Forms of cultural and educational activities of museums. Formation of a joint educational space of the museum and the school Cultural and educational space of the museum

Love for the native land, for the native culture, for the native village or city,

To native speech starts small - with love for your family, for your home, for your school.

Gradually expanding, this love for one's family turns into love for one's country -

to its history, its past and present, and then to all of humanity, to human culture.

D. S. Likhachev

The modern socio-economic conditions that are making themselves felt in our country indicate a change in the need for the quality of preparing children in school. The formation of a creative personality is becoming an increasingly urgent task. The implementation of the transition to federal state educational standards at all levels of education has intensified interest in the application by all participants in the educational process modern technologies that contribute to the formation of universal learning activities. The cultural and educational space of the school as a set of values ​​and models of successful solution of life problems serves as a source of development of the student's personality.

In addition, the development Russian Federation at the present stage, it is characterized by an increased attention of society to culture. In the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 N 1662-r, culture is assigned a leading role in the formation of human capital.

Therefore, communication between schools and cultural institutions, the development and implementation of new ways of interaction becomes especially relevant.

This issue is in several planes, in our opinion, which are advisable to combine into a single model, system.

1. Museum pedagogy is a scientific discipline at the intersection of museology, pedagogy and psychology, the subject of which is the cultural and educational aspects of museum communication.

2. Local lore is the study by the population of geographical, historical, cultural, natural, socio-economic and other factors that characterize the complex formation and development of a particular territory of the country (village, city, district, region, etc.).

Thus, local history and museum pedagogy are elements of applied cultural studies, which, in turn, helps to educate a deeply moral person who knows and understands the history, cultural characteristics of his country, language, mentality of the people, able to preserve heritage and resources and pass on knowledge to future generations.

In accordance with the existing regulatory documents and the need to combine efforts in the field of upbringing the younger generation, there are a number of methodological contradictions that show the unwillingness to fully implement the partnership.

School teachers and museum staff cannot always work as a team, as they belong to different ministries. This leads to inconsistencies in work plans for organizing educational and educational activities of museums and schools. In addition, contradictions arise between the planning of the educational process and the absence or insufficiency of the educational and methodological base, educational resources for organizing joint activities and a single information space.

Thanks to the developed form of interaction between the school and the museum through the practice of humanitarian and natural science education, conditions have been created for the development of subjects of activity, which will allow uniting efforts to achieve cultural and educational goals.

A system of joint work has been created. educational space museum and school (Fig. No. 1,), which is built on the basis of the principles of democratization, differentiation, humanization, as well as system-activity, personality-oriented and local history approaches.

The organizational and functional structure is represented by the target, content, organizational and activity, need and effective components. This enables the elements of this model to work optimally, balanced and interconnected. Procedural and activity relations within the framework of interaction presuppose effective work at every stage, monitoring the quality of educational services.

As a result, the main idea of ​​interaction is to unite interested social partners for the development and testing of innovations related to the formation of social and cultural competencies in students. And also the upbringing of a zealous owner, a patriot and a citizen of Russia who takes care of his home, city, region, country.

The social partners of the project have been identified:

- Museum "Zaeltsovka" - a branch of MKUK "Museums of Novosibirsk", a cooperation agreement was signed (No. 1 dated 01.09.2017);

- universities of Novosibirsk: FSBE HPE NGPU, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS;

- SPNA "Dendrological Park".

The conditions for assistance in the implementation of cognitive, cultural and educational activities and in solving statutory tasks aimed at patriotic, cultural and moral education students of the Zaeltsovsky district.

The main consumers of the project results have been identified: social partners (schools, museums, libraries, organizations of additional education, parents), who, by combining educational resources, will solve the assigned tasks.

A survey of parents and representatives of the local community was carried out for interest in joint projects of the school and other participants in educational relations.

As a result of joint activities, programs between participants in educational relations were compared for use in the process of work. The museum staff have tremendous experience in conducting museum and pedagogical classes in all areas reflected in the school's educational work program. In this regard, the school's educational work program was supplemented with a set of new activities aimed at educating students in the spirit of respect for the cultural and historical heritage.

In order to form the abilities for research activities and the creative potential of students in accordance with the program of work, the project leaders organized meetings with representatives of science.

Joint work of the Zayeltsovka Museum, the Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of the Siberian Branch Russian Academy sciences, teachers MBOU Secondary school № 77 gave students the opportunity to seriously engage in environmental work. In 2017-2018, on the basis of the museum, a course of lectures on the topic "Fundamentals of Ecology for Students" is conducted by Viktor Vyacheslavovich Foolov - Director of the Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology of the SB RAS, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, writer. V.V.Glupov also presents author's photographs of animals from different parts of the world, shares his travel experience. The students were particularly interested in the book by Viktor Ch. Stasevich (pseudonym V. V, Foolov) "Cypress rain", where in each story there is a system of ecological relationships.

At present, the Public Council under the Ministry of Culture of the Novosibirsk Region, together with the regional public organization "Born in Siberia", MBOU Secondary School No. 77 and the Museum "Zayeltsovka", a branch of the MKUK "Museum of Novosibirsk", to commemorate the year of ecology and the upcoming 125th anniversary of the city of Novosibirsk, is developing a project under the working title "Novosibirsk Trails". The goal of the project is to update, popularize and broadcast the historical and natural heritage of the city of Novosibirsk.

Work is underway on the project "Specially Protected Natural Areas of My Region", "Vegetable and animal world my land. " The place of study is the protected area "Dendrological Park".

The result of student projects will be presentations, videos, articles about specially protected natural areas, which will not only glorify the nature of their native land, but also carry out educational work among peers and adults. Taking into account the historical peculiarities of the Siberian region, the museum and the school are planning a series of programs dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the city.

School teachers and museum staff organized joint local history classes for students. Thus, the integration takes place:

within the framework of the lesson activities of such subjects as geography, biology, history, astronomy, literature;

within the framework of extracurricular activities, joint activities of the spiritual-patriotic, environmental direction are carried out;

within the framework of project activities, students are included in district, city and regional projects, which arouses interest and motivates them for further work.

The issue of the possibility of combining the efforts of the Museum of the Rodnichok microdistrict, which is located on the territory of the MBOU Secondary School No. 77, and the Zayeltsovka Museum, in order to create a single educational space, is being considered. Through the efforts of the school teachers (from personal collections), the following collections will be presented in the school and city museums:

- rocks and minerals of Russia and the Novosibirsk region;

- stamps, postcards for various holidays for viewing by all visitors.

Such an opportunity to exchange materials from a museum exposition (a school museum, a city museum, individual collections) will arouse the interest of all project participants. In addition, this material can be combined into the exposition "The world of hobbies of the inhabitants of Novosibirsk", which will be dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the city. Preparing for the anniversary celebrations will give the schoolchildren an opportunity to prepare design work on this topic and act as guides at the site of the microdistrict museum and the Zayeltsovka museum.

Since projects must satisfy not only the needs and interests of the project team members, but also be in demand in the external environment, project managers of MBOU Secondary School No. 77, Zayeltsovka Museum organizes the process of public presentation of completed projects through project competitions, fairs, exhibitions, festivals. In addition, projects are broadcast through the information infrastructure of the school, media: TV, radio, Internet space, website, social networks... As a result, students' project activities are subject to internal and external assessment, which is part of the school's monitoring system.

Using all the previously mentioned elements of work in the system, we will be able to form an active student collective, successful in study and creative activity. We are convinced that educational and educational system is created not only by the school, but by the joint efforts of all participants in the process: teachers, children, parents, partners.

“It depends on how we educate young people, whether Russia will be able to save and increase itself. Can it be modern, promising, efficiently developing, but at the same time do not lose yourself as a nation, do not lose your originality in a very difficult modern environment. "

V. V. Putin

Bibliography

1. Altynikova, NV Environmental culture as a component of the teacher's professional competence / NV Altynikova // Improving the quality of education: methodology, theory, practice [text]: Materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NIPKiPRO, 2003.S. 42-45.

2. Efremova ME Personality-oriented learning at the lessons of geography // newspaper interactive education, issue No. 75, publishing house MKUDPO City center of informatization "Aegis".

3. Efremova M. E. Education of ecological culture through the organization of a socially significant project "School of ECOZNAEK" // Modern educational technologies in the world teaching and educational space: a collection of materials of the XII International Scientific and Practical Conference / Under total. ed. S. S. Chernov. - Novosibirsk: TsRNS Publishing House, 2017 .-- 168 p. ISBN 978-5-00068-800-7.

4. Solovieva, MF Museum pedagogy as a new branch pedagogical science... Museum pedagogy (Text): textbook. manual. - reader / ed. M.F.Solovieva. - Kirov: Publishing house of VyatGGU, 2005 .-- 146 p.

Solovieva, M.F.Pedagogization of society by means of museum and museum pedagogy // Education in the Kirov region. Scientific-methodical journal 2007. - No. 4. - P. 50–54.

5. Solovyova, MF Museums as centers of innovation and sustainable development of the system of continuous education // Education through all life. Continuing Education for Sustainable Development: Proceedings of International Cooperation Vol. 6 / Lening. state un-t them. AS Pushkin and [and others]; [comp .: N. A. Lobanov]; under scientific. ed. ON THE. Lobanov and V.N. Skvortsova. - St. Petersburg: Alter Ego, 2008. - pp. 427–430.

6. Sotnikova SI Nature and Museum in the Culture of the Epoch. Historical excursus // Bulletin of the Russian State Humanitarian University. Series "Culturology", No. 10/07 - M: RGGU, 2007. - p. 253-266.

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Various forms of work with visitors can be reduced to several basic ones. They also serve as material for the constant renewal of work with the audience. These include the following:

1. excursion,
2. lecture,
3. consultation,
4. scientific readings (conferences, sessions, meetings),
5. club (circle, studio),
6. competition (olympiad, quiz),
7. meeting with an interesting person,
8. concert (literary evening, theatrical performance, film show),
9. museum holiday,
10. historical game.

Each of these forms can be described using a number of stable characteristics, some of which will be considered basic, affecting their essence, and some additional.

The main ones include the following alternative characteristics:

• traditional - new,
• dynamic - static,
• group - individual,
• satisfying the need for knowledge / recreation,
• suggesting passive / active audience behavior.

Additional characteristics of the forms of cultural and educational activities of the museum include:

• their intended use for a homogeneous / heterogeneous audience,
• intra-museum - extra-museum,
• commercial - non-commercial,
• one-time - cyclic,
• simple - complex.

Excursion

The excursion is an example of one of those traditional forms with which the formation of the cultural and educational activities of the museum began. One of its main features is dynamism, and in this sense the excursion falls into a very small number of forms that require movement from the visitor. This is an example of a group form, as individual excursions are relatively rare. True, a new version of excursion service has appeared in museums - an auto guide. Having received headphones, the visitor has the opportunity to listen to an individual excursion, but this excursion is outside of “eye-to-eye” communication, outside of collective experience, and therefore somewhat incomplete. The excursion basically satisfies the audience's need for knowledge and assumes, despite the need to use methods of activating excursionists, passive behavior of the audience.

Lecture

The lecture is one of the traditional and, moreover, the earliest in terms of time of emergence of forms. The first museum lectures, satisfying the need for knowledge, became a noticeable fact of social life and were usually held with a large crowd of people, since they were often read by "luminaries of science." Over time, museum lectures have lost the meaning of a form that has such a wide public response; they began to be read by the museum staff, but as a result, they won from the point of view of their museum value. The use of museum objects as attributes (even if they are only present "invisibly") has become an important requirement for lectures. Lectures still occupy a firm place in the repertoire of museums, many of which have permanent lecture halls.

Consultation

Another basic, also quite traditional for the museum, form is consultation, practically the only one having an individual character (whether we are talking about consultations related to the exposition or held in scientific departments). This form has never had a significant distribution, but it is especially promising now, due to the tendency of an increase in visitors visiting the exhibition without a guide.

Scientific readings

Scientific readings (conferences, sessions, meetings) are also among the classical, traditional forms that arose during the formation of the cultural and educational activities of the museum. They are a means of “publication” and discussion by a group of competent persons of the results of research carried out by museum staff, a way of establishing and developing contacts with the scientific community. Such scientific gatherings not only satisfy the cognitive interests of the public, but also greatly enhance the prestige of the museum as a research institution.

Club, studio, circle

Opportunities for identifying and developing the creative abilities of an individual are provided by such forms of cultural and educational activities as circles, studios, clubs. The circle is usually a small group of children or adolescents, united by interests and working under the guidance of a museum employee. In the circles of the historical profile, the children study historical events, biographies of prominent people; in art and technical circles - they make models, are engaged in drawing, modeling, arts and crafts; in the circles of museum studies they are preparing to become guides and researchers.

In the work of the circles, cognitive elements are combined with creative ones: the participants make sketches of museum items, illustrate historical events, create the necessary props for theatrical performances, etc. Almost all circles teach museum work skills.

The State Historical Museum has accumulated a rich experience of working with high school students in the field of museology and historical source studies. For one to two years, schoolchildren not only comprehend theoretical basis museum business, but also acquire practical skills in various types of museum work. For example, they learn to attribute museum items, attend classes on paper and cardboard restoration, perform creative assignments based on the exposition material, prepare excursions, and they themselves choose a topic, develop a route, select exhibits and adapt the excursion for a specific category of visitors.

Contests, Olympiads, quizzes

Competitions, olympiads, quizzes related to the museum's theme are also forms that are a means of revealing the activity of the audience, uniting experts and introducing people to the work of the museum. These competitions are organized in such a way as to bring visitors as close as possible to museum collections: as a rule, tasks involve knowledge not only of facts, but of expositions and exhibits on display.

Meeting an interesting person

The forms, which are more focused on meeting people's needs for recreation, include a meeting with an interesting person. The actualization of this form falls on the 1960s-1970s, when the processes of liberating the museum from the shackles of ideologization and politicization began, and at the same time there was an increase in its attendance. People were attracted not only by the collections, but also by the possibility of communication, a personal meeting with a wonderful person - a participant in the event, an expert on the topic, a collector.

Concert, literary evening, theatrical performance, film screening

Such forms as a concert, a literary evening, a theatrical performance, and a film screening correspond to the satisfaction of the need for recreation. Like most of the basic forms, they, above all concerts and literary evenings, have always been a part of the life of the museum. However, these forms acquire a truly museum value when, with their help, the idea of ​​a synthesis of the subject environment and art is embodied. An example of this is the "December Evenings" at the State Museum fine arts them. A.S. Pushkin, which began in 1981 on the initiative of Svyatoslav Richter and supported by the director of the museum I.A. Antonova. The interest of the public and the museums themselves in them testifies to the recognition of the importance of non-objective forms of cultural heritage, which include the spiritual experience of a person, and the sounding word, and music, and a film.

Museum holiday

The introduction of the holiday into the sphere of museum activities is usually attributed to the 1980s, which makes it possible to consider it new form... However, she had predecessors. It is extremely common back in the 1950s. rituals: admission to the pioneers and the Komsomol, the presentation of passports, initiation into workers and students, which took place in the halls of the museum and were accompanied by the solemn removal of relics. And yet, only with the actions of the 1980s and subsequent years the term "holiday" is associated, which consolidated something in common that was inherent in all these actions. Community and novelty lie in the informal atmosphere of festivity (which distinguishes this form from previous ceremonies), in the effect of personal involvement, complicity in what is happening due to theatricalization, play, direct communication with the "characters" of the holiday, and the use of special attributes.

The effect of a museum holiday depends on how much it is possible to activate the audience, to involve the audience in the action, to destroy the boundaries between the “auditorium” and the “stage”. This naturally happens during children's holidays, especially those that end classes in circles or studios. They are preceded by joint preparatory work, a long wait for the holiday, no less exciting than itself.

Historical game

A historical game can in no way be called an excursion (or an activity) using a game technique. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it is built on role behavior participants, provides an opportunity to immerse yourself in the past, gain experience of direct contact with historical realities. This makes the historical game unlike any other form, which serves as the basis for distinguishing it as an independent one. It is as promising as it is difficult to execute, because it requires a number of conditions and components: special space, special attributes (including costumes), a well-trained leader with acting abilities, and finally, the desire and ability of the audience to join the game, accept it. conditions.

Simple and complex forms of cultural and educational activities

Since most of the basic forms, with the exception of the holiday and the historical game, are classified as simple, their combinations and combinations allow you to create complex forms.

These include, for example, an extremely common form called " thematic event ". This, as a rule, is a one-time action, which is dedicated to a specific topic, event, person and may include an excursion and meeting with an interesting person, a lecture and a concert. The concept of "program" is also being actively introduced into museum terminology, in which the synthesis technology gets its most striking embodiment.

For example, programs called “ Exhibition events calendar". They are being carried out throughout the entire time when the exhibition is open, encouraging people to come to the museum on different occasions and on different occasions.

In the context of discussing the problem of "museum and school", it is advisable to note that once again, such a form as museum lesson, the first mention of which dates back to 1934.

Modern education reform has contributed to the transformation traditional form lessons: the school has lessons-discussions, lessons-tests, lessons-research. The museum also followed the synthesis of educational models. In the work with children, museum lessons began to be used, which received the names of classes-games, excursions-quizzes, excursions-research and involving in-depth study of the material, setting educational tasks, checking the level of mastering knowledge. To conduct such classes in some museums, special museum classes are created.

New synthetic forms are also used in work with an adult audience. One of these forms is creative workshops, which involve the participation of artists, folk craftsmen, museum specialists, uniting their efforts to familiarize the broadest strata of the population with the values ​​of culture. Workshops include popular science lectures, internships, plein airs, environmental and restoration camps for high school students, students and anyone else.

Museum Internet class, Internet cafes- this is another example of the synthesis of new information technologies and museum education. Visitors can get additional information about the museum exposition here, get acquainted with museum pages on the Internet, computer programs, master museum gaming computer systems. In the arsenal of Internet classes there are virtual museums that allow you to get acquainted with the collections of museums in other countries and cities.

Museum Festival as a synthesis of the methods of specialized and museum science has also recently appeared in the list of forms of cultural and educational activities of the museum. As a rule, this is “a ceremonial action in a museum with a wide range of participants, accompanied by a display and different types art or works performed by participants in studios, circles, ensembles, other creative groups and organizations. "