G.V. Plekhanov. I.D. Zlobin had 11 government awards, including for participation in the Civil War. In the name of I.D. Zlobin named one of the auditoriums of the Financial University.

Special attention during these years, attention was paid to attracting young people to scientific work. Students were involved in scientific research work through the scientific student society (SSO), the work of scientific circles, industrial practice, and theses. Publication in 1950–1960 collection "Scientific notes of students"

gave talented students the opportunity to publish their scientific research and development.

An important innovation of student scientific creativity was the creation in 1963 at the Moscow firm "Lira" of the student bureau of economic analysis (StudBEA), which worked on a voluntary basis.

The head of the bureau was S.B. Barngolz. Members of StudBEA prepared proposals for improving the economic activity of enterprises that were part of the association, helped in carrying out preparatory work to the introduction of piecework wages, advised on the financial and economic activities of the company.

The growth of young scientific personnel was carried out in the graduate school of MFI. Experienced teachers of the Institute were involved in the supervision of postgraduate students, who prepared postgraduate students not only for scientific work, but also for pedagogical activity.

It should be noted that the scientists of the institute took an active part in both research and practical work, and responded vividly to the problems economic life countries. Since the mid 1950s. The practice of scientific work of MFIs includes joint development of topical problems in finance and credit with employees of banks, the Ministry of Finance and other institutions. For example, in connection with the creation of economic councils, in the 1958/1959 academic year, the Department of Finance, together with the Ministry of Finance of the RSFSR, worked on the topic "Issues of budget planning in the context of restructuring the management of industry and construction." The joint work resulted in recommendations to the Ministry of Finance to improve the planning of the turnover tax.

In the Khrushchev decade, the development of scientific work at the MFI led to the formation of a galaxy of scientists who had a great influence on the educational process and the training of a new generation of teachers and scientists at the MFI. This is M.S. Atlas, S.B. Barngolts, M.Z. Bohr, A.G. Gryaznova, L.N. Krasavina, O.I. Lavrushin, D.S. Molyakov, P.S. Nikolsky, V.M. Rodionova, V.S. Rozhnov, V.N. Salin, E.A. Simonyan, G.P. Solus, M.M. Usoskin, I.D. Sher, M.K. Shermenev, I.A. Sholomovich, E.I. Shokhin, N.S. Shumov and others.

Rozhnov Vladimir Sergeevich (1928–1992) – Doctor of Economics, Professor, was a member of the working group of the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR to determine the quality of methodological developments in accounting, Deputy Chairman of the Scientific and Methodological Council of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs and SSO, Chairman of the VSNTO Commission on Accounting Problems. In 1952, he graduated from the MFI, postgraduate studies at our university, since 1955 he was a teacher at the MFI at the Department of Calculating Machines and Their Operation, from 1963 to 1985 he was in charge of the Department of Automated Processing of Economic Information. From 1985 to 1992 - Pro-Rector for Research. In 1972 he defended his doctoral dissertation. Guided graduate students. V.S. Rozhnov published textbooks and tutorials on computer processing of information, computers and programming. V.S. Rozhnov took an active part in the Soviet-Italian meetings on economics, advised foreign experts on the economic aspects of computerization and informatization. He was a member of the Central Board of the "USSR - Italy" society.

Since the 1960s new form scientific research work MFIs have become complex topics, the study of which involved teachers from several departments.

For example, the topics “Problems of Financial Planning” and “Financial Relationships between Socialist Enterprises and the State” were developed by lecturers from the Departments of Finance, Monetary Circulation and Credit, Finance of the National Economy Branches (FONH), Credit Affairs, National Economic Planning and Industrial Economics in cooperation with the NIFI and the USSR Ministry of Finance. Students and graduate students were also involved in them. In the course of this work, research was carried out at enterprises and institutions. The results of scientific developments, as a rule, had an applied character and were usually reported at scientific conferences, and then transferred to the Ministry of Finance and the State Bank of the USSR for use in practical work. In 1961, following the results of work on the topic “Problems of financial planning”, a conference was held, in which the Minister of Finance of the USSR V.F. Garbuzov.

As in previous decades, the leading scientists of the MFI - Z.V. Atlas, D.A. Allahverdyan, R.D. Vinokurova, V.S. Gerashchenko, M.M. Usoskin, G.A. Schwartz et al. were regularly involved in scientific consultations on economic issues in state bodies.

Gerashchenko Vladimir Sergeevich (1905–1995) – doctor of economic sciences, professor, statesman. In 1929 he graduated from the Faculty of Economics of the Leningrad University, after serving in the army he entered the graduate school of the LFEI and at the same time worked in the Leningrad regional office of the State Bank. Having defended his Ph.D. thesis, he became the head of the Department of Money Circulation and Credit at LFEI. He was the director of the Rostov Financial and Economic Institute. Since 1940 V.S. Gerashchenko was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR. Participated in the Potsdam and Paris peace conferences, worked at the UN.

From 1948 to 1958 he again served as Deputy Chairman of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR. Coming to MFI in 1958, he defended his doctoral dissertation and from 1962 to 1975 headed the department of monetary circulation and credit. Edited by V.S. Gerashchenko published a number of university textbooks:

"Money circulation and credit", "Organization and planning of credit", "Organization and planning of monetary circulation".

On the whole, scientific research by teachers, graduate students, and students of MFIs, closely related to the needs of the country's national economy, produced an economic effect and provided real assistance to financial and credit institutions and enterprises in their practical work.

During the period 1950 - mid-1960s. started to change to better life MFI students. However, there was still a shortage of classrooms, laboratories, classrooms and workshops, classes were held in three shifts:

from 9 am to 11 pm. On average, one student in those years accounted for 1 square. m area. The hostel, as in the first post-war decade, was located in two-story barracks with stove heating. But students have always been inventive and cheerful people. In 1961, they organized the Student Council of the hostel, student committees (student committees) in its buildings, and elders were elected in the rooms. To maintain cleanliness and order, self-service was carried out, competitions were organized and held for the best room, the best building.

More attention was paid to the health of students.

This was facilitated by both the management of the MFI and the students themselves.

Since 1957, a first-aid post began to work at the institute, students were given vouchers to sanatoriums and at home from rest. In 1959, a sports and recreation camp was put into operation in the Kashirsky district of the Moscow region. Compulsory work for four hours a day at the state farm, at which the camp was organized, became a sign of that time. In 1962, a sports camp was opened near Odessa.

Thus, the Moscow Financial Institute, created immediately after the war, despite the difficulties of the recovery period, the poverty of the material and technical base, numerous reorganizations during the Khrushchev reforms, took shape by the mid 1960s. as a leading university for training specialists for the financial and credit system of the USSR. The scientists of the Institute took a direct part in the preparation of the monetary reform of 1947, laying the foundation for close cooperation with state financial bodies. In the future, this trend developed and had a positive impact on the level of training of specialists in financiers. The MFI took its rightful place in the system of financial and economic education of the country, successfully solved organizational and educational and methodological problems, and contributed to the development of Soviet economic science. MFI activities in 1946–1964 served as a basis for the further development of the university.

Review questions 1. What were the characteristics of the organization of IFIs in the first post-war decade?

2. Indicate which financial and economic universities were the basis for organizing the educational and scientific work of MFIs.

3. What role did the IFI teachers play in the preparation of the 1947 monetary reform?

4. Describe the main activities of the MFIs in 1946 - early 1950s.

5. Describe the most important innovations in the activities of MFIs during the “thaw”.

6. Analyze the main directions of scientific work at the MFI in the period 1950 - early 1960s.

7. What changes in student life (study, everyday life, recreation) have occurred over the two post-war decades?

8. Tell us about famous MFI teachers from 1950 to early 1960s, their educational and scientific work.

Chapter EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC LIFE of MFIs in 1965-1984 In the history of our country, the second half of the 1960s - early 1980s. was a time of relative stability. The leadership of the USSR, headed by L.I. Brezhnev set a course for political stability, for economic development, which did not affect the most important areas of the country's life, without abandoning the administrative-command system.

Economic reform known as "Kosygin"

(named after the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A.N. Kosygin), began in September 1965. The reform envisaged the expansion of economic rights and financial independence of enterprises, the introduction of economic contractual relations into practice. Her start was promising.

Economic performance 1966–1970 turned out to be the best for all the previous five-year periods. However, the inconsistency in the implementation of the reform led in the early 1970s. to its folding;

the consequences of this decision were painfully reflected in the entire next decade of the development of our country.

The USSR was lagging behind the world powers in the field of scientific and technological progress. In Soviet society, there was an urgent need for renewal. But the country's leadership refused to reform the economy, realizing that economic changes could lead to the elimination of the entire socio-political system. As a result, negative phenomena intensified in economic life, and social tension increased.

The deterioration of affairs in the national economic life was accompanied by an intensification of ideological propaganda. A course was proclaimed to complete the construction of "developed socialism".

At that time, the activities of IFIs were determined by the directives of the sectoral ministry and were based on five-year and annual plans. Party and state resolutions “On the further development of research work in higher educational institutions”, “On the state and measures to improve the training of economic personnel for industry and construction in the RSFSR”, “On measures to further improve higher education in the country”, “On the further development of higher education and improving the quality of training of specialists” were the basis for the functioning of the entire education system and the Moscow Financial Institute.

4.1. Improvement of educational, methodological and research work The history of MFIs is the history of the search for optimal forms for the implementation of the educational process. As before, the central place in the educational work was occupied by questions economic theory and practices under socialism, problems of improving the financial and credit mechanism, accounting and economic analysis of economic activity, the work of financial and economic bodies, industrial enterprises and associations, methodological issues.

In the late 1960s in the educational process, the scientific organization of the educational process began to be widely introduced, the university continued to be equipped with modern technical teaching aids, curricula, methods and practices were updated, and the teaching staff of the institute was strengthened. In 1975, MFI had 241 full-time lecturers, of which 27 were doctors of sciences, and 151 were candidates.

The amount of study time for the study of special disciplines, higher mathematics and social sciences increased, which required the development of new and correction of existing curricula and teaching aids.

Particular attention was paid to the teaching of financial and banking disciplines, which required from the faculty of the institute a careful study of new trends in the economic life of the country. A significant event in the life of MFIs was the holding in 1973 of the All-Union scientific and methodological conference on teaching the discipline "Analysis of economic activity" (AEA), in which about 300 teachers from 80 universities of the country participated. From this forum, the systematic work of IFIs to coordinate scientific and methodological activities in financial, analytical and accounting disciplines began. Work continued on textbooks and teaching aids. In 1965–1967 the textbook "Financing and lending of capital investments" (group of authors under the direction of I.D. Sher) and the textbook "Control and audit of industrial enterprises" were published

(P.F. Ipatov). The head of the team of authors of the textbook "Money circulation and credit of the USSR" V.S. Gerashchenko was awarded the bronze medal of VDNKh and a cash prize for the prepared work. By the mid 1970s. MFI teachers published more textbooks and manuals, and by the beginning of the 1980s. - more than 50.

Ipatov Pavel Fedorovich (1914–1994) – professor. Member of the Great Patriotic War, fought near Stalingrad, on the Southern, Don, 2nd Belorussian fronts. After the war, he graduated with honors from the Moscow Financial Institute, defended his Ph.D. thesis, and worked at the Department of Finance. P.F. Ipatov conducted educational and scientific work, supervised graduate students, participated in writing textbooks and teaching aids: “Finance of the USSR”, “Budget system of the USSR”, “State budget of the USSR and its national economic significance”, “State social insurance and social security in the USSR”, was the author of articles for the “Financial and Credit Dictionary”.

In 1957–1985 P.F. Ipatov was vice-rector of the MFI for academic work. Name P.F. Ipatov named an audience at the Financial University.

It was widely practiced during the seminars for students to prepare reports on major economic problems, followed by their discussion, and to use visual and technical means. Much attention was paid to laboratory and practical exercises. To develop practical skills in banking, classes were held in banking institutions - in Vneshtorgbank, in branches of the State Bank of the USSR.

As before, an important place in the educational process was occupied by industrial practice, which, along with the teachers of the institute, was involved in the management of experienced employees of banks and industrial enterprises. In 1970 - early 1980s. the practice was carried out in seven special disciplines and took place at 62 bases of industrial enterprises in Moscow, including at the Kalibr, Compressor, Krasny Proletarian, Fraser plants, the plant named after. Likhachev, First State Bearing Plant, etc.

Atlas Mariam Semyonovna (1912–2006) – Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Worker of Science of the RSFSR. In 1931 she graduated from the Faculty of Economics of Kazan University. Studied at graduate school of MKEI.

From 1943 until the end of her life she taught at the MKEI - MFI - Financial Academy.

In 1957–1987 Head of the Department of Political Economy. The most important scientific works of M.S. Atlas are the monographs "Nationalization of Banks in the USSR", "Credit Reform in the USSR", "Development of the State Bank in the USSR". Since the beginning of the economic reform in 1965, she dealt with the problems of commodity-money relations under socialism. M.S. Atlas was a scientific editor and author of numerous textbooks and teaching aids, collective monographs on political economy, money circulation and credit. She paid special attention to students, was the leader of the scientific student circle. She shared her teaching skills with young teachers and graduate students. M.S. Atlas made a great contribution to the development of the Faculty for Advanced Training of Teachers (FPKP) and ties with the financial and economic universities of the USSR, with the universities of the socialist countries. The collaboration resulted in the collective monographs Profit and Profitability in a Socialist Economy, National Income in a Socialist Society, and National Income and Finance.

Participated in the development of complex state budget topics: "The law of saving time and the role of the financial and credit mechanism in its use" and "Commodity-money relations and the transition to the market."

The priority direction in the educational work of MFIs was the writing of diploma and term papers. Their topics were updated annually, taking into account the changing practice of financial and credit institutions and industrial enterprises. The works written on the basis of factual material were distinguished by their independent analysis of economic processes and the practical significance of the conclusions drawn. For example, in 1965 / academic year, more than 50% of students day department wrote term papers based on practical material collected in the institutions of the State Bank. The experience accumulated at the institute in the preparation of theses confirmed that their execution on orders is an important form of strengthening the link between training and practice.

The most gifted students, based on the results of defending their diploma papers, received recommendations for admission to graduate school. Many of those who graduated from graduate school in those years later became leading teachers of the MFI - the Financial Academy - the Financial University. Among them is the President of the Financial University, Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation A.G. Gryaznova, vice-rectors, deans of faculties and heads of departments: V.V. Kurochkin, O.I. Lavrushin, V.N. Salin, V.N. Sumarokov, E.I. Shokhin and others.

Separately, it is necessary to say about the teaching of social disciplines in MFIs in that period. Social science teachers were clearly oriented toward constant ideological work among students in order to form a Marxist-Leninist worldview in them.

Thus, educational and methodological work at the MFI was aimed at improving teaching for the training of highly professional personnel for the national economy of the USSR.

Organizing the educational process at the institute, the rector's office proceeded from the fact that there can be no highly qualified teacher without research work. In 1965–1984 the priority of the scientific work of the teaching staff of the institute was to carry out research on major scientific problems and develop complex and economic contract topics, for example, cost categories in the system of economic relations of developed socialism, the problems of improving the economic analysis of reserves for increasing the efficiency of production in economic associations, the peculiarities of the concentration of production and capitalist monopolies at the present stage, inflation under modern capitalism, etc.

Lavrushin Oleg Ivanovich (born in 1936) – Doctor of Economics, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Economic Sciences and Entrepreneurship, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. Graduated from MFI in 1958, worked at the State Bank of the USSR. After graduating from the MFI postgraduate course and defending a Ph.D. thesis since 1963.

currently teaches at the MFI - Financial Academy - Financial University.

In 1974 O.I. Lavrushin defended his doctoral dissertation "Credit in a socialist society." In 1965–1975 - Deputy Dean, then Dean of the Faculty of Credit and Economics. In 1975, he headed the Department of Money Circulation and Credit and currently heads the Department of Banks and Banking Management. O.I. Lavrushin is the author of well-known scientific works devoted to the theory and practice of monetary relations, the functioning of the banking system, and the author of a number of monographs. He took part in the preparation of draft laws of the Russian Federation “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation”, “On Banks and Banking Activity”, etc., worked on the creation of conceptual foundations for the development of the Russian banking system. In 1995, he was the editor-in-chief of the Russian Banking Encyclopedia. He is a member of the editorial board of the journal Finance and Credit. Laureate of the Prize of the President of the Russian Federation (1999), laureate of the competition "For Scientific Achievements in Education in Russia" (2001), laureate of the National Banking Prize (2006), laureate of the Government State Prize Russian Federation(2010). From 2002 to 2002, he was a member of the National Banking Council under the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. O.I. Lavrushin is a member of expert councils: on banking legislation of the State Duma of the Russian Federation and the Federation Council, the Association of Russian Banks, the Deposit Insurance Agency. Chairman of the Educational and Methodological Council for the specialty "Finance and Credit" methodical association at the Financial University. Awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor (2008).

During these years, MFI teachers were actively working on doctoral and candidate dissertations. The research results were presented in the form of scientific articles, presentations at scientific conferences, and monographs. For 20 years, 62 monographs, 37 scientific collections have been published. Great importance in scientific work was attached to the preparation of graduate students and the guidance of students' scientific work.

A special place in scientific work was occupied by participation in the development economic policy state, five year plans for the development of the country, determining the parameters of the state budget. M.R. Azarch, R.D. Vinokur, V.S. Gerashchenko, I.D. Zlobin, D.S. Molyakov, A.M. Savkin, V.M. Rodionova and others.

Molyakov Dmitry Stepanovich (1913–2001) – professor, corresponding member of the Academy of Economic Sciences and Entrepreneurship.

In 1936 he graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Finance and Economics, worked in the financial system, and held the position of head of the Industry Financing Department of the RSFSR Ministry of Finance. From 1963 he taught at the MFI-Finance Academy. In 1973–1988 headed the department "Finance of branches of the national economy and financing of capital investments".

In the 1970s with the participation of D.S. Molyakov published collective monographs “Finance and efficiency of social production”, “Improving the efficiency of social production and improving financial and credit relations”, “ working capital capital construction”. In the 1980s D.S. Molyakov was a member of the Presidium of the Scientific and Methodological Council for Finance, Credit and Accounting of the USSR Ministry of Finance, a member of the Scientific Council of NIFI. Under his leadership in the 1980s-1990s. textbooks and manuals were prepared: "Finance of Enterprises and Sectors of the National Economy", "Finance of Sectors of the National Economy", "Financing and Lending of Capital Investments", "Finance of Sectors of the National Economy". These works were repeatedly republished and widely used in the financial and economic universities of the USSR and the Russian Federation.

D.S. Molyakov supervised graduate students, developed relations between the MFI-Finacademy and other universities, including the University of Latvia, the Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk Institutes of National Economy, the Ternopil Institute of Finance and Economics, and scientists and teachers from Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia.

A bright page in the history of IFIs during this period were scientific conferences that were held in connection with the discussion of important national economic and financial and economic problems. Scientists, statesmen and public figures of the country, heads of financial bodies were invited to them. In 1967, an important event in the scientific life of the Institute was the holding, jointly with the Ministry of Finance and the State Bank of the USSR, of the II All-Union Conference on the organization and methodology of economic analysis in industry. In 1974, the MFI, together with the Stroybank of the USSR, organized and held the Interuniversity Scientific Conference “ Financial questions further improvement of the system of planning and economic incentives in construction”.

The preparation and defense of doctoral and master's theses contributed to the improvement of the scientific qualifications of teachers. The graduate school of the MFI was a true source of scientific personnel. It has been constantly expanding. In ten years, from 1964 to 1974, postgraduate enrollment increased by 36%, and this trend continued into the next decade. The result of the work of postgraduate studies was an increase in the number of defended dissertations. In the 1965/1965 academic year alone, 28 people defended candidate dissertations. In 1974, the number of doctors and candidates of sciences was more than 70% of all full-time teachers of the institute. Among the graduate students of those years, it should be noted V.S. Barda, B.E. Lanina, G.V. Sergeev, E.V. Chernetsov and others.

Bard Vladimir Semenovich (1940–2004) – Doctor of Economics, Professor. Graduated in 1962 from the financial and economic faculty of the MFI. Worked in the Ministry of Finance. He studied at the graduate school of the MFI and headed the NSO. Since 1968

began teaching, was chairman of the trade union committee.

In 1975–1985 - Dean of the Faculty of Credit and Economics. Since 1985, he has been Vice-Rector of the MFI - Financial Academy for Academic Affairs, since 1992 - Vice-Rector for Research. He made a great contribution to the renewal of curricula, the development of complex scientific and methodological topics and industrial practice. The sphere of scientific interests of V.S. Bard were branch finance and financial and investment problems of the development of the Russian economy. He published: the monograph "Financial Investment Complex", a number of articles in the journals "Finance", "Money and Credit", in the "Financial and Credit Dictionary". V.S. Bard participated in the preparation of textbooks and teaching aids "Finance of Enterprises and Sectors of the National Economy", "Finance of Industry", "Financing and Crediting of Industry", "Economics, Organization and Planning of Construction", "Finance of Construction".

V.S. Bard supervised graduate students, headed the dissertation council for the specialty "Finance, monetary circulation, credit" for more than ten years.

Scientific work with students also developed during these years. Its main task was to teach students to analyze complex economic problems and work with scientific literature. The main form of scientific work of students remained scientific circles that functioned in almost all departments of the institute. So, the scientific student circle under the leadership of prof. M.S. The Atlas held meetings in the monetary and financial organizations of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). The number of students engaged in scientific work in circles was constantly increasing, which testified to the steady interest of a significant part of students in scientific activity. If in the 1965/1966 academic year more scientific student circles worked at the institute, and they covered about 50% of full-time students, then by the end of the 1983/1984 academic year there were 130 of them and 85% of the institute students were covered by circle work.

A feature of those years was the active involvement of evening students in scientific work. The topics of scientific works, speeches at meetings of circles, student conferences were distinguished by their practical orientation, analysis of the economic problems of enterprises where students worked.

The activities of the Student Bureau of Economic Analysis (StudBEA), headed by Professor S.B. Barngolz. During these years, students were engaged in identifying reserves for increasing the efficiency of production at enterprises through the growth of sales, profits, and reduction in the cost of production.

StudBEA MFI received the highest award at the VDNKh competition - a Diploma of Honor, and became a laureate of the All-Union Council of Scientific and Technical Societies "For a significant contribution to improving production efficiency". The press of those years widely wrote about StudBEA. Following his example, similar scientific organizations began to be created in other universities of the USSR.

Other forms of scientific student creativity also developed – participation in the development of complex topics for departments (state budget and contractual), work in a translation agency, training at the School of a young lecturer, participation in subject Olympiads. The publication of the collection of student scientific papers “Scientific Notes of Students”, which began back in the period of the “thaw”, continued.

MFI students adequately represented the university at All-Union and All-Russian competitions of scientific student works, conferences, won prizes, received certificates and diplomas. Thus, scientific work in 1965-1984. was multifaceted and covered not only the teaching staff and graduate students, but also the students of the institute.

Rodionova Vera Mikhailovna (born in 1932) – Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, member of the Expert Advisory Council under the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, expert of two committees of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (on budget and taxes, on economic policy and entrepreneurship), member of the Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Finance of Russia (for active participation in which she was commended in 2010 by the Ministry Finance of the Russian Federation), member of the editorial board of two all-Russian journals (“Finance” and “Finance and Credit”), member of the Academic Council of the Financial University, member of the Expert Council of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation (1992–1998), Chairman of the Expert Council on Budget Accounting under the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (1998–2002), full member of the Academy of Management and Market, full member of the Academy of Economic Sciences and Entrepreneurship. In 1954 she graduated from the Moscow Financial Institute with a degree in Finance. From 1957 to the present time he has been working at our university. From 1989 to 2002 she headed the Department of Finance. In 1961–1967 was Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Finance and Economics and Dean of the Faculty of Credit and Economics. She led a scientific student circle, graduate students. The scientific work of the students she supervised three times (in 1993, 1998 and 1999) won gold medals in the all-Russian competition for the best scientific student work, and V.M. Rodionova was awarded Diplomas of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation (State Committee of the Russian Federation for Higher Education) for the high quality of scientific management.

V.M. Rodionova participated in the preparation of textbooks and teaching aids. With her active participation, the textbooks “Finance”, “Actual Problems of Finance”, “Practical Work on the Budget and Budgetary System of the Russian Federation”, “Budget and Extrabudgetary Funds” were prepared. V.M. Rodionova conducts research on the problems of improving state finances, reforming the budgetary system of the Russian Federation, and developing off-budget funds for social purposes. V.M. Rodionova was involved in the examination of draft legislative acts "Budget Code of the Russian Federation", "On the financial foundations of local self-government", etc.

Currently, she is the adviser to the rector, director of the Center for Budget Policy of the Institute for Financial and Economic Research of the Financial University, scientific director of the permanent scientific and methodological seminar for teachers and graduate students of the Financial University "Modern financial and economic education: pedagogy, psychology, methodology."

The result of the educational, methodological and scientific research work of the MFIs during this period was the strengthening of the scientific ties of the departments with enterprises, financial and banking authorities and academic institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which was reflected in the development of textbooks and teaching aids, and the improvement of the methods of conducting classes. Leading IFI scientists have expanded their cooperation with the State Bank and, on behalf of the government, have participated in research on specific national economic problems. The coordination of scientific work within the institute was strengthened, the pettiness of scientific research was eliminated, and the efforts of the departments were concentrated on the implementation of large and relevant complex and economic contract topics. The scientific and pedagogical qualifications of teachers grew, and doctoral and candidate dissertations were defended. The forms of scientific work of students have expanded.

These changes were accompanied by an improvement in the structure of the Institute, which has changed significantly over the past two decades. During these years, the institute was headed by V.V. Shcherbakov. We can talk about two stages in the development of MFIs in 1965–1984.

The first stage of radical changes took place during the economic reform of 1965, which required a restructuring of the entire system of economic education. In October 1966, the Moscow Financial Institute was transferred from republican subordination to the USSR Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education. In September 1967, the university switched from four years to five years of study, which required the creation of new faculties and the development of new academic disciplines. In 1969, the Faculty of International Economic Relations (IER) was restored;

the "Faculty of advanced training of teachers" (FPKP) was organized in the specialties "Finance, money circulation and credit" and "Accounting and analysis of economic activity." By 1974, training at the MFI was conducted in three specialties - "Finance and Credit", "Accounting", "International Economic Relations".

The second stage of structural changes is associated with the approval in 1982 of a new IFI Statute. It emphasized that the MFI is an institution of the first category and performs the functions of a basic higher educational institution in the financial and economic profile. According to the Charter, the MFI, as before, trained specialists in three specialties and eight specializations. Young specialists who graduated from MFIs off the job were required to work for at least three years in distribution. The charter was valid until 1990.

The martial law introduced in the USSR significantly changed the relationship between the functions of the state and necessitated a restructuring of the forms and methods of its activity. In wartime, there was a need to create emergency state bodies. One of these bodies was the State Defense Committee. All power - the military, political and economic leadership of the country from June 30, 1941 was concentrated in the hands of this particular body.

A feature of the work of the ICEI during the war was the active participation of teachers in the restructuring of the financial and credit system of the USSR on a war footing. They were involved in consultations with the State Defense Committee, the Council for Evacuation under the Council of People's Commissars, the State Bank, Narkomfin, Gosplan, people's commissariats and departments on the issues of finding financial resources for the military industry, providing assistance to evacuated enterprises and institutions, ensuring clear calculations and the strictest regime of savings, regulating the issue of banknotes. These measures played an important role in the concentration of resources, the establishment of the work of the front and rear to defeat the enemy.

For German capital, our country, its wealth was a huge pie, which was supposed to be a prize for them - the winners. Already at the beginning of the war on July 6, 1941, Hitler said: “In principle, we must remember that it is necessary to skillfully cut this pie so that we can: firstly, dominate, secondly, govern, thirdly, benefit.” Melnikov D., Chernaya L. Criminal number 1. - M.: APN, 1983, - S.349 .. It is hardly possible to express even more clearly the purpose of the war and plans for the conquered lands.

The war demanded a speedy revision of national economic plans. To correct them, not only party, Soviet and economic personnel were involved, but leading economists. Already on June 30, 1941, the mobilization national economic plan for the third quarter of 1941 was adopted for execution by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Within the deadline, new military-economic plans for the fourth quarter of 1941 were developed. for this work Professor MKEI N.N. Rovinsky, by orders of the Narkomfin, was twice awarded a cash prize Financier No. 114/December 2010. From 1942 to February 1945 N.N. Rovinsky was the Deputy Head of the Budget Department of the NKF of the USSR.

In 1943-1944. on behalf of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union, a graduate of the MFEI, by that time People's Commissar for Finance, A.G. Zverev was preparing a post-war monetary reform. For his services during the Great Patriotic War, he was awarded the Order of Lenin.

A significant part of the teachers and students of the MKEI went to the front. Many of them died defending their Motherland. Posthumously, the Order of Lenin was awarded to a graduate of the Moscow Institute of Economics, credit inspector of the Volyn office of the State Bank P.I. Savelyeva, who actively participated in the creation and leadership of the local underground. Volunteers who were not subject to conscription were recorded in the 13th Moscow division of the people's militia, which later joined the combined arms rifle formations. Many received government awards. For their courage, they were awarded the medal "For the Defense of Moscow" D.A. Butkov, N.A. Kiparisov, N.N. Rovinsky, V.V. Shcherbakov. The Financial University remembers and is proud of its teachers and students of the war years.

MKEI, like other Moscow universities, survived the evacuation, unification, but did not stop working during the war years. A new director was appointed - D.A. Butkov, who headed in the early 1930s. MFEI, and at MKEI he headed the department "Money, Credit and Finance of the USSR". P.P. became his deputy. Maslov. The restructuring of educational and methodological work began in connection with the transition to a shortened three-year period of study.

In October 1941, in the conditions of a sharp deterioration in the situation at the front, classes in Moscow universities ceased. On November 3, 1941, the State Bank and the All-Union Committee for Higher Education issued an order to evacuate the institute to Saratov, where the Saratov Credit and Economic Institute, subordinated to the State Bank, was located. Classes at the MFEI stopped, the building was closed. 25 fourth-year students of two departments - settlements and banking and credit - remained in Moscow to complete their studies. They completed their studies at the Moscow Institute of National Economy. G.V. Plekhanov.

Classes resumed in Saratov in January 1942. Of the 17 departments that operated at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology before the war, 13 departments worked in Saratov. Under the conditions of evacuation, the university remained independent due to the fact that most of the teachers left with it. From SKEI only four people were involved. A.P. Polikarpov, head of the Accounting department, played a big role in organizing classes at the new place. By joining forces, the MKEI team solved the main task - it ensured the graduation of fourth-year students. K. Pozhitnov was appointed Chairman of the State Examination Commission, and N.N. Lyubimov, A.A. Proselkov, A.P. Polikarpov and B.K. Shchurov. In April 1942 diplomas were issued to 27 young specialists.

The 1942 and 1943 academic years were the most difficult in the history of the ICEI due to the interruption of funding. The State Bank demanded that SKEI perform work for the MKEI without additional payment, since "the training of MKEI students is provided for by the staffing table and the estimate of the Saratov Institute." This threatened the existence of the MKEI as an independent university and could lead to its entry into the SKEI, as happened with the MFEI in Leningrad before the war.

However, already in August 1943, after the victory at Stalingrad, the government decided to re-evacuate institutions, enterprises and universities to the capital, including the MKEI. P.I. was appointed the new director. Tsvetkov, and his deputy for educational and scientific work A.P. Polikarpov. By October 1943 the return of students and teachers, the return of property to Moscow from other cities was completed. Two independent courses were formed, and the training of students began at ten restored departments, postgraduate studies resumed work. Educational and scientific work focused on solving the problems of restoring the national economy. Freshmen began to receive scholarships. In 1944-1945. more than 400 students and post-graduate students studied at MKEI. Competitive exams were again introduced, only war veterans and schoolchildren who graduated with honors were exempted from them. Admission went to all courses during both semesters - former students who were demobilized from the Red Army due to injury were recovering. perestroika teacher training military

The fate of the MFEI, which was part of the LFEI in the form of a financial faculty, was difficult during the war. By decision of the government, both universities were evacuated to the North Caucasus in Essentuki, where 130 young specialists received diplomas on August 2, 1942. The Germans were advancing on the Caucasus, and again the universities had to be evacuated, now to Tashkent. Not all teachers and students had time to leave Essentuki, since on August 5, 1942, the city was captured by the Germans. In Tashkent, LFEI could not organize the work "due to large personnel losses" - there was no one and no one to teach. Teachers were scattered around the country and found work in the regional financial authorities of Tashkent, Samarkand, Kuibyshev, Kazan, in numerous branches of the State Bank Financial University: past, present, future [Electronic resource]:.

By the end of 1943, the MFEI was revived as an independent university, and ten years after the transfer of the MFEI to Leningrad, it returned to Moscow. It was again headed by D.A. Butkov, N.N. Rovinsky, scientific secretary - L.A. Kadyshev.

In the first academic year of 1943-1944, about 70 teachers worked at the MFEI. The departments were revived, first of all, specialized ones: “Finance of the USSR”, “Money circulation and credit of the USSR”, “Finance and credit of foreign states”, “State budget, state revenues and state insurance”, “Accounting”. They were headed by well-known scientists - Z.V. Atlas, V.P. Dyachenko, N.A. Kiparisov, G.A. Kozlov, N.N. Rovinsky. In 1944, postgraduate studies began at the MFEI. A specialized Academic Council was created, which included prominent scientists - academicians and doctors of sciences - S.G. Strumilin, I.A. Trachtenberg, A.M. Pankratova, M.I. Bogolepov, Z.V. Atlas, V.P. Dyachenko, N.A. Kiparisov, N.N. Lyubimov. The activities of the Council significantly increased the role of the MFEI in the training of highly qualified specialists, laid the foundation for the transformation of the MFEI (later MFI) into a "forge" of financiers for state institutions and universities of the USSR Financial University: past, present, future.

In October 1917, as a result of the revolution, the Bolsheviks came to power, but they had neither a clear economic program, nor the knowledge or practical experience necessary to lead a country like Russia. The level of their competence did not correspond to the tasks of managing a vast and war-ravaged country. In the first months of power, they were guided by utopian theories about the withering away of trade under socialism and the dominance of direct product exchange.

Based on these ideas, they embarked on radical economic transformations - the nationalization of land, industrial enterprises, capital, and so on. These measures led to the final collapse of industry, the destruction of the banking system, hyperinflation, and serious difficulties arose in organizing the work of the state administration apparatus. Strikes by employees of the State Bank, the Treasury and the former Ministry of Finance paralyzed the economic and financial life of the country and brought the new government to the brink of collapse.

In an effort to overcome these difficulties, the Bolsheviks began to urgently create their own system of training specialists. The first Soviet financiers were recruited from the worker-peasant-Janian environment, were ideologically consistent and had to have knowledge of the basics of "bourgeois" financial science.

Strengthening their power in the era of a cashless economy, the Bolsheviks established financial and economic universities in Moscow, Petrograd, Kyiv, Kharkov as an alternative to pre-revolutionary commercial institutions.

Moscow Financial and Economic University during the Civil War (1917-1922)

An important event was the decision of the People's Commissariat of Finance (NKF) of the RSFSR, together with the financial department of the Moscow Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, to establish in March 1919 the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute (MFEI) of the NKF of the RSFSR. The result of this decision was the transformation of financial and economic education into an independent branch of the domestic system of higher professional education.

The main prerequisite that determined the formation of financial and economic education was the level of development of industry and the monetary system of pre-revolutionary Russia. The needs of the economy determined the specifics of educational programs, the formation of the teaching corps. The relationship between politics and education was preserved in the Soviet era. In October 1918, the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR adopted a decree on the organization of financial departments of provincial and district executive committees with the transfer to them of "the functions of the now abolished state chambers, provincial excise departments and financial bodies of local governments." At the same time, it was required that "responsible employees of the financial department" possess "the necessary special knowledge."

The acute need of the new government for qualified leaders in the field of financial policy prompted Deputy People's Commissar for Finance D.P. Bogolepov to create in early 1918 the country's first courses for Soviet financial workers. Members of the Bolshevik Party, heads of provincial and district financial departments became their listeners. The courses were short-term, the training programs were designed for training for three weeks in two subjects - accounting and budgeting. The remaining subjects - statistics, the organization of state control, the doctrine of the state, banking, the management of the national economy in a socialist state - were read in the form of survey lectures. They were led by colleagues D.P. Bogolepov at the NKF, teachers of Petrograd University.

In the context of the growing Civil War, the German offensive on Petrograd in February 1918, the Council of People's Commissars decided to transfer the capital to Moscow. In March, the attention of the party leadership was focused on the issue of concluding the Brest peace, and the current issues of financial, economic and educational policy faded into the background. In the provinces, issues of organizing management at the local level were acute, and the experience of the Petrograd short-term courses began to be used, since local leadership cadres of Bolsheviks with "theoretical training" "corresponding to the period of profound transformations" in the economy of Soviet Russia were required. An obstacle to the rapid and wide training of financial workers in the field was the lack of qualified teachers.

It was possible to form a layer of top financial managers and teachers at the same time only in Moscow, where financial and economic education developed from early XIX century. On February 6, 1919, the newspaper "Economic Life" announced the creation of a financial university - the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute.

On March 2, 1919, classes began at the MFEI - the first financial and economic institute in our country. Today this day is celebrated at the Financial University as the day of its foundation. D.P. was appointed the first rector. Bogo-lepov. Before the revolution, being a member of the Bolshevik Party, he read financial disciplines at Moscow University, Moscow Commercial and Moscow Private Law Institutes. Becoming Deputy People's Commissar of Finance, D.P. Bogolepov not only continued teaching, but also acted as the organizer of the Soviet financial and economic education.

The first vice-rector was appointed a member of the board of the NKF A.M. Galagan, the largest specialist in the theory and practice of accounting. The opening of the MFEI was attended by the leadership of the university and the first students, A.S. Mikaelyan, Deputy Head of the Financial Department of the NKF and Institute Professor, delivered a speech. It noted that the main task of the MFEI is to train Bolshevik financiers in short term- for six months. Initially, teaching was organized in cycles. This made it possible to limit oneself to the study of one or several cycles, which was confirmed by a certificate of graduation from the institute. The final exams were to become, according to the idea of ​​the founders of the university, a decisive condition for occupying leadership positions in the Soviet state apparatus. It was also supposed to open three-month applied courses in accounting and banking, where, along with general economic, financial and legal disciplines, knowledge of accounting would be given. In 1920-1921. the course of study became two years, including four semesters with lectures, seminars, tests and exams, writing qualification papers.

Simultaneously with the opening of the university, work began on the recruitment of students. On March 6, 1919, the Izvestia newspaper published an appeal from the Moscow Institute of Economics and Power Engineering to the departments and institutions of the Moscow Council to send its employees to train specialists from financial institutions. Employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance, industrial people's commissariats, employees of financial institutions of provincial and district executive committees were admitted to the MFEI. The first set consisted of 300 people. Two-thirds had secondary, special and higher education. Enough high level training of students allowed, in the opinion of the administration, to fulfill the task - to produce the first specialists in six months. This is what MFEI differed from the Institute of National Economy. K. Marx, renamed in 1919 into the Moscow Commercial Institute (now the Russian University of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov), and the economic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University, where the training was designed for four years.

The short duration of his studies at MFEI cast doubt on his fate as a higher educational institution. New People's Commissar for Finance N.N. Krestinsky, who from the beginning of 1919 took a course towards the curtailment of monetary circulation, considered the existence of a higher education institution of financial and economic profile to be inexpedient.

Krestinsky Nikolay Nikolaevich(1883-1938) - Soviet party and statesman, member of the Bolshevik Party since 1903. In 1918-1921. headed the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR, joined the "left communists". One of the conductors of the policy of "war communism". During the leadership of the NKF, Krestinsky laid the foundations for a planned economic system, developed projects for the abolition of money, and an attempt was made to switch to direct commodity exchange. In 1921-1930. - Representative of Russia, the USSR in Germany. In the 1930s - Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. He lectured at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1919 and in the early 1930s. Repressed. Posthumously rehabilitated.

In April 1919, a commission of members of the collegium of Narkomfin, having studied the program, the composition of lecturers and students of the MFEI, made a compromise decision: not to close the university immediately, but “to continue its work until mid-August”, when the first graduation was supposed. MFEI was not closed and retained the status of an institute for another two years. This is the merit of its leaders: D.P. Bogolepova, A.S. Mikaelyan, A.M. Galagan.

The Charter of the MFEI, adopted in 1920, determined the purpose and tasks, organizational structure, features of educational activities, and the method of management. The main goal of the university was to train specialists in the field of cash, budget, tax affairs and economic construction of Soviet Russia. Education at MFEI was free. The subjects were grouped in such a way that each course was a complete whole. Such a construction of educational work was caused by the conditions of the Civil War. MFEI students were subject to mobilization to the labor front and to the active army.

MFEI taught 35 academic disciplines organized into philosophical and historical, general economic, financial and legal cycles. Applied accounting classes were conducted. There were no special courses in the modern sense, the so-called episodic lectures were read, supplementing and expanding certain aspects of the compulsory courses. To implement such an extensive program, D.P. Bogolepov invited from the economic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University major scientists-economists and lawyers - I.Kh. Ozerova, M.A. Reisner, V.M. Ekzemplyarsky, S.V. Poz-ny-sheva, S.B. Chlenova, L.I. Lubny-Gertsyk. The leaders of the Narkomfin also conducted classes at the MFEI - its head N.N. Kres-tin-sky, head of the department of direct taxes and duties L.L. Obolensky and others.

Ozerov Ivan Khristoforovich(1869-1942) - an outstanding eco-no-mist scientist and public figure. From the peasants of the Kostroma province. Graduated from Moscow University. Before the revolution, a major entrepreneur, a member of the boards of a number of industrial and banking joint-stock enterprises, had a large fortune. From 1898 he headed the Department of Financial Law of the Law Faculty of Moscow University. Teacher D.P. Bo-golepova. In 1909 he was elected a member of the State Council from the Academy of Sciences and Universities. Author of the textbook "Fundamentals of Financial Science". In the 1920s employee of Narkomfin. In the 1920s was a professor at MFEI and MPEI.
In the 1930s his work was banned, the scientist himself was repressed. There is evidence that I.Kh. Ozerov died of starvation in 1942 in besieged Leningrad. In 1991 he was rehabilitated.

The policy of "war communism" led the country to a dead end. Industrial production, agriculture, finance, and transport were in a catastrophic situation as a result of radical economic reforms. In addition to a comprehensive economic crisis, a power crisis erupted in early 1921. An attempt to form a system of a cashless economy led to the destruction of higher education, including financial and economic education. In the 1919/1920 academic year, due to the absence Money, firewood, dozens of universities were closed due to military and labor mobilizations. Of the eight financial and economic institutions that existed in the country, by the beginning of 1921 only three remained, where about a thousand people studied. At MFEI, the number of students decreased to 43. The staff of teachers almost halved - there were 11 professors, four teachers of general education disciplines and two teachers of foreign languages.

The MFEI Presidium and teachers made attempts to save the university. A.M. Galagan, who was the rector at that time, proposed changing the structure of the university and curricula and transforming it "into a higher school of a normal type, with a three-year course of study", two faculties - pedagogical and economic. The pedagogical one was supposed to train teachers in financial and economic disciplines, and the economic one was to give the knowledge necessary for practical activities in financial institutions, industrial, exchange and consumer farms. By March 1921, curricula were developed for two faculties, and in April all the documents necessary for the reorganization of the institute were sent to the People's Commissariat of Education (Narkompros), which was responsible for training specialists for the national economy.

MFEI even before in March 1921 V.I. Lenin proclaimed the beginning of the "new economic policy", which assumed the restoration of commodity-money relations, and began to prepare for reorganization. Initially, the People's Commissariat of Education reacted with approval to this proposal: "The organization of the preparation of the teaching of accounting sciences is extremely necessary," its leadership noted, "The Financial and Economic Institute should be established as an advanced technical school (practical institute)." However, the financial and economic crisis, the famine, the lack of a clear program for the implementation of the NEP, the contradictory opinions of V.I. Lenin - all this allowed the left-wing figures of the People's Commissariat for Education to close it on August 4, 1921 instead of restructuring the institute.

The Pedagogical Faculty was reorganized for the 1921/1922 academic year into short-term pedagogical courses to train teachers of computer science for technical schools. They were transferred to the building on Arbatskaya Square, where the MFEI was located, and its meager material base. The teaching staff of the Faculty of Economics, curricula and programs were transferred to the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute (MPEI), in which the Faculty of Finance and Economics (cycle) was created.

Summing up the activities of the MFEI, it should be noted that it was created in the revolutionary era. Unlike other Soviet universities, it had no predecessors and was organized without relying on the material and methodological base of any pre-revolutionary educational institution. It was one of the first attempts of the Bolsheviks to create a new institution of higher education both in terms of goals and objectives, and in terms of the content of the educational process.

MFEI made a significant contribution to the development of Russian financial and economic education, although it lasted only three years. The university completed the task of training personnel and improving the skills of the first Soviet employees of the Narkomfin, local financial authorities in the conditions of the civil war and the policy of "war communism".

Disagreements among Soviet leaders over the fate of the MFEI testify to the existence of different views on financial and economic policy in general. Curtailing the university to the level of the financial cycle was an erroneous measure. Qualified financiers were required to overcome the devastation, improve money circulation, and develop industry. A year later, in March 1922, central courses for the training of financial workers were organized under the People's Commissariat of Finance.

From a commercial school to a university: Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute (1918-1929)

In 1896, Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte carried out a reform, as a result of which a system of commercial education was formed, which included more than 300 schools (male and female) and Moscow, Kiev and Kharkov commercial institutes. They trained specialists of various levels for banks, industry, trade, zemstvos, for teaching financial and economic disciplines. The Russian business community made a great contribution to the development of commercial education, providing significant funds for the construction of school buildings and their equipment, for salaries for teachers and scholarships for students.

The Bolsheviks changed the principles of organization and management of educational institutions. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on a unified labor school." Education was declared free, self-government was introduced, pedagogical innovation was encouraged. All private and public educational institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia became state-owned, and their property was nationalized. Departmental subordination has changed. They passed into the administration of the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry (NTiP). The new government renamed educational institutions. First of all, this measure affected commercial schools.

Having proclaimed trade as speculation, the new government abandoned the term "commerce", which was associated with profit. Schools began to be called industrial-economic or national-economic - which is more consistent with the content of education. Commercial schools have long "outgrown" themselves, graduating specialists for all sectors of the economy. Among them was the Alexander Commercial School of the Moscow Exchange Society, the level of teaching in which was close to that of a university. On the eve of the revolution, the leadership of the school and the board of trustees made an attempt to transform the school into an institute. The status of the university was already obtained by the school under the Bolsheviks.

The fate of the Alexander Commercial School in the first post-revolutionary years is another example of how the formation of domestic financial and economic education took place. The nationalization of the capital of educational institutions led to their actual closure. The urgent need for financiers forced the educational department of the STiP on the eve of the 1918/1919 academic year to raise the issue of former commercial schools at a special meeting. Member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education P.I. Shelkov, a graduate of the Moscow Commercial Institute, a well-known figure in the field of commercial education, suggested that junior students of commercial schools be transferred to comprehensive schools, and from the senior classes to create industrial and economic groups. P.I. Shelkov stated that "if students in commercial schools are dispersed," then the ranks of financial workers will not receive replenishment for a long time.

In accordance with the proposal of P.I. Shelkov in September 1918, the senior classes of the Alexander Commercial School were reorganized into industrial and economic groups, and in October - into the industrial and economic technical school, which, as the successor to the Alexander Commercial School, was located in its building and received the material base of this richest pre-revolutionary school. MPEI was governed by a council, which, along with the deans, included representatives of the teaching staff, students and trade unions. The reorganization did not end there. In 1919, the technical school was transformed into the Moscow Practical Industrial and Economic Institute, since the curricula, the teaching staff (mainly professors of Moscow University) corresponded to the status of a university. P.I. was appointed the first rector of this institute. Shelkov.

In terms of their status, practical institutes were higher than technical schools and were part of the higher education system, graduating personnel for practical work in the national economy. Institutes and universities prepared mainly specialists for scientific activity and teaching in universities. Analogies can be found in the organization of higher education in modern Russia - bachelors are graduating for practical work, and masters for scientific and pedagogical activities. In the 1920s MPEI graduates, along with those who graduated from universities proper, were sent to senior positions in state financial institutions and industrial enterprises.

MPEI, unlike MFEI, not only survived in the conditions of economic ruin and famine, but also successfully trained specialists for the national economy. There are a number of reasons for this. “Historical roots” were preserved, the material base, which before the revolution was estimated at more than one million rubles, teachers remained “receptive to all kinds of methodological innovations”. The MPEI was subordinated to the People's Commissariat of Education and the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry (NKTiP), where the left-wing functionaries were opposed by prominent figures in science and culture. Soviet industrial enterprises were in dire need of specialists. MPEI was originally created as a higher educational institution, in contrast to the one created for emergency training of financial managers of the MFEI. The MFEI accepted not just members of the ruling party, but its leading officials. MPEI, headed by non-partisan P.I. Shelkov, until a certain time was more democratic, open to non-party people and people from employees and peasants, and therefore more crowded.

In the era of NEP, it was the MPEI that became the university where financial and economic education developed. With the liberalization of economic life, the legalization of commodity-money relations, the restoration of the budgetary and tax policy, the banking system, the importance of the IPEI has grown. The need for widespread dissemination of industrial and economic knowledge and the speedy training of accountants, commodity experts, economists, statisticians, commercial agents, etc. became visible to authorities at all levels. The task of training leaders for industry and central financial authorities remained.

1923-1925 became decisive in the fate of MPEI, when it turned into one of the leading metropolitan universities. In accordance with the orders of the government and the People's Commissariat for Education, MPEI created curricula and programs for three- and four-year studies, developed conditions for admission with a mandatory successful delivery entrance exams. This was a serious step towards improving the preparation of students in comparison with 1918-1920, when the decree of the Council of People's Commissars was in force, giving the right to enter a university without a certificate of education. Thus began a new era in the educational policy of the Soviet government. The radicalism of the first post-October years gave way to a sober attitude towards the organization of higher education.

At the same time, ideological control increased. The social origin of the listeners was regulated for reasons of "processing" their composition. This meant that people from the working environment, party and Komsomol members, workers' faculty, as well as persons recommended by party, Komsomol and trade union organizations and seconded from the Red Army enjoyed an unconditional advantage in entering the university. In the second place, those who graduated from the preparatory courses at the institute were accepted, in the third - all the rest. The apportionment for the admission of students to the university on the indicated socio-political grounds was “lowered” by the structures of the People's Commissariat for Education. In the mid 1920s. 550-600 people studied at the MPEI, and its party and Komsomol stratum was about 340-350 people, i.e. about 60% of students. To maintain this ratio, "purges" were carried out in the MPEI, deductions were made according to the class principle. These processes in the life of the university can be regarded as symptoms of the coming radical changes in the education system of the 1930s.

MPEI received the university status with the support of Narkomfin in the summer of 1923. Its structure did not need to be reorganized: it had two departments. The industrial department produced specialists for factories and factories, it consisted of two cycles: the organization and management of industrial enterprises and commodity science. The economic department trained personnel for trade and the financial sector. The accounting and financial cycle (the former MFEI) was the leader in it, in addition, the administrative and economic cycle and the cycle of procurement, trade and cooperation were created. By tradition, there was a pedagogical cycle that gave the right to teach special disciplines in technical schools and practical institutes. It was planned to enroll only 300 people for the first course, 100 students for the industrial department, and 200 students for the economic department.

The main work to turn MPEI into a Soviet university was to create new curricula and programs. The task was to "saturate" the teaching of general education and special disciplines with Marxist theory. He supervised the introduction of ideology into the work of the higher school Glavprofobr. Since 1925, students have received training in basic disciplines on the basis of new, ideologized programs.

The content of education was also updated in accordance with changes in the economic life of the country. Along with lectures, seminars and practice at enterprises were held. For all cycles, it was obligatory to read: the doctrine of the national economy, the history of economic development in modern times, the encyclopedia of industry, economic geography, the doctrine of law and the state, accounting, elements of higher mathematics, financial calculations. Specialization was carried out in the second and third years.

Since 1923, Narkomfin financed the university, providing funds for scholarships and teacher salaries.

In this regard, the “Regulations on subsidizing universities that set themselves the task of training financial workers” were developed, which gave Narkomfin the right to participate in the management of the MPEI. A university representative was introduced to the council of the university, who monitored the compliance of curricula with the requirements of the financial department.

Leading employees of the Narkomfin, prominent specialists and scientists worked as teachers at the MPEI. This is F.A. Menkov (financial policy), S.A. Iveronov (taxation technique), V.A. Rzhevsky (local finance and public utilities), S.T. Kistinev (banking), N.A. Pa-deisky (organization of financial institutions), A.N. Doroshenko (organization of a small loan), D.A. Loevetsky and L.N. Yurovsky (money and credit).

Yurovsky Leonid Naumovich(1884-1938) - an outstanding economist, statesman. He graduated from the economic department of the Polytechnic Institute in St. Petersburg and the University of Munich, took a course in economics at the University of Berlin. Until 1917, he was a Privatdozent at St. Petersburg University and taught at the Moscow Commercial Institute. In the summer of 1917 he was elected dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of Saratov University. In 1922-1928. - Head of the Foreign Exchange Department, member of the Collegium of the USSR People's Commissariat of Finance. In the 1920s - Member of the Board of Prombank of the USSR. Since 1926 professor at MPEI. In 1927-1930. - Dean of the Faculty of Finance MPEI.

In 1930 - professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. He was not a member of the Bolshevik Party. Author of scientific monographs on the problems of the monetary policy of the Soviet state in the 1920s. In 1930, he was repressed, was imprisoned together with N.D. Kondratiev in the Suzdal political isolator, transformed into the Suzdal Special Purpose Prison (STON). After the term, he was struck in his rights, he earned a living by rewriting scores. In 1938, he was arrested for the second time, on September 17, 1938, on the day of the verdict, he was shot.
In 1987 he was rehabilitated.

In addition to Narkomfin, the People's Commissariat for Trade and Industry, the People's Commissariat for Food, the People's Commissariat for Communications, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, the All-Union Council of the National Economy, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, and the Tsentrosoyuz began to apply for highly qualified graduates of the MPEI. In the summer of 1925, the departments of the MPEI were transformed into commercial and industrial, financial and cooperative faculties.

By the mid 1920s. the organizational structure of the Institute. The rector was at the head, a specialist in the field of law and the doctrine of the state V.I. was appointed to this post. Veger, who was at the same time the rector of the Institute of the Soviet State at the Komakademiya.

P.I. Shelkov became vice-rector. It was a common practice of that time - a member of the Bolshevik Party occupied a leading position, and a non-party prominent specialist in his field was appointed his deputy. They held their positions until 1929, when they were repressed. M.A., a well-known party leader at that time, the editor-in-chief of the Commercial and Industrial Newspaper, was appointed dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Industry. Saveliev. As a contemporary recalled, Savelyev "had no taste for economics, especially for specific ... issues, was completely absent." Most of the work was carried out by the Deputy Dean Professor A.M. Fishhandler.

Saveliev Maximilian Alexandrovich(1884-1939) - Soviet figure in science and education. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. In 1903 he joined the RSDLP, became a professional revolutionary. In 1907-1910. graduated from the University of Leipzig. In the 1910s He was a member of the editorial boards of the Enlightenment magazine and the Pravda newspaper. In November 1917 he became a member of the Supreme Economic Council. He was the editor of the Proletarian Revolution magazine, the newspapers Pravda, Izvestia and the Commercial and Industrial Newspaper. From 1928 to 1932 he headed the Lenin Institute. In 1932 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1927 - Dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Industry of the MPEI. Repressed in 1938.

The Faculty of Finance was more fortunate. L.N. became its dean. Yurovsky, and a major specialist in finance D.A. Loevetsky. At the financial and industrial faculties in 1925-1927. the founder and head of the Market Institute N.D. Kondratiev.

Kondratiev Nikolai Dmitrievich(1892-1938) - Soviet economist, co-creator of the concept of long waves of conjuncture ("Kondratieff cycles"). Graduated from the Economics Department of the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University. Among his teachers was M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky. In 1915, he remained at the department to prepare for a professorship. In 1917 N.D. Kondratiev became the secretary of A.F. Kerensky for Agriculture, then Deputy Minister of Food in the last composition of the Provisional Government. In 1919 he left the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, retired from politics and focused on scientific activities. In 1920 he became the director of the Institute of Market Research under the People's Commissariat of Finance, taught at the MPEI and the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy.

In 1925 he published the work "Large cycles of conjuncture". He was a member of many foreign economic and statistical societies, was personally acquainted with or was in correspondence with W. Mitchell, A.S. Kuznets, I. Fisher, J. Keynes. In 1920 and 1922 Kondratiev was arrested on political charges. In 1928, "Kondratieffism" was declared the ideology of the restoration of capitalism. In 1929, Kondratiev was fired from the Market Institute.

In 1930, he was arrested in the case of the Labor Peasant Party and sentenced to eight years in the Suzdal political isolator. In 1938, the seriously ill scientist was sentenced to death by firing squad. In 1987 he was posthumously rehabilitated.

1920s were the heyday of the MPEI. Problems with financing were solved, its structure and curricula were stabilized. The overcoming of hunger, the restoration of the national economy, the rise of industry and agriculture gave rise to confidence in the ability to apply their knowledge for the benefit of the country. As N.V. Volsky (N. Valentinov), “then people were keenly interested in economic issues. They seized on them, argued about them, talked about them, ... not only communists, but along with them, in parallel, the widest layer of the so-called "non-party intelligentsia." In the late 1920s in the depths of the NEP, socio-economic and political contradictions ripened, the resolution of which was the “great turning point” and the “great terror”.

The era of the first five-year plans began with the political processes of 1928-1929, directed, among other things, against “bourgeois specialists”. First of all, the “purges” covered the leaders and employees of the Narkomfin apparatus. People's Commissar for Finance G.Ya. Sokolnikov and head of the currency department L.N. Yurovsky, who protested against the expansion of emission as a source of forced industrialization. Since the leading employees of the Narkomfin conducted classes at the MPEI, repression fell upon its teachers and employees. The students were also "cleaned out". MPEI became depopulated and in May 1930 was disbanded.

Sokolnikov Grigory Yakovlevich(1888-1939) - politician and statesman, member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. In 1918 - Chairman of the Soviet delegation at the negotiations with Germany, signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Since 1920 - Chairman of the Turkestan Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In 1921 - Deputy People's Commissar, in 1922-1926. - People's Commissar for Finance, one of the initiators of the monetary reform, which led to the stabilization of the ruble. In 1922 - a participant in the Hague Conference, since 1926 - Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Commission, since 1928 - Chairman of the Oil Syndicate, since 1929 - in diplomatic work. In the 1920s - Professor of the MPEI, in 1930 - head of the department "Finance" at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. In 1935-1936. - First Deputy People's Commissar of the forest industry of the USSR. In 1939 he was repressed and shot. In 1987 he was posthumously rehabilitated.

Once again, politics intervened in the life of the Institute. The faculties and departments of the MPEI served as the basis for the creation of new universities. The Faculty of Industry was transformed into the Moscow Engineering and Economics Institute, the Cooperative Faculty served as the basis for the organization of the Moscow Institute of Consumer Cooperatives, the Faculty of Finance was transferred to the NKF and the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the Narkomfin of the USSR was created on its basis.

Summing up, it can be noted that the emergence of the first financial universities, which became the forerunners of the modern Financial University, was due to the needs of the national economy. Our university was based on both the achievements of pre-revolutionary commercial education and the innovations of the first post-revolutionary decade.

1920s for financial and economic education were of great importance. In the transitional era, the former Alexander Commercial School, which grew into a leading industry university, played a connecting role in the transfer of educational, methodological and, to a certain extent, scientific traditions of pre-revolutionary commercial education to Soviet financial and economic universities. The traditions of personnel training developed and improved, the Soviet economy received qualified specialists.

The achievements of the MFEI and the IPEI are inextricably linked with the development of the country in general and the education system in particular. Both universities responded to the needs of the emerging new socio-economic model, prepared leading personnel for the Soviet economy, specialists for the apparatus of central state institutions of a financial and economic profile. A significant contribution to the emergence of the future Financial University was made by the leaders of Narkomifin and prominent scientists who were the organizers of the domestic financial and economic education of the 1920s.

Federal state educational budget
institution of higher professional education
"FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY

UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION»

(Financial University)
Department of Economic History

FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY:
PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Tutorial
for the preparation of bachelors

Moscow 2011
UDC 378(091)

BBC 74.58ya73

Reviewers

d.h.s., prof. V.V. Dumny(Financial University)

d.h.s., prof. S.A. Pogodin

(Moscow City University of Management
Moscow Government)

Editorial team

Chief Editor– Doctor of Economics, prof. M.A. Eskindarov

Members of the editorial board:

Doctor of Economics, prof. I.N. Shapkin, Doctor of History, prof. ON THE. Razmanova

Doctor of Economics, prof. M.A. Eskindarov(introduction, chapter 7, 8,
conclusion, application); d.h.s., prof. ON THE. Razmanova(chapters 1, 2; 3.2, 7.4 ) ; Ph.D., prof. E.I. Nesterenko(chapters 3, 4); Ph.D., Assoc.
N.B. Khailova(chapter 5); Ph.D., prof. S.L. Anokhin(chapter 6);

d.h.s., d.p.s., prof. Ya.A. Place (6.3)
F59 Financial University: past - present - future: textbook / ed. prof. M.A. Eskindarova. M.: Financial University, 2011. 184 p.

ISBN 978-5-7942-0835-1

This textbook reveals the process of formation of the Financial University as the leading financial and economic university in Russia. The book shows the inextricable relationship between the history of the Financial University and the history of our country, highlights the stages of development of the university. The most important achievements in the organization of the personnel training system, scientific research for 90 years are indicated, the leading teachers, scientists and graduates are described, as well as development prospects until 2020. A separate chapter is devoted to rectors. The manual includes questions for repetition and a list of references. The strategy and development program of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation for 2010–2015 are presented in the Appendix.

The publication is intended for undergraduate students, it may be of interest to graduate students, graduates and teachers of the Financial University, employees of the financial and banking sector of the Russian economy and everyone who is interested in the history of Russian education.

UDC 378(091)

BBC 74.58ya73

^ GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
RESOLUTION
July 14, 2010 No. 510
MOSCOW
On the federal state educational budget

institution of higher professional education

"Financial University under the Government

Russian Federation"
Government of the Russian Federation decides:

1. Rename the federal state educational institution of higher professional education "Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation" into the federal state educational budgetary institution of higher professional education "Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation".

2. Approve the attached charter of the federal state educational budgetary institution of higher professional education "Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation".

3. Recognize as invalid:

Clause 1 of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 13, 2006 No. 375 “On Approval of the Charter of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation” (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2006, No. 25, Art. 2735);

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2006 No. 820 “On Amending the Charter of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation” (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2007, No. 1, Art. 276).

Prime Minister

Russian Federation V. Putin

^ Rector's congratulations
in connection with the status

"Financial University under the Government
Russian Federation"

I congratulate the management, faculty, employees of structural divisions, veterans, graduates, doctoral students, graduate students and students on the assignment of the status of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation - University. This became possible thanks to the accumulated experience in the training of highly qualified specialists, huge scientific potential, great authority in the country and abroad.

We have a strategic goal ahead of us – to become a national research university. In the scientific and educational environment, we must develop with a double charge of energy, an absolute understanding of our new mission and the commitments made to become a national research university.

I express my most sincere gratitude to the entire staff of the Academy for the tremendous work that has been done so that our students and graduates can be proud of their University, which opens up unlimited prospects for their future professional activity.

I wish the entire staff of the Academy good health, creative success, inexhaustible energy, new scientific and pedagogical achievements, well-being and prosperity!

Rector

Honored Worker of Science

Russian Federation,

Doctor of Economic Sciences,
Professor M.A. Eskindarov

Introduction

In March 2009, our university celebrated its 90th anniversary, and in 2010 it received the status of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. These events served as an impetus for comprehending the path traveled, understanding our tasks for the future and prospects for development in the 21st century.

The Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation has come a long way, the analysis of which helps in further progress. The "Strategy and Program for the Development of the Financial University", approved by the Academic Council in 2010, notes: "... we value the past, but based on what has been achieved, we build the future." Turning to the origins of the Financial University, having studied our own history, we better understand the causes and nature of the structural changes taking place at the present time, the features of the formation of the University's teaching staff, the significance of scientific and methodological achievements.

A huge role in the transformation of the university into a leading financial and economic educational and scientific center was played by its rectors. It was they who ensured the continuity of development, gave new impetus to the forward movement of our university.

The foundations of domestic financial and economic education were laid in 1890–1910, when industrial modernization began in Russia, associated with the names of S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin. At that time, material and intellectual resources were formed, without which the existence of a financial and economic university is impossible. A hundred years later, at the beginning of the 21st century, Russia is entering an era of new modernization, in accordance with which the Financial University is developing. Its history is divided into four stages.

The first stage fell on the period 1920 - mid-1940s. It was the time of the formation of financial and economic education in our country as an independent industry in the context of the creation of a planned model of the economy. Experience was accumulating, a faculty corps was being formed, teaching methods were being developed, the first scientific work, curricula and textbooks. For two decades, there has been a reorganization of financial universities, reflecting the search for ways to optimally train personnel for the accelerated implementation of industrialization.

The second stage, which began after the victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, is characterized by an increase and strengthening of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of educational and scientific activities. Then the main goal was to train graduates for the socialist economy. An important new phenomenon in the life of the university was the establishment of close links between scientific research and the needs of state authorities and administration, industrial enterprises and banks. Many graduates of those years took leadership positions in the financial institutions of the USSR.

The third stage in the history of the university is inextricably linked with the restructuring of the Soviet economy, the beginning of the economic reform of 1987–1989, and the emergence of market relations. In accordance with the needs of the emerging market in Russia, profound transformations took place in the structure of the university and the organization of the educational process, and the research activities of teachers. The content of the disciplines has changed radically. In 1991, the Moscow Financial Institute was given the status of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation. In the 1990s The Financial Academy successfully trained highly qualified specialists for the new economy. Our graduates of those years work in many sectors of the economy, occupy a leading position in the largest companies and government bodies Russia.

Today, the Financial University is entering the fourth, qualitatively new stage in its history. We have to become an innovative scientific and educational center in the financial sector and contribute as much as possible to solving the problems of modernizing the national economy. Thanks to the knowledge that they receive at the University, our graduates should become competitive not only in the Russian, but also in the foreign labor market.

During the celebration of the 90th anniversary of our university, a new academic discipline was introduced into its curricula - "History of the Financial University", which is taught to first-year students and is a continuation of the discipline "Introduction to the specialty".

This textbook aims to help first-year students to learn the history and traditions of the university they came to study, to acquaint a new generation of students with rectors, teachers, graduates who have become successful entrepreneurs.

The textbook is based on the problem-chronological principle. In the first six chapters, the main milestones of the ninety-year history of the university are highlighted in close connection with the history of our country. Against the background of the generalized characteristics of the political and socio-economic situation, the achievements of science and education, the processes of reorganizing the structure of the university, updating the educational and methodological work, and the contribution of scientific research of teachers to the financial and economic policy of the state are considered. The seventh chapter of the textbook is dedicated to the rectors who have made an invaluable contribution to the formation and successive development of the Financial University. A special place in the textbook is occupied by the eighth chapter, which analyzes the most important directions for the development of the Financial University for the period up to 2020, which is especially important for understanding by first-year students of the development prospects of their "alma mater".

One of the tasks of the authors of this book was to show readers the living history of one of the leading Russian universities. To do this, the chapters include biographical information about teachers, heads of departments, deans, vice-rectors and graduates of different years. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of life and life of students throughout the history of the Financial University.

The textbook includes as an appendix the Strategy and Development Program of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation for 2010–2015. This document is intended to help the current generation of students and those who are still preparing to become our students to better imagine the future of their own and their University.

Studying the discipline "History of the Financial University" will allow freshmen not only to know, but also be proud of the 90-year history of their university. The authors hope that this textbook will be interesting and useful for new generations of students of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.
Rector of the Financial University
under the Government of the Russian Federation

Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation,

doctor of economic sciences, professor M.A. Eskindarov

Chapter 1
^ MOSCOW FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC AND MOSCOW INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTES in the 1920s

In October 1917, the Bolsheviks came to power as a result of the revolution, but they did not have a clear economic program, nor the knowledge or practical experience necessary to lead a country like Russia. The level of their competence did not correspond to the tasks of managing a vast and war-ravaged country. In the first months of power, they were guided by utopian theories about the withering away of trade under socialism and the dominance of direct product exchange.

Based on these ideas, they embarked on radical economic transformations - the nationalization of land, industrial enterprises, capital, and so on. These measures led to the final collapse of industry, the destruction of the banking system, hyperinflation, and serious difficulties arose in organizing the work of the state administrative apparatus. Strikes by employees of the State Bank, the Treasury and the former Ministry of Finance paralyzed the economic and financial life of the country and brought the new government to the brink of collapse.

In an effort to overcome these difficulties, the Bolsheviks began to urgently create their own system of training specialists. The first Soviet financiers were recruited from the worker-peasant environment, were ideologically consistent and had to have knowledge of the basics of "bourgeois" financial science.

Strengthening their power in the era of a cashless economy, the Bolsheviks established financial and economic universities in Moscow, Petrograd, Kyiv, Kharkov as an alternative to pre-revolutionary commercial institutions.

^ 1.1. Moscow Financial and Economic University
during the Civil War (1917–1922)

An important event was the decision of the People's Commissariat of Finance (NKF) of the RSFSR, together with the financial department of the Moscow Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, to establish in March 1919 the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute (MFEI) of the NKF of the RSFSR. The result of this decision was the transformation of financial and economic education into an independent branch of the domestic system of higher professional education.

The main prerequisite that determined the formation of financial and economic education was the level of development of industry and the monetary system of pre-revolutionary Russia. The needs of the economy determined the specifics of educational programs, the formation of the teaching corps. The relationship between politics and education was preserved in the Soviet era. In October 1918, the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR adopted a decree on the organization of financial departments of provincial and district executive committees with the transfer to them of "the functions of the now abolished state chambers, provincial excise departments and financial bodies of local governments." At the same time, it was required that "responsible employees of the financial department" possess "the necessary special knowledge."

The acute need of the new government for qualified leaders in the field of financial policy prompted Deputy People's Commissar for Finance D.P. Bogolepov to create in early 1918 the country's first courses for Soviet financial workers. Members of the Bolshevik Party, heads of provincial and district financial departments became their listeners. The courses were short-term, the training programs were designed for training for three weeks in two subjects - accounting and budgeting. The rest of the subjects - statistics, the organization of state control, the doctrine of the state, banking, the management of the national economy in a socialist state - were read in the form of overview lectures. They were led by colleagues D.P. Bogolepov at the NKF, teachers of Petrograd University.

In the context of the growing Civil War, the German offensive on Petrograd in February 1918, the Council of People's Commissars decided to transfer the capital to Moscow. In March, the attention of the party leadership was focused on the issue of concluding the Brest peace, and the current issues of financial, economic and educational policy faded into the background. In the provinces, issues of organizing management at the local level were acute, and the experience of the Petrograd short-term courses began to be used, since local leadership cadres of Bolsheviks with "theoretical training" "corresponding to the period of profound transformations" in the economy of Soviet Russia were required. An obstacle to the rapid and wide training of financial workers in the field was the lack of qualified teachers.

It was only possible to form a layer of top financial managers and teachers at the same time in Moscow, where financial and economic education has been developing since the beginning of the 19th century. On February 6, 1919, the newspaper "Economic Life" announced the creation of a financial university - the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute.

On March 2, 1919, classes began at the MFEI, the first financial and economic institute in our country. Today this day is celebrated at the Financial University as the day of its foundation. D.P. was appointed the first rector. Bogolepov. Before the revolution, being a member of the Bolshevik Party, he read financial disciplines at Moscow University, Moscow Commercial and Moscow Private Law Institutes. Becoming Deputy People's Commissar of Finance, D.P. Bogolepov not only continued teaching, but also acted as the organizer of the Soviet financial and economic education.

The first vice-rector was appointed a member of the board of the NKF A.M. Galagan, the largest specialist in the theory and practice of accounting. The opening of the MFEI was attended by the leadership of the university and the first students, A.S. Mikaelyan, Deputy Head of the Financial Department of the NKF and Institute Professor, delivered a speech. It noted that the main task of the MFEI is to train Bolshevik financiers in a short time - in six months. Initially, teaching was organized in cycles. This made it possible to limit oneself to the study of one or several cycles, which was confirmed by a certificate of graduation from the institute. The final exams were to become, according to the idea of ​​the founders of the university, a decisive condition for occupying leadership positions in the Soviet state apparatus. It was also supposed to open three-month applied courses in accounting and banking, where, along with general economic, financial and legal disciplines, knowledge of accounting would be given. In 1920–1921 the course of study became two years, including four semesters with lectures, seminars, tests and exams, writing qualification papers.

Simultaneously with the opening of the university, work began on the recruitment of students. On March 6, 1919, the Izvestia newspaper published an appeal from the Moscow Institute of Economics and Power Engineering to the departments and institutions of the Moscow Council to send its employees to train specialists from financial institutions. Employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance, industrial people's commissariats, employees of financial institutions of provincial and district executive committees were admitted to the MFEI. The first set consisted of 300 people. Two-thirds had secondary, special and higher education. A sufficiently high level of trainees' training made it possible, in the opinion of the rector's office, to fulfill the task set - to graduate the first specialists in six months. This is what MFEI differed from the Institute of National Economy. K. Marx, renamed in 1919 into the Moscow Commercial Institute (now the Russian University of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov), and the economic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University, where the training was designed for four years.

The short duration of his studies at MFEI cast doubt on his fate as a higher educational institution. New People's Commissar for Finance N.N. Krestinsky, who from the beginning of 1919 took a course towards the curtailment of monetary circulation, considered the existence of a higher education institution of financial and economic profile to be inexpedient.

^ Krestinsky Nikolay Nikolaevich (1883-1938) - Soviet party and statesman, member of the Bolshevik Party since 1903. In 1918–1921 headed the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR, joined the "left communists". One of the conductors of the policy of "war communism". During the leadership of the NKF, Krestinsky laid the foundations for a planned economic system, developed projects for the abolition of money, and an attempt was made to switch to direct commodity exchange. In 1921–1930 - Representative of Russia, the USSR in Germany. In the 1930s - Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. He lectured at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1919 and in the early 1930s. Repressed. Posthumously rehabilitated.

In April 1919, a commission of members of the collegium of Narkomfin, having studied the program, the composition of lecturers and students of the MFEI, made a compromise decision: not to close the university immediately, but “to continue its work until mid-August”, when the first graduation was supposed. MFEI was not closed and retained the status of an institute for another two years. This is the merit of its leaders: D.P. Bogolepova, A.S. Mikaelyan, A.M. Galagan.

The Charter of the MFEI, adopted in 1920, determined the purpose and tasks, organizational structure, features of educational activities, and the method of management. The main goal of the university was to train specialists in the field of cash, budget, tax affairs and economic construction of Soviet Russia. Education at MFEI was free. The subjects were grouped in such a way that each course was a complete whole. Such a construction of educational work was caused by the conditions of the Civil War. MFEI students were subject to mobilization to the labor front and to the active army.

MFEI taught 35 academic disciplines organized into philosophical and historical, general economic, financial and legal cycles. Applied accounting classes were conducted. There were no special courses in the modern sense, the so-called episodic lectures were read, supplementing and expanding certain aspects of the compulsory courses. To implement such an extensive program, D.P. Bogolepov invited prominent economists and lawyers from the economic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University - I.Kh. Ozerova, M.A. Reisner, V.M. Ekzemplyarsky, S.V. Poznysheva, S.B. Chlenova, L.I. Lubny-Gertsyk. The leaders of the Narkomfin also conducted classes at the MFEI - its head N.N. Krestinsky, head of the department of direct taxes and duties L.L. Obolensky and others.

^ Ozerov Ivan Khristoforovich (1869-1942) - an outstanding scientist-economist and public figure. From the peasants of the Kostroma province. Graduated from Moscow University. Before the revolution, a major entrepreneur, a member of the boards of a number of industrial and banking joint-stock enterprises, had a large fortune. From 1898 he headed the Department of Financial Law of the Law Faculty of Moscow University. Teacher D.P. Bogolepov. In 1909 he was elected a member of the State Council from the Academy of Sciences and Universities. Author of the textbook "Fundamentals of Financial Science". In the 1920s employee of Narkomfin. In the 1920s was a professor at MFEI and MPEI.
In the 1930s his work was banned, the scientist himself was repressed. There is evidence that I.Kh. Ozerov died of starvation in 1942 in besieged Leningrad. In 1991 he was rehabilitated.

The policy of "war communism" led the country to a dead end. Industrial production, agriculture, finance, and transport were in a catastrophic situation as a result of radical economic reforms. In addition to a comprehensive economic crisis, a power crisis erupted in early 1921. An attempt to form a system of a cashless economy led to the destruction of higher education, including financial and economic education. In the 1919/1920 academic year, dozens of universities were closed due to lack of funds, firewood, military and labor mobilizations. Of the eight financial and economic institutions that existed in the country, by the beginning of 1921 only three remained, where about a thousand people studied. At MFEI, the number of students decreased to 43. The staff of teachers almost halved - there were 11 professors, four teachers of general education disciplines and two teachers of foreign languages.

The MFEI Presidium and teachers made attempts to save the university. A.M. Galagan, who was the rector at that time, proposed changing the structure of the university and curricula and transforming it "into a higher school of a normal type, with a three-year course of study", two faculties - pedagogical and economic. The pedagogical one was supposed to train teachers in financial and economic disciplines, and the economic one was to give the knowledge necessary for practical activities in financial institutions, industrial, exchange and consumer farms. By March 1921, curricula were developed for two faculties, and in April all the documents necessary for the reorganization of the institute were sent to the People's Commissariat of Education (Narkompros), which was responsible for training specialists for the national economy.

MFEI even before in March 1921 V.I. Lenin proclaimed the beginning of the "new economic policy", which assumed the restoration of commodity-money relations, and began to prepare for reorganization. Initially, the People's Commissariat of Education reacted with approval to this proposal: "The organization of the preparation of teaching the accounting sciences is extremely necessary," its leadership noted, "The Financial and Economic Institute should be established as an advanced technical school (practical institute)." However, the financial and economic crisis, the famine, the lack of a clear program for the implementation of the NEP, the contradictory opinions of V.I. Lenin - all this allowed the left-wing figures of the People's Commissariat for Education to close it on August 4, 1921 instead of restructuring the institute.

The Pedagogical Faculty was reorganized for the 1921/1922 academic year into short-term pedagogical courses to train teachers of computer science for technical schools. They were transferred to the building on Arbatskaya Square, where the MFEI was located, and its meager material base. The teaching staff of the Faculty of Economics, curricula and programs were transferred to the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute (MPEI), in which the Faculty of Finance and Economics (cycle) was created.

Summing up the activities of the MFEI, it should be noted that it was created in the revolutionary era. Unlike other Soviet universities, it had no predecessors and was organized without relying on the material and methodological base of any pre-revolutionary educational institution. It was one of the first attempts of the Bolsheviks to create a new institution of higher education both in terms of goals and objectives, and in terms of the content of the educational process.

MFEI made a significant contribution to the development of Russian financial and economic education, although it lasted only three years. The university completed the task of training personnel and improving the skills of the first Soviet employees of the Narkomfin, local financial authorities in the conditions of the civil war and the policy of "war communism".

Disagreements among Soviet leaders over the fate of the MFEI testify to the existence of different views on financial and economic policy in general. Curtailing the university to the level of the financial cycle was an erroneous measure. Qualified financiers were required to overcome the devastation, improve money circulation, and develop industry. A year later, in March 1922, central courses for the training of financial workers were organized under the People's Commissariat of Finance.

^ 1.2. From commercial school to university:
Moscow Industrial and Economic
institute (1918–1929)

In 1896, Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte carried out a reform, as a result of which a system of commercial education was formed, which included more than 300 schools (male and female) and Moscow, Kiev and Kharkov commercial institutes. They trained specialists of various levels for banks, industry, trade, zemstvos, for teaching financial and economic disciplines. The Russian business community made a great contribution to the development of commercial education, providing significant funds for the construction of school buildings and their equipment, for salaries for teachers and scholarships for students.

The Bolsheviks changed the principles of organization and management of educational institutions. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on a unified labor school." Education was declared free, self-government was introduced, pedagogical innovation was encouraged. All private and public educational institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia became state-owned, and their property was nationalized. Departmental subordination has changed. They passed into the administration of the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry (NTiP). The new government renamed educational institutions. First of all, this measure affected commercial schools.

Having proclaimed trade as speculation, the new government abandoned the term "commerce", which was associated with profit. Schools began to be called industrial-economic or national-economic - which is more consistent with the content of education. Commercial schools have long "outgrown" themselves, graduating specialists for all sectors of the economy. Among them was the Alexander Commercial School of the Moscow Exchange Society, the level of teaching in which was close to that of a university. On the eve of the revolution, the leadership of the school and the board of trustees made an attempt to transform the school into an institute. The status of the university was already obtained by the school under the Bolsheviks.

The fate of the Alexander Commercial School in the first post-revolutionary years is another example of how the formation of domestic financial and economic education took place. The nationalization of the capital of educational institutions led to their actual closure. The urgent need for financiers forced the educational department of the STiP on the eve of the 1918/1919 academic year to raise the issue of former commercial schools at a special meeting. Member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education P.I. Shelkov, a graduate of the Moscow Commercial Institute, a well-known figure in the field of commercial education, suggested that the younger students of commercial schools be transferred to general education schools, and industrial and economic groups should be created from the senior classes. P.I. Shelkov said that "if students in commercial schools are dispersed," then the ranks of financial workers will not receive replenishment for a long time.

In accordance with the proposal of P.I. Shelkov in September 1918, the senior classes of the Alexander Commercial School were reorganized into industrial and economic groups, and in October - into the industrial and economic technical school, which, as the successor to the Alexander Commercial School, was located in its building and received the material base of this richest pre-revolutionary school. The IPEI was governed by a council, which, along with the deans, included representatives of the teaching staff, students and trade unions. The reorganization did not end there. In 1919, the technical school was transformed into the Moscow Practical Industrial and Economic Institute, since the curricula, the teaching staff (mainly professors of Moscow University) corresponded to the status of the university. P.I. was appointed the first rector of this institute. Shelkov.

In terms of their status, practical institutes were higher than technical schools and were part of the higher education system, graduating personnel for practical work in the national economy. Institutes and universities prepared mainly specialists for scientific activity and teaching in universities. Analogies can be found in the organization of higher education in modern Russia - bachelors are graduating for practical work, and masters for scientific and pedagogical activities. In the 1920s MPEI graduates, along with those who graduated from universities proper, were sent to senior positions in state financial institutions and industrial enterprises.

MPEI, unlike MFEI, not only survived in the conditions of economic ruin and famine, but also successfully trained specialists for the national economy. There are a number of reasons for this. “Historical roots” were preserved, the material base, which before the revolution was estimated at more than one million rubles, teachers remained “receptive to all kinds of methodological innovations”. The MPEI was subordinated to the People's Commissariat of Education and the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry (NKTiP), where the left-wing functionaries were opposed by prominent figures in science and culture. Soviet industrial enterprises were in dire need of specialists. MPEI was originally created as a higher educational institution, in contrast to the one created for emergency training of financial managers of the MFEI. The MFEI accepted not just members of the ruling party, but its leading officials. MPEI, headed by non-partisan P.I. Shelkov, until a certain time was more democratic, open to non-party people and people from employees and peasants, and therefore more crowded.

In the era of NEP, it was the MPEI that became the university where financial and economic education developed. With the liberalization of economic life, the legalization of commodity-money relations, the restoration of the budgetary and tax policy, the banking system, the importance of the IPEI has grown. The need for widespread dissemination of industrial and economic knowledge and the speedy training of accountants, commodity experts, economists, statisticians, commercial agents, etc. became visible to authorities at all levels. The task of training leaders for industry and central financial authorities remained.

1923–1925 became decisive in the fate of MPEI, when it turned into one of the leading universities in the capital. In accordance with the orders of the government and the People's Commissariat of Education, MPEI created curricula and programs for three- and four-year studies, developed admission conditions with mandatory successful passing of entrance exams. This was a serious step towards improving the preparation of students in comparison with 1918–1920, when the decree of the Council of People's Commissars was in force, giving the right to enter a university without a certificate of education. Thus began a new era in the educational policy of the Soviet government. The radicalism of the first post-October years gave way to a sober attitude towards the organization of higher education.

At the same time, ideological control increased. The social origin of the listeners was regulated for reasons of "processing" their composition. This meant that people from the working environment, party and Komsomol members, workers' faculty, as well as persons recommended by party, Komsomol and trade union organizations and seconded from the Red Army enjoyed an unconditional advantage in entering the university. In the second place, those who graduated from the preparatory courses at the institute were accepted, in the third - all the rest. The apportionment for the admission of students to the university on the indicated socio-political grounds was “lowered” by the structures of the People's Commissariat for Education. In the mid 1920s. 550-600 people studied at the MPEI, and its party and Komsomol stratum was about 340-350 people, i.e. about 60% of students. To maintain this ratio, "purges" were carried out in the MPEI, deductions were made according to the class principle. These processes in the life of the university can be regarded as symptoms of the coming radical changes in the education system of the 1930s.

MPEI received the university status with the support of Narkomfin in the summer of 1923. Its structure did not need to be reorganized: it had two departments. The industrial department produced specialists for factories and factories, it consisted of two cycles: the organization and management of industrial enterprises and commodity science. The economic department trained personnel for trade and the financial sector. The accounting and financial cycle (the former MFEI) was the leader in it, in addition, the administrative and economic cycle and the cycle of procurement, trade and cooperation were created. By tradition, there was a pedagogical cycle that gave the right to teach special disciplines in technical schools and practical institutes. It was planned to enroll only 300 people for the first course, 100 students for the industrial department, and 200 students for the economic department.

The main work to turn MPEI into a Soviet university was to create new curricula and programs. The task was to "saturate" the teaching of general education and special disciplines with Marxist theory. He supervised the introduction of ideology into the work of the higher school Glavprofobr. Since 1925, students have received training in basic disciplines on the basis of new, ideologized programs.

The content of education was also updated in accordance with changes in the economic life of the country. Along with lectures, seminars and practice at enterprises were held. For all cycles, it was obligatory to read: the doctrine of the national economy, the history of economic development in modern times, the encyclopedia of industry, economic geography, the doctrine of law and the state, accounting, elements of higher mathematics, financial calculations. Specialization was carried out in the second and third years.

Since 1923, Narkomfin financed the university, providing funds for scholarships and teacher salaries.
In this regard, the “Regulations on subsidizing universities that set themselves the task of training financial workers” were developed, which gave Narkomfin the right to participate in the management of the MPEI. A university representative was introduced to the council of the university, who monitored the compliance of curricula with the requirements of the financial department.

Leading employees of the Narkomfin, prominent specialists and scientists worked as teachers at the MPEI. This is F.A. Menkov (financial policy), S.A. Iveronov (taxation technique), V.A. Rzhevsky (local finance and public utilities), S.T. Kistinev (banking), N.A. Padeisky (organization of financial institutions), A.N. Doroshenko (organization of a small loan), D.A. Loevetsky and L.N. Yurovsky (money and credit).

^ Yurovsky Leonid Naumovich (1884-1938) - an outstanding economist, statesman. He graduated from the economic department of the Polytechnic Institute in St. Petersburg and the University of Munich, took a course in economics at the University of Berlin. Until 1917 he was Privatdozent at St. Petersburg University and taught at the Moscow Commercial Institute. In the summer of 1917 he was elected dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of Saratov University. In 1922–1928 - Head of the Foreign Exchange Department, member of the Collegium of the USSR People's Commissariat of Finance. In the 1920s - Member of the Board of Prombank of the USSR. Since 1926 professor at MPEI. In 1927–1930 - Dean of the Faculty of Finance, MPEI. In 1930 - professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. He was not a member of the Bolshevik Party. Author of scientific monographs on the problems of the monetary policy of the Soviet state in the 1920s. In 1930, he was repressed, was imprisoned together with N.D. Kondratiev in the Suzdal political isolator, transformed into the Suzdal Special Purpose Prison (STON). After the term, he was struck in his rights, he earned a living by rewriting scores. In 1938, he was arrested for the second time, on September 17, 1938, on the day of the verdict, he was shot.
In 1987 he was rehabilitated.

In addition to Narkomfin, the People's Commissariat for Trade and Industry, the People's Commissariat for Food, the People's Commissariat for Communications, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, the All-Union Council of the National Economy, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, and the Tsentrosoyuz began to apply for highly qualified graduates of the MPEI. In the summer of 1925, the departments of the MPEI were transformed into commercial and industrial, financial and cooperative faculties.

By the mid 1920s. the organizational structure of the Institute. The rector was at the head, a specialist in the field of law and the doctrine of the state V.I. was appointed to this post. Veger, who was at the same time the rector of the Institute of the Soviet State at the Komakademiya.

P.I. Shelkov became vice-rector. It was a common practice of that time - a member of the Bolshevik Party held a leading position, and a non-party prominent specialist in his field was appointed as his deputy. They held their positions until 1929, when they were repressed. M.A., a well-known party leader at that time, the editor-in-chief of the Commercial and Industrial Newspaper, was appointed dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Industry. Saveliev. As a contemporary recalled, Savelyev "had no taste for economics, especially for specific ... issues, was completely absent." Most of the work was carried out by the Deputy Dean Professor A.M. Fishhandler.

^ Saveliev Maximilian Alexandrovich (1884-1939) - Soviet figure in science and education. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. In 1903 he joined the RSDLP, became a professional revolutionary. In 1907–1910 graduated from the University of Leipzig. In the 1910s He was a member of the editorial boards of the Enlightenment magazine and the Pravda newspaper. In November 1917 he became a member of the Supreme Economic Council. He was the editor of the Proletarian Revolution magazine, the newspapers Pravda, Izvestia and the Commercial and Industrial Newspaper. From 1928 to 1932 he headed the Lenin Institute. In 1932 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1927 - Dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Industry of the MPEI. Repressed in 1938.

The Faculty of Finance was more fortunate. L.N. became its dean. Yurovsky, and a major specialist in finance D.A. Loevetsky. At the financial and industrial faculties in 1925-1927. the founder and head of the Market Institute N.D. Kondratiev.

^ Kondratiev Nikolai Dmitrievich (1892-1938) - Soviet economist, creator of the concept of long waves of conjuncture ("Kondratieff cycles"). Graduated from the Economics Department of the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University. Among his teachers was M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky. In 1915
remained at the department to prepare for a professorship. In 1917 N.D. Kondratiev became the secretary of A.F. Kerensky for Agriculture, then Deputy Minister of Food in the last composition of the Provisional Government. In 1919 he left the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, retired from politics and focused on scientific activities. In 1920 he became the director of the Institute of Market Research under the People's Commissariat of Finance, taught at the MPEI and the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. In 1925 he published the work "Large cycles of conjuncture". He was a member of many foreign economic and statistical societies, was personally acquainted with or was in correspondence with W. Mitchell, A.S. Kuznets, I. Fisher, J. Keynes. In 1920 and 1922 Kondratiev was arrested on political charges. In 1928, "Kondratieffism" was declared the ideology of the restoration of capitalism. In 1929, Kondratiev was fired from the Market Institute.
In 1930, he was arrested in the case of the Labor Peasant Party and sentenced to eight years in the Suzdal political isolator. In 1938, the seriously ill scientist was sentenced to death by firing squad. In 1987 he was posthumously rehabilitated.

1920s were the heyday of the MPEI. Problems with financing were solved, its structure and curricula were stabilized. The overcoming of hunger, the restoration of the national economy, the rise of industry and agriculture gave rise to confidence in the ability to apply their knowledge for the benefit of the country. As N.V. Volsky (N. Valentinov), “then people were keenly interested in economic issues. They seized on them, argued about them, talked about them, ... not only communists, but along with them, in parallel, the widest layer of the so-called "non-party intelligentsia." At the end of the 1920s. in the depths of the NEP, socio-economic and political contradictions ripened, the resolution of which was the “great turning point” and the “great terror”.

The era of the first five-year plans began with the political processes of 1928-1929, directed, among other things, against "bourgeois specialists". First of all, the “purges” covered the leaders and employees of the Narkomfin apparatus. People's Commissar for Finance G.Ya. Sokolnikov and head of the currency department L.N. Yurovsky, who protested against the expansion of emission as a source of forced industrialization. Since the leading employees of the Narkomfin conducted classes at the MPEI, repression fell upon its teachers and employees. The students were also "cleaned out". MPEI became depopulated and in May 1930 was disbanded.

^ Sokolnikov Grigory Yakovlevich (1888-1939) - politician and statesman, member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. In 1918 - Chairman of the Soviet delegation at the negotiations with Germany, signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Since 1920 - Chairman of the Turkestan Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In 1921 - Deputy People's Commissar, in 1922-1926. - People's Commissar for Finance, one of the initiators of the monetary reform, which led to the stabilization of the ruble. In 1922 - a participant in the Hague Conference, since 1926 - Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Commission, since 1928 - Chairman of the Oil Syndicate, since 1929 - in diplomatic work. In the 1920s - Professor of the MPEI, in 1930 - head of the department "Finance" at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. In 1935–1936 - First Deputy People's Commissar of the Forestry Industry of the USSR. In 1939 he was repressed and shot. In 1987 he was posthumously rehabilitated.

Once again, politics intervened in the life of the Institute. The faculties and departments of the MPEI served as the basis for the creation of new universities. The Faculty of Industry was transformed into the Moscow Engineering and Economics Institute, the Cooperative Faculty served as the basis for the organization of the Moscow Institute of Consumer Cooperatives, the Faculty of Finance was transferred to the NKF and the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the Narkomfin of the USSR was created on its basis.

Summing up, it can be noted that the emergence of the first financial universities, which became the forerunners of the modern Financial University, was due to the needs of the national economy. Our university was based on both the achievements of pre-revolutionary commercial education and the innovations of the first post-revolutionary decade.

1920s for financial and economic education were of great importance. In the transitional era, the former Alexander Commercial School, which grew into a leading industry university, played a connecting role in the transfer of educational, methodological and, to a certain extent, scientific traditions of pre-revolutionary commercial education to Soviet financial and economic universities. The traditions of personnel training developed and improved, the Soviet economy received qualified specialists.

The achievements of the MFEI and the IPEI are inextricably linked with the development of the country in general and the education system in particular. Both universities responded to the needs of the emerging new socio-economic model, prepared leading personnel for the Soviet economy, specialists for the apparatus of central state institutions of a financial and economic profile. A significant contribution to the emergence of the future Financial University was made by the leaders of the Narkomifin and prominent scientists who were the organizers of the domestic financial and economic education of the 1920s.

 Review questions

1. 
   What are the prerequisites for organizing the first financial universities?
2. 
   What are the goals, objectives, organization of training at MFEI?
3. 
   Specify and describe the stages of IPEI activities.
4. 
   Point out the differences in the organization and activities of the MFEI and IPEI.
5. 
   Name the organizers of the MFEI and IPEI and describe their contribution to the development of financial and economic education.
6. 
   Tell us about the teachers of the first financial and economic universities, the predecessors of the Financial Academy.

The treacherous attack of the Nazi invaders forced all people to interrupt their peaceful life. The period of the Great Patriotic War began - the question of the freedom and independence of our fatherland was being decided. The defense of the Motherland was at the same time the fulfillment of the great historical mission of saving mankind from the fascist threat. Science and higher education, its professors, teachers, staff and student youth faced new and complex tasks, serious difficulties and severe trials.

First months of the war

The war years occupy a special place in the history of Moscow University. All his scientific, educational, social life during these years was determined by military conditions and the task of mobilizing the entire university staff to help the front.

The news of the perfidious attack of the Nazi invaders caused a powerful patriotic upsurge in the university staff, as well as in the entire Soviet people. After V.M. Molotov on the radio on June 22, 1941, from all over Moscow and the Moscow region, students and teachers hurried to the university to declare their readiness to defend the Fatherland.

Massive rallies were held at the faculties. Students and teachers expressed their determination to give all their strength to defeat the enemy. On the evening of June 22, Komsomol members of the university gathered. The Komsomol audience could not accommodate everyone. They were located in the aisles, on the stairs, on the platforms. The decision of the meeting stated: "The Komsomol organization of the Moscow state university declares itself fully mobilized to carry out any task of the Party and the Government - at the front, in factories, in transport, on collective and state farm fields.

The students of Moscow University backed up their word with practical deeds, active participation in various areas of defense work. In the first week, 138 biologists, 155 geographers, 90 geologists, 163 historians, 213 mathematicians and mechanics, 158 physicists, 148 philosophers went to the front. In total - 1065 people.

A significant part of the students of Moscow University began to work at defense plants. 1,200 Komsomol members of the university began to work on the construction of the subway, 1,300 students left for harvesting work in state and collective farms, student teams worked at the Fraser and them. Frunze. In the first three weeks of the war, 52,000 young Muscovites left to build defensive lines, among them 3,000 students of Moscow University.

After June 22, military training was widely developed at the university. Students were trained in groups of tank destroyers, signalmen, radio operators, air defense and air defense. Hundreds of girls were trained in the courses of nurses. Two-month courses for the training of nurses have been established. University staff fought for their native university, disarming incendiary bombs and eliminating the threat of fires. On July 28, one of the university teams received a commendation for their selfless behavior while extinguishing the fire.

On July 10, 1941, the Krasnopresnenskaya division of the people's militia was formed, consisting of four regiments. The entire political composition of the division was staffed by communists from Moscow University. Post-graduate students and teachers of Moscow University were appointed regimental commissars and instructors. The artillery regiment of this division could be called university.

When the historic battle for Moscow unfolded, parts of the people's militia and destroyer battalions took part in the battles on the outskirts of the city. Many members of the university staff received their first baptism of fire in the great battles for the capital. Many pupils and employees of Moscow University died a heroic death in these battles for Moscow.

The university staff has shrunk significantly, but those who remain have doubled and tripled their energy, replacing those who have gone to the front. University scientists from the very first days of the war began to restructure their work. On June 30, the Scientific Council decided to include in the thematic plan a number of scientific topics of defense importance. The resolution stated: “To organize an oil institute at Moscow State University. To strengthen the material and production base of the institute of physics by creating joint experimental production, working on self-supporting basis, to strengthen the technological base in the training of specialists in the field of aero and hydromechanics, making appropriate changes to the curriculum.”

Scientific and technical problems of defense significance were dealt with by teams of faculties of natural sciences. The only faculty of the humanities at that time, the Faculty of History, was also rebuilt. Its thematic plan included a number of topical problems from the historical struggle of the Russian people for freedom and independence, from the history of German imperialism and German aggression.

Despite the difficulties encountered, the university energetically prepared for the new academic year. Under these conditions, the need for rapid training of specialists has sharply increased. Therefore, even in the first days of the war, the government made a decision to temporarily reduce the terms of study at universities. Students who transferred from the 1st to the 2nd course were set the deadline for July 1, 1943, those who transferred to the 3rd year - February 1, 1943, those who transferred to the 4th year - May 1, 1942.

In connection with the reduction in the terms of training, the first military academic year 1941/42 began a month earlier - on August 1. With regard to the wartime plan, the weekly workload increased by 28 hours. Vacations were shortened - summer by a month, winter - by a week, state exams and admission to graduate school were temporarily canceled. All these emergency measures were the conditions of the first period of the war. Moscow University continued to train specialists and develop science in accordance with the requirements of wartime.

University evacuation

In October 1941, when Soviet troops repelled the onslaught of Nazi troops on the outskirts of Moscow and a gigantic battle unfolded in close proximity to the capital, the evacuation of Moscow University began. Partial evacuation began in September, when the most valuable book collections of the Scientific Library. Gorky were sent on a barge to Khvalynsk, and from there to Kustanai.

In early October, a plan was developed for the evacuation of Moscow University. The place of evacuation was Ashgabat, where the university was supposed to be located in the building of the Turkmen Pedagogical Institute. The first two groups of professors, staff and students left Moscow on October 14 and 18. The team at Moscow University at the same time had to complete the ongoing evacuation. On October 29, a train was sent to Ashgabat, in which 220 students and 35 teachers left. In November and the first days of December 1941, about 400 more students, teachers, and employees were evacuated. There they sent a train with textbooks and scientific equipment.

Moscow University was repeatedly attacked from the air. So on October 29, significant damage was caused to the library. Gorky. And already on December 6, 1941, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive, and the question arose of resuming the work of individual institutions in Moscow - the library, the Museum of Anthropology, the Zoological Museum, and the Botanical Garden.

Training is scheduled to resume on February 2, 1942. In the difficult conditions of the first war year, when students were constantly engaged in various works, it was not possible to ensure the normal course of the educational process, which led to a decrease in academic performance in the 1941/42 academic year. After the session, both students and the entire staff of Moscow University, refusing vacations and rest, worked all summer on the labor front. On May 8, 1942, 1030 students and employees of Moscow University, together with the workers of the Krasnopresnensky district, left for the construction of defensive structures in the Krasnogvardeisky district of the Moscow region. The collective transferred its earnings in the amount of 30 thousand rubles to the defense fund.

The war accelerated the solution of the long overdue task of restoring the humanities sector in its entirety and turning Moscow University into a truly unified complex of science and humanities faculties. Now the Moscow State University included 10 faculties: physical, mechanical and mathematical, chemical, biological, geographical, geological and soil science, philosophical, historical, economic, philological, and since March 1942 - the eleventh legal one. These changes had a positive impact on the work of the university staff in Ashgabat.

Classes began in Ashgabat in December 1942. The first lectures and seminars were held in dorm rooms. By the middle of December training sessions were moved to the auditorium of the Turkmen State Pedagogical Institute and were held during hours free from the institute's classes. At that time, 145 topics of defense and national economic importance were developed. It was not easy to study in the conditions of evacuation. There is also a shortage of teaching aids and equipment. As a result, all the difficulties affected the results of the academic year - 48% of students had academic debts by the end of the academic year. At the end of June 1942, the university was transferred to Sverdlovsk. The Urals, with its powerful industry, was one of the most important sources of supply for the Soviet Army with weapons and ammunition.

The new academic year started again with acute issues - the lack of premises, the majority of students (80%) combine study with work and active participation in the labor fronts. Practical training of students of a number of faculties was manifested in a number of factories' laboratories.

After the victory of the Soviet Army at Stalingrad in April 1943, the government decided to re-evacuate Moscow University from Sverdlovsk to Moscow.

Return to Moscow

1943 - was the year of a radical turning point in the course of the war. Having completed the reevacuation, the university began preparations for the new 1943/44 academic year. At that time, many scientific student circles came to life, in which about 1000 people already worked. The achievement rate increased to 87%, which was a significant increase compared to the previous year.

The university continued to expand. The strengthening of the international prestige of the Soviet state and the expansion of the international relations of the USSR put forward the task of training qualified workers in the field of international relations. In October 1943, the Faculty of International Relations was established at Moscow State University. Also, 45 new departments were created at various faculties.

Lomonosov readings were organized in April 1944 in order to familiarize the scientific community with the achievements of university scientists. Since then it has become a tradition and readings are held every year.

By the end of 1944, our homeland was completely liberated from the fascist invaders. The Soviet people restored the destroyed cities and villages, schools and higher educational institutions. The country was in dire need of specialists capable of solving the grandiose tasks of a peaceful socialist state. By the end of 1944/45, the last military academic year, the university has a high student achievement. The organization of work practice is of great importance for improving the quality of training of specialists.

In 1945, all faculties were again transferred to a five-year term of study. In total, over 3,000 specialists graduated from Moscow University during the war years. During the war years, the humanities faculties prepared a cadre of specialists, a significant part of whom went to work in the schools of the areas liberated from the Nazi invaders.

The university staff patronized military units and 14 hospitals, 11 Moscow schools and 2 orphanages. Also, Moscow University provided assistance to Kharkov and Belarusian Universities, Stalingrad and Smolensk Pedagogical Institutes.

Heroes of Moscow University

Many glorious heroes were brought up by Moscow University. Among them, the first place is rightfully occupied by student pilots - Heroes of the Soviet Union E. Rudneva, A. Zubkova, E. Ryabova, R. Gasheva, E. Pasko, P. Gelman. Zhenya Rudneva, making her 645th sortie on April 9, 1944, died. Many gave their lives in the name of the Motherland, but will forever be remembered.

In the same 1944, Musa Jalil, a pupil of Moscow State University, a wonderful Soviet patriot poet, Hero of the Soviet Union, died in a fascist dungeon. University students: N. Fedorov, Y. Salamatin, V. Nekrich, N. Baransky (junior), L. Kantorovich, T. Bauer, E. Shamshikova, I. Rezchikov, I. Sovkov and many others - laid down their young heads in the struggle for the independence of the Motherland. Among them were people of outstanding abilities. Their death is a great and irreparable loss for science. On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, brave professors of Moscow State University A. Kon, G. Kara-Murza, F. Khaskhachikh, M. Zorkiy fought and died a death; teachers P. Prozorov, N. Kinalev, S. Moralev, A. Gavrilenko, V. Konstantinov, N. Florya; graduate students G. Kaftanovsky, V. Modestov, D. Ognev, V. Kotyaev, M. Korchnoi and many others.

The government highly appreciated the military exploits of the Moscow State University staff. Eight of his pets were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 2200 were awarded orders of the Soviet Union. The Great Patriotic War was a severe test for Moscow University, and it passed it with honor. With their heroism at the fronts and selfless work in the rear, the team has multiplied the glorious traditions of Moscow State University.

Based on the article by Svetlana Zayerova “Moscow University
during the Great Patriotic War"